Though The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees modernism ending by c.

1939,[86] with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism
petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when
the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred."[87] Clement Greenberg
sees modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and
performing arts,[20] but with regard to music, Paul Griffiths notes that, while
Modernism "seemed to be a spent force" by the late 1920s, after World War II, "a
new generation of composersBoulez, Barraqu, Babbitt, Nono, Stockhausen,
Xenakis" revived modernism".[88] In fact many literary Modernists lived into the
1950s and 1960s, though generally they were no longer producing major works. The
term "late modernism" is also sometimes applied to Modernist works published after
1930.[89][90] Among Modernists (or late Modernists) still publishing after 1945
were Wallace Stevens, Gottfried Benn, T. S. Eliot, Anna Akhmatova, William
Faulkner, Dorothy Richardson, John Cowper Powys, and Ezra Pound. Basil Bunting,
born in 1901, published his most important Modernist poem Briggflatts in 1965. In
addition, Hermann Broch's The Death of Virgil was published in 1945 and Thomas
Mann's Doctor Faustus in 1947. Samuel Beckett, who died in 1989, has been
described as a "later Modernist".[91] Beckett is a writer with roots in the
expressionist tradition of Modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the
1980s, including Molloy (1951), Waiting for Godot (1953), Happy Days (1961), and
Rockaby (1981). The terms "minimalist" and "post-Modernist" have also been
applied to his later works.[92] The poets Charles Olson (19101970) and J. H. Prynne
(born 1936) are among the writers in the second half of the 20th century who have
been described as late Modernists.[93]

More recently the term "late modernism" has been redefined by at least one critic
and used to refer to works written after 1945, rather than 1930. With this usage
goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the
events of World War II, especially the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb.
[94]

The postwar period left the capitals of Europe in upheaval with an urgency to
economically and physically rebuild and to politically regroup. In Paris (the former
center of European culture and the former capital of the art world) the climate for
art was a disaster. Important collectors, dealers, and Modernist artists, writers, and
poets had fled Europe for New York and America. The surrealists and modern artists
from every cultural center of Europe had fled the onslaught of the Nazis for safe
haven in the United States. Many of those who didn't flee perished. A few artists,
notably Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Pierre Bonnard, remained in France and
survived.

The 1940s in New York City heralded the triumph of American abstract
expressionism, a Modernist movement that combined lessons learned from Henri

Matisse, Pablo Picasso, surrealism, Joan Mir, cubism, Fauvism, and early modernism
via great teachers in America like Hans Hofmann and John D. Graham. American
artists benefited from the presence of Piet Mondrian, Fernand Lger, Max Ernst and
the Andr Breton group, Pierre Matisse's gallery, and Peggy Guggenheim's gallery
The Art of This Century, as well as other factors


( (Mankind
((Human being
Soveriegn Citizen
(General Re-public
(will
))

2009








((Poetic truth ( (Scientific trust






( (Dark ages








) )

:

Towards the understanding of Rationality Habermass.

Reading in the philosophy of social science.Mclntyre J. Gray.

Madness and civilization Focault.

False Dawn J. Gray.

Enlightement wake. J.Gray

contegency, Irony and Solidrity Rorty.

Hideger and Progress Rorty.

Relativity objectivity philosophical papers vol II Rorty.

((Metaphysics ((Epistomology
Metaphysic of Presence

 City of God City of man

VII
Pope Gregory





Jonathan Lyons Islam through western
Eyes

THE WESTERN IDEA OF ISLAM

In a separate appeal dated March 1, 1074, to all who are willing to defend the
Christian faith; the pope reports that a visitor from the lands beyond the seas had
informed him that a race of pagans has strongly prevailed against the
(Eastern( Christian empire and with pitiable cruelty has already almost up to the
walls of the city of Constantinople laid waste and with tyrannical violence seized
everything; it has slaughtered like cattle many thousand Christians (2002:55(. This
statement was almost surely a belated reference to the decisive defeat of the
Byzantines at Manzikert two and a half years earlier at the hands of the Muslim
Seljuq Turks. A further sense of the popes military ambitions may be seen in a
letter to Henry IV of Germany three months later. Gregory here announces that he
has already succeeded in rousing Christians everywhere. . . that they should seek
by defending the law to lay down their life for their brothers. He says that fifty
thousand men from Italy and from beyond the Alps are ready to march at his
command, and he asks Henry to safeguard the church during his planned absence
(123(. According to traditional historical accounts, Pope Gregorys general
commitment to the idea of holy war, his zeal in expanding papal prerogatives by
force if necessary, his emphasis on indulgence for Christian holy warriors, his desire
to extend Romes influence eastward, and his denunciations of pagans and
Saracens alike cast him in the role of father of the anti-Muslim Crusades launched
two decades later by Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099(, his former aide and protege. The
literature on the origins of the Crusades is, of course, extensive. Writing in the
eighteenth century, Edward Gibbon (1910:6, 35( sees Gregory as animating the
entire enterprise against the Muslims. Steven Runcimans classic History of the
Crusades praises the popes imaginative statesmanship in laying out the new
policy of holy warfare (1951-1954, 1:99(. Recent studies take a somewhat more
measured and nuanced view (Riley-Smith 1986; Asbridge 2004; Tyerman 2006(.

Gregory VII, then, becomes a significant link in a logical-and chronological-chain of

events culminating in Urbans call to the anti-Muslim Crusade. in November 1095 in
the French town of Clermont. Thus Jonathan Riley Smith opens The First Crusade
and the Idea of Crusading with the following summary of Western historical
consensus: There is general agreement that the (First( Crusade was the climacteric
of a movement in which the eleventhctentury Church reformers, locked in conflict
with ecclesiastical and secular opponents, turned to the knights of the Christian
West for assistance. Pope Urbans message to the faithful at clermont is believed to
have been the synthesis of ideas and practices already in existence-holy war,
pilgrimage, the indulgence (1986:1(.

On the level of archaeological analysis, however, things look quite different,

especially if, following Michel Foucault, we suspend the overriding search for
historical unities. First of all, we can see from his official correspondence that
Gregory VII is clearly casting the Saracens as a threat to individual Christians-even
many thousand Christians -but never as an existential danger to Christendom as
whole. Second, he is often confused about the nature of the enemy and assigns the
adversary, whether described as pagan or Saracen, no particular ideological
content beyond a general hostility to Christian interests. For example, he accuses
the pagans who now rule most of Spain of ignorance of God (1990:6-7(, clearly
not recognizing their direct religious and ethnic affinities with the Muslim Arabs and
Berbers of North Africa, home to his interlocutor Anazir.

More confusion arises when we see how Gregory elsewhere distinguishes Saracens
and pagans as he bemoans the levels to which the church has sunk of late: Its
ancient colors are changed, and it has become the laughingstock, not only of the
Devil, but of Jews, Saracens, and pagans (1990:195(. He is also more than
prepared to paint rivals closer to home-the Normans, the Lombards, or even the
troublesome citizens of his adopted Rome-as far greater concerns than any pagan
or Saracen and to blame Europes secular rulers for fostering a culture of violence,
instability, and war for profit: But now everyone, as if smitten with some horrible
pestilence, is committing every kind of abominable crimes without any impelling
cause. They regard neither divine nor human law; they make nothing of perjury,
sacrilege, incest or mutual betrayal. Fellow citizens, relatives, even . brothers,
capture one another for the sake of plunder, extort all the property of their victims
and leave them to end their lives in misery, a thing unknown anywhere else on
earth. Pilgrims going to or returning from the shrines of the Apostles are captured,
thrust into prison, tortured worse than by any pagan and often held for a ransom
greater than all they have. (39-40(

( Jonathan Lyons, Islam Through Western Eyes: From the Crusades to the war on
(Terrorism, Chapter 3, page 46 and 47, 2012, Columbia Press, USA. New York

inquisition

.

( (Criminal Silence

) )

( (Gentle man

The dilecties of Enlightement Adarno

One dimensional man. Marcuse

)1

)2

(what is enlightement. Kant (Article

)3

(What is enlightenment? Focault (Article

)4

Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism Danial bell

The betrayal of Tradition Hana Arent.

)5

)6

/ 1
/ 2

/ 3

 / 4

/ 5

/ 6

7
/

Metaphysics of Presence / 8

/ 9

/ 10

/ 11

12

/


/ 13

 14
Metaphysic of /
Presence

/ 15

/ 16

Soul / Soul 17

18
/

( (Eternal / 19

/ 20

/ 21

/ 22

Guilt / 23
Guilt Sin

24
/

 ( (Guilt ( (Shame / 25
( (Modesty

/ 26

/ 27
General will

/ 28

/ 29

/ 30

/ 31

/ 32

/ 33

34
/

35
/

Individual human worship

( (Negative Freedom Each according to his ability

) ) ) ) ) Collective human worship

( (Gender Feminism ) ) ) ) )

Negative Freedom

Positive Freedom

2 2 1
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under the Materialism Idealism Realism

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/ 2015 ,15
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Modernity -------

September 20, 2011 at 9:06am






)(Ferdinand de Saussure
) (Langue

) (Value Neutral



) (Modernity ) (Modernisim
) (Middle Ages
) (Modernization
) (Episteme

)(Modernity
)(Modernism
)(Modernization

) (Modernization ) (Modernism ) (Modernity


)(

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:
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:






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)(

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) (This Wrld ) (That World


) (Rationalism


) (Protagoras )Man is the
( measure of all things
Christopher L.C.E. Witcombe
:
The intellectual underpinnings of modernism emerge during the Renaissance period
when, through the study of the art, poetry, philosophy, and science of ancient Greece and and
Roman Humanists revived the notion that man, rather than God, is the
measure of all things.
:



)
(Modernity )(Modernity


)Margret Marcus (
Modernism is a militant revolt against religion and the spiritual values it represents. This revolt had
its seeds in the European Renaissance.
) (-




)
(Existentialism ) (Individualism Was ist
? Aufklrung
:
Enlightenment is mans emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to
use ones understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its
cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance
from another.
:



) (Dynamics


:
It marks the discreet entrance into the history of thought of a question that modern
philosophy has not been capable of answering, but that it has never managed to get rid of, either.
And one that has been repeated in various forms for two centuries now. From Hegel through
Nietzsche or Max Weber to Horkheimer or Habermas, hardly any philosophy has failed to confront
this same question, directly or indirectly. What, then, is this event that is called the Aufklrung and
that has determined, at least in part, what we are, what we think, and what we do today ? Let us
imagine that the Berlinische Monatschrift still exists and that it is asking its readers the question:
What is modern philosophy ? Perhaps we could respond with an echo: modern philosophy is the
philosophy that is attempting to answer the question raised so imprudently two centuries ago: Was
?ist Aufklrung
:





:

(

(Marshall Berman
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) (
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(

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) (Democracy ) (Human Rights) (Constitutionalism

) (Nationalism

: )(Michael Mann
Merderous cleasing has been moving across the world as it has modernized and democratized. Its
past lay mainly among Europeans, who invented democratic
Nation-State.
:



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(

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(Man of Renaissance







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:



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) (Ethnic Cleansing

:
Evil does not arrive from outside of our civilization, from separate realm we
tempted to call primitive. Evil is generated from by civilization itself.
:
This was SS chief Heinrich Himmler, who is rightly considered as the personification of evil. Yet he
and his colleague Adolf Hitler said they were only following in the Americans footsteps. As i will
argue here, merderous ethnic cleansing has been a central problem of our civilization, our modernity,
our conception of progress and our attempts to introduce democracy.
:
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