‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ ﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺎ‪%‬ﻳﺦ ‪.2007/11/0/05 :‬‬ ‫"ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ "ﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ;‪ :‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮ‪%‬ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻮ‪% +‬ﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪-(-‬‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺮ ﻟﻤﺤﺮ ﻷ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺑﻦ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺪ@ ﻹﻧﺠﺎ=‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻋﺘﺎ<‬ ‫ﻷﺳﺪ ﻷ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ "ﻟﺨﻤﻴﺴﺎ‪/‬‬

‫"ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ) ‪ 7‬ﻧﻘﻂ (‬
‫ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮ‪ +‬ﻟﺼﻠﺐ )‪ CaCO3(s‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻟﻜﻠﻮ‪%%‬ﻳﻚ )‪ (H 0 +Cl aq‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪3 aq‬‬

‫‪%‬ﺟﺔ ﻟﺤﺮ‪ @%‬ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪ ، θ = 25°C‬ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ‪ mo = 0,25 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮ‪ +‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎ‪ @%%‬ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪Vo = 1,2 L‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‪ 6‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻟﻜﻠﻮ‪%%‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‪ C = 5.10-2mol.L-1 3‬ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ‪ Vs = 200 mL‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ‪ to = 0 s‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺘﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮ‪ %‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻟﻐﺎ=‪ 6‬ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪R = 8,314 J.K .mol‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪, M(CaCO3)=100g.mol-1‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫‪CaCO3(s)+ 2H30+aq‬‬ ‫)‪CO2(g) + Ca2+aq + 3H2O(l‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫‪( -1‬ﻧﺸﺊ ﻟﺠﺪ ﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﻗﺘﺮ‪ D‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻄﻮ‪ %‬ﻫﺬ ﻟﺘﺤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪F - 3‬ﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ@ ﻟﻐﺎ= ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪ‪ #‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﻈﺎ‪ +‬ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﻣﻜﻨﺖ ﻟﺪ‪%‬ﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‪ #‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻟﻐﺎ=‪ 6‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻟﺰﻣﻦ )ﻧﻈﺮ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ(‪.‬‬
‫‪( - 1-4‬ﺟﺪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ‪. dP  Vs  Vo  T  R‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪( - 2-4‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻖ =ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3-4‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ (< ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺎ‪( +‬ﺟﺪ ﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻤﺤﺪ ﺛﻢ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺢ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ )‪ CaCO3(s‬ﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4-4‬ﻫﻞ ﻛﺎ‪%‬ﺑﻮﻧﺎ‪ #‬ﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮ‪ +‬ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ (‪ +‬ﻻ ؟ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﺸﻮﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺪ‪%‬ﺳﺔ؟‬
‫)‪P (Pa‬‬

‫‪106280‬‬

‫‪101325‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫)‪t (s‬‬

‫"ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ) ‪ 12‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ (‬
‫ﻷﺟﺰء ‪ III  II  I‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - I‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1‬ﺧﻴﻄﻴﻦ )‪ (f2) (f1‬ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻷ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺮ; ‪ 6F‬ﻟﺸﻌﺎ ‪ r1‬ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺮ@  ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺮ; ‪6F‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﻌﺎ ‪ r2‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪. r2 = 4.r1‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪ ﻟﻄﺮ ﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻂ )‪ (f1‬ﺑﺸﻔﺮ@ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )‪  (L1‬ﻟﻄﺮ ﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﺨﻴﻂ )‪ (f2‬ﺑﺸﻔﺮ@ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (L2‬؛ ﻟﺸﻔﺮﺗﺎ< ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﺎ< ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻻﻫﺘﺰ= ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻬﺮﻣﻐﻨﻄﻴﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ‪0‬ﻧﺠﺎ‪" .‬ﻷﺳﺘﺎ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒﺪ "ﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻛﺮ‪#$‬‬

 ‫ﻧﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪$‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ‪$‬ﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﺨﻬﺎ ‪. t = 0,30s‬‬

‫‪(L1) S1‬‬ ‫)‪(f1‬‬

‫‪r1‬‬
‫‪M1‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬
‫‪2mm‬‬ ‫)∆(‬
‫‪5cm‬‬ ‫)‪(f2‬‬
‫‪(L2) S2‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬
‫‪$‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ @‪$ 8‬ﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﻴﻦ )‪ (S2) ( (S1‬ﻳﺒﺪ‪ 89‬ﻓﻲ ‪$‬ﻻﻫﺘﺰ‪ /$‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪$‬ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ ،to = 0 s‬ﻋﻴﻦ ‪ λ2 ( λ1‬ﻃﻮ‪$ %‬ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫‪$‬ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪$‬ﻟﺘﻮ‪$‬ﻟﻲ ﻃﻮ‪$ %‬ﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﻦ )‪. (f2) ( (f1‬‬
‫‪@ - 2‬ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ v 2 ( v 1‬ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ‪$‬ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ‪$‬ﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﻦ )‪(f2) ( (f1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪$‬ﻟﺘﻮ‪$‬ﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪$‬ﻟﺠﺰ‪$ 8@ $‬ﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﻦ (ﺳﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﺒﺪ!ﻳﻦ؟ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺟﻮ‪$‬ﺑﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ‪$‬ﻧﺘﺸﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻃﻮ‪ %‬ﺣﺒﻞ ﻣﺮ‪ 8‬ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪( m‬ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ( l‬ﺗﻮﺗﺮ‪ F +‬ﺑﺈﺣﺪ) ‪$‬ﻟﺼﻴﻎ ‪$‬ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪v= F‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪v = l.F‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪v = m.l‬‬
‫‪l.m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪ - 1-3‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎ! ﻣﻌﺎ!ﻟﺔ ‪$‬ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ‪$‬ﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻴﻦ ‪$‬ﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ‪$‬ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪$ - 2-3‬ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪$‬ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ F2 ( F1‬ﺗﻮﺗﺮ ‪$‬ﻟﺨﻴﻄﻴﻦ )‪(f2) ( (f1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪$‬ﻟﺘﻮ‪$‬ﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ M1‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪$‬ﻟﺤﺒﻞ )‪ M2 ( (f1‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪$‬ﻟﺤﺒﻞ )‪. (f2‬‬
‫‪ - 1-4‬ﻣﺎ ‪$‬ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪$‬ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮ‪ %‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪$‬ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺧﻼ‪ %‬ﻣﺪ‪/ #‬ﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎ( !( ‪$‬ﻫﺘﺰ‪$ /$‬ﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﻴﻦ؟ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺟﻮ‪$‬ﺑﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2-4‬ﻣﺎ ‪$‬ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪$‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ‪$‬ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺘﻴﻦ ‪ λ2 ( S2M2 ( S1M1‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ @‪ M2( M1 8‬ﺗﻬﺘﺰ‪ 8$‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﻲ ‪$‬ﻟﻄﻮ؟‬

‫‪ (II‬ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ‪$‬ﻧﺘﺸﺎ ‪$‬ﻟﺼﻮ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ‪$‬ﻟﻬﻮ‪$‬ء‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺪ‪$ *$! +‬ﻧﻔﺠﺎ‪ ً$‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ M‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ‪$‬ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫@ﺳﻴﻴﻦ ( ﻣﺘﻮ‪/$‬ﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﺑﻮ‪$‬ﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮ(ﻓﻮ‪ 8‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺮ‪$‬ﺳﻢ ‪$‬ﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬ‪$/ 0‬ﻛﺮﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪$‬ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪$‬ﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ‪$‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2‬‬

‫‪0,1 s‬‬ ‫‪d = 51m‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪$‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(2‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼ‪$ %‬ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ( ‪$‬ﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎ‪ -‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ @‪ 8‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ‪$‬ﻟﺼﻮ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ‪$‬ﻟﻬﻮ‪$‬ء ﻫﻲ ‪v = 340 m/s :‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ $‬ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪$‬ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪$‬ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪$‬ﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫‪$ - 2‬ﻋﻂ‬

‫‪ - 3‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ‪$‬ﻟﺪ‪ *$‬ﻓﻲ ‪$‬ﺗﺠﺎ‪ +‬ﻋﻤﻮ! ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻲ ‪$‬ﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺗﻪ ‪$‬ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪$‬ﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ‪/‬ﻧﺠﺎ‪# ,‬ﻷﺳﺘﺎ' ﻋﺒﺪ ‪#‬ﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻛﺮ‬

 ‫ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ‪ M‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t = 0 s‬ﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻖ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ) ﻟﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪50 ms‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼ‪ K‬ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ? ﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎ‪ H‬ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪?E‬ﺟﺪ ’‪ v‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺪ)@ ?ﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (III‬ﻣﺒﺪ( 'ﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺑﺪ"! ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻮﺗﺮ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ l‬ﻋﻠﺒﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ??)‪ yaourt H‬ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ، l‬ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ‪E‬ﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ?ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻂ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﺼﻮ‪ H‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ‪B‬‬

‫‪ - 1-1‬ﺣﺪ" ?ﺳﻂ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ) ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ؟‬

‫ﻣﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺆ"‪ %‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ?ﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ؟‬
‫‪ - 2-1‬ﻟﻤﺎ‪ +‬ﻳﺠﺐ *ﺑﻘﺎء ﻟﺨﻴﻂ ً‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ E‬ﻃﺮ ً" ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ?ﺳﻊ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ‪ a‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪. E = k. a :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ EA‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻹ)ﺳﺎ‪? aA ? A K‬ﺳﻌﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ،aA = 10- 4 mm‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ‪ 10 % E‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻀﻴﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ .lo=1m‬ﻧﻀﻊ ‪.τ = 0,1‬‬

‫‪E - 1-2‬ﺛﺒﺖ ‪? E‬ﺳﻊ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﻄﺮ ‪ ) B‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ (AB = l‬ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪. aB = aA(1 - τ)l/2lo :‬‬
‫‪ - 2-2‬ﻣﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﺼﻮ ﻟـ ‪ l‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤًﺎ ‪ E‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻳﺆ"‪? %‬ﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎ‪? H+ H‬ﺳﻊ ‪ amin‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪. amin = 10 mm‬‬
‫‪-8‬‬

‫ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪. ln (Nn) = n.ln(N‬‬

‫" 'ﷲ "ﻟﻲ 'ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ?ﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ? "ﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ‪,‬ﻧﺠﺎ) 'ﻷﺳﺘﺎ& ﻋﺒﺪ 'ﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻛﺮ"!‬