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Spillway Design PDF
Spillway Design PDF
CHAPTER 17
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
OF SPILLWAYS
H. Wayne Coleman
C. Y. Wei
James E. Lindell
Harza Engineering Company
Chicago, Illinois
17.1 INTRODUCTION
The spillway is among the most important structures of a dam project. It provides the project with the ability to release excess or flood water in a controlled or uncontrolled manner to ensure the safety of the project. It is of paramount importance for the spillway facilities to be designed with sufficient capacity to avoid overtopping of the dam, especially
when an earthfill or rockfill type of dam is selected for the project. In cases where safety
of the inhabitants downstream is a key consideration during development of the project,
the spillway should be designed to accommodate the probable maximum flood. Many
types of spillways can be considered with respect to cost, topographic conditions, dam
height, foundation geology, and hydrology. The spillways discussed in this chapter
include overflow, overfall, side-channel, orifice, morning-glory, labyrinth, siphon, tunnel,
and chute spillways A section on design of spillways that considers cavitation and aeration also is included.
2.
Use the depth from the crest to ground surface P to find the basic discharge coefficient Co from Fig. 17.1.
3.
Find discharge coefficient C for the full range of heads from Fig. 17.2.
17.1
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17.2
Chapter Seventeen
4.
Correct discharge coefficient C for the sloping upstream face from Fig. 17.3. The
sloping upstream face is normally for structural stability, not hydraulic efficiency.
5.
Correct discharge coefficient C for the downstream apron from Fig. 17.4.
6.
7.
Define the shape of the pier nose. Normally, use Type 3 or 3A from Fig. 17.6.
8.
Check the minimum crest pressure from Fig. 17.7 or 17.8. If the minimum pressure
is below 1/2 atmosphere, increase Ho and start over.
9.
10.
Determine the effective crest length for the full range of heads from
L L' 2(NK
Kp Ka) He
(17.1)
where: L effective length of crest, L' net length of crest, N number of piers,
K pier contraction coefficient, Ka abutment contraction coefficient, and He
total head on crest.
The following are values of the pier contraction coefficient
Kp
0.02
0.01
0.00
(17.2)
Exhibits 17.1 and 17.2 illustrate overflow spillings for hydroelectric projects.
FIGURE 17.1 Discharge coefficients for a vertical-faced ogee crest. (USBR, 1987).
FIGURE 17.2 Coefficient of discharge for other than the design head. (USBR, 1987).
17.4
Chapter Seventeen
FIGURE 17.4 Ratio of discharge coefficients associated with the apron effect.
(USBR, 1987).
FIGURE 17.5 Ratio of discharge coefficients associated with the tailwater effect.
(USBR, 1987).
FIGURE 17.6 Pier-contraction coefficients for high-gated overflow crests. (USACE, 1988)
17.6
Chapter Seventeen
FIGURE 17.7 Crest pressures along piers (Type 3A) for high-overflow dams. (USACE, 1988)
FIGURE 17.8 Crest pressures along the centerline of a pier (Type 3A) bay. (USACE, 1988)
17.8
Chapter Seventeen
FIGURE 17.9 (a) Factors for the definition of nappe-shaped crest profiles (USBR, 1987)
FIGURE 17.9(b) Factors (xc, yc, R1, and R2) for definition of nappe-shaped crest profiles.(USBR,
1987)
17.10
Chapter Seventeen
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Exhibit 17.1 Macagua hydroelectric project, Venezuela (Courtesy CVGEDELCA, Caracas.)
(a) General view of the spillway in operation.
(b) Free flow condition at the ogee crest.
(c) Flow condition at the ogee crest with gate partially open.
(d) Layout of the spillway and stilling basin.
17.12
Chapter Seventeen
(a)
(b)
Exhibit 17.2 Tarbela hydroelectric project, Pakistan (Courtesy water and power development authority, Pakistan)
(a) General view of the spillway in operation.
(b) Layout of the spillway including the flip bucket.
The crest structure and discharge rating are similar to those for the overflow spillway.
2.
The flow normally leaves this structure shortly below the crest. The exit structure
is normally some variation of a flip-bucket.
3.
The flip-bucket radius for an overfall spillway is normally smaller than the ideal,
which is at least 5d, where d is the flow depth at the bottom of the bucket. The
radius is usually undersized to minimize the size of the overhang, which can destabilize the top of a thin-arch dam. However, the radius should be sufficient to fully
deflect a significant flood say, the 100-year event.
4.
The bucket exit angle is selected to throw the jet to a suitable location in the tailrace. The trajectory can be estimated by
2
y x tan x
3.6H cos2
(17.3)
where: y vertical distance from the bucket lip x horizontal distance from the
buck et lip bucket exit angle, and H depth velocity head at the bucket lip.
5.
The trajectory can be estimated from Step 4 as long as the bucket radius exceeds
5d. For larger depths, the flow overrides the bucket and will fall short of the maximum trajectory. The trajectory in this range is determined best by a physical model.
6.
Pressure load on the bucket can be estimated from Fig. 17.10. For larger floods,
where d R/5, this load is determined best by a physical model.
7.
(17.4)
ds Cs H0.225 q0.54
(17.5)
and
where Cs 1.32 (for units in ft and cfs/ft) 1.90 (for units in m and cms/m), H
effective head at tailwater level, q unit discharge Q/B
/ , B width of the bucket, and average jet entry angle.
The extent of the scour hole is based on judgment of stable slope of material surrounding the deepest hole. A physical model is normally used where topography is
complex and where scour can endanger project structures.
17.14
Chapter Seventeen
8.
As the jet plunges into the pool, it diffuses almost linearly and entrains air at the surface of the pool and the water from the pool at the boundary of the jet. The behavior
of the plunging jet, including dynamic pressures, can be approximated (Hinchliff and
Houston, 1984) using Fig. 17.12 and Table 17.1 for both rectangular and circular jets.
9.
If the plunge pool is lined because the scour would be unpredictable and unacceptable, the lining must be designed for pressure pulsations from the jets impact.
The design pressures can be determined best from physical model studies.
FIGURE 17.10 Pressures for flip-buckets and toe curves of an overflow spillway. (USACE, 1988).
FIGURE 17.11 Definition sketch of free-jet trajectory and scour depth of an overflow spillway.
(Coleman, 1982)
17.16
Chapter Seventeen
TABLE 17.1
y yk
y yk
vz
vu
pz
pu
Q
Qu
E
Eu
v
vz
p
pz
vz
vu
pz
pu
Q
Qu
e
Eu
v
vz
p
pz
Circular jet
1 0.414 y/y
/ k
1 0.507 y/y
/ k 0.500 (y/y
/ k)2
1 0.184 y/y
/ k
1 0.550 y/y
/ k 0.217(y/y
/ k)2
e-1/2(r/r/Ru)2
yk /y
/
yk/y
yk/y
(yk/y)2
1.414
y/yk
0.816
y/k
y
2y/y
/ k
0.667 yk/y
-/8(x\B
x uy /y)2
k
e-1/2(r/r/Ruyk/y)2
x uyk/y)2
e-16(x/B
e-1/4(r/r/Ruyk/y)2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Exhibit 17.3 Boyds corner dam project, New York.
(a) General view of the spillway
(b) A view of the overfall spillway in operation.
(c) Layout of the spillway including the flip bucket.
17.18
Chapter Seventeen
(17.6)
(a)
(b)
Exhibit 17.4 Ullum dam project, Argentina.
(a) General view of the sidechannel spillway in operation
(b) Layout of the spillway including the stiling basin.
17.20
Chapter Seventeen
7. Once an acceptable geometry for the trough and chute crest has been determined, the
chute should be sloped to provide supercritical flow away from the chute crest.
8. Large side-channel spillways are almost always model-tested because of the complex
flow conditions in the trough area.
(a)
Exhibit 17.5 Mangla hidroelectric project, Paskistan A threedimensional rendition of the
spillway control structure.(Courtesy Water and Power Development
Authority, Pakistan).
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FIGURE 17.14 Typical arrangement of an orifice spillway. (Institute of Civil Engineers, (1968).
17.22
Chapter Seventeen
3. The floor curve is less critical; however, for the design in Figs. 17.14 and 17.15 the
curve radius was 150 ft.
4. Potential formation of vortex is a special concern for orifice spillways. A vortex suppressor will generally be required and can be determined by a physical model.
5. The spillway downstream of the gate structure changes to a chute that may lead to a
stilling basin (see Figs. 17.14 and 17.15) or a flip-bucket.
FIGURE 17.16 Possible flow conditions for a morning-glory spillway. (USBR, 1987).
17.24
Chapter Seventeen
FIGURE 17.18 Circular crest coefficients for a morning-glory spillway with aerated nappe.
(USBR, 1987)
FIGURE
GURE 17
17.19
19 Ci
Circular
l crest coefficients
ffi i
off discharge
di h
for
f other
h than
h design
d i head.
h d (USBR,
(USBR 1987)
17.26
Chapter Seventeen
TABLE 17.2 Coordinates of Lower Nappe Surface for Different Values of Hs/R
/ When P/
P/R 0.15
H
s
R
0.20
0.2
0.30
X
Hs
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.80
Y
For portion of the profile above the weir crest
Hs
0.000
.010
.020
.030
.040
0.0000
.0120
.0210
.0285
.0345
0.0000
.0120
.0200
.0270
.0335
0.0000
.0115
.0195
.0265
.0325
0.0000
.0115
.0190
.0260
.0310
0.0000
.0110
.0185
.0250
.0300
0.0000
.0110
.0180
.0235
.0285
0.0000
.0105
.0170
.0225
.0265
0.0000
.0100
.0160
.0200
.0230
0.0000
.0090
.0140
.0165
.0170
.050
.060
.070
.080
.090
.0405
.0450
.0495
.0525
.0560
.0385
.0430
.0470
.0500
.0530
.0375
.0420
.0455
.0485
.0510
.0360
.0400
.0430
.0460
.0480
.0345
.0380
.0410
.0435
.0455
.0320
.0355
.0380
.0400
.0420
.0300
.0330
.0350
.0365
.0370
.0250
.0365
.0270
.0270
.0265
.0170
.0165
.0150
.0130
.0100
.100
.120
.140
.160
.180
.0590
.0630
.0660
.0670
.0675
.0560
.0600
.0620
.0635
.0635
.0535
.0570
.0585
.0590
.0580
.0500
.0520
.0525
.0520
.0500
.0465
.0480
.0475
.0460
.0435
.0425
.0435
.0425
.0400
.0365
.0375
.0365
.0345
.0305
.0260
.0255
.0220
.0175
.0110
.0040
.0065
.200
.250
.300
.350
.400
.0670
.0615
.0520
.0380
.0210
.0625
.0560
.0440
.0285
.0090
.0560
.0470
.0330
.0165
.0465
.0360
.0210
.0030
.0395
.0265
.0100
.0320
.0160
.0200
.0015
.450
.500
.550
.0015
Y
Hs
X
For portion of the profile below the weir crest
Hs
0.000
.020
.040
.060
.080
0.454
.499
.540
.579
.615
0.422
.467
.509
.547
.583
0.392
.437
.478
.516
.550
0.358
.404
.444
.482
.516
0.325
.369
.407
.443
.476
0.288
.330
.368
.402
.434
0.253
.292
.328
.358
.386
0.189
.228
.259
.286
.310
0.116
.149
.174
.195
.213
.100
.150
.200
.250
.300
.650
.726
.795
.862
.922
.616
.691
.760
.827
.883
.584
.660
.729
.790
.843
.547
.620
.685
.743
.797
.506
.577
.639
.692
.741
.462
.526
.580
.627
.671
.412
.468
.516
.557
.594
.331
.376
.413
.445
.474
.228
.263
.293
.319
.342
.400
.500
.600
.800
1.000
1.029
1.128
1.220
1.380
1.525
.988
1.086
1.177
1.337
1.481
.947
1.040
1.129
1.285
1.420
.893
.980
1.061
1.202
1.317
.828
.902
.967
1.080
1.164
.749
.816
.869
.953
1.014
.656
.710
.753
.827
.878
.523
.567
.601
.655
.696
.381
.413
.439
.473
.498
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
1.659
1.780
1.897
2.003
2.104
1.610
1.731
1.843
1.947
2.042
1.537
1.639
1.729
1.809
1.879
1.411
1.480
1.533
1.580
1.619
1.228
1.276
1.316
1.347
1.372
1.059
1.096
1.123
1.147
1.167
.917
.949
.973
.997
1.013
.725
.750
.770
.787
.801
.517
.531
.544
.553
.560
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
2.340
2.550
2.740
2.904
3.048
2.251
2.414
2.530
2.609
2.671
2.017
2.105
2.153
2.180
2.198
1.690
1.738
1.768
1.780
1.790
1.423
1.457
1.475
1.487
1.491
1.210
1.240
1.252
1.263
1.049
1.073
1.088
.827
.840
5.000
5.500
6.000
3.169
3.286
3.396
2.727
2.769
2.800
2.207
2.210
1.793
Hs
R
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.80
0.20
0.2
0.30
X
Hs
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.80
Y
For portion of the profile above the weir crest
Hs
0.000
.010
.020
.030
.040
0.0000
.0130
.0245
.0340
.0415
0.0000
.0130
.0242
.0335
.0411
0.0000
.0130
.0240
.0330
.0390
0.0000
.0125
.0235
.0320
.0380
0.0000
.0120
.0225
.0300
.0365
0.0000
.0120
.0210
.0290
.0350
0.0000
.0115
.0195
.0270
.0320
0.0000
.0110
.0180
.0240
.0285
0.0000
.0100
.0170
.0210
.0240
.050
.060
.070
.080
.090
.0495
.0560
.0610
.0660
.0705
.0470
.0530
.0575
.0620
.0660
.0455
.0505
.0550
.0590
.0625
.0440
.0490
.0530
.0565
.0595
.0420
.0460
.0500
.0530
.0550
.0395
.0440
.0470
.0500
.0520
.0370
.0405
.0440
.0460
.0480
.0325
.0350
.0370
.0385
.0390
.0245
.0250
.0245
.0235
.0215
.100
.120
.140
.160
.180
.0740
.0800
.0840
.0870
.0885
.0690
.0750
.0790
.0810
.0820
.0660
.0705
.0735
.0750
.0755
.0620
.0650
.0670
.0675
.0675
.0575
.0600
.0615
.0610
.0600
.0540
.0560
.0560
.0550
.0535
.0500
.0510
.0515
.0500
.0475
.0395
.0380
.0355
.0310
.0250
.0190
0.120
.0020
.200
.250
.300
.350
.400
.0885
.0855
.0780
.0660
.0495
.0820
.0765
.0670
.0540
.0370
.0745
.0685
.0580
.0425
.0240
.0660
.0590
.0460
.0295
.0100
.0575
.0480
.0340
.0150
.0505
.0390
0.220
.0435
.0270
.0050
.0.180
.450
.500
.550
.0300
.0090
.0170
.0060
.0025
Y
Hs
X
For portion of the profile below the weir crest
Hs
0.000
.020
.040
.060
.080
0.519
.560
.598
.632
.664
0.488
.528
.566
.601
.634
0.455
.495
.532
.567
.600
0.422
.462
.498
.532
.564
0.384
.423
.458
.491
.522
0.349
.387
.420
.451
.480
0.310
.345
.376
.406
.432
0.238
.272
.300
.324
.348
0.144
.174
.198
.220
.238
.100
.150
.200
.250
.300
.693
.760
.831
.893
.953
.664
.734
.799
.860
.918
.631
.701
.763
.826
.880
.594
.661
.723
.781
.832
.552
.618
.677
.729
.779
.508
.569
.622
.667
.708
.456
.510
.558
.599
.634
.368
.412
.451
.483
.510
.254
.290
.317
.341
.362
.400
.500
.600
.800
1.000
1.060
1.156
1.242
1.403
1.549
1.024
1.119
1.203
1.359
1.498
.981
1.072
1.153
1.301
1.430
.932
1.020
1.098
1.227
1.333
.867
.938
1.000
1.101
1.180
.780
.841
.891
.970
1.028
.692
.745
.780
.845
.892
.556
.595
.627
.672
.707
.396
.424
.446
.478
.504
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
1.680
1.800
1.912
2.018
2.120
1.622
1.739
1.849
1.951
2.049
1.543
1.647
1.740
1.821
1.892
1.419
1.489
1.546
1.590
1.627
1.240
1.287
1.323
1.353
1.380
1.070
1.106
1.131
1.155
1.175
.930
.959
.983
1.005
1.022
.733
.757
.778
.797
.810
.521
.540
.551
.560
.569
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
2.351
2.557
2.748
2.911
3.052
2.261
2.423
2.536
2.617
2.677
2.027
2.113
2.167
2.200
2.217
1.697
1.747
1.778
1.796
1.805
1.428
1.464
1.489
1.499
1.507
1.218
1.247
1.263
1.274
1.059
1.081
1.099
.837
.852
5.000
5.500
6.000
3.173
3.290
3.400
2.731
2.773
2.808
2.223
2.228
1.810
Hs
R
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.80
17.28
Chapter Seventeen
TABLE 17.4
P/R 2.00
P/
H
s
R
X
Hs
0.00
0.000
.010
.020
.030
.040
.050
.060
.070
.080
.090
.100
.120
.140
.160
.180
.200
.250
.300
.350
.400
.450
.500
.550
.600
.650
0.0000
.0150
.0280
.0395
.0490
.0575
.0650
.0710
.0765
.0820
.0860
.0940
.1000
.1045
.1080
.1105
.1120
.1105
.1060
.0970
.0845
.0700
.0520
.0320
.0000
0.20
H
R
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.50
2.00
0.0000
.0104
.0180
.0231
.0268
.0292
.0305
.0308
.0301
.0287
.0264
.0195
.0101
0.0000
.0095
.0159
.0198
.0220
.0226
.0220
.0201
.0172
.0135
.0089
0.0000
.0086
.0140
.0168
.0176
.0168
.0147
.0114
.0070
.0018
0.0000
.0077
.0115
.0126
.0117
.0092
.0053
.0001
0.0000
.0070
.0090
.0085
.0050
Y
For portion of the profile above the weir crest
Hs
0.0000
.0145
.0265
.0365
.0460
.0535
.0605
.0665
.0710
.0765
.0180
.0880
.0935
.0980
.1010
.1025
.1035
.1000
.0930
.0830
.0700
.0520
.0320
.0080
0.0000
.0133
.0250
.0350
.0435
.0506
.0570
.0627
.0677
.0722
0.762
.0826
.0872
.0905
.0927
.0938
.0926
.0850
.0750
.0620
.0450
.0250
.0020
X
Hs
0.000
.020
.040
.0.60
.080
.100
.150
.200
.250
.300
.400
.500
.600
.800
.1.000
.1,200
.1.400
.1.600
.1.800
.2.000
.2.500
.3.000
.3.500
.4.000
.4.500
.5.000
.5.500
.6.000
0.25
0.0000
.0130
.0243
.0337
.0417
.0487
.0550
.0605
.0655
.0696
.0734
.0790
.0829
.0855
.0872
.0877
.0850
.0764
.0650
.0500
.0310
.0100
0.0000
.0128
.0236
.0327
.0403
.0471
.0531
.0584
.0630
.0670
.0705
.0758
.0792
.0812
.0820
.0819
.0773
.0668
.0540
.0365
.0170
0.0000
.0125
.0231
.0317
.0389
.0454
.0510
.0560
.0603
.0640
.0672
.0720
.0750
.0760
.0766
.0756
.0683
.0559
.0410
.0220
.000
0.0000
.0122
.0225
.0308
.0377
.0436
.0489
.0537
.0578
.0613
.0642
.0683
.0005
.0710
.0705
.0688
.0596
.0446
.0280
.0060
0.0000
.0119
.0220
.0299
0.363
.0420
.0470
.0514
.0550
.0581
.0606
.0640
.0654
.0651
.0637
.0611
.0495
.0327
.0125
0.0000
.0116
.0213
.0289
.0351
.0402
.0448
.0487
.0521
.0549
.0570
.0596
.0599
.0585
.0559
.0521
.0380
.0174
0.0000
.0112
.0202
.0270
.0324
.0368
.0404
.0432
.0455
.0471
.0482
.0483
.0460
.0418
.0361
.0292
.0068
Y
For portion of the profile below the weir crest
Hs
0.668
.705
.742
.777
.808
.838
.913
.978
1.040
1.100
1.207
1.308
1.397
1.563
1.713
1.846
1.970
2.085
2.196
2.302
2.557
2.778
0.615
.652
.688
.720
.752
.784
.857
.925
.985
1.043
1.150
1.246
1.335
1.500
1.646
1.780
1.903
2.020
2.130
2.234
2.475
2.700
2.916
3.114
3.306
3.488
3.653
3.820
0.554
.592
.627
.660
.692
.722
.793
.860
.919
.976
1.079
1.172
1.260
1.422
1.564
1.691
1.808
1.918
2.024
2.126
2.354
2.559
2.749
2.914
3.053
3.178
3.294
3.405
0.520
.560
.596
.630
.662
.692
.762
.826
.883
.941
1.041
1.131
1.215
1.369
1.508
1.635
1.748
1.855
1.957
2.053
2.266
2.428
2.541
2.620
2.682
2.734
2.779
2.812
0.487
.526
.563
.596
.628
.657
.725
.790
.847
.900
1.000
1.087
1.167
1.312
1.440
1.553
1.653
1.742
1.821
1.891
2.027
2.119
2.171
2.201
2.220
2.227
2.229
2.232
0.450
.488
.524
.557
.589
.618
.686
.745
.801
.852
.944
1.027
1.102
1.231
1.337
1.422
1.492
1.548
1.591
1.630
1.701
1.748
1.777
1.796
1.806
1.811
0.413
.452
.487
.519
.549
.577
.641
.698
.750
.797
.880
.951
1.012
1.112
1.189
1.248
1.293
1.330
1.358
1.381
1.430
1.468
1.489
1.500
1.509
0.376
.414
.448
.478
.506
.532
.589
.640
.683
.722
.791
.849
.898
.974
1.030
1.074
1.108
1.133
1.158
1.180
1.221
1.252
1.267
1.280
0.334
.369
.400
.428
.454
.478
.531
.575
.613
.648
.706
.753
.793
.854
.899
.933
.963
.988
1.008
1.025
1.059
1.086
1.102
0.262
.293
.320
.342
.363
.381
.423
.459
.490
.518
.562
.598
.627
.673
.710
.739
.760
.780
.797
.810
.838
.853
0.158
.185
.212
.232
.250
.266
.299
.326
.348
.368
.400
.427
.449
.482
.508
.528
.542
.553
.563
.572
.588
0.116
.145
.165
.182
.197
.210
.238
.260
.280
.296
.322
.342
.359
.384
.402
.417
.423
.430
.433
0.093
.120
.140
.155
.169
.180
.204
.224
.239
.251
.271
.287
.300
.320
.332
.340
.344
0.070
.096
.115
.129
.140
.150
.170
.184
.196
.206
.220
.232
.240
.253
.260
.266
0.048
.074
.088
.100
.110
.188
.132
.144
.153
.160
.168
.173
.179
.184
.188
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.50
2.00
H
H
The tabulation for s = 0.10 was obtained by interpolation between s = 0 and 0.20.
R
R
Source: USBR (1987).
(a)
(b)
Exhibit 17.6 Big Dalton Dam, California
(a) General view of the modified morningglory spillway.
(b) Layout of the spillway.
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17.30
Chapter Seventeen
required shaft radius for throat control (m or ft), Ha head from headwater level to
throat location (m or ft), and Q discharge under consideration (m3/sec or ft3/sec). If
R exceeds the radius of the shaft for a given flow, then throat control exists and the discharge is based on the shaft radius.
5. The downstream tunnel is ordinarily sized to flow no more than three-fourths full with
the maximum value of Mannings roughness coefficient n 0.016 to avoid potentially unstable flow conditions. If the tunnel flows full, with throat control already developed, the capacity is dictated by full flow throughout.
6. An ideal design has crest control throughout the range of discharge.
(17.8)
2. Fixing the apex A, determine the number of cycles in the labyrinth N from
FIGURE 17.21
17.32
Chapter Seventeen
L 2N (A
( L2)
(17.9)
1.
2.
3.
4.
(17.10)
where d depth of water at outlet, D throat width, B width of the rectangular siphon 2D (recommended), C discharge coefficient based on d/D and
RCL (Fig. 17.25), RCL radius of center-line of throat, and Rc radius of crest of
throat RCL-D/2.
Recommended ratio of RCL to D is 2.5 for the throat at the upper and lower bends.
5.
(17.11)
where Rs the radius of curvature at the summit of the throat and hat local
atmospheric head.
6.
Adjust Rc (and D, if necessary) if the Q/barrel from Step 5 is less than from Step 4,
until the result from Step 5 is than the result from Step 4.
7.
Select the priming head on the basis of the desired operating level of the reservoir.
If the priming head is less than D/2, locate P.C. of the lower bend on the trajectory
of the nappe.
8.
Determine the size and the inlet elevation of the siphon breaker (area of breaker
area of throat/24).
9.
Select and design the priming aids to be used (slot to aerate the nappe, vent to
equalize pressure above and below the nappe, and vent at the lower bend).
17.34
Chapter Seventeen
FIGURE 17.25 Discharge coefficients for standard siphon spillways. (USBR, 1987).
10. Set the upper bend-aeration slot at 60 from the vertical axis of the crest. Set the
pipe vent in the sidewalls and connect the slot to the summit area.
11. Set the lower bend P.C. on the trajectory of nappe according to the priming head at
the crest. Set the top of the vertical sections of the siphons lower bend at the elevation of the outlet bottom.
12. Set the elevation of the lower bend air trap at the elevation of the outlet bottom plus
the priming head. Set the vent area throat area / 48 (approximate).
13. Set the length of the diverging tube using an 830' angle of divergence, and set the
vent outlet at two-thirds the depth of the outlet at maximum capacity.
14. Set the pipe vent of the siphon breaker at the summit, with the inlet end set at or
slightly below the normal level of the reservoir. Set the minimum pipe area
throat area/24.
15. Set the submerged lip of the upper leg deep enough to provide good seal and to prevent excessive drawdown.
FIGURE 17.26 Typical air-regulated siphon spillway. (Ackers and Thomas, 1975).
FIGURE 17.27 Typical discharge rating curve for air-regulated siphon spillways. (Ackers and Thomas,
1975)
17.36
Chapter Seventeen
and the siphons capacity. An alternative called an air-regulated siphon is designed to operate in a steady-state condition for any discharge between priming and capacity and flowing
full of a water-air mixture without reaching the blackwater condition. Therefore, it produces
a more stable flow condition with a smoother transition during priming. This type of siphon
was developed more than 50 years ago and has been used extensively in the Far East to pass
floods of up to 2200 m3/s (Ackers and Thomas, 1975). Its performance can be affected by
waves, floating debris, and ice. Recent designs have provided corrections for these problems: for example, by installing of a vertical baffle wall at the upstream face of the siphon.
Figure 17.26 shows a typical layout, and Fig. 17.27 shows a typical discharge rating
curve. Except for the air intake, the design of an air-regulated siphon spillway is generally similar to that of a standard siphon spillway. A preliminary design can be developed by
scaling from a design that has been model tested (e.g., Fig. 17.26). However, because
approach and exit flow conditions vary from project to project, each design should always
be confirmed by model tests. In particular, the mixed-flow conditions, along with potential cavitation at the siphon crest (as with the standard siphon), make this design more
complicated than the standard siphon. However, this design is preferable when flow conditions are highly variable. A summary of experience with air-regulated siphons is available in Ackers and Thomas (1975).
FIGURE 17.28 Typical arrangement of a tunnel spillway. (Harza Engineering Co., 1996).
17.38
Chapter Seventeen
water and head losses up to and including the vertical bend, and uniform flow at a depth
of 75 percent with long-term tunnel roughness (assume Mannings n 0.016) in the flattunnel section downstream.
If the head is sufficient to produce a velocity of 25 to 30 m/s at the end of the vertical
curve, an aeration ramp must be provided upstream of the curve. The location and geometry of the aeration ramp generally are determined by a physical model because of the circular shape of the tunnel.
17.9.4 Flip-Bucket
The energy dissipator for a tunnel spillway will almost always be a flip-bucket because it
is generally the most economical solution. Any transition from the tunnel to the flip-bucket must be gradual. The simplest flip-bucket is the straight cylindrical type that has the
same width as does the tunnel. However, if the impact of the jet with the tailrace is not
acceptable, a special bucket may be required. Such a bucket might turn or spread the flow,
to limit or localize the plunge-pool scour. A special bucket generally requires a physical
model. Because the tunnel spillway, as a general rule, will have special features, a physical model is usually recommended.
FIGURE 17.29 Typical RCC spillway section with stepped chute. (Zipparro and Hansen, 1993)
Vo2/2g
h/l 1.4
Detail a
17.40
Chapter Seventeen
Figure 17.31 Relationship between head loss and critical depth for a stepped-chute spillway.
(Christodoulou, 1993)
Side-wall freeboard can be taken as 20% of the calculated depth for a straight chute
and 30% of calculated depth for a gradually tapered chute (3 maximum, each wall). For
curved chutes, model studies are required. When chutes are gated, without interior divide
walls, models are required to check ride-up of the flow on walls from nonuniform gate
operations. Interior divide walls are sometimes used to separate normal-release bays from
flood-release bays. The divide walls are normally sized for some part-gate condition to
limit their height and cost.
Figure 17.32 Aeration ramps and air supply systems. (Falvey, 1990).
(17.12)
17.42
Chapter Seventeen
Figure 17.33
Aeration ramp and slot of the Yellowtail Dam tunnel spillway. (ICOLD, 1992)
17.44
Chapter Seventeen
Perform an analysis of the spillways water surface profile for flows up to the maximum discharge in approximately 20-percent increments.
2.
For the preliminary assessment, find the upstream-most site where the mean velocity is approximately 30 m/s for maximum discharge and where protection by aeration is likely to be needed. Experience has shown that significant cavitation damage usually will not occur upstream of this point.
3.
Determine the cavitation numbers for the entire length of the spillway for each flow
rate based on the flow velocities and depths obtained in Step 1. The computer program provided in Falvey (1990) can be used.
4.
Determine the upstream-most site where the computed value of the cavitation number is less than 0.20, or the critical cavitation number for the expected local irregularities, and find an appropriate site for the first ramp so that the impact point of
the jet is at the desired location.
5.
6.
The required cavity length L for maximum flow can then be determined using the
following equation (see also Fig. 17.35):
qa 0.022 VL
(17.13)
where qa air discharge per unit width, V mean water velocity approaching the
ramp, and L cavity length.
7.
8.
Size the air vent to provide the air flow from Step 6, with no more than 1.0 m
under-pressure and an air vent velocity that does not exceed 80 m/s to avoid excessive noise and choking of the air flow.
9.
Use the computer model to analyze the performance of the ramp/air vent for the full
range of flow. If the resulting air vent velocity or underpressure exceeds the allowable 80 m/s or 1.0 m, respectively, resize the ramp to provide acceptable conditions over the full range of flows.
10. Place the succeeding ramps no more than 50 m apart. The last ramp should be no
closer than approximately 20 m to the entrance to the energy dissipator (stilling
basin or flip-bucket). Check the concentration of air downstream of the aeration
ramp in accordance with the following equation (Falvey, 1990):
Figure 17.35
Definition sketch of a free-jet from an aeration ramp. (Wei and DeFazio, 1982)
17.46
Chapter Seventeen
(a)
(b)
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Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
(c)
(d)
17.48
Chapter Seventeen
(e)
(f)
Exhibit 17.7 Guri hydroelectric project, Venezuela (Courtesy CVGEDELCA, Caracas).
(a) General view of the spillway showing aeration ramps and flip buckets.
(b) Layout of the right spillway chute showing aerators and flip bucket.
(c) General view of the spillway in operation.
(d) Closeup view of the spillway in operation.
(e) Closeup view of the flow condition at an intermediate aeration ramp.
(f) Closeup view of flow separation at the end of a trestle pier for aeration.
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Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
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(17.14)
2800 m3/sec
110 m
100 m
80 m
20 m
40 m
Assume that the overflow crest becomes tangent to a spillway chute that is slopes at
1h:1v.
17.50
Chapter Seventeen
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
17.12.5
He
100.0
0.0
101.0
1.0
102.0
2.0
103.0
3.0
104.0
He/H
H0
C/C
C0
0.0
0.78
1.70
42.0
0.125
0.83
1.81
41.8
76
0.250
0.87
1.89
41.6
223
0.375
0.89
1.94
41.4
417
4.0
0.5
0.92
2.00
41.2
660
105.0
5.0
0.625
0.95
2.07
41.0
948
106.0
6.0
0.25
0.97
2.11
40.8
1267
107.0
7.0
0.825
0.99
2.16
40.6
1621
108.0
8.0
1.0
1.00
2.18
40.4
1991
109.0
9.0
1.125
1.02
2.22
40.2
2411
110.0
10.0
1.25
1.03
2.24
40.0
2838
17.52
Chapter Seventeen
102
101
Elevation (m)
100
99
98
97
96
95
-4
-3
-2
-1
Distance (m)
FIGURE 17.37 Crest Shape
Xc 2.216 m,
Yc 0.960 m,
R1 4.200 m, and
R2 1.800 m.
Downstream of the origin:
Y 0.08325 X.865
Location of the tangent point is determined by
Y 0.08325(1.865)X
X0.865 1.0
Xt 8.614
Yt 4.619
The crest geometry is plotted on Fig. 17.37.
Plot of crest geometry.
REFERENCES
Ackers, P., and A. R. Thomas, Design and Operation of Air-Regulated Siphons for Reservoir and
Head-Water Control, Proceedings of the Symposium on Design and Operation of Siphons and
Siphon Spillways, London, UK, May 1975.
Brater, E. F., H. W., King, J. E. Lindell, and C. Y. Wei, Handbook of Hydraulics, 7th ed., McGrawHill, New York, 1996.
Chow, V. T., Open-Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966.
Christodoulou, G. C., Energy Dissipation on Stepped Spillways, Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, ASCE, 119, (5): May 1993.
Coleman, H. W., Prediction of Scour Depth from Free Falling Jets, Proceedings, of the ASCE
Hydraulics Division Conference on Applying Research to Hydraulic Practice, Jackson, Ms, 1982,
DeFazio F. G., and C. Y. Wei, Design of Aeration Devices on Hydraulic Structures, Frontiers in
Hydraulic Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1983.
Falvey, H. T., Cavitation in Chutes and Spillways, USBR Engineering Monograph
No. 42, USBR, 1990.
Harza Engineering Co., Internal Report, July 1996.
Hinchliff D. L., and K. L. Houston, Hydraulic Design and Application of Labyrinth Spillways,
Research Engineering and Research Center, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1984.
ICOLD, Spillways, Shockwaves and Air EntrainmentReview and Recommendations, Bulletin No.
81, ICOLD, Paris, 1992.
ICOLD, Spillways for Dams, Bulletin No. 58, ICOLD, Paris, 1987.
Institute of Civil Engineers, Mangla, Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Binnie &
Partners, Westminster, 1968.
Tacail, F. G., B. Evans, and A. Babb, Case Study of a Labyrinth Weir Spillway, Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering, 17, 1990.
Tullis, J. P., N. Amanian, and D. Waldron, Design of Labyrinth Spillways, Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, ASCE 121 (3): March 1995.
USACE, Hydraulic Design of Spillways, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, No. EM 1110-2-1603,
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1995.
USACE, Hydraulic Design Criteria, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment
Station, Vicksburg, Ms, 1988.
17.54
Chapter Seventeen