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Chapter five
Computer Numerical
Control (CNC)
P1 = POINT/20.0,40.0,60.0
P2 = POINT/INTOF,L1,L2
GOTO/P2
GODLTA/0,0,-50.0
GODLTA/0,0,50.0
The surfaces in APT contouring motions that guide the cutting tool
Use of the APT motion words. The tool has moved from a previous
position to its present position. The direction of the next move
is determined by one of the APT motion words GOLFT, GORGT,
GOFWD, GOBACK, GOUP, or GODOWN.
Motion Commands
Milling
End mill tool diameter = 20 mm
Tool number 2
N = 1000 r.p.m clockwise
Vf = 50 mm/min
360
ns
Am n p
n p
rg
Am N m
rg
A
N
pA
x
360
np
360xrg
p
or
ns xrg
p
60 f p
n s rg
vt f r Np
fp
vt ns rg
60 p
or
f r ns rg
60 p
360x 360(250)
15,000o
p
6.0
360
7.5o
48
Thus, the number of pulses to move the table 250 mm is
np
360xrg
p
Arg
15000(5)
10,000
7.5
x 250mm,
vt 500
N
83.333 rev/min
p
6
The motor speed:
vt ns rg 500( 48 )( 5 )
fp
333.333 Hz
60 p
60( 6 )
ns
np
Ae
ns rge
Ae N e
rge
A
N
vt f r
60 pf p
ns rge
8000 pulses
p
6.0
(b) The pulse rate corresponding to 500 mm/min:
fr ns rge 500(48)(4)
fp
266.667 Hz
60 p
60(6.0)
(c) Motor speed = table velocity (feed rate) divided by
leadscrew pitch, corrected for gear ratio:
rg f r
5(500)
Nm
416.667 rev/min
p
6.0
p
CR1
ns rg
where CR1 control resolution of the electromechanical
components (mm, in), p leadscrew pitch (mm/rev, in/rev), ns
number of steps per revolution, and rg gear ratio between the
motor shaft and the leadscrew.
L
CR2 B
2 1
where CR2 control resolution of the computer control system
(mm, in), and L axis range (mm, in).
CR MaxCR1 ,CR2
A desirable criterion is for CR2 CR1 ,meaning that the
electromechanical system is the limiting factor that
determines control resolution. The bit storage capacity of a
modern computer controller is sufficient to satisfy this criterion
except in unusual situations. Resolutions of 0.0025 mm (0.0001
in) are within the current state of NC technology.
CR
Accuracy
3
2
Where CR control resolution (mm, in), and standard
deviation of the error distribution. Accuracies in machine tools
are generally expressed for a certain range of table travel, for
example, 0.01 mm for 250 mm (0.0004 in for 10 in) of table
travel.
Repeatability 3
The repeatability of a modern NC machine tool is around
0.0025 mm (0.0001 in).
p
6.0
CR1
0.025mm
ns rg 48(5.0)
1000
1000
CR2 16
0.01526mm
2 1 65,535