The University of Lahore

Name: Talha Aslam

Applicant ID: 70128983
Program: BSCS
Subject: Pak-studeis
Section: E
Submitted to: Ms. Sumaira
Submission Date: 23-DEC-2021

Topic: Education & Econmic Reforms by Pervez

Musharaf
 Table of Contents
1-Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3
2-Backround .................................................................................................................................... 3
Educational Problems in Pakistan ................................................................................................... 3
4-Educational Reforms by Pervais Mushraf ................................................................................... 4
4.1 New Universities Established .............................................................................................. 4
4.2- Literacy Rate Increased ....................................................................................................... 4
4.3 –More Budget In Educational Sector .................................................................................... 4
4.4- Increase the Number of institution ...................................................................................... 4
4.5- PHD Students .......................................................................................................................... 4
4.6- Establishment Of HEC ............................................................................................................ 4
4.7-Madrasa, Pakistan, Reform Education, 9/11, Islam ................................................................. 5
5-Ecnomical Reforms by Pervais Musharaf ................................................................................... 5
5.1-Liberalization ........................................................................................................................ 5
5.2- Privatization ......................................................................................................................... 6
5.3-Impact of privatization.......................................................................................................... 6
5.4- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ......................................................................................... 6
What is Foreign Direct investment? ........................................................................................... 6
5.5- Liberalization ....................................................................................................................... 7
5.6-Tariff reduction and removal ................................................................................................ 7
5.7- Free provision of land .......................................................................................................... 7
5.8Trade agreements ................................................................................................................... 7
5.9-Improvement in irrigation ..................................................................................................... 7
5.10-Improvement in transportation ........................................................................................... 8
1-Introduction:-
Pakistan's deteriorating education system has radicalised many young people while failing
to equip them with the skills necessary for a modern economy. The public, government-run
schools, which educate the vast majority of children poorly rather than the madrasas (religious
seminaries) or the elite private schools are where significant reforms and an increase in resources
are most needed to reverse the influence of jihadi groups, reduce risks of internal conflict and
diminish the widening fissures in Pakistani society. Both the government and donors urgently need
to need give this greater priority.

2-Backround:-
In January 2002, President Pervez Musharraf's government presented its Education Sector
Reform (ESR) plan, aimed at modernising the education system. A major objective was to develop
a more secular system in order to offset mounting international scrutiny and pressure to curb
religious extremism in the wake of the 11 September 2001 attacks. But Pakistani governments,
particularly those controlled by the military, have a long history of failing to follow through on
announced reforms.

 Educational Problems in Pakistan

The state is falling significantly short of its constitutional obligation to provide universal
primary education. And while the demand for education remains high, poorer families will only
send their children to a school system that is relevant to their everyday lives and economic
necessities. The failure of the public school system to deliver such education is contributing to the
madrasa boom as it is to school dropout rates, child labour, delinquency and crime.

In the absence of state support, powerful Islamist groups are undermining the reform initiatives
of civil society to create a sustainable, equitable and modernised public education system that
educates girls as well as boys. Despite its stated commitments, the Musharraf government appears
unwilling to confront a religious lobby that is determined to prevent public education from
adopting a more secular outlook. Public school students are confined to an outdated syllabus and
are unable to compete in an increasingly competitive job market against the products of elite
private schools that teach in English, follow a different curriculum and have a fee structure that is
unaffordable to most families.
4-Educational Reforms by Pervais Mushraf
4.1 - New Universities Established
 Nine engineering universities were established at the international level. The cost of
reconstructing of the buildings of these Universities was over Rs 96.5billion.
 In 1999-2000, there were 31 Public Universities, which were increased at 49 Public
Universities in 2005-2006. Air University was established in 2002 and also the Institute of
Space Technology (IST) was developed in 2000. In 2005, University of Science and
Technology was established in Bannu, Virtual University Lahore was established in 2002,
University of Hazara was established in 2002 and University of Gujrat was established in
2004
4.2- Literacy Rate Increased
In 2002-2005, literacy rate was increased 45 percent to 53 percent respectively in
Pakistan.

4.3 –More Budget In Educational Sector

Speaking at an international conference on the Future of Schools and Education here on
Wednesday, he said the government would increase budgetary allocation for this vital sector
from 2.7-4 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

He said the annual budgetary allocations for higher education had recorded an increase
from Rs600 million to over Rs40 billion. The government, he said, would keep increasing funds
for education every year.

4.4- Increase the Number of institution

Total, 99,319institutions were increased in this era.

4.5- PHD Students

.In 1999, there were 300 students of Pakistan who got the Philosophy of Doctorate (PhD)
Degrees and in the other hand there were five thousands students of Pakistan who got the
scholarships for foreign universities in Pervez Musharraf era.

4.6- Establishment Of HEC

Higher Education Commission (HEC) was an institution, which is supervised higher
education at all level. This institution constitutionally with the status of independent and
autonomous is established. It was primarily funding by oversees Pakistani to regulating. and
recognizing the higher education efforts in Pakistan. The development system of higher education
level in Pakistan with the purpose of upgrading the colleges and International Journal of Scientific
and Research Publications, universities for the getting of higher education and research programs
were launched in this era. Since the last few years, the HEC plays a vital role in developing the
knowledge based economy in country with doctoral scholarships for education for foreign
countries every year.

4.7-Madrasa, Pakistan, Reform Education, 9/11, Islam

Madrassas were considered the base of knowledge in past but unfortunately, the incident
of 9/11; the madrassas were seen in the glance of extremist productions and crept out the ages of
unconsciousnessxi. No one deny the fact that this religious institution was the phrase of un-due
inquisitiveness and resourcefulness of international spectators. The unexpected tragedy of US by
AlQaeda and Taliban changed the image of perception of these madaris. The image goes to world
of madrassas, and extremist group of madaris production instead of simple schooling of education.
In this reign, The Musharraf Government introduced enlightens moderation against the
Islamization of Zia-ul-Haq, to try to omit the expression of Islamic extremism with the help of
followers and its philosophyxii. It is observed that there were lot of problems which had been faced
such as, Slight allocations of budget, less literacy rate, little enrolment ratio, very high drop-out
rate, and inequalities of gender and regional account major obstacles that affects directly
educational development in Pakistan.

5-Ecnomical Reforms by Pervais Musharaf

The salient features of Musharraf’s economic policy included liberalization, privatization,
foreign direct investment, industrialization, improvement of irrigation and transportation system.

5.1-Liberalization
General Pervez Musharraf introduced the Economic Regulations Program (ERP) with a
view to liberalize the national economy according to the requirements of the World Trade
Organization (WTO).
 Under this program, the Musharraf regime opened the economy for international trade
and foreign direct investment. For this purpose, the government brought a rapid reduction in both
export and import duties. He removed quota, surcharges, and other regulatory duties related to
imports.

5.2- Privatization
With an aim to improve the GDP rate, Musharraf launched a rigorous program of
privatization. His regime attempted to sell all state-owned companies i.e. PTCL, KESC, PIA,
Pakistan Railways, etc. He also pushed for the complete privatization of the banking sector.

By the end of the year 2007, the Musharraf regime had sold out 80% of the banking
industry into private ownership. Likewise, the government sold out a number of shares of Pakistan
International Airlines (PIA) plus other major corporations into the private sector.

5.3-Impact of privatization
The privatization initiated by the military resulted in a rapid increase in economic growth
right from the beginning. For instance, Musharraf had started his privatization process in 2003.
By the end of the year 2004, the economic growth was at a range of 8.90 to 9%. However, the
average growth rate for the subsequent years till 2007 remained at 6.4-8.6%, a relatively significant
improvement in retrospect.

As Musharraf privatized more and more institutions, the number of major public sector
organizations started to shrink.

Another immediate positive effect that the country saw as a result of the privatization was a sharp
drop in the inflation rate. For instance, it fell to 3.5% which was above 10% before the privatization
program started.

5.4- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

What is Foreign Direct investment?

The term Foreign Direct Investment refers to an investment that an individual or a company
makes in business interests located in another country. More simply, one can say, “FDI refers to
the investment by an individual or company in business interests located in a foreign country”.
 The investor may have his own business or he may purchase business assets or shares of a
company in a foreign state. Sometimes, people confuse the concept of Foreign Direct Investment
with Portfolio investment. In reality, they are two different concepts and business approaches. In
contrast to FDI, an investor merely purchases equities of foreign-based companies.

5.5- Liberalization
Musharraf opened the economy to the outside world. To encourage foreign and local
investment, the military regime provided a number of incentives to the investors.

5.6-Tariff reduction and removal

Musharraf reduced from 80% to 25% the tariff on both export and import items. Similarly,
in 2005, the government removed tariffs on items of different kinds i.e. sugar, vegetables,
livestock, cement. Moreover, the government removed the licensing conditions and government
monopoly in imports as a formal requirement. Tariffs that were considered as a source of revenue
for the government were replaced by tax administration reforms.

5.7- Free provision of land

Musharraf provided free-of-cost land on lease for a period of 10 years. Similarly, the
government also provided security of life and property to foreign companies and individual
investors.

5.8Trade agreements
In order to materialize the policy of liberalization, the military regime of Musharraf signed
regional and bilateral agreements with 46 countries. The agreements signed were aimed at
promoting and safeguarding the investment. In this regard, Pakistan also signed the South Asian
Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in 2004 to promote regional trade.

5.9-Improvement in irrigation
Pakistan is basically an agricultural country. Crop cultivation completely depends on
irrigation. The main source of irrigation is River Indus and its tributaries that drain Indus plain
throughout Sindh and Punjab.

Unfortunately, Pakistan has been observing a continuous shrinkage in the water volume
with the passage of time. To fix this issue of water shortage, the Musharraf regime built five dams
i.e. Mirani Dam, Sabakzai Dam, Gomalzam Dam, Khurram Dam, Tangi Dam. With
these interventions, Musharraf was able to address water-related issues to a greater extent.

5.10-Improvement in transportation
Pervez Musharraf also took measures to improve the transportation system of Pakistan.
There were seven motorways completed or under construction by the time of Musharraf’s
resignation in 2008. Similarly, it was during the Musharraf period that Gwadar Port developed as
an advanced seaport.