Journal of Porous Media, 3¢2), 155164 (2000) Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer by Natural Convection from a Cone and a Wedge in Porous Media Ali J. Chamkha, Abdul-Rabim A. Khaled, and Osamah al-Hawaj Departinent of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Kuwait University, BO. Box 5969, Salut, 13060 Kuwait ABSTRACT The problem of steady, laminar, hydromagnetie simultaneous heat ane! measx transfer by nawwral convection flow over a vertical cone and a wedge embedded in 2 wniform porous mediun is investigated. Two cases of thermal boundary conditions, namety the uniform wall ieniperanure (UWE) ard the uniform wall heat flax (UHP), are con- sidered. A nonsimilarity transformation for cach case is employed to transform the soverning differential equations to a form whereby they produce their own initial conditions. The transformed equations for each case are solved tamericaily by an efficient implicit, iterative, finite-difference scheme. The obtained results are checked against previously published work on special cases nf the problem and ere found to de in excellent agreement, & parametric study illustrating the influence of the maxe- netic field, porous medium inertia effects; Rea xeneration oF absorption; lateral wall imuass flux; concentration 10 Hrermal buoyancy ratio; and the Lewis number on the Atid vetoviey senperatare, and concentration as well as tke Nusselt and the Sherwood numbers is conducted. The resuits of his paramerric study are shown graphicully and the physical aspects of she problem are discussed. is conchuded that while the local Nusselt number decreases owing to the imposition af the magnetic Feld it increases se result oj the fluid’s absorption effects, Also, both the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers increase as the buoxancy ratie increases. This is true far both uniform wall temperature and heat flux thermal conditions, Furthermare, including the porous medio inertia effect in the maikematical model is predicted to decreese the focal ‘Nusself number for both she isaihermal and isepucx wail cases. 188 Received July 30, 1998; Accepted December 1, 1998 Copyright © 2000 hy Begell House, Ine.156 Chamicha et at. NOMENCLATURE B, — magnotic field strength ‘Sh local Sherwood murmber © concentration at any point in the field T ——tomperature at any point C, reference concentration at the wall for UHF wai temperature for UWT C., concentration at the free stream ‘tangential velocity ,— concenteation at the wall ‘uniform wall heat flux G,__ spevific heat of the ambient fluid. ‘uniform wat! terspecature Brass dittusivity ‘oraal velocity ! e buoyancy ratio wall mass flux coefficent 1 F inertia coefficient of the porous medium sistance along the cone or the wedge | F.f* dimensionless stream funetion distance normal to the cone or the wedge i g gravitational acceleration | A Yocal convective heat transfer evefficient Greek symbols i fy oval mass transfer coefficient F dimensionless porous medium inertia i K’ permeability of the porous medium coefficient : k, effective thermal conductivity of the porous &,-—effective thermal diffusivity of the porous medium, medium ! 1. characteristic length of the plate Be concentration expansion coefficient : Le Lewis number By thermal expansion coefficient | M squar: of the Hartmann number 6 dimensionless internal heat generation or i Nu — local Nusselt number absorption parameter a geometric factor € ‘porosity of the porous medium: Pr Prandtl number ,* transformed concentration Q, internal heat generation or absoxption y ‘half angle of the cone or the wedge coefficient AeT® coordinate transformation in terms of x and y Yq TBeat fx atthe wall for UH fluid dynamic viscosity Re, tocal Rayleigh number for UWT 0 fluid kinematic viscosity Ro® focal Rayleigh number for UHE stream function Ra, Rayleigh wumber based on the characteristic 6.8" transformed temperature: i Jength for UWT e ‘uid density Ray Rayleigh number based on the characteristic o fluid electrical conductivity Jength for UHF &.& — coordinate transformation for.x INTRODUCTION velocity flow situations, the Dazey law is inapplicuble be- Simultaneous feat and mass transfer from different geometries embedded in porous media has many engie neering and geophysical applications such as geothermal reservoirs, drying of porous solids, thermal insulation, enbanced oi] recovery, packed-bed catalytic reactors, cool ing of nuctear reactors, and underground energy transpor.. Most early studies on porous media have used the Darcy Jorw, which is a fisear empicical relationship between the Darcian velocity and the pressure drop across the porous ‘mediuit and is fimited ta slow flows, However, forhigh ‘cause if does sot aceount for the resulting inertia effects ‘of the porous meditum. In this siteation, the selationshiy between the velocity and the pressure drop is quasratic, ‘The hig flow situation is established when the Reywolds ‘number based on the pore size is greater than unity. Vafai and Tien (1981) have discussed the importance of inertia ‘effects for Slows in porous medi ‘Cheng and Minkowyc7 (1977) have used the Darcy Taw in their study on free convection about a vertical imperme- aie Rat plate in porous media. The probiem of a vertical cylinder embedded in porous media has been investigatedSimultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer by Natural Convection by Minkowycz and Cheng, (1976) using the local nonsim- iasity method and by Kamari etal. (1985) using the finite difference and improved perturbation methods. Cheng ct al. (1985) have analyzed the problem of natural convection of a Darcian flow about a cone using the local nonsimi- lusty method. More recently, Lai (1994) has investigated coupted heat and mass transfer by mixed convection fromt an isothermal verticat plate ina porous mediusn. Yih 2997) hhas stadied the elfect of transpiration on the problem of Lai (1991). The case of variabe wall emiperature and con- centrution in the presence of » magnetic field force has ‘been considered by Elhashbeshy (1997), Chamkha (1996) has obtained similarity solutions for the problem of non- Darey free convection from a nonisothermal cone and a ‘wedge in a porous medium. Yih (1997) have reported on the elfect of uniform lateral mass flux on free convection ahout a vertical cone embedded in afluid-saturated porous smediure. “There has been a renewed interest in studying magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) flow and bewt wansfer in porous and nonporous media as a result of the effect of magnetic {elds on the performance of many systerns using electri- cally conducting fluids. For example, Raptis et al, (1982) have analyzed bydromagnetic free convection Now through & porous medium between two parallel plates. Kafoussias (992) has considered MHD free convection flow through a nonhomopeneous porous meditm over an isothermal cone surface, Akdass etal. (1995) have studied mixed con- ‘ection froma vertical plate embedded in a porous medium fn the presence of a magnetic field. Bian ct al (1995) have reported on the effect of an electromagnetic field on nat- ural convection in an incTined porous medium. Buoyancy driven convection in a rectangular enclosure with a trans verse magnetic field has been considered by Garandet et ai, (1992). {fn certain porous media applications such as those in- volving heat removal ftom nuclear fuel debris, ander gsvund disposal of radioactive waste material, storage of food stuffs, and exothermic chemical reactions in packed- bed reactors, the working fluid heat generation (source) of absorption (sink) effects are important. Representative studies deating with these effects have been reported by ‘sich authors as Acharya and Goldstein (1985), Vajzavelu and Nayfeh (1992), and Chamnkha (1996, 1997). ‘Phe objective ofthis articte is to consider situftaneous beat and mass transfer by natural convection about a ver tical wedge and a cone embedded in a fluid-satwrated ‘porous medium in the presence of lateral aass flux, mag~ etic field effects, heat generation or absorption effects, and porous medium inestis effects. This is done for bot is? ‘uniform wall temperature (UW) and uniform wall heat flux (DAP) situations. PROBLEM DEFINITION Consider steady, laruinar, hydromagnetic coupled heat and mass transfer by natonid convection flow over a stax tionary cone embedded ins luid-saturated porous medium. Figure | shewsthe schematic diagram of the problem. The ‘origin of the coordinate system is placed at the vertex of ‘the cone, where the x-direction is taken along the cone and ‘the y-direction is normal to the cone. A magnetic field af uniform strength 8, is applied in the y-direction that is ‘normal to the surface of the cone. The fluid is assumed t0 bbe Newtonian, electrically conducting, heat generating or absorbing, and has constant properties except the density in the buoyancy term of the balance of momentum equa tion. Also. the porosity and the permeabitity of the porous medium are assumed to he constant. The fluid and the poroas medium are assumed to be in Jocal therrnat equi- Jibrium. The surface of the cone is kept at either constant ‘wall temperature or heat flux and constant oF variable ‘concentration. The temperature and the concentration at the cone surface are always greater than their uniform arn- bient values existing far from the cone surface. The mag netic Reynolds number is assumed to be small so that the induced magnetic field can be neglected, In addition, there Figure 1. Flow model and coordinate system.158 isno applied electric field and the Hull effect, Joule heat- ing, andl viscous dissipation are ail neglected in this work, Itis worth noting that generating a magnetic field atourd a cone may require the physival cane tn be embedded coaxially jn a magnetized conical shell, ‘The governing equations that take info account the in ertia effect of the porous medium within the boundary Jayer andl Boussinseg approximations may be written as follows: ay ( ‘ poe po) By > oy ces 4 Mek e08y 3C > vO By a ‘The boundary conditions are defined as follows: yobs vey, Tet, C20 yoo: 20, T=T, C=¢, 6) IF 4 uniform heat flux q,, is prescribed at the boundary, Eqs, (3) are replaced by ar yeO: pe My (2) Fay C y ve Nn hel) ote ao swhere ue ¥ Zand C are the fluid x-component of velocity, s-Component of velecity, temperature, and coricentration, respectively. a and v become the Darvian velocities when: Fis set 10 2et0. 9. 0, S,. By. and (are the fluid density, Kinematic viscosity, specific heat at constant pressure, coefficient of thermal expansion, and coetfivient of con= centration expansion. respectively. 6, O,, and D are the fluid elecitical conductivity, heat generation (20) or ab- sorption (<0) cvefficient, and mast diffusivity, respec- tively. «and B, are the gravitational acceleration and mage netic induction, respectively. €, K, F &, and @, ate the ‘porous medium porosity, permeability, inertia coefficient, effective thermal conductivity of the saturated potoms medium and the effective thermat diffusivity, respectively. 7, and C, ate the ambient fluid temperature and concen- (ration, respectively. V, (a constant} is the surfiace mass Chasikha et i, flux cooMicient, . G,, and 7 are the wat! temperature and concentration and the cone half angle, respectively. ‘The value of n can be either m= 0 for Row over a vertical wedge of # = [ for flow overa vertical cone. When a= 6 and 70. the problem will reduce to the case of a vertical Raat plate as memioned by Yih {1997}, The above equations were derived under the assuraption that the boundary-layer ‘thickness is sufficiently thin relative fo the Local radius of ‘the cone. ‘Thus, the local radius to point in the boundary layer can be replaced by the radios of the cone (rs rsin ‘yh fLis worth noting that the mathematical mode} used in this article is hased on a modified Darey Taw to include in- ertiu effects, Other more enhanced modets (Vafai and Tien, 1981) have also included the boundary effects in Eig. (2). ‘This is not done here. Uniform Wall Temperature (UWT) Jnvoking the following dimensionfess variublex that were reported earlier by Yih (1997): (3) a 410) ay a2) where Ra, = ge0s7P,KtF, ~ Tda/(o0,) ts the tocal Rayleigh numbes for the case of UWT yields (saat yao est «3 ea bya!) ore aetow Lely 28. gt 2 a ee 2) “a lige of ‘e of» x) us) where, OG‘Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer by Natural Convection i) are the square of the Hartmann number, dirensionless potous medium inestia cocflicient, buoyancy ratio, Lewis ‘number, dimensionless interna heat generation or absorp tion parameter, and the Rayleigh number at x= f. where E is a characteristic length along the x-direction, ‘The boundary conditions after transformation will be NsO feng. Oat O 8) 2n+2 ye (sO, 8=0, o=0 as} Uniform Wall Heat Flux (URES For the case of uniform wall heat ler, the following dimensionless variables bas alse been suggested by Yih 997}: (20) an PE Wee 2) CoN SE 2 eet ty aw LET Ban 96 23) c ret y= 24) we w= 4) swhere Rat = gos yf, Kg, 7/00, is the tal Rayleigh number for the case of UHE. As a result of substituting Eqs. 20)-(24) into Bags, (1-4), the following nonsimnitar ‘equations will be obtained, (emerey ype a0" +03" easy £0" E78" YT 2) page of (n+ F}ro 3 6) 159 2) rege be page! ape (rw B) ® ae ae oR = pve (28) a tent, “D Ray 29) ane the square of the Hartmann number, dimensionless porous medium inertia coefficient, buoyancy ratio, Lewis sumber, dimensionless internal heat generation or ab- Sorption parameter, and the Rayleigh number uf x= L for the UAF ease. The boundary conditions for this case transform to E cae f'20, O20, 6 GD ‘where the condition for a constant buoyancy ratio e(e = ¢ 008 YB. AIC, = Cx wRa2*} requires that the wall Mukd ‘concentration varies according to yee of 1, ost Go We 33) ‘The focal Nusselt number and the focal Sherwood “nurmber for constant wall temperature condition for both ‘wedge and cone can be computed from the foHlowing relationships: > BE, ORal” i Si ORa® (34) and the corresponding numbers for uniform walt heat ‘flax will be (35) (36)160 where Rand h,, ae the local convective heat ansfer coed ficient and the local mass diffusion coefficient. respectively. NUMERICAL METHOD “The nonsimilar equations for the cases of aniform wall temperature or heat flox have been linearized and thea de- seritized using three-point central difference quotients with variable step sizes in the 1) orm directions and uss ing two-point backward difference forroulae in the § or E* directions with constant step sizes, The zesuiting equations forms tsidiagonal system of algebraic equstions Giat can be solved by the well-known Thomas algorithm (se¢ Blow re, 1970), The solution process starts at & = 9 or BF = 0 and then proceeds forward using the solution atthe jre~ vious line of constant & of &* to & = | or E* = J. Because of the noniinearities of the equations, an iterative sofution swith successive over- or underrelaxation techaigues is re- vised. The miximum absolute etror between two stic> cessive iterations was taken to be 10 for convergence. A starting step size of 0.007 in the 1 oF W* direction with an Increase of 1,03 tintes the previous sep size ancta constant step size in the & or &* direction of 0.1 weee found to give accurate results. The maximum value of 7 or 1 that rep resents the ambient conditions was assunved to be $8. The accuracy of the aforementioned numerical method was validated by direct comparisons with the numerical results reported earlier by Yib (1997) for the cases of a vertical plate (n= 0,70) and a cone (= 4) in the absence of magnetic, oat generation or absomption, and coneentra- tion buoyancy effects, Tables 1 anid 2 present the results of these comparisons. Ht can be seen from these tables ‘Chania etal that excetlent agreement between the results exists, These favorable comparisons tend confidence im the cumerical results to be reported in the next section. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 3 gives the parametiie conditions for each af the curves shiown in Figs, 2-9, Figures 2 and 3 represent the behavior of the stream function and the fluid velocity forthe situations showin ‘Table 3 forboth a cone anda wedge at positive lateral wall mass flux for uniform wall temperature at & = 0. The presence af'a magnetic field in an electrically conducting fuid tends to produce a body force against the (ow. This type of resistive force tends to stow down the Flow which, in tum, reduces the stream function as shown i eutve IT compared t6 the reference curve | in both figures, An 2d- Sitionel resistance against the flow exists iF the porous medium inertia effeet is considered especially at high ve~ Tocities. As a result, the low stream function and veloci- ties near the wall decrease as depicted from curves 11 and 5S1e* compared with curves | and I foracone anda wedge, respectively. Curve IV shows the effect of internal heat ab- sorption on both the stream function and the velocity. The value of 6 =—1 represents a large value of a heat sink that causes the temperature of the fluid to reduce to the free stream temperature at rapid rates, as shows in curve FV it Figure 4, which, in torn, eliminates the thermal buoyancy forces, Accordingly, the hydrodynamic boundary-layer thickness will be very sail and the stream function will be almost constant. Including mass diffusion resis it ait increase in the flow velocities and stream Function due to Table 1 Vales for O48, O) for the Cases of Wage in = th and Cone (n = [iat UWT fe = 0, Mf = 0.5=0, azo n g ‘Yin 2997) ‘Present Method 70 49598) 49830. 8 3.999) 3.9802 a 2.9999 2.9936 “4 200s 19976 2 10725 10722 6 04437 osaie 2 orate, 08.1823 4 10,0333 6.0340 6 0.0085 0.0058 & 8.0006 0.2007 10 9.008 0.0001 nt nat Yih (1997) Presea Nithod 5.0995 5.0857 ana 43156 3.1655 31603 2.2436 209 1a39 ies 0.7686, 0.7986 83544 O34 oti 096, 0.0017‘Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer by Natarat Convection Fable 2 Values for B%2%, 0) for the Cases of Wedge (n+ O} and Cone (a = pat UHF fe = 0. M= 0, OL =) azo nel ned e yin 1997) Preseat Method ib (1997) Present Method =e ‘02000 e300 0.1992 0.1596 8 0.2508 9.2480 e248 ~6 ome ann 03276 “ azoas 1.4695 02701 = 08475 sie ones 07200 0 1.2902 D964 10864 1.0866 2 17398 £93 4am 14268 4 21524 21510 aoe) 1802 6 2.5296 2377 21748 2s a 28740 29720 2530 56 0 3.1801 3.1880 28663, 28612 Table 2 a arametrie Vistues for Curves ie tie Figures my ‘Carve E Mw r & =o t oO o o e 6 a a 9 HO o o ut a ° " ° 0 ooo 9 v Q o o 6 = Vv os as 6 6 ° “i os uso 0 Figure 3, Variations of tangentiel velocity with «Le, MT. 3 for UWT. additional concentration buoyancy forces, This is shows by curve V and VI for different Lewis numbers compared to curve 1 where the concentration baoyancy forces are excluded, Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the temperature and the ¥e- locity profiles fora cone and a wedge at uniform wath tem- perature under the presence of positive fateral wall mass flux at & = 10, The cesistive force discussed in the previ- ‘ous paragraph due to the presence of a magnetic field in an electrically conducting fluid increases the temperatures Figure 2, Variations of strcam function with, Le, M,Tand8 in the flow and, es 2 result, seduces the heat transfer from foc UWE the wall. This fact is shown by curve IT compared to curve162 ‘Chamba erat Figure 4, Variations of wemperatore ithe, Leo. T-and 3 and EWE Figure 6, Variovions of Nussuke number with « Le, MT, ad S lor OWT, T whore the wall temperature slope is very senall, The porous medium ineria effect tends to increase the ten peratore of the flow due tothe effect of a decrease in the momentum diffusion as discussed before and observed in. curves HE and (11* compared to curves T and HT fora cone and 3 wedge, respectively. Furthermore, the additional concentration buoyancy ferées, found in curves V and VI, decrease the temperature of the low due to the increase inthe Row velocity. The concentration boundary-layer thickness decreases at higher Lewis numbers but the ab- solute walt concentration slopes are higher for lower Lewis mimbers as shown in curves V and VI in Fig. 5. Figure 7. Variations of Sherwood samibes widh e ant Ee Fo LWT. ‘Theve are due to the effect of lateral blowing wal! mass thas. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the distribution of the tocal Nusselt and Sherwood numbers fora cone and a wedge «at uniform wall temperature under the presence of equal positive or negative lateral wall mass ffuxes, Doe to the: increases in the flow temperatures ancl decrease in the ab- solute wall éemperature slopes when the magnetic Bold is present. the kcal Nusselt number seduces. This fact is Justred by carve If compared to curve I. AIso, the porous ‘medium inertia effect tends to decrease the Focal Nusselt number duc to its effect on the wall temperaiate slopes asSimultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer by Natural Convection 163 Figore 8, Variations of Nusvelt number with 2, Le, Af. F.and Stor URE ‘onc can see from curves IH and TIF compared to curves 1 and H for a cone and a wedge, respectively. Although the Jocal Nusselt number is higher when the fluid bas internal ‘heat absorption (curve 1V) compared to the reference sase 1, the effect of lateral mass injection flax from the wall is the same for equal lateral mas suction ffux from the wall, Furthermore, curves V and VI confirm the fat that in- cluding the mass diffusion equation increases the local Nusselt nurnber. Por afl of the above cases the local selt number is the same at large wall mass suction flux ‘md large 2, as observed from Fig. 6, as the hydrodynamic and the thermal bouadary-layer thicknesses will be very small, Curves V and V15n Fig, 7 show that the local Sher- ‘wood nutiber fos Le 1,25 ishigher than thal for Le=0.5 up to a certain point where the lateral mass wall bfowing tends to decrease the loca! Sherwood number, For the case of uniform wall heat flux, simiar effects onthe velocity and temperature profilesas the case of uni- form wail einperanars are obtained by varying the param- eters in Table 3. Compared with the reference case in ‘Table 3. the flow velocities near the wail and the recipro~ «cal of the wall temperature are lower for the cases where a rragnetic field is present and the porous medium inertia effect is considered while they are higher when the fui absorbs thermal energy for reasons similar to those for the UWT condition, Because the local Nusselt mumber is inversely proportional to the wail temperature, the aloes ‘of the local Nusselt namber wil! be reduced except for the case of internal heat abscrption in which they increase as shown in Fig, 8. Also, the trend of the local Nusselt and Figure 9. Variations of Shorwood number with ¢ and Le for Un Sherwood numbers when the buoyancy ratio is included and the Lewis number is changed are shown in Figs. and 9, respectively, CONCLUSION ‘The problem of steady, lantinar, simultaneous heat and mass transfer by nalusal convection boundary-layer flow of an electrically conducting and heat generating oF ab- sorhing fluid over an isothermal or isoflux vertical and permeable with constant fateral wall mass flux cone or ‘wedge embedkled in a uniform porous medium was con sidered. The governing equations for hoth situations of tmiform wall remperatore (UWT) and sniform wali host flux (GHP) were developed and transformed using sp- propriate nonsisnilarity transformations. The transformed ‘equations were then solved nemesically by an implicit, iterative, finite-difference scheme. The obiained resuits for special cases of the problem were compared with pre- viously published work and were Found to be in excellent agreement. I was found that while the Nusselt number de: creased as a result of the presence of either the magnet field or positive tatetal wall mass flua, they increased! asa sesult of imposition of negative lateral wall mass flux for both the uniform wai temperature and the viferra wail heat flux cases. Also, the Nusselt number was increased because of the presence of heat absorption effects for hoth eases. In addition, the Nusselt number decreased when ‘considering the porous medium inertia effect for both the ‘uniform wall temperature and heat fs cases. Furthermore,16t Sncreasing the ratio of concentration to thermsal buoyancies ‘was found to cause enhancersentsin the values of the Nus~ selt number and the Shetwood number for the two studied thermal cases. It is hoped that the present work will serve a8 4 vehicle for understanding more complex problemas, involving the various physical effects investigated in the present problem. REFERENCES Acharya, 8. andl Goldstein, RJ, Natoeat concretion in an exter nally beated vertical or nelined square box containing internal nergy sources, ASME J. Heat Transfer, vol. 107, pp. RSS 866, £985, Aldoss, TK, Al-Nimg, M.A, Jarrah, M.A. and A}-Stuer, B., ‘Magnerolydrodynamic mixed convection fan a vertical plate ‘eribedided ina poroos medium, Numer Heat Transfer val, 28, 1p. 625-645, 1995. Bian, W., Vasseur, P, and Meng. Fi, Effect of electromagnetic Feld on natural conveciton in an inctined porous median, fr J Heat Fluid Flow, vol. (7. pp, 36-8. £996. Biouner, EG., Finiieifference methods of solution of the Doundary-fayer equations, A/AA J, val.8.pp, 193-205, 1970, ‘Chamkins,A.J., Non-Datey aydromaguietic tree convection from ‘cone and a wedge ia porous media, fms. Commun, feat Mass Transfer, 0). 23. pp. 875-887, 1996, Chamikha, Ad, Non-Datey fully developed mixed convection ta a poroax mediuin channel with heat generation/absorption and hydramagnetic elects, Numer. Heat Transfex. vol. 32, pp. 853-875, 1997, Cheng, P. and Minkowyex, W.L, Free convection about a verti ‘cal flat plate embedded in a porous mediom with application to heat transfor from a dike, J. Geophys. ol. 82, pp, 2040~ 2044, 1977, Cheng, P L2,T, and Pap. {., Natural convection of a Dareiua Avid about acone, Int. Commun, Rear Mass Transfer, v0). 12. pp. 705-777, 1985, ‘Charkha et at. ‘oashbeshy, EMA, Heat and mass ansfer slong a vestict plate with variable surface tension and eoscenation in the presence of the magnetic fick. fr. J. Eng. Sei, vol. 34, pp. 515-522, 1997, Garandet, 5P, Alboussiere, T, arel Moreau, R., Driven eon ‘ection in a rectangular enclosure with a transverse ru ttc Fel ft. J Teas Mass Tramyfee vol. M, pp. 741-73 1992, afoussias,N.G., MAD free convection flaw throvgt 8 nono: ‘mogencous porous nctium over an isothermal cone surface, Mech. Res, Conca sol 9, pp. 89-94, 1992. Kumari, M. Pop, I, and Nath, G.. Finke difference und im proved perturbation solutions for fee cooweeton on a vert- sal cylinder embedded ins saturated porous medium, I 3 Heat Mass Transfer: ¥ol.28, pp. 2071-2174, #985, 1a, BC., Coupled hest and mass traser By mised conection ‘om a vertical pote saturated porous medium, Int Cone smn, Heat Mess Tuosfer. xo. 18, pp. 92-106, 1994 Miokowysz, WJ. and Cheng. P, Free sonvestion aout vest «al eylinder embedded ina porous median, nt. J Hea Seas Transfer, vol. 19. pp. 805-513, 1976. Reptis, A. Mussns, and Tzivaniis,C., Hydeomagnetie few convestion flow through a porous mum between 10 par alle! plates, Phys. Ler, vol. 908, pp. 288-289, 19828, Vai K. and Tien, Ci. Boundary ard inertia effects om flow and heat ranser ia porous media dr. J leat Mass Trani 01,28, pp. 195-203, 1981. Vajravelu, K. and Nayfeh, J, Hydromagnetic convection at a come an wedge i Commas, Bear Mass Transfr v1. Pp. 701-710, 1992. Yik, K-A., The efoc of transpiration an coupie heat and mass transfer in mixed convection over a vertical pte embackied ina sarurated porous medio feu Commun, Heat Mass Trans {fe sol. 24, pp. 265-275, 1997. Yi, K.A. The effect oF uniform tateral mass Sux ox fe con ‘ection about a vertieal cone erabedded fa a saturated porous ‘medusa, Coma, Heat Meas Transfer Vl. 24, pp. 9S 1205, 1597, | : | i i I :