Final Bcs Project

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &
FLY ASH
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Concrete is a material synonymous with strength and longevity. It has emerged as
the dominant construction material for the infrastructure needs of the twenty-first century.
In addition to being durable, concrete is easily prepared and fabricated from readily
available constituents and is therefore widely used in all types of structural systems. The
challenge for the civil engineering community in the near future is to realize projects in
harmony with the concept of sustainable development and this involves the use of high
performance materials and products manufactured at reasonable cost with the lowest
possible environmental impact. There are various studies going on to fit materials in place
of construction materials without affecting the required strength of concrete. One such
construction material that is depleting at a very fast rate is quarry sand which is used as
fine aggregate in concrete.
1.2 Aggregate
Aggregates are the important constituents in the concrete composite that help in
reducing shrinkage and impart economy to concrete production. Most of the aggregates
used are naturally occurring aggregates, such as crush rock, gravel and sand which are
usually chemically interactive or inert when bonded together with cement. On the other
hand, the modern technological society is generating substantially high amounts of solid
wastes both in municipal and industrial sectors; posing an engineering challenging task
for this effective and efficient disposal. Hence, partial or full replacement of fine
aggregates by the other compatible materials like sintered fly ash, crushed rock dust,
quarry dust, glass powder, recycled concrete dust, and others are being researched from
past two decades, in view of conserving the ecological balance. In this project an attempt
has been made to replace sand by black cotton soil and fly ash.
J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

FLY ASH
1.3 Black cotton soil

Black cotton soil is most abundant soil in Maharashtra. A large amount of black
cotton soil excavated during construction is simply wasted by dumping. Black cotton soil
usually consists of sand silt and clay. The main property of black cotton soil is that when
it is subjected to water, it swells up very rapidly and as soon as water evaporates, the soil
becomes hard rock like material.
Fig.1.1. black cotton soil surface
1.4 Fly Ash

Presently about 105 million tons fly ash is generated every year in India as a byproduct of coal consumed in the thermal power plants. The thermal power plant is only
the source to produce 65% of the total electricity produced in our country. Several million
tons of coal for generating the electricity is being consumed in India out of which 40% of
coal is accounted for generating of fly ash as a bye product. The type of flyash collected
at the bottom of boiler furnace having lesser fineness & high carbon content is called
bottom fly ash. The finest fly ash is called dry fly ash, collected from different
electrostatic precipitators (ESP) in dry form. While the ash mixed with water, forming
slurry and drained out in ponds is referred as pond fly ash The mineralogical studies of
fly ash reveals that silica is present in crystalline forms of quarts (sio3) and partly is
associated with alumina as mullite (2AL2O32Sio2), the rest being mostly in the glassy
phase. The huge amount of fly ash imposing challenges for its disposal and management.

FLY ASH
At present fly ash is disposed in slurry form in large ponds managed by Thermal power
corporation plant units. A small percentage that is 3% to 5% of fly ash is being used in
India while in other countries the percentage of utilization is 30% to 80%, whatever be
the type of fly ash, it causes types of pollution (4) and air born diseases such as silicoses,
fibrosis of lungs, bronchitis etc. Due to the presence of toxic metals in fly ash, it causes
water pollution through percolation.

FLY ASH
CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1[1]
The experimental studies on mortar containing fly ash as a partial replacement of
sand by weight as well as by volume were carried out to quantify its utilization. Both the
types of pond and bottom fly ash in various ratios were used in preparing cement mortar
and their strengths in compression and tension were tested. Out of the various proportions
the mortar mix 1:2.5:2.5 (cement: coarse sand: pond fly ash) designed by method of
volume is found satisfactory as for as the strength is concerned. The maximum utilization
of fly ash almost 75% and cost saving about 58% were ascertained with the plain mortar
of ratio 1:5 (cement: sand). The utilization of fly ash in mortar designed by weight
provides 50% to 60% financial saving while 9% to 16% by method of volume. However,
the flyash mortar mix 1:1:5 (cement :fly ash :sand) by weight consumes about 20% less
quantity of cement and overall consumption of flyash is also less.
2.2[2]
Due to increase in the growth of industrial sectors the power requirement of the
country is rapidly increasing. India depends on Thermal Power as its main source, thus
increase in power requirement every year. Present scenario of our country shows 75 % of
countrys total installed power generation is thermal of which coal-based generation is
90%. The coal reserves of the country are predominately of lower grades (average of 35%
ash content), non cooking and as a result more than 110 million MT coal ash is being
generated every year. Ash generation may likely reach to 170 million MT by 2012. Use of
coal brings huge amount of ash every year. Lots of research has been carried out for
effective utilization of fly ash in construction industries due to its fine particles and
Pozzolonic properties. But little literature is available on pond ash utilization. Pond ash
being coarser and less Pozzolonic than fly ash can be used as fine aggregates in concrete
by partial replacement of sand.
As per M60 Mix Design in this project we will replace the alccofine and fine fly
ash partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. In mix G1,

FLY ASH
G2, G3 we will replace cement with alccofine 4% and fine fly ash 26% and pond fly ash
varies 10%, 20%, and 30% as replacement of F.A. Similarly in mix G4,G5,G6 alccofine
6% and fine fly ash 24% and pond fly ash same as 10%,20%,30%. The Concrete
specimens will tested at different age level for Mechanical Properties of concrete,
namely, Cube Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength with other
properties such as Compacting Factor, with respect to 7,28,56,90 Days strength. The
main aim of our study as project is to get the economical and eco friendly High strength
Concrete(HSC).
2.3[3]
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to
evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate (sand)
was partially replaced with Class F fly ash. Fine aggregate (sand) was replaced with five
percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) of Class F fly ash by weight. Tests were
performed for properties of fresh concrete. Compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity were determined at 7, 14, 28, 56, 91,
and 365 days. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of
plain concrete by the inclusion of fly ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate (sand),
and can be effectively used in structural concrete. D 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.

FLY ASH
2.4[4]
Concrete is the most undisputable and indispensable material being used in
infrastructure development throughout the world. Umpteen varieties of concretes (FAC,
HVFAC, FRC, HPC, HSC, and others) were researched in several laboratories and
brought to the field to suit the specific needs. Although natural fine aggregates (i.e., river
sand) are so far and/or will be superior to any other material in making concrete, their
availability is continuously being depleted due to the intentional overexploitation through
out the Globe. Hence, partial or full replacement of fine aggregates by the other
compatible materials like sintered fly ash, crushed rock dust, quarry dust, glass powder,
recycled concrete dust, and others are being researched from past two decades, in view of
conserving the ecological balance. In this direction, an experimental investigation of
strength and durability was undertaken to use Spent Fire Bricks (SFB) (i.e. waste
material from foundry bed and walls; and lining of chimnet which is adopted in many
industries) for partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Hence, partial or full
replacement of fine aggregates by the other compatible materials like sintered fly ash,
crushed rock dust, quarry dust, glass powder, recycled concrete dust, and others are being
researched from past two decades, in view of conserving the ecological balance
2.5[5]
Sheet glass powder (SGP) used in concrete making leads to greener environment. In
shops, near by Chidambaram many sheet glass cuttings go to waste, which are not
recycled at present and usually delivered to landfills for disposal. Using SGP in concrete
is an interesting possibility for economy on waste disposal sites and conservation of
natural resources. This paper examines the possibility of using SGP as a replacement in
fine aggregate for a new concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced (10%, 20%, 30%,
40% and 50%) with SGP. Compressive strength, Tensile strength (cubes and cylinders)
and Flexural strength up to 180 days of age were compared with those of concrete made
with natural fine aggregates. Fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture content, water
absorption, bulk density, %voids, % porosity (loose and compact) state for sand (S) and
SDA were also studied. The test results indicate that it is possible to manufacture concrete

FLY ASH
containing Sheet glass powder (SGP) with characteristics similar to those of natural sand
aggregate concrete provided that the percentage of SGP as fine aggregate is limited to 1020%, respectively.

FLY ASH
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIALS FOR CASTING
Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 53 grade (Jypee Cement) was used for the
investigation. It was tested for its physical properties in accordance with Indian Standard
specifications.
Fine aggregate
There are two types of Fine Aggregate were used. One fine aggregate is black
cotton soil obtained from nearby field. The black cotton soil was sieved through 4.75 mm
sieve. The specific gravity was found to be 2.19. The other fine aggregate used was fly
ash.
Coarse aggregate
The coarse aggregates used were of two grades, non-reactive and available in
local quarry. One grade contained aggregates passing through 4.75 mm sieve and retained
on 10 mm size sieve. Another grade contained aggregates passing through 10 mm sieve
but retained on 20 mm sieve.
Water
Ordinary tap water used for concrete mix in all mix.

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3.2LABORATORY TEST
1 Determination of fineness of cement
2 Determination of std/normal consistency of cement:
3 Sieve analysis (of aggregate)
4 Determination of agg crushing value
5 Test of flakiness index & elongation index
6 Test of specific gravity of black cotton soil (pycnometer test)

FLY ASH
3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF CEMENT

EQUIPMENT
Fig no. 3.1 Sieves used for determination of fineness of cement

CALCULATION:
SAMPLE NO
WT.OF CEMENT(W)gm
400
WT.OF CEMENT RETAINED ON SIEVE
16
%WT OF RETAIND
4%
Table no 3.1 determination of fineness of cement

RESULT: Avg. fineness of cement = 4%
CONCLUSION: fineness within limit specified by IS 12269-1987
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3.2.2 DETERMINATION OF STD/NORMAL CONSISTANCY OF CEMENT:
EQUIPMENT
Fig No 3.2 Std/Normal consistency apparatus

CALCULATION:
Sr No
DESCRIPTION
SYMBOL
Wt.
1
2
3
Qty of water added (ml)

Weight of cement
% of water of weight %
Ww
Wc
Ww/ Wc
152 ml
400gm
33%
Table no 3.2 determination of std/normal consistency of cement:

RESULT: consistency of cement = 38%
CONCLUSION:
The % of water required to prepare cement paste of standard
consistency is 38%
3.2.3 SIEVE ANALYSIS [10](of Aggregate)

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FLY ASH
EQUIPMENT
Fig no. 3.3 Sieves used for determination of fineness of coarse agg.
SR NO
IN SIEVE
WT OF AGG
CUMULATIVE
CUMULATIVE
SIZE (mm)
RETAINED
RETAINED
% RETAINED
% PASSING
40
100
20
3.375
35.83
0.55
45
16
3.05
20.33
0.46
54
12.5
1.725
11.50
0.114
85.6
10
0.790
5.2
0.9
94.06
4.75
0.090
4.1
4.32
95.68
2.36
0.064
0.042
0.44
99.56
1.18
0.105
0.007
0.7029
99.277
600micron
0.033
0.0022
0.221
99.78
10
300
0.044
0.0047
0.374
99.686
11
150
0.030
0.002
0.200
99.66
12
PAN
0.53
0.00356
0.388
99.612
Table no 3.3 sieve analysis of aggregate
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FLY ASH
RESULT: Fineness of coarse agg = (sum cumulative % wt retained /100) =9.9130
CONCLUSION: coarse agg very fine size in excess
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FLY ASH
3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF AGG CRUSHING VALUE

EQUIPMENT
Fig no 3.4 Equipment used for determination of agg crushing value

CALCULATION:
SR
DESCRIPTION
SYMBOL
TEST 1
Wt of surface dry agg
3.300KG
Wt of fraction passing through 2.36 B
0.715KG
NO
mm is sieve
Table no 3.4 determination of agg crushing value
The agg crushing value = (b/a)*100=21.66%
Avg agg crushing value = 21.66%
Result: the agg crushing value = 21.66%
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FLY ASH
3.2.5 TEST OF FLAKINESS INDEX & ELONGATION INDEX
EQUIPMENT
Fig no 3.5 Equipment used for test of flakiness index & elongation index
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:
Sr No
1
2
3
4
5
6
DESCRIPTION
total wt of agg taken for flakiness test(
SYMBOL
W1
1110gm
wt of material passing through tk guage (w2)
W2
375gm
wt of agg taken for elongation index (w3)
W3
1110gm
wt of material retained by elongation guage(w4)
W4
285gm
flakiness index
w2/w1
0.338
elongation index
w4/w3
0.257
Wt.
Table no 3.5 test of flakiness index & elongation index

RESULT; The flakiness index of agg = 0.338
The elongation index of agg =0.257
3.2.6 Test of specific gravity of black cotton soil (pycnometer test)
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Where
M1=mass of empty Pycnometer,
M2= mass of the Pycnometer with dry soil
M3= mass of the Pycnometer and soil and water,
M4 = mass of Pycnometer filled with water only.
G= Specific gravity of solids.
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FLY ASH
Equipment:
1. Pycnometer of about 1 litre capacity
2. Weighing balance, with an accuracy of 1g.
3. Glass rod
4. Vacuum pump
Observations and calculations:
Sl.
Observations an Calculations
1
No.
1
Pycnometer No.
Room Temperature
27 0 C
Mass of empty Pycnometer (M1)
696gm
Mass of Pycnometer and dry soil (M2)
896gm
Mass of Pycnometer, soil and water (M3)
1678.5gm
Mass of Pycnometer and water (M4)
1569.5gm
M2 M1
200
M3 M4
109
Table.3.6.Pycnometer Test
CALCULATION:
G=(896-696)/((896-696)-(1678.5-1569.5))
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FLY ASH
=2.19
RESULT:
Specific gravity of black cotton soil = 2.19 .
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3.3Mix Design[8]
3.3.1For plain concrete
Stipulation For Proportioning according to IS: 10262:2009
Grade designation: M20

Type of cement: OPC 43 grade confirming to IS 8112
Maximum normal size of aggregate: 20mm
Minimum cement content: 320 kg/gm
Maximum water content: 0.55
Workability: 75mm slump
Exposure condition : mild
Type of aggregate: crushes angular agg.
Degree of super vision : good
Maximum cement content : 450 kg/gm
Chemical admixture type : Not recommended
Test data for materials

A. cement used: OPC 43 grade confirming to IS 8112
B. Sp. Sr. of cement: 3.15
C. Chemical admixture: none
D. Sp. Gr. of agg.
1. Course agg. : 2.68
2. Fine agg.: 2.65
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Target strength for mix proportioning
Fck
=fck+1.65s
=20+1.65*4
=26.60
Where s = std. deviation
(From table no.1)... (IS10262-2009)
Selection of water cement ratio

Maximum w/c ratio = 0.55 (From table no.5). (IS456-2000)
Base on experience take w/c ratio
=0.50 < 0.55
Selection of water content

From table 2 maximum water cement ratio=186 litres
(for 25mm-50mm slump range and for 20 mm range)
Estimated water content for 75 mm slump=186+3/100*186=191.6 litres
Calculation of cement content
Water cement ratio=0.50
Cement content=191.6/0.5=383kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3 (given)
From
Table.5
of
IS:456,
minimum
cement
content
for
mild
exposure
conditions=300kg/m3
Hence OK
Proportion of volume of course aggregate and fine aggregate
From table no 3volume of course agg. corresponding to 20mm size agg. and fine agg. For
water cement ratio = 0.50 = 0.60
(from table no.3) . (IS10262-2009)
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Coarse aggregate = 60%
Fine aggregate = 40%
Mix calculation
a. Volume of concrete =1m3
b. Volume of cement =mass of cement /sp.gr of cement*1/1000
=383.16/3.15*1/1000
=0.122m3
c. Volume of water
=mass of water /sp.gr x 1/1000
=192/1 x 1/1000
=0.192m3
d. Volume of all in agg. = [a-(b+c)]
= [1-(0.122+0.192)]
= 0.686m3
e. Mass of course agg. = f*volume of course agg. X sp.gr of course agg. X 1000
=0.686*0.60*2.68*1000
=1103kg/m3
Use 40% of 10mm agg.
Volume of 20mm agg.= 1-0.4
=0.6
=60
Volume of 10 mm agg. =1103*40%
=441.2kg/m3
Volume of 20 mm agg =1103-441.2

=661.8kg/m3
f. Volume of fine aggregate=0.4*0.686*2.65*1000=0.727m3
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3.3.2For concrete with replacement of fine aggregate by black cotton soil and fly ash
Stipulation For Proportioning
Grade designation: M20
Type of cement: Birla type 53 grade
Maximum normal size of aggregate: 20mm
Minimum cement content: 325 kg/gm
Maximum water content: 0.50
Workability: 60mm slump
Exposure condition : moderate
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FLY ASH
Method of concrete placing:
Type of aggregate: crushes angular agg.
Degree of super vision : good
Maximum cement content : 450 kg/gm
Chemical admixture type : superplastisizer (sp500)
Test data for materials
A. cement used: open type 53 grade
B. Sp. Sr. of cement: 3.15
C. Chemical admixture: super plasticizers
D. Sp. Gr. of agg.
1. Course agg. : 2.74
2. Fine agg.- Black cotton soil:2.19
Fly ash:2.5
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FLY ASH
Target strength for mix proportioning

Fck
= fck+1.65s
=20+1.65*4
=26.60
Where s= std. deviation (From table no.1)... (IS10262-2009)

Selection of water cement ratio
Maximum w/c ratio=0.55 (From table no.5). (IS456-2000)
Base on experience take w/c ratio
=0.50 < 0.55
Selection of water content

w/c ratio=0.5
water =325*0.5=162.5L
Proportion of volume of course aggregate and fine aggregate
From table no 3volume of course agg. corresponding to 20mm size agg. and fine agg. For
water cement ratio = 0.50 = 0.60------- (from table no.3) . (IS10262-2009)
Coarse aggregate=60%
Fine aggregate=40%
Mix calculation
a. Volume of concrete = 1m3
b. Volume of cement = mass of cement /sp.gr of cement*1/1000
= 325/3.15*1/1000
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FLY ASH
= 0.103m3
c. Volume of water
= mass of water /sp.gr x 1/1000
= 162.5/1 x 1/1000
= 0.1625m3
d. Volume of all in agg = [a- (b+c)]
= [1-(0.103+0.1625)]
= 0.7345m3
e. Mass of course agg. = f x volume of course agg. x sp.gr of course agg.

x 1000
= 0.7345 x 0.60 x 2.74 x 1000
= 1207.518kg/m3
Use 40% of 10mm agg.
Volume of 20mm agg.= 1-0.4
= 0.65
= 60%
Volume of 10 mm agg. = 1207.518 x 40%
= 483kg/m3
Volume of 20 mm agg = 1207.5-483
= 724.5kg/m3
f. Volume of fine aggregate
= 0.4 x 0.7345
=0.2938m3
Use 2 type of fine agg.
1. Black cotton soil
2. Fly ash
Use 70% black cotton soil and 30% fly ash
Mass of black cotton soil
= 0.2938 x 0.7 x 2.19 x 1000
= 450.39 kg/ m3
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FLY ASH
Mass of fly ash
= 0.2938 x 0.3 x 2.5 x 1000 \

= 220.35 kg/ m3
g. Correction in amount of water
h. Total amount of cementitious material = cement +fly ash
=325+220.35=545.35kg/ m3
Amount of water
= 545.35 x 0.5
=272.67kg or 272.6L
i.
Admixture used(sp 500)
= 0.5% of cementitious material

=0.5 x 545.35=2.72kg/ m3
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Sr.No.
Material
Wt. in kg/m3
w/c ratio
0.50
Cement
383 kg/m3
Water
191.6 kg/m3
Fine agg.
727 kg/m3
Course agg.
1103 kg/m3
Table No 3.7 Quantity of Materials per cubic meter for plain concrete Grade M-20
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Table
3.8
Sr.No.
Material
Wt. in kg/m3
w/c ratio
0.50
Cement
325 kg/m3
Water
272.67 kg/m3
Fine agg.
1.black cotton soil
450.39 kg/m3
2.fly ash
220.35
Course agg. 1.10mm

2.20mm
No
kg/m3
483 kg/m3
724.5 kg/m3
Quantity of Materials per cubic meter of Grade M-20 concrete with replacement of
fine aggregate by black cotton soil and fly ash (Without admixture)
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Sr.No.
Material
Wt. in kg/m3
w/c ratio
0.50
Cement
325 kg/m3
Water
272.67 kg/m3
Fine agg.
1.black cotton soil
450.39 kg/m3
2.fly ash
220.35
Course agg. 1.10mm

2.20mm
SP. 500
kg/m3
483 kg/m3
724.5 kg/m3
2.72 kg/m3(0.5%)
Table No 3.9 Quantity of Materials per cubic meter of Grade M-20 concrete
with replacement of fine aggregate by black cotton soil and fly ash (With
admixture)
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CHAPTER 4
RESULT
4.1.STANDARD RESULTS OF A M20 PLAIN CONCRETE
Sr.no
AGG AT
CRUSHING
COMPRESSIV
AVERAGE
TESTING
LOAD
E STRENGTH
COMPRESSIVE
OBSERVED ON
(N/MM )
STRENGTH(N/MM2)
MACHINE
7 DAYS
390
17.33
17.32N/mm2
14DAYS
500
22.22
22.22N/mm2
28 DAYS
600
26.67
26.67N/mm2
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30
25
20
Compressive Strength in N/MM2
15
10
7 Days
14Days
28Days
Graph no 4.1. Avg compressive strength for 7 ,14 and 28 Days for M20 plain
concrete
4.2.RESULT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M20 CONCRETE BY
REPLACING FINE AGGREGATE WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL AND FLY
ASH (without admixture)
Date of Casting :18/02/2015
Sr.n
WT.OF
AGG AT
CRUSHIN
COMPRESSIV
AVERAGE
SPECIME
TESTIN
G LOAD
E STRENGTH
COMPRESSIVE
OBSERVE
(N/MM2)
STRENGTH(N/MM
D ON
MACHINE
Date of testing : 25/02/2015
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1
8295
7 DAYS
390
17.33
8280
7DAYS
380
16.88
8315
7 DAYS
400
17.77
17.32N/mm2
Date of testing :04/03/2015

4
8310
14 DAYS
515
22.8
8350
14 DAYS
520
23.11
8285
14 DAYS
490
21.77
22.56N/mm2

7
8795
28 DAYS
590
26.22
8450
28 DAYS
580
25.77
8560
28
580
25.92N/mm2
25.77
DAYS
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30
25
20
15
10
7 Days
14Days
28Days
Graph no 4.2 Avg compressive strength for 7 ,14 and 28 Days for concrete with replacement
of fine aggregate by black cotton soil and fly ash (without admixture)
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4.3.RESULT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M20 CONCRETE BY
REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH BLACK COTTON SOIL AND
FLY ASH (with admixture)
Date of Casting :12/03/2015

Sr.no
WT.OF
AGG AT
CRUSHING
COMPRESSIV
AVERAGE
SPECIMEN
TESTING
LOAD
E STRENGTH
COMPRESSIVE
OBSERVED
(N/MM )
STRENGTH(N/MM2)
ON
MACHINE
Date of testing : 19/03/2015
1
2
3
8675
8600
8700
7 DAYS
395
17.55
7DAYS
400
17.77
7 DAYS
390
17.33
17.53N/mm2
8680
14
520
23.11
8540
DAYS
14 DAYS
525
23.33
8675
14 DAYS
530
23.55
23.33N/mm2
8700
28DAYS
600
26.67
8655
28 DAYS
590
26.22
8680
28 DAYS
600
26.67
26.51N/mm2
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30
25
20
15
10
7 Days
14Days
28Days
Graph no 4.3 Avg compressive strength for 7 and 28 Days for concrete by replacing
fine aggregate by black cotton soil and fly ash (with admixture)
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4.4Comparison & research on compressive strength of cube

Table No 3.11Avg Compressive Strength At 7,14 and 28 Days
SR no
Id mark
Avg Compressive strength (Mpa)
PLAIN CONCRETE
T1
7DAYS
17.32
14DAYS
22.22
28DAYS
26.67
17.32
22.56
25.92
17.53
23.33
26.51
CONCRETE BY
REPLACING FINE
AGGREGATE
WITHOUT
3
ADMIXTURE
T2
CONCRETE BY
REPLACING FINE
AGGREGATE WITH
ADMIXTURE
Graph no 4.4 Compressive strength Vs No. of days (With and without Admixture)
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
It is observed from results that concrete with Replacement of fine aggregate by black
cotton soil and fly ash gives similar strength to that of a plain concrete.
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FLY ASH
The Compressive strength, increases when admixture is added to the mixture.
Compressive strength of 7 days and 14 days increased to about 1.2% when fine
aggregates are replaced by black cotton soil and fly ash as compared to plain concrete
Compressive strength of 28 days was almost same of that of plain concrete and of
concrete of replaced fine aggregates with very little variation.
CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
1.
Abhishek Jain, Nazrul Islam, USE of FLYASH as PARTIAL REPLACEMENT of

SAND in CEMENT MORTAR , Vol. 2, Issue 5, May 2013
Page

FLY ASH
2.
Jay Patel, Kunal Patel, Gaurav Patel, UTILIZATION OF POND FLY ASH AS A
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT IN FINE AGGREGATE WITH USING FINE FLY ASH
AND ALCCOFINE IN HSC , Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013.
3.
Rafat Siddique, Effect of fine aggregate replacement with Class F fly ash on the
mechanical properties of concrete, Received 28 February 2002; accepted 16 September
2002
4.
S. KEERTHINARAYANA and R. SRINIVASAN, STUDY ON STRENGTH AND

DURABILITY OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE
AGGREGATE USING CRUSHED SPENT FIRE BRICKS, Bul. Inst. Polit. Iai, t. LVI
(LX), f. 2, 2010.
5.
M. Mageswari, and Dr. B.Vidivelli, The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine
Aggregate Replacement in Concrete,The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 2010, Volume
4
6.
Shetty M. S., Concrete Technology-Theory And Practice. S.Chand & Company,

New Delhi, (1982)
7.
Gambhir M. L., Concrete Technology. Tata McGraw-Hill company, New Delhi

(1986)
8.
IS 10262:2009 Concreting mix proportioning-guidelines New Delhi. Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi(2009
9.
IS 12269-1987: Specification for 53 grade Jypee cement, Bureau of Indian

Standards, New Delhi.
10.
IS 383-1970: Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for
concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
11.
IS 456-2000: Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete Bureau of Indian
Page

FLY ASH
12.
IS 1199-1959: Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete, Bureau of Indian

13.
IS 516-1959: Method of test for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards,

New Delhi.
Web references
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/black-cotton_soil
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120123101829.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyash#cite_note-ecfibre-3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blackcottonsoilandflyash#Properties
www.sciencedirect.com
www.elsevier.com
www.springerlink.com
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REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

1.3 Black cotton soil

Fig.1.1. black cotton soil surface

1.4 Fly Ash

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF CEMENT

Fig no. 3.1 Sieves used for determination of fineness of cement

WT.OF CEMENT RETAINED ON SIEVE

Table no 3.1 determination of fineness of cement

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

Fig No 3.2 Std/Normal consistency apparatus

Qty of water added (ml)

Table no 3.2 determination of std/normal consistency of cement:

The % of water required to prepare cement paste of standard

3.2.3 SIEVE ANALYSIS [10](of Aggregate)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

Table no 3.3 sieve analysis of aggregate

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF AGG CRUSHING VALUE

Fig no 3.4 Equipment used for determination of agg crushing value

Wt of surface dry agg

Wt of fraction passing through 2.36 B

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

wt of material passing through tk guage (w2)

wt of agg taken for elongation index (w3)

wt of material retained by elongation guage(w4)

Table no 3.5 test of flakiness index & elongation index

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

Mass of empty Pycnometer (M1)

Mass of Pycnometer and dry soil (M2)

Mass of Pycnometer, soil and water (M3)

Mass of Pycnometer and water (M4)

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)

REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY BLACK COTTON SOIL &

Grade designation: M20

Test data for materials

J.T.M.C.O.E FAIZPUR (Department of Civil Engg)