COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION
AND
ARCHITECTURE PROJECT

Group Members:
AKSHAT AGARWAL(15103198)
NIKITA GOEL(15103211)
RISHABH KANODIYA(15103216)

SMRITI MITTAL(15103222)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us great pleasure to express
our gratitude towards our computer
organization and architecture teacher
Mr.PRANTIK BISWAS for his guidance,
support and encouragement
throughout the duration of the
project. Without his motivation and
help the successful completion of this
project would not have been possible.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that AKSHAT,
NIKITA,RISHABH AND SMRITI of batch
B4 have completed the COMPUTER
ORGANISATION AND ARCHITECTURE
project themselves under my
guidance. The progress of the Project
has been continuously reported and
has been in my knowledge
consistently.

Mr.PRANTIK BISWAS
(COA LAB Teacher)

How to implement the project

Step 1:Open dev c++ gcc compiler for
running the above project.
Step 2:-file->open->select the
file(PROJECT.cpp)
Step 3:Compile and execute the code
Step 4: select any of your choice as
provided by the output screen as followsA: input 1 if you want to select cache
Input memory size in capslock ex 4 GB
Similarly for other inputs
B: input 2 for 8086 pin diagram .
C: Input 3 for hex to binary conversion
Input any hexadecimal number like 56F.
D: input 4 for 8086 opcode generator

Input MOV,MVI command only

Input destination like BS,BX,BL,BH etc
Input source like BX+SI+12 OR
BX+SI+1235

For running in graphics for choice 2 in

dos box:
1:Open turboc++ compiler
2: Then import the code PROJECT1.c
3)Run the file and the after seeing pin
diagram enter MOV instruction
4)Then select addressing like 1 for Register
Indirect
5)Then select 1 for ax 2 for bx so our
instruction encoded by computer would be
MOV ax,bx
6)Then enter the value of instruction pointer
45
7)Then enter content like 50

8) Then address would be displayed i.e. 500

(45*10+50)

PROJECT DESCRIPTION8086
The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel between early 1976 and mid-1978, when it was
released. The Intel 8088, released in 1979, was a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit data bus(allowing
the use of cheaper and fewer supporting ICs,and is notable as the processor used in the original IBM
PC design, including the widespread version called IBM PC XT.
The 8086 gave rise to the x86 architecture which eventually became Intel's most successful line of processors.
All internal registers, as well as internal and external data buses, are 16 bits wide, which firmly established the
"16-bit microprocessor" identity of the 8086. A 20-bit external address bus provides a 1 MB physical address
space (220 = 1,048,576). This address space is addressed by means of internal memory "segmentation". The
data bus is multiplexed with the address bus in order to fit all of the control lines into a standard 40-pin dual inline package. It provides a 16-bit I/O address bus, supporting 64 KB of separate I/O space. The maximum
linear address space is limited to 64 KB, simply because internal address/index registers are only 16 bits wide.
Programming over 64 KB memory boundaries involves adjusting the segment registers (see below); this
difficulty existed until the 80386 architecture introduced wider (32-bit) registers (the memory management
hardware in the 80286 did not help in this regard, as its registers are still only 16 bits wide).
Some of the control pins, which carry essential signals for all external operations, have more than one function
depending upon whether the device is operated in min or max mode. The former mode was intended for small
single-processor systems, while the latter was for medium or large systems using more than one processor.
The 8086 has eight more or less general 16-bit registers (including the stack pointer but excluding the
instruction pointer, flag register and segment registers). Four of them, AX, BX, CX, DX, can also be accessed
as twice as many 8-bit registers (see figure) while the other four, BP, SI, DI, SP, are 16-bit only.

Cache memory calculator:

A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average time
to access data from the main memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data
from frequently used main memory locations. Most CPUs have different independent caches, including
instruction and data caches, where the data cache is usually organized as a hierarchy of more cache levels
(L1, L2, etc.)
The proportion of accesses that result in a cache hit is known as the hit rate, and can be a measure of the
effectiveness of the cache for a given program or algorithm.
Read misses delay execution because of requiring data to be transferred from memory, which is much slower
than reading from the cache. Write misses may occur without such penalty, since the processor can continue
execution while data is copied to main memory in the background.this code calculates the bits required for
each mode of addressing direct ,set associative and associative.

Hexadecimal to binary converter:

Our ordinary decimal counting system is base ten, using ten different symbols to display numbers.
Hexadecimal is a base sixteen number system, meaning it uses sixteen characters to display
numbers. Hexadecimal was adopted in the first place because it's so easy to convert between the
two. Essentially, hexadecimal is used as a way to display binary information in a shorter string.