Network Transients 1 - GATE Study Material in

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In this article we will see about introduction of Network Transients. Basically transients
in the system are because of the presence of energy storing elements called the inductor
and the Capacitor. In this article entitled Network Transients 1, we will discuss the
Behaviour of L and C in Transient State and Steady State.
This article entitled Network Transients 1 can be downloaded as PDF. These free GATE
Notes can be useful for GATE EC, GATE EE, IES, BARC, BSNL, DRDO, and other exams.
Before you get started however, you should have read the following works.

Recommended Reading
Basic Network Theory Concepts
Source Transformation & Reciprocity Theorem
Kirchhoffs Laws KCL & KVL
Nodal & Mesh Analysis
Voltage Division, Current Division, Star-Delta Conversion
Thevenins, Norton's & Tellegens Theorems
Maximum Power Transfer & Superposition Theorem for EC
Superposition & Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for EE

When the network consists of any resistance then there is no transients result in the
system because the resistor can accommodate any amount of currents and voltages.
V

i. e. V = IR (or) I = R
Since the energy stored in inductor (or) capacitor cannot change instantaneously i.e.
within zero time. So inductor and capacitor oppose sudden changes in the system,
which result in unstability of the system due to serve oscillations. (due to integrations of
energy variables iL and vC)
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iL = L V. dt
1

vC = C I. dt
Note:
The transient effects are more serve for DC compared to AC and transient free condition
is possible only for AC excitations i.e. at zero crossing of sine or cosine.

Behavior of L and C in Transient State and Steady State

In transient state i.e. ZL = sL = Inductor is Open Circuited
at t = 0+ (or) 0- which means s =
1

ZC = sC = 0 Capacitor is short Circuited

In steady state, i.e. at t = which mean s = 0
ZL = sL = 0 Inductor is Short Circuited
1

ZC = sC = Capacitor is Open Circuited

Note:
A long time after switching action is called steady state (i.e. at t ). In steady state the
inductor behaves like a short circuit whereas capacitor behaves like an open circuit.
Ideally steady state occurs at t = but practically it occurs at 5. Where = time
constant.
In steady state the energy stored in memory elements is maximum and constant.
Case i: In inductor, at steady state
1

EL = . L. i2L = constant and maximum

2

iL = constant
VL = L.

diL
dt

= 0 Inductor acts like a short circuit

Case ii: In capacitor, at steady state

1

EC = 2 . C. VC2 = maximum and constant

VC = constant
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 I = C.

d VC
dt

= 0 Capacitor acts like an open circuit.

Behavior of Inductor Current at t = 0- and at t = 0+

1

We know iL (t) = L VL (t). dt

1

= L VL (t)dt + L 0 VL (t). dt
1

= iL (0 ) + L 0 VL (t). dt
1

0+

At t = 0+ : iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) + L 0 VL (t). dt = iL (0 )
iL(0+) = iL(0-)
EL (0+ ) = EL (0 )
So inductor current cannot change instantaneously i.e. with zero time for all the
practical excitations.
If VL (t) = (t) then
1

0+

iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) + L 0 (t). dt
1

iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) + L
EL (0+ ) > EL (0 )

So inductor current can change instantaneously i.e. within zero time for impulse voltage
across it.
VL (t) = (t) = 0 for < t < 0
1

iL (0 ) = L VL (t). dt = 0A and
1

EL (0 ) = 2 L i2L (0 ) = 0J
1

iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) + L = L
1

EL (0+ ) = 2 L i2L (0+ ) = 2 L L2 = 2L J

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Capacitor Voltage at t = 0- and t = 0+

1

. We know VC (t) = C iC . dt
1

= C iC dt + C 0 iC . dt
1

VC (t) = VC (0 ) + C 0 iC . dt
1

0+

At t = 0+ : VC (0+ ) = VC (0 ) + C 0 iC . dt
VC (0+ ) = VC (0 )
EC (0+ ) = EC (0 )

. If iC (t) = (t) then

1

0+

VC (0+ ) = VC (0 ) + C 0 (t). dt
1

VC (0+ ) = VC (0 ) + C
VC (0+ ) > VC (0 )
EC (0+ ) > EC (0 )
If iC (t) = (t) = 0 for < t < 0
1

Then, VC (0 ) = C iC (t). dt = 0
1

0+

VC (0+ ) = VC (0 ) + C 0 (t)dt
1

VC (0+ ) = C V
1

EC (0+ ) = 2 C VC2 (0+ ) = 2 C C2 = 2C J

Equivalent Circuits
For Inductor:

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iL = L . VL . dt = L VL . dt + L 0 VL . dt
1

iL = I0 + L 0 VL . dt
For Capacitor:

VC = C iC . dt
1

= C iC . dt + C 0 iC . dt
VC = VC (0 ) + C 0 iC . dt = Vo + C 0 iC . dt
Note:
Inductor does not allow sudden changes in the current.
Capacitor does not allow sudden changes in the voltage.

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