Characteristics of Wind

Turbine Generators for

Wind Power Plants
IEEE PES General Meeting 2009
Calgary, Alberta
Mitch Bradt, P.E.
University of Wisconsin-Madison

2009

IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group

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Machine Types

Mechanical Energy Conversion

Basic Electro-mechanical Machines

Wound Rotor Synchronous Generator

Induction Generator (Wound and Squirrel Cage)
Permanent Magnet Synch Generator

Types of Turbines Based on Speed Control

1: Fixed Speed
2: Limited Variable Speed
3: Variable Speed with Partial Scale PE Converters
This is the so-called Doubly-Fed Generator

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4: Variable Speed with Full Scale PE Converters

5: Variable speed with Mechanical Transmission
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Generating Lift

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and then Torque

Rotational Speed

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Tip Speed
R

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Real Power Coefficients

It turns out that energy is lost due:

Finite number of Blades

Wake Rotation
Airfoil Drag

Tip Speed Ratio

RV

Wind

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Basic 3 Machine Types

Wound Rotor Synchronous:
a+
c-

b-

c-

c+

b+

Rotor Field Excitation:

Power Range:

c-

b-

c+

c+

b+
a-

aWound Rotor SM

Rotor Speed (Elec.):

Induction
a+

aCharacteristic

b-

If
b+

Permanent Magnet Synch.

a+

PM Synch Mach.

Synchronous with
Variable Field Current
Fixed

Induction
Variable: Slip
Variable by Induction

kW-GW

W-kW

W-MW

VARs:

Source or Sink

Sink

Efficiency:

High-Very High

VARs0
High-Very High

Low-Medium

High

Med

Low

Cost:

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Basic Synchronous Machines

Wound Rotor

cRotor
Winding
(Distributed)

If
b+

Vcn-240

a+

N
Bf

b-

c+

Stator
Windings
(Distributed)

c
a
n

(2-Pole
Machines
Depicted)

Van0

Vbn-120

Sinusoidally Distributed Balanced 3 Stator

Windings

The Rotor Field Winding is Energized

with DC Current If.

The Field Bf Rotates Synchronously with the

Rotor at speed

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Induces Sinewave Voltages in Stator

Windings

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Smooth Rotor Sync. Machine

a+
c-

If

b-

N
Bf

Per-Phase
Circuit Model:

I f

b+

DC Field Looks like a Current Source with f = 2:

c+

If

Vf
Rf

jXls

+
XS

Rs I a
+

Va

E jI f X M
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Ns

If

E I f LM

jXlr

I f

Convert Field to Voltage-Source:

jXM

N f

Rr

Proportional
to Speed

jXls

jXM

I f

Rs I a
+

Va
-

Aligned with Rotor

One Reactance Model:

jXS

+
E
-

Rs I a
+

Va
-

X S X M X ls

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Synch Machine: Power-Angle Curves

P3M

EV
3 a sin
Xs

1.5

Where:
E, EMF of field
Va, terminal voltage
Xs, synchronous reactance
, vector anglebetween V
a&E
Unstable

Ia

0
0
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P0
Q0

1.0

Under-Excited

jI a X s

Va

Sinking VARs

Ea
Va

0.5
Stable

Stable

Generating, Lagging Current

Stability
Limit

Unstable

Generating, Leading Current

Ia

0
P0
0 Q 0

OverExcited

jI a X s

Va

Sourcing VARs

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Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine

P-Q Capability (D-curve)
Reactive capability curve
(D-curve)
Continuous reactive
power output capability is
limited by:
armature current limit AB
(stator overheating)
field current limit
BC
(rotor overheating)
end turn heating limit CD

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Basic Induction Machines

Squirrel-Cage Rotor

Wound Rotor

a+

c-

b-

r
c+

b+
a

Sinusoidally Distributed Balanced 3 Stator Windings

Rotor Speed is Generally Non-Synchronous:
Rotor Can turn Faster (Generator)
or Slower (Motor) than Input Frequency

Wound Rotors:

Slip:

r
s

Rotor Windings brought out through Slip Rings: Allowing Speed/Torque Control

Squirrel-Cage Rotors:

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Rotor Windings are simple Shorted Bars cast into Rotor Laminations
Low-Cost, Rugged Commercial / Industrial Work-Horse FIRST WINDTURBINES

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Induction Generator Model

Is

Ir

jLlr

Rs jLls

Vs

Vm

Rr
s

jM

Pout

Power:

Pag 3I r2

Rr
s

Air-Gap
Power

jLlr

Rs jLls

Vs

Vm

Pout

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Pout 3I SVS

[W]

[W]

Pag
Converted Power

Is

Pr ,loss 3I r2 Rr Pag s

Ir

Vr = 0 if no external
source of Power to
the Rotor

Rr
Vr
(1 s )
(1 s )
Rr
s
s
+ + V
Rotor Loss
r
-

jM

Power from
an External
Rotor Source

Pag
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Induction Machine Torque-Speed

Rated Voltage V1 & Frequency f
1.5

Rated
Torque/Speed

Motoring
Braking

0.5

0
1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

-0.5

-1

Generating
-1.5

-2

Synchronous
Speed

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Permanent Magnet Sync. Machine

Permanent
Magnet

c-

a+

b+

lm

I f K m Br lm

S
a-

Hc

Rr

I f

jXlr

jXls

jXM

I f

c+

Rs I a
+

Va
-

Aligned with Rotor

ga

Bm Br 0 r H
r 1 (Air)

Per-Phase
Circuit Model:

b-

N
Bf

PM Rotor Looks like a Current Source with f = 2:

Bm
Br
Residual
Flux Density

Hm

Advantages of PM Sync. Machines:

No Field Winding

Very Low Reactance

Very Linear: Long Air-Gap

Compact and Efficient

Demagnetization
Typical PM
B-H Curve:

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All Other Characteristics Like Wound

Rotor Machine with Constant If

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Recall that
the energy capture (vis-a-vis Cp) is dependent
upon the Tip Speed Ratio

RV

Wind

...as Wind Speed

(Vwind) changes,
it is desirable to
allow to change
as well.
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Type 1 Wind Turbine

Fixed Speed -- limited control of slip (2-3%) and Real Power
Consumes VARs
Soft Starter
Gear
Box

IG

Cap Bank
Collector
Feeder

The rotor blades may be

pitch-regulated to control power

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Real and Reactive Power

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Type 2 Wind Turbine

Variable Speed -- More control of slip (up to 10%)
Consumes VARs

Soft Starter
Gear
Box

IG

Cap Bank
Collector
Feeder

Variable Rotor Resistance

Via slip rings with wound rotor IG
Placed on rotor as with OptiSlip

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Real and Reactive Power with Rext

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Type 3 Wind Turbine

Variable Speed -- More control of slip (up to 50%)
Can control VARs
Partial Scale Converters Required (~30% of Machine)

Gear
Box

Collector
Feeder

IG

Operation Below
Synchronous Speed
Pstator
IG

Pnet

Pstator

Pnet

IG
Protor

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Operation Above
Synchronous Speed

Protor

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Type 4 Wind Turbine

Variable Speed -- Wide control of slip (up to 100%)
Can control VARs
Full Scale Converters Required (>100% of Machine)

Gear
Box

IG/
SG

Collector
Feeder

Machines excitation can be controlled by machine side converter

Can use any type of machine! Field Wound SG, PM-SG or even IG
An opportunity to eliminate the gearbox exists
Since Wild AC from generator can be conditioned to 60Hz grid

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Type 5 Wind Turbine

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Voltage Control

Types 1 & 2: control limited to Power Factor

Corrections Caps

Type 3: Rotor-side converter controls d-axis

current on rotor to control voltage

Type 4: Grid-side converter supplies reactive

power to control voltage

Type 5: Automatic Voltage Regulator, typical of

Synchronous machines

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Reactive Power Capabilities

Types 1 & 2: Caps may be set to hold a fixed PF

Types 3 & 4: typical range is 0.95 (cap) to 0.9

(ind)

Type 5: similar to conventional Sync. Machine

NOTE: Types 3, 4, 5, may be able to provide

VAR support even while not producing Watts

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Types 3 & 4: in a fashion similar to a STATCOM

Type 5: in a fashion similar to a Sync. Condenser
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Thank You!

Are there any Questions?

Mitch Bradt, PE
bradt@wisc.edu

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