2015

KDiu
sik w aJ bra kwJ thJJnk!
-kndhka bg. Rjudh

r_f ia cW bra jeho cs midJ gfY
jukhd fia bfhLf jHf muR bghJghl lij
mKfgLsJ. jidna f Ka fUjhf bfhL fja
VgL khwfis khztf vthW vbfhs brtJ vgij
fU bfhL jf nja ghll mik ( NCF ) 2005
flik csthW f kW gf gahW Mafis
csla tYe FGth cUthfgLsJ.

fj vgJ f fyhd fUJfis f va brhfsh
aitF xU bkhahF. fj JiznahL jid w
_yK 109 (Nano) nghw fa vfis 10100 (Googolplex) nghw
fbga vfis kj j fLghL gF bfhzuKo.
kof nghw ghl guL jiyfis bfhl xU Ka
bjhFghF. xbthU ghlgF f RUfkhd Kfiufis,
v J bfhSgoahd sffis bfhL Muwd.
khztfis CFF bghUL xbthU maha bjhlfY
wj fj tYef Ka gf g sfgLsJ. nkY
RUfkhd tiuaiwf, Ka fUJf, njwf kW g fzFf
Mad ghl bfhLfgLsJ. xnth maha WY
mghl khztf vbdd fwjd vgij RUfkhf
idlgLwJ. tHfkhd fzLfUJ khztf rW fodkhd
fzLfis brtjF ghl cj vd enwh.

fja njitia g bjJ bfhs, mjid vjhf
J bfhs thifnahL bjhlila fzFf ifahsgLsd.
jifa thifnahL bjhlila fzFf, Ka fUJf, tiuaiwf
kW njwfis vjhf J bfhs VJthf vLJfhLfSl
f va mik bfhLfgLsd. jifa vLJfhLfis
J bfhtnjhL kLkyhk, tiuaiwf vfhuzfSfhf
bfhLfgLsd vgij bjthf mJbfhSj ntL. j _y

iii

fyhd fzFfis btntW tf vjhf vthW gJ vgij

ma J ttFF.

ghl
fiz
ftU
tzfis
bfhL
mlgLsjh khztf fj ghl mHif uf, jfsJ
fUJfis kwtfSl gkhbfhs kW a fUJfis
cUthf ttif br vd enwh. xU khzt jh rF
xU ruhr kjDF jh fw fjij vjhf aitfhj tiu
mkhzt fj bfhifia bjthf mJljhf eh fUj KoahJ. vdnt fj vgJ btW fzLfis kLnk brtJ mW. mJ
m rh gFia Kiwahf bragLj cjwJ vgJ bjthwJ.

vdnt fj wig ghuhl mj kig bjJ
bfhs FlgLs mogil fjaiy ff ntL.
ah fjij f MJ fwhnuh mt fj KaJtij,
gaghil mt.

fjij gogJ, gilgJ xUt th wgrkhF.
fj ukhdJkW, ijahdJkW. thifia wfitf
cj X irfU. mjid L Phdij bgWnth; knth!
kynth! tsnth!! thnth!!!.
-ghl FG

iv

FpLf
=

rk (equal to)

rkiy (not equal to)

lFiw (less than)

Fiw myJ rk (less than or equal to)

l mf (greater than)

mf myJ rk (greater than or equal to)

rkhdkhd (equivalent to)

nr (union)

btL (intersection)

midJ fz (universal Set)

cW (belongs to)

cWgy(does not belong to)

jF cfz (proper subset of)

cfz (subset of or is contained in)

Y
1

jF cfzky (not a proper subset of)

cfzky (not a subset of or is not contained in)

Al (or) A c A ufz (complement of A)

Q (or) { } btWfz myJ ik fz (empty set or null set or void set)
n(A)

Mv myJ brbt (number of elements in the set A)

P(A)

A mLF fz (power set of A)

|||ly

nj nghW (similarly)

P(A)

A vw f fjf (probability of the event A)

rk ahr (symmetric difference)

a vf (natural numbers)

KGvf (whole numbers)

KGf (integers)

bkbaf (real numbers)

Knfhz (triangle)

nfhz (angle)

brFJ (perpendicular to)

||

iz (parallel to)

czJwJ (implies)

vdnt (therefore)

Vbd (since (or) because)

jk (absolute value)

njhuhakhf rk (approximately equal to)

| (or) :

mjgo myJ vwthW (such that)

/ (or) , rtrk (congruent)

/

KbwhUik (identically equal to)

ig (pi)

if myJ Fiw (plus or minus)

njw Ko (end of the proof)

vi

bghUslf
1.

fza

1.1

1.2 fzfis sFj

1.3

fzij FL Kiw

1.4

fzf gntW tiff

1.5

fz braf

18

1.6

fz brafis btglf _y FLj

25

1-41

mKf

2.

bkba bjhF

2.1

mKf

42

2.2

jKW vfis jrkto FLj

45

2.3

jKwh vf

52

2.4

bkbaf

53

42-68

3.

afj

3.1

mKf

69

3.2

afj nfhitf

69

3.3

gYW nfhitf

70

3.4

njw

78

3.5

fhu njw

81

4.

toa

4.1

mKf

87

4.2

toa mogil fUJf

88

4.3

ehfu

92

4.4

izfu

93

69-86

87-101

vii

5.

Mabjhiy totfj

5.1

mKf

102

5.2

fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw

103

5.3

U fSF ilgl bjhiy

112

6.

brKiw toa

6.1

6.2 Knfhz rhj w nfhL JLf

128

6.3

130

102-126

127-135

mKf
xU t brY nfhLf

viii

127

fza

fza
No one shall expel us from the paradise that
Cantor has created for us
- DAVID HILBERT

Kjik Fnfhf
fzij tiuaWj
tj Kiw, fzflik Kiw kW goa
Kiw fzfis FLj
gntW tifahd fzfis milahs fhz
fzbrafis J bfhSj
fzf kW fzbrafis btglf
Ff fWbfhSj
n (A , B) fhd Nuij gagL va
fzFfis brj

#h{ nfl
(1845-1918)
fza
mogilfUJf #h{

1.1 mKf

nfl

fja Ka gfhWtJ midJ
fY gagLjgLtJ fz vw fUjhF.

fja
midJ
totfis
fzfshf fUj Ko vgjh, fja
fzFpL Kiw xU trahd mikghf
fUjgLwJ. fzbfhiffis J bfhtj
_y fja fUJfis X mikghf fU,
mtiw xGFgL fzfshf vGj, jf
ahf J bfhs Ko. d, tF
a vf, jKW vf kW bkbafis
vthW fzfshf vGjyh vd eh gof
cnsh. ghlgF, fzbfhiff g,
fza y mogilbraf g gofyh.

1.2 fzfis sFj

(Georg Cantor) vw
b#k ehL fja
mPuh cUthfglJ.
a bjhl vdgL
xU tif Ko bjhl
FJ mt Muhjh.
mjdogil
ed fja
gFghf
mogilahf fza
mikJsJ vW
bgUghyhd fja
mPf VW
bfhld. nfl

jff bjhF, khztf FG, xU
eho cs khyf goa, ehzaf
bjhF
nghwt
bjhF
myJ
FG
vw brhfis eh mofo gagLJnwh.
bghUf bjhF myJ FG vgtiw fj
Kiw FL Kiwna fzkhF.
1

gahdJ fhy
fLofgl
fja jf KiwF
mogilahf mikjJ.

maha

Ka fUJ

fz

eF tiuaWfgl bghUf bjhF fz vdgL.
fz cs bghUf mfz cWf vdgL.

xU fz eF tiuaWfglJ vgJ fja fz xU
Kakhd gghF. mjhtJ, bfhLfgl vjbthU bghUS mfz
X cWghF myJ cWghfhJ vd bjthf FLtjhF.

nkY, xU fz cs cWf midJ btntwhdit. mjhtJ
vj U cWfS rkky.
tU bjhFf vit eF tiuaWfglit?

(1)

c tF cs khztf Mf bjhF.

(2)

2, 4, 6, 10 kW 12 vw vf bjhF.

(3)

j eho cs midJ khtlf bjhF.

(4)

ey iuglf bjhF.

(1), (2) kW (3) Mait eF tiuaWfglit. Mfnt mit
fzfshF. (4) MdJ eF tiuaWfglJ mW. Vbd, ey iugl
vw brh eF tiuaWfgliy. vdnt, (4) fzkhfhJ.

bghJthf fzfis A, B, C nghw My bga vGJfsh Fngh.

fz cWfis a, b, c nghw My a vGJfsh Fngh.

Fpil goj
!

X cW myJ csJ

x vgJ fz A cW vgij x ! A vd vGJnth.

b

X cWgy myJ iy

x vgJ fz A cWgW vgij x b A vd vGJnth.

vLJfhlhf,
A = "1, 3, 5, 9 , vw fzij fUJf.
1 vgJ fz A X cWghF. jid 1 ! A vd vGjyh.
3 vgJ fz A X cWghF. jid 3 ! A vd vGjyh.
8 vgJ fz A cWgy. jid 8 b A vd vGjyh.
2

fza

vLJfhL 1.1
A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , vf. fhlfis ! myJ g vw bghUjkhd FL
uf.

(i) 3 ....... A
(ii) 7 ....... A
(iii) 0 ...... A

(iv) 2 ...... A
(i)

3! A

( a 3 vgJ A X cWghF)

(ii) 7 g A ( a 7 vgJ A cWgy)

(iii) 0 g A ( a 0 vgJ A cWgy)

(iv) 2 ! A ( a 2 vgJ A X cWghF)

1.3 fzij FL Kiw (Representation of a Set)

xU fzid tU _W tf myJ Kiwf VnjD xwh

Flyh.

(i)
tj Kiw myJ tUzidKiw (Descriptive Form)

(ii) fzflik Kiw myJ Kiw (Set-Builder Form or Rule Form)

(iii) goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw (Roster Form or Tabular Form)
1.3.1 tj Kiw
Ka fUJ

tj Kiw

fz cs cWfis brhfsh bjthf tF Kiw

tj myJ tUzid Kiw vdgL.

vit fz cWf kW fz cWf my
vgij RUfkhf, bjthf bjgjhf tj Kiw
mika ntL.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)
midJ a vf fz.

(ii) 100 I l Fiwthd gfh vf fz.

(iii) midJ My vGJf fz.
1.3.2 fzflik Kiw
Ka fUJ

fzflik Kiw

xU fz cs cWf midJ iw br gf
mogil fzij FL Kiw fzflik KiwahF.
Fpil goj
|myJ : mjgo myJ vwthW
A = " x : x vgJ dictionary vw brh cs X vGJ ,
fzid, x vgJ dictionary vw brh cs X vGJ
vwthWs vyh x fz A vd gofyh.
3

maha

vLJfhlhf,
(i)

N = " x : x X a v ,

(ii)

P = " x : x vgJ 100I l Fiwthd xU gfh v ,

(iii)

A = " x : x X My vGJ ,

1.3.3 goa Kiw

Ka fUJ

goa Kiw

xU fz cWfis { } vw xU nrho milF goaLtJ

goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw vwiHfgLwJ.
vLJfhlhf,

(i) A vgJ 11I l Fiwthf cs uilgil a vf
fz vf. fzid goa Kiw tUkhW vGjyh.
A = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ,

(ii) A = " x : x xU KG (Integer) kW - 1 # x 1 5 ,

fzid goa Kiw tUkhW vGjyh.

A = "- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,

(i) goa Kiw fz xbthU cW xU Kiw kLnk

goalgl ntL. tHfkhf xU fz Vfdnt tj
cWf L tuhJ.

(ii) coffee vw brh cs vGJf fz A vf.
mjhtJ, A={ c, o, f, e }. goa Kiw vGjgLs A vw
fz tU bjhFf bghUjkwit.

"c, o, e ,

"c, o, f, f, e , (F vw vGJ UKiw goalgLsJ)

(vyh cWfS goalgliy)

(iii) goa Kiw FLnghJ xU fz cWfis vj

tirY vGjyh. vdnt 2, 3 kW 4 Matiw cWfshf
bfhl fzid tUkhW bghUSila (bghUjkhd) goa
mikfshf vGjyh.

"2, 3, 4 ,

"2, 4, 3 ,

"4, 3, 2 ,

nkfl fzf xbthW xnu fzij Fwd.

(iv) xU Koyhfz myJ KoW fz mf vifyhd
cWfis bgUjh, goalgl cWf mik bjhlJ
brY vgij "5, 6, 7, g , myJ "3, 6, 9, 12, 15, g, 60 , vgt
csJ nghW g vw _W bjhlfsh (ellipsis) FLnth.
4

fza

(v) xU fz cs cWf KG mikig J bfhS

tif nghJkhd tuf bfhLfglh kLnk g vw
bjhlahd _W fis gagLj ntL.
fzfis FL gntW Kiwf
tj Kiw

fzflik Kiw

goa Kiw

midJ My
cbuGJf fz

{ x : x X My
cbuGJ}

{a, e, i, o, u}

15 F Fiwthfnth
rkkhfnth cs xiwgil
ifKG vf fz

{ x : x X xiwgil
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
v kW 0 1 x # 15 }

0 F 100 F il
cs KG fd vf
(Perfect Cube numbers) fz

{ x : x xU KG fd v
kW 0 1 x 1 100 }

{1, 8, 27, 64}

vLJfhL 1.2

tU fzf cWfis goa Kiw vGJf

(i) 7 klFfshf cs if KGf fz.

(ii) 20 I l Fiwthd gfh vf fz.

(i) 7 klFfshf cs if KGf fzij goa Kiw

{7, 14, 21, 28,g} vd vGjyh.

(ii) 20 I l Fiwthf cs gfh vf fzij goa Kiw

{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} vd vGjyh.

vLJfhL 1.3

A = { x : x X a v # 8} vw fzij goa Kiw vGJf.

A = { x : x X a v # 8 }.

fz cs cWf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

vdnt, goa Kiw fzid tUkhW vGjyh.

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

vLJfhL 1.4

tU fzfis fzflik Kiw FLf.

(i) X = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}

(ii) A = $1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g .
2 3 4 5
5

maha

(i)

X = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}

X vw fz thu midJ ehfis bfhLsJ.

vdnt, X vw fzij fzflik Kiw tUkhW Flyh.

X = {x : x vgJ thu xUeh}

(ii) A = $1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g . . fz A cs cWf gFf 1, 2, 3, 4, g

2 3 4 5
MF.

vdnt, A vw fzij fzflik Kiw tUkhW Flyh.

A = $ x : x = 1 , n ! N .
n
1.3.4 M v myJ brbt (Cardinal Number)
Ka fUJ

M v

xU fz cs cWf vif mfz M v

myJ brbt vdgL.
Fpil goj
n(A)

A vw fz cs cWf
vif

A vw fz M viz n(A) vd Fngh.

vLJfhlhf,
A = #- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - vw fzij vLJ bfhf.
fz A 7 cWf csd.
vdnt, A vw fz M v 7 MF.
mjhtJ, n (A) = 7
vLJfhL 1.5

tU fzf M viz fhf

(i)

A = {x : x vgJ 12 xU gfhfhu}

(ii)

B = {x : x ! W, x # 5}

(i)

12 fhuf 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. 12 gfh fhuf 2, 3.

goa Kiw fz AI tUkhW vGjyh. A = {2, 3} vdnt, n(A) = 2.
6

fza

(ii) B = {x : x ! W, x # 5}

goa Kiw fz BI tUkhW vGjyh. B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

fz B MW cWf csd. vdnt, n(B) = 6

1.4 fzf gntW tiff (Different kinds of Sets)

1.4.1 btWfz (Empty Set)
Ka fUJ

btWfz

cWf yhj fz btWfz myJ ikfz myJ

btWikfz vwiHfgL
Fpil goj
Q myJ { }

btWfz myJ ikfz

myJ btWikfz

btWfzij Q myJ { } vw Fplh Fngh.

vLJfhlhf,
A = # x : x < 1, x ! N - vw fzij fUJf.

1I l Fiwthd a v vJ iy.

vdnt, A vw fz cWf vJ iy.

id TJ
ila !
n (Q) = ?

` A ={ }
F

va a vw bkbaQ fza, Q Md
btWfzK wl bgWwd.

1.4.2 KoW fz (Finite set)

Ka fUJ

KoW fz

xU fz cs cWf vif a myJ KoW

(vifFgl) v v, mfz KoW fz vdgL.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)

8 F 9 F ilgl a vf fz A vf.
8 F 9 F il vj a vQ iy.

vdnt, A = { } ` n(A) = 0.

A vgJ KoW fzkhF.

7

maha

X = {x : x xU KG kW - 1 # x # 2 } vw fzij fUJf

(ii)

goa Kiw X vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh.

X = {- 1 , 0, 1, 2}.

vdnt, X xU KoW fzkhF.

KoW fz M v KoW vzhF.

` n(X) = 4

1.4.3 Koyh fz (Infinite set)

Ka fUJ

Koyh fz

xU fz cs cWf vif KoW v my

v, mfz Koyh myJ Kowh fzkhF
vLJfhlhf,

tU fzij fUJf.

KG vf fz W I goa Kiw W = {0, 1, 2, 3, g }vd vGjyh.

K G vf fz Koyh vifs cWfis

bfhoUgjh, W Koyh fzkhF.

Koyh fz M v KoW v my.

vLJfhL 1.6

tU fzf KoW kW Koyh fzf vit vd TWf.

(i)

A = {x : x vgJ 5 klF, x ! N }

(ii)

B = {x : x X uil gfhv}

(iii)

50 I l bga if KGfis bfhl fz.

(i)

A = {x : x xU 5 klF, x ! N }. goa Kiw fzij vGj,

A = {5, 10, 15, 20, ...}

` A vw fz Koyh fzkhF.

(ii) B = {x : x xU uil gfhv}.

gfh vf 2 kLnk uil gfhv MF.

goa Kiw B vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh

B = { 2 }. vdnt, B KoW fzkhF.

8

fza

(iii) X vgJ 50 I l bga if KGf fz vf.

goa Kiw X vw fzij tUkhW vGjyh.

X = {51, 52, 53, ...}

fz X vzw cWfis bfhLsJ. vdnt, X Koyh fzkhF.

1.4.4 XUW fz (Singleton set)

Ka fUJ
X

cWig

XUW fz
kL

bfhLs

fz

XUW

fz

vwiHfgL.
vLJfhlhf,

A = {x : x xU KG kW 1 < x < 3} fzij goa Kiw vGj, A = { 2 }
vd ilF.
fz A X cWig kL bfhLsJ.
Mfnt, A XUW fzkhF.

tUtd midJ xnu fzky vgij J bfhtJ

aikahjjhF.
(i) btWfz Q

(ii) btW fzij kL X cWghf bfhl fz {Q }

(iii) aij kL X cWghf bfhl fz {0}

1.4.5 rkhd fzf (Equivalent sets)

Ka fUJ

rkhd fz

A, B vw U fzf cs cWf vif rk v,

mit rkhd fzf vdgL.
A, B vw fzf rkhd fzf v, n(A) = n(B) MF.
Fpil goj

rkhdkhd

A, B vgd rkhdkhdit v, A c B vd vGjyh

vLJfhlhf,
A = { 7, 8, 9, 10 } kW B = { 3, 5, 6, 11 } vw fzfis fUJf.
F n(A) = 4 kW n(B) = 4.
` A.B
9

maha

1.4.6 rk fzf (Equal sets)

Ka fUJ

rk fz

A, B vw U fzf cs cWf mit vGjgLs

tiria
bghUgLjhk
rahf
mnj
cWfis
bfhoUjh, mit rk fzf vdgL. mthW
iyba, mit rkkw fzf vdgL.
A, B vw fzf rk v,
(i) fz A xbthU cW fz B cWghf UF.
(ii) fz B xbthU cW fz A cWghf UF
Fpil goj

rk

A, B vw fzf rk v, A = B vd
vGjyh.
rkky

A, B vw fzf rkkwit v,
A ! B vd vGjyh.

vLJfhlhf,
A = { a, b, c, d } kW B = { d, b, a, c } vw fzfis fUJf.
A, B vw fzf rahf mnj cWfis bgWsd.
` A = B
A,
B vw fzf rk v, n(A) = n(B) MF. Mdh n(A) = n(B)
F
v A, B vw fzf rkkhf Uf ntoa mtaiy.

vdnt, rk fzf midJ rkhd fzfshF. Mdh, rkhd

fzf midJ rk fzfshf Uf ntoa mtaiy.

vLJfhL 1.7

bfhLfgl A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} kW

B = {x : x vgJ uo klF, x ! N kW x # 14 }

Mad rkfzfsh vd TWf.

A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} kW

B = {x : x vgJ uo klF, x ! N kW x # 14 }

goa Kiw vGj, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

A, B vw U fzfS rahf mnj cWfis bgWsjh, A = B MF.

10

fza
1.4.7 cfz (Subset)
Ka fUJ

cfz

fz X cs xbthU cW fz Y cWghf
UFkhdh, X MdJ Y X cfzkhF. jid Fpo
X 3 Y vd vGjyh.
Fpil goj
cfz myJ cslaJ

X 3 Y vgij X vgJ Y cfz myJ X vgJ Y

cslaJ vd gongh.

cfzky myJ cslfhjJ

X M Y vgij X vgJ Y cfzky myJ X vgJ Y

cslfhjJ vd gongh.
vLJfhlhf,

X = {7, 8, 9} kW Y = { 7, 8, 9, 10 } vw fzfis fUJf. F fz X
xbthU cW fz Y cWghf Ugij fhnwh.
vdnt, X vgJ Y cfzkhF. mjhtJ, X 3 Y .
(i) xbthU fzK jdFjhnd cfzkhF. mjhtJ, X vw
vjbthU fzF X 3 X MF.
F

(ii) btWfz vjbthU fzJF cfzkhF. mjhtJ, X vw
vjbthU fzF Q 3 X .

(iii) X 3 Y kW Y 3 X v, X = Y MF.

j kWjiy cik. mjhtJ, X = Y v, X 3 Y kW Y 3 X
MF.

(iv) xbthU fzK (Q Iju) Fiwjgr mfzij,
Q ia U cfzfshf bfhoUF.

1.4.8 jF cfz (Proper subset)

Ka fUJ

jF cfz

X 3 Y kW X ! Y vwthW U, fz X MdJ fz Y
jF cfz vdgL. jid Fpo X 1 Y vd vGjyh. Y
vgJ X if fz (Super set) vdgL.
Fpil goj
1

jF cfz

X 1 Y vgij X vgJ Y jF cfz vd gongh.

11

maha

vLJfhlhf,
X = {5, 7, 8} kW Y = { 5, 6, 7, 8 } vw fzfis fUJf.
F, X xbthU cW Y cWghF. nkY X ! Y .
vdnt, X vgJ Y jF cfzkhF.
(i) jF cfz, if fzijl Fiwjgr X cWigahtJ
F

Fiwthf bgUF.

(ii) vjbthU fzK mfznf jF cfzkhfhJ.

(iii) b tWfz

Q MdJ

mfzijju

kw

midJ

fzfSF jF cfzkhF. [btWfz Q F jF

cfz iy] mjhtJ, Q I ju kw vjbthU fz
X F Q 1 X MF.
(iv) ! kW 3 vw FpLfSfhd ntWghil J bfhtJ
mtakhF. x ! X vw FpL, x vgJ X cW vgij
FLwJ. X 3 Y vw FpL, X vgJ Y cfz
vgij FLwJ.

vdnt, Q 3 {a, b, c} vgJ rahdJ. Mdh, Q ! {a, b, c} vgJ ray.

x ! {x}, vd vGJtJ rahdJ.

vGJtJ ray.

Mdh, x = {x} myJ x 3 {x} vd

vLJfhL 1.8

tU TWfis cikahf, fhlf 3 myJ M vw Ffis

bfhL uf.

(a) {4, 5, 6, 7} ----- {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(b) {a, b, c} ----- {b, e, f, g}

(a) {4, 5, 6, 7} vw fz cs xbthU cW {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} vw

fz cWghf csJ.

vdnt, fhl 3 vw Fia Lf.

mjhtJ, {4, 5, 6, 7} 3 {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(b) a! {a, b, c} Mdh, a g {b, e, f, g}

vdnt, fhl M vw Fia Lf.

mjhtJ, {a, b, c} M {b, e, f, g}

12

fza
vLJfhL 1.9

tU TWfis cikahf 1, 3 vw FpLf vij fhlf

lntL vd khf.

(i)

{8, 11, 13} ----- {8, 11, 13, 14}

(ii)

{a, b, c} ------ {a, c, b}

(i) {8, 11, 13} vw fz xbthU cW {8, 11, 13, 14} vw fz

cWghf csjh, fhl 3 vw Fia lntL.

` {8, 11, 13} 3 {8, 11, 13, 14}

nkY 14 ! {8, 11, 13, 14}. Mdh 14g {8, 11, 13}

vdnt, {8,11, 13} vw fz {8,11,13, 14} vw fz jF cfzkhF.

Mjyh, fhl 1 vw Fia lyh.

` {8,11, 13} 1 {8,11,13, 14}

(ii) {a, b, c} vw fz xbthU cW, {a, c, b} vw fz

cWghf csJ.

vdnt, U fzfS rk fzfshF. {a, b, c} vgJ {a, c, b} vw
fz jF cfzkhfhJ.

vdnt, fhlij 3 vw Fia bfhL kLnk ug Ko.
1.4.9 mLFfz (Power Set)
Ka fUJ

mLFfz

A vw fz midJ cfzfis bfhl fz,

mfz mLFfz vdgL.
Fpil goj

P(A)

A mLFfz

A mLFfz P(A) vd FfgLwJ.

vLJfhlhf,
A = {- 3, 4 } vw fzij vLJbfhf.
fz A cfzf
Q, {- 3}, {4}, {- 3, 4} MF.

vdnt, A mLF fz
P (A) = "Q, {- 3}, {4}, {- 3, 4} ,
13

maha

vLJfhL 1.10
A = {3, {4, 5}} vw fz mLFfzij vGJf.

A = {3, {4, 5}}

A cfzf, Q, "3 ,, ""4, 5 ,,, {3, {4, 5}}

` P (A) = "Q, "3 ,, ""4, 5 ,,, {3, {4, 5}} ,

xU KoW fz cfzf vif

f mf ms cWfis bfhLs fzfSF cfzfis vG

mt vifia fhgJ fodkhF. vdnt, bfhLfgl xU KoW

fz vjid cfzfis bfhoUF vgij fhz xU ia
fhngh.
(i)

A = Q vw fz mfzij kLnk cfzkhf bfhoUF.

(ii)

A = {5} vw fz cfzf Q kW {5} MF.

(iii)

A = {5, 6} vw fz cfzf Q, {5}, {6} kW {5, 6} MF.

(iv)

A = {5, 6, 7} vw fz cfzf Q, {5}, {6}, {7}, {5, 6}, {5, 7}, {6, 7}
kW {5, 6, 7} MF.

tuf tU mltiz fhlgLsJ.

cWf
vif
cfzf
vif

1 = 20

2 = 21

4 = 22

8 = 23

nkfl mltiz, xU fz cs cWf vif xiw
mff, cfzf vif U klfhwJ vgij fhLwJ.
mjhtJ, xbthU iyY cfzf vif 2 mLfhf csJ
vgij bjwJ. vdnt, fl bghJia eh bgWnwh.
m cWf bfhl xU fz

n (A) = m & n [P (A)] = 2 n(A) = 2 m

cfzf vif 2 m MF.

j 2 m cfzf bfhLfgl fzK cslsJ.

vdnt, m cWf bfhl xU fz jF cfzf vif

2 - 1 MF.
14

fza
vLJfhL 1.11

tU fzf xbth cfzf kW jFcfzf
vifia fhf.

(i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

(ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14}

(i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} . vdnt, n (A) = 5 .

cfzf vif = n 6 P (A) @ = 25 = 32 .

jF cfzf vif = 25 - 1 = 32 - 1 = 31

(ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14} . n (A) = 8 .

cfzf vif = 28 = 25 # 23 = 32 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 256

jFcfzf vif = 28 - 1 = 256 - 1 = 255

g 1.1
1.

tUtdt vit fzfshF? ckJ ilF fhuz TWf.

(i)

ey jff bjhF

(ii)

30 I l Fiwthf cs gfhvf bjhF

(iii)

f wikahd gJ fj Maf bjhF

(iv)

c gYs khztf bjhF

(v)

midJ uilgil vf bjhF

2.

A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} vf. fhlfis ! myJ g vw FpLf rahd

FL uf.

(i)

0 ----- A

(ii) 6 ----- A

(iv)

4 ----- A

(v) 7 ----- A

3.

tU fzfis fzflik Kiw vGJf.

(i)

midJ if uilgil vf fz

(ii)

20I lFiwthf cs KG vf fz

(iii)

3 klFfshf cs if KGf fz

(iv)

15I l Fiwthf cs xiw a vf fz

(v)

computer vw brh cs vGJf fz

4.

tU fzfis goa Kiw vGJf.

(i)

A = {x : x ! N, 2 1 x # 10}

(ii)

B = $ x : x ! Z, - 1 1 x 1 11 .
2
2
15

(iii) 3 ----- A

maha

(iii)

C = {x : x xU gfh v kW 6 xU tFv}

(iv)

X = {x : x = 2 n, n ! N kW n # 5}

(v)

M = {x : x = 2y - 1, y # 5, y ! W}

(vi)

P = {x : x xU KG, x2 # 16}

5.

tU fzfis tj Kiw vGJf.

(i)

A = {a, e, i, o, u}

(ii)

B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}

(iii)

C = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}

(iv)

P = {x : x vgJ set theory vw brh cs X vGJ}

(v)

Q = {x : x vgJ 10 F 20 F ilgl xU gfhv }

6.

tU fzf M vfis fhf.

(i)

A = {x : x = 5 n, n ! N kW n 1 5}

(ii)

B = {x : x X My bkbaGJ}

(iii)

X = {x : x X uil gfhv}

(iv)

P = {x : x < 0, x ! W }

(v)

Q = { x: - 3 # x # 5, x ! Z }

7.

tU fzf vit KoW fzf kW vit Koyh fzf

vd fhf.

(i)

A = {4, 5, 6, ...}

(ii)

B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 75}

(iii)

X = {x : x X uil av}

(iv)

Y = {x : x vgJ 6 klF kW x > 0}

(v)

P = freedom vw brh cs vGJf fz.

8.

tU fzf vit rkhd fzfshF?

(i)

A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

(ii)

X = {x : x ! N,1 1 x 1 6}, Y = {x : x X My cbuGJ}

(iii)

P = {x : x xU gfhv kW 5 1 x 1 23 }

Q = {x : x ! W, 0 # x 1 5 }

9.

tU fzf vit rkfzfshF?

(i)
(ii)

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 3, 2, 1}

A = {4, 8, 12, 16}, B = {8, 4, 16, 18}
16

fza

(iii)

X = {2, 4, 6, 8}

Y = {x : x X uil KG 0 < x < 10}

P = {x : x vgJ 10 klF, x ! N }

(iv)

Q = {10, 15, 20, 25 30, .... }

10.

nH bfhLfgLs fzfUJ rkfzfis nj brf.

A = {12, 14, 18, 22}, B = {11, 12, 13, 14}, C = {14, 18, 22, 24}

D = {13, 11, 12, 14}, E = {- 11, 11 }, F = {10, 19}, G = {11, - 11 }, H = {10, 11}

11.

Q = {Q} MFkh? fhuz TWf.

12.

tU fzf vit rkfzf? fhuz TWf.

Q, {0}, {Q}

13.

nfhol lfis 3 myJ M vw FpLfis bfhL uf.

(i) {3} ----- {0, 2, 4, 6}

(ii) {a } ----- {a, b, c}

(iii) {8, 18} ----- {18, 8}

(iv) {d} ----- {a, b, c}

14.

X = {- 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2} kW Y = {x : x xU KG kW - 3 # x 1 2} vf.

(i) X vgJ Y cfzkhFkh?

15.

A = {x : x vgJ 3 M tFgL if KG} vw fz

B = {x : x vgJ 5 klF, x ! N } vw fzF cfzkhFkh

vdnrhf.

16.

tU fzf mLFfzfis vGJf.

(i) A = {x, y}

17.

tU fzf cfzf kW jF cfzf vifia

fhf.

(i)

A = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18}

(ii)

B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

(iii)

X = {x : x ! W, x g N}

18.

(i)

(iii)

A = Q v, n 6 P (A) @ fhf

19.

(ii) X = {a, b, c}

(ii) Y vgJ X cfzkhFkh?

(iii) A = {5, 6, 7, 8}

(iv) A = Q

(ii) n (A) = 3 v, n 6 P (A) @ fhf

n 6 P (A) @ = 512 v, n(A) fhf.

(iv) n 6 P (A) @ = 1024 v, n(A) fhf.

n 6 P (A) @ = 1 v, A vw fzij g vd TwKo?

17

maha

20.

A = {x : x vgJ 11I l Fiwthf cs X a v}

B = {x : x X uilgil v kW 1 < x < 21}

C = {x : x xU KG kW 15 # x # 25 } v

(i)

A, B, C vw fzf cWfis goaLf.

(ii)

n(A), n(B), n(C) Matiw fhf.

(iii)

tUdtiw r (T) myJ jtW (F) vd TWf.

(a) 7 ! B

(c) {15, 20, 25} 1 C

1.5

(b) 16 g A

(d) {10, 12} 1 B

fz braf (Set Operations)

1.5.1 btgl (Venn Diagram)

toa fUJf myJ ffis
sf, y rkaf fzFf f
fhz glf myJ tiuglfis eh
gagLJnwh.

fja fzfSF ilnaahd
bjhlfis Ff kW fzbrafis
ghJ J bfhs eh gagLJ glf
btglf MF.

#h bt
(1834-1883)
#h bt vw oZ ehL
fj nkij fzfSF
fz
brafSF
cs
bjhlfis
fzh
fhgjF cj tiuglf
tiu Kiwia gagLdh.

1.5.2 midJfz (Universal Set)

bfhLfgl

thjF

bghUjkhd

midJ

cWfis

csla xU fzid fUJtJ y neuf gaDsjhwJ.

Ka fUJ

midJfz

xU Fl thjF vLJ bfhl midJ

cWfis csla fz midJfz vdgL.
midJfz U vw Fplh FlgL.
vLJfhlhf,

jrka eh thjF vLJ bfhl cWf KGf v,
midJfz U vgJ midJ KGf fzkhF. mjhtJ, U = {n : n d Z}
F

xbthU fzF midJfz khWglyh.

18

fza

btglf _y FL nghJ bghJthf
midJfzij xU brtfkhf, mj jF
cfzfis tlf myJ tlfshf
Fngh. mt cWfis gl cns
vGJnth.

U
A

3
1 5 6
4 7
8

gl 1.1

1.5.3 xU fz ufz (Complement of a Set)

Ka fUJ

ufz

fz A yhj Mdh midJfz U cs cWfis

bfhl fz, A ufz vdgL. A vw fz
ufzij Al myJ A c vd Fngh.
Fpil goj
Fpo, Al = {x : x ! U kW x g A}
U

vLJfhlhf,
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} kW A = {b, d, g, h} v,
Al = {a, c, e, f }

btgl, fz A ufz Al I

gl 1.2 csJ ngh Flyh.

(i) (Al )l = A

Al

b
d A h
g

Al (HlgF)
gl 1.2

(ii) Ql = U

(iii) U l = Q

1.5.4 U fzf nr (Union of Two Sets)

Ka fUJ

nrfz

A, B vw U fzf nrfz vgJ A myJ B myJ

uoY cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF. jid A , B
vd vGjyh.
Fpil goj
nr

A , B vgij A nr B vd gongh.
Fpo, A , B = {x : x ! A myJ x ! B}
19

c
f

maha

vLJfhlhf,

A = {11, 12, 13, 14} kW

B = {9, 10, 12, 14, 15} v,

A , B = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}

12
13 14

U fzf nrid btgl

gl 1.3 csthW Flyh.

F

(i)

A , A = A

11

10
15

A , B (HlgF)
gl 1.3

(ii)

A , Q = A

(iii)

A , Al = U

(iv) A vw fz midJfz U cfz v, A , U = U

(v)

A 3 B v, v kLnk A , B = B

(vi)

A,B = B,A

vLJfhL 1.12

tU fzf nrid fhf.

(i)

A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} kW B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(ii)

X = {3, 4, 5} kW Y = Q

id TJ
ila !
A 1 (A , B) kW
B 1 (A , B) vd
TwKokh?

(i) A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} kW B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

1, 2, 3, 5, 6 ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

(5, 6 Ug tJsd)

` A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(ii) = {3,4,5}, Y = Q . Y cWf vJ iy.

` X , Y = {3, 4, 5}
1.5.5 U fzf btL (Intersection of Two Sets)
Ka fUJ

btLfz

A, B vw U fzf btLfz vgJ A kW B uoY

bghJthf cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF. jid A + B vd
vGJnth.
Fpil goj
btL

A + B vgij A btL B vd gofyh.

Fpo, A + B = {x : x ! A kW x ! B} vd vGJnth.
20

fza
vLJfhlhf,
A

A = {a, b, c, d, e} kW B = {a, d, e, f} vf.

` A + B = {a, d, e}
c

U fzf btLfzij gl 1.4
fhosthW btgl _y Flyh.
F

(i) A + A = A
(iii) A + Al = Q

(ii)

A+Q = Q

(iv)

A+B = B+A

a
d
e

A + B (HlgF)
gl 1.4

(v) A vgJ midJfz U cfz v A + U = A

(vi) A 3 B v, v kLnk A + B = A
vLJfhL 1.13

(i) A = { 10, 11, 12, 13}, B = {12, 13, 14, 15}

(ii) A = {5, 9, 11}, B = Q v, A + B fhf.

(i) A = {10, 11, 12, 13} kW B = {12, 13, 14, 15}.

id TJ ila!

(A + B) 1 A kW
(A + B) 1 B vd TwKokh?

12, 13 vgd A kW B uoF bghJthdit.

` A + B = {12, 13}

(ii) A = {5, 9, 11} kW B = Q .

A kW B F bghJthd cW vJ iy vgjh, A + B = Q
Fiu

B 3 A vwthW cs A, B vw fzf nr kW btL

Matiw btglf _y Kiwna gl 1.6 kW gl 1.7
fhosthW Fngh.
A
B

A
B

B3A
A , B (HlgF)
A + B (HlgF)
gl1.5
gl1.6
gl1.7
1.5.6 btlhfzf myJ nruhfzf (Disjoint Sets)
Ka fUJ

btlhfz

A kW B vw U fzfSF bghJthd cW iyba,

mU fzfS btlhfzf myJ nruhfzf
vdgL.
A kW B vw fzf btlhfzf v, A + B = Q MF.
21

maha

vLJfhlhf,
U

A = {5, 6, 7, 8} kW B = {11, 12, 13} vw

fzfis fUJf.

nghJ A + B = Q . vdnt, A kW B vgd

btlhfzfshF.

A, B vw U btlhfzfis gl 1.8-
fhosthW btgl _y Flyh.
F

(i) A kW B vw U btlhfzf
nrig gl 1.9- fhosthW btgl
_y Ffyh.
(ii) A + B ! Q v, A kW
UfzfS
btL
(overlapping sets) vdgL.

btlhfzf
gl1.8

B vw
fzf

U
A

A , B (HlgF)
gl1.9

vLJfhL 1.14

bfhLfgl A = {4, 5, 6, 7} kW B = {1, 3, 8, 9} vw U fzfSF A + B
fhf.
A = {4, 5, 6, 7} kW B = {1, 3, 8, 9}. F A + B = Q .

vdnt, A kW B vgd btlhfzfshF.
1.5.7 U fzf ahr (Difference of Two sets)
Ka fUJ

fzf ahr

A kW B vw U fzf ahr fzkhdJ, A-

cs Mdh B yhj cWfis bfhl fzkhF. U
fzf ahrkhdJ A - B myJ A\B vd FfgL.
Fpil goj
A ahr B

A - B myJ A\B

Fpo, A - B = {x : x ! A kW x g B}
njngh, B - A = {x : x ! B kW x g A} .
vLJfhlhf,
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} vw fzfis fUJf.
A - B Ifhz A UJ B cs cWfis eh Fnwh.
` A - B = {2, 3}
F

(i) bghJthf, A - B ! B - A .
(iii) U - A = Al
22

(ii) A - B = B - A + A = B
(iv) U - Al = A

fza

A kW B vw U fzf ahrkhdJ gl 1.10 kW gl 1.11
Mat fhlgLsthW btglf _y FfgL. HlgF U
fzf ahrij FwJ.
B

vLJfhL 1.15

U
A

BA
gl 1.11

AB
gl 1.10

A = {- 2, - 1, 0, 3, 4}, B = {- 1, 3, 5} v (i) A - B (ii) B - A fhf.

A = {- 2, - 1, 0, 3, 4} kW B = {- 1, 3, 5} .

(i) A - B = {- 2, 0, 4} (ii) B - A = { 5 }
1.5.8 fzf rk ahr (Symmetric Difference of Sets)
Ka fUJ

U fzf rk ahr

A kW B vw U fzf rk ahrkhdJ mt
ahrf nrghF. jid A D B vdFLnth.
Fpil goj
A rk ahr B
ADB
Fpo, A D B = (A - B) , (B - A)
vLJfhlhf,
A = {a, b, c, d} kW B = {b, d, e, f} vw fzfis fUJf.
A - B = {a, c} kW B - A = {e, f } vd eh bgWnwh.
` A D B = (A - B) , (B - A) = {a, c, e, f}

U
A

A kW B vw U fzf rk

ahrkhdJ gl 1.12 fhlgLsthW

btgl _y FfgL. HlgF A kW B
fzf rk ahrij FwJ.

(iii)

(i) A 3 A = Q

(ii) A 3 B = B 3 A

B-A

A-B

A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A)
gl1.12

btgl 1.12 UJ A 3 B = " x: x ! A, x ! B kW x g A + B , vd vGjyh.

vdnt A kW B uoF bghJthf yhj cWfis goaLtj
_y eh A 3 B cWfis neuoahf fhzKo.
23

maha

vLJfhL 1.16

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} v, A 3 B fhf.

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} kW B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13}

A - B = {2, 3} kW B - A = {9, 13}.

Mjyh, A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A) = {2, 3, 9, 13}

g 1.2
1.

tU fzfSF A , B kW A + B fhf.
(i) A = {0, 1, 2, 4, 6} kW B = {- 3, - 1, 0, 2, 4, 5}
(ii) A = {2, 4, 6, 8} kW B = Q
(iii) A = {x : x ! N, x # 5} kW B = { x : x vgJ 11I l Fiwthd gfhv}
(iv) A = {x : x ! N, 2 1 x # 7} kW B = {x : x ! W, 0 # x # 6}

2.

A = {x : x vgJ 5- klF, x # 30 kW x ! N },
B = {1, 3, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 25} v, (i) A , B (ii) A + B fhf.

3.

X = {x : x = 2n, x # 20 kW n ! N} kW
Y = { x : x = 4n, x # 20 kW n ! W } v, (i) X , Y (ii) X + Y fhf.

4.

U = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 17, 21, 35, 52, 56},

P = {7 M tFgL vf}, Q = {gfhvf} v,
{x : x ! P + Q} vw fz cWfis goaLf.

5.

tU fzf vituL btlhfzf vd TWf.

(i) A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {x : x xU uilgil v < 10, x ! N }
(ii) X = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, Y = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
(iii) P = {x : x xU gfhv < 15} ; Q = {x : x vgJ 2 klF kW x < 16}
(iv) R = {a, b, c, d, e}, S = {d, e, a, b, c}

6.

U = {x : 0 # x # 10, x ! W} kW A = {x : x vgJ 3 klF} v,

Al I fhf.
(ii) U vgJ a vf fz kW Al vgJ midJ gFvf
fz v, A I fhf.

7.

8.

9.

(i)

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} , A = {a, b, c, d} kW B = {b, d, f, g} v, tU

fzfis fhf.
(i) A , B
(ii) (A , B)l
(iv) (A + B)l
(iii) A + B
U = {x :1 # x # 10, x ! N} , A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} kW B = {2, 3, 5, 9, 10} v,
tU fzfis fhf.
(i) Al
(ii) Bl
(iii) Al , Bl
(iv) Al + Bl
U = {3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18}, M = {3, 7, 9, 11} kW N = {7, 11, 15, 17} v,
tU fzfis fhf.
24

fza

(i) M - N

(ii) N - M

(v) M + (M - N)

(vi) N , (N - M)

10.

A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}, B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}, C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} kW
D = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} v, tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) A - B (ii) B - C

11.

U = {x : x vgJ 50 I l Fiwthd if KG},

A = {x : x vgJ 4 M tFgL},

B = {x : x I 14 M tFjh 2 ilF}

v, (i) U, A kW B Mat cWfis goaLf.

(iii) C - D

(iii) N l - M

(iv) M l - N
(vii) n (M - N)

(iv) D - A

(v) n (A - C)

(ii) A , B , A + B , n (A , B) , n (A + B) Matiw fhf

12.

tU fzf rk ahr fhf.

(i)

(ii) P = {x : 3 1 x 1 9, x ! N}, Q = {x : x 1 5, x ! W}

(iii) A = {- 3, - 2, 0, 2, 3, 5}, B = {- 4, - 3, - 1, 0, 2, 3}

13.

btgl 1.13I gagL tU dhfSF ila.

(i) U, E, F, E , F kW E + F t
cWfis goaLf.

14.

X = {a, d, f, g, h}, Y = {b, e, g, h, k}

U
F

(ii) n (U) , n (E , F) kW n (E + F) Matiw

fhf.

(i) U, G kW H t cWfis goaLf

(ii) G l ,
H l , G l + H l , n (G , H)l kW n (G + H)l
Matiw fhf.

11
10

gl 1.13

btgl 1.14I gagL tU dhfSF

ila.

U
H

G
1

10
9

1.6 fz brafis btglf _y FLj

gl 1.14

bghGJ nkY y fz brafis btglf _y FLnth.

(a)

A , B

(b)

^ A , Bhl

gl 1.15

gl 1.16

25

maha

(c)

Al , Bl

go 1 : Al gFia HLf
U

U
A

go 2 : Bl gFia HLf
U
A

Al , Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.17

njngh, fhQ glf HlgFf xbthW tU
fzbrafis Fwd.
A

U
A

^ A + Bhl (HlgF)
gl 1.19

A + B (HlgF)
gl 1.18

U
A

A + Bl (HlgF)
Al + B (HlgF)
gl 1.20.
gl 1.21
Fiu
fzf kW fz brafis
U
btglf _y Fl tU Kiwia eh 1
B
gagLjyh.
A

fzf A kW B vgit midJ
2
3
4
fzij gl 1.22 csthW ehF gFfshf
wJ. ehF gFfS milahsfhf
vlgLwd. j vLj Ug
gl 1.22
ngh (arbitrary)mikayh.
gF 1 A kW B vw UfzfSF btnas cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 2 A cs Mdh B yhj cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 3 A kW B vw U fzfSF bghJthd cWfis bfhoUF.
gF 4 B cs Mdh A yhj cWfis bfhoUF.
26

fza
vLJfhL 1.17
A

mUYs glij nghw btglf tiuJ

tU fzfis FF gFfis HLf

(i) Al (ii) Bl

(i)

Al

(ii)

(iii) Al , Bl

(iv) (A , B)l

(v) Al + Bl

Hl F
fz

Hl gF

Al

1 kW 4

Al (HlgF)
gl 1.24
Bl
A

Hl F
fz

Hl gF

Bl

1 kW 2

Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.25
(iii)

Al , Bl
A

Hl F

Al , Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.26
(iv)

gl 1.23

(A , B)l

U
A

fz

Hl gF

Al

1 kW 4

Bl

1 kW 2

Al , Bl

1, 2 kW 4

Hl F

(A , B)l (HlgF)
gl 1.27
27

fz

Hl gF

A,B

2, 3 kW 4

(A , B)l

maha

(v)

Al + Bl

Hl F

U
A

Al + Bl (HlgF)
gl 1.28

Ka Kof

fz

Hl gF

Al

1 kW 4

Bl

1 kW 2

Al + Bl

A kW B vw KoW fzfSF tU gaDs y Kofis eh
fhngh.

(i)

n (A) = n (A - B) + n (A + B)

(ii)

n (B) = n (B - A) + n (A + B)

(iii)

n (A , B) = n (A - B) + n (A + B) + n (B - A)

(iv)

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)

(v)

A + B = Q vD nghJ, n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) .

(vi)

n (A) + n (Al ) = n (U)

A+B
gl 1.29

vLJfhL 1.18

bfhLfgl btglUJ tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) A

nkY n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vd rghf.

(ii) B

(iv) A + B

(iii) A , B

btglUJ (i) A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

gl 1.30

(ii) B = {3, 6, 9,}

bghGJ, n (A) = 8, n (B) = 3, n (A , B) = 8, n (A + B) = 3 .

n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 8 + 3 - 3 = 8

(iii) A , B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (iv) A + B = {3, 6, 9}

vdnt, n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = n (A , B)

U

vLJfhL 1.19

A a

bfhLfgLs btglUJ

(i) A (ii) B (iii) A , B (iv) A + B Matiw
fhf. nkY n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vd
rghf.
28

d
g

b
e
h

f i
j

gl 1.31

fza

btglUJ
(ii) B = {b, c, e, f, h, i, j}

(i)

A = {a, b, d, e, g, h}

(iii)

A , B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j } (iv) A + B = {b, e, h}

vdnt, n (A) = 6, n (B) = 7, n (A , B) = 10, n (A + B) = 3 .

n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 6 + 7 - 3 = 10

vdnt, n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = n (A , B) MF.

vLJfhL 1.20
n (A) = 12, n (B) = 17 kW n (A , B) = 21 v, n (A + B) fhf.

n (A) = 12, n (B) = 17 kW n (A , B) = 21

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) vw Nuij gagLj,

n (A + B) = 12 + 17 - 21 = 8

vLJfhL 1.21
xU efu cstf 65% egf j iuglfis 40% egf

My iuglfis fhwhf. 20% egf j kW My

iuglf uil fhwhf. U bkh iuglfis
ghfhjtf vjid rjj vdfhf.
ef cs bkhj egf 100 ng vf. T vgJ j iugl fhngh
fz kW E vgJ My iugl fhngh fz vf.
wF n (T) = 65, n (E) = 40 kW n (T + E) = 20 .

U iuglf VnjD xU bkh iuglijahtJ fhQ
kf rjj
n (T , E) = n (T) + n (E) - n (T + E)

= 65 + 40 - 20 = 85

vdnt, U iuglf vj xU iuglij ghfhjt rjj

100 - 85 = 15

khWKiw

btglUJ,
U
iuglf
VnjD xU iuglijahtJ fhQ kf
rjj = 45 + 20 + 20 = 85

vdnt, U bkhiuglf vj xU
iuglij ghfhjt rjj = 100 - 85 = 15
29

T
45

20

20

gl 1.32

maha

vLJfhL 1.22

1000 FLgf eljgl X M, 484 FLgf rhu
mLig, 552 FLgf vth mLig gagLJtjhf flaglJ.
midJ FLgfS U mLf Fiwjgr VnjD xU mLig
gagLJwhf v, uL tif mLfis gagLJ FLgf
vjid vd fhf.
E vgJ rhu mLig gagLJ FLgf fz kW G vgJ
vth mLig gagLJ FLgf fz vf.

n (E) = 484, n (G) = 552, n (E , G) = 1000 .

uL tif mLfis gagLJ FLgf vif x vf.
d, n (E + G) = x

n (E , G) = n (E) + n (G) - n (E + G) vw Nuij gagLj,

1000 = 484 + 552 - x

& x = 1036 - 1000 = 36

vdnt, 36 FLgf uL tif mLfis gagLJwd.

khWKiw

btglUJ,
484 - x + x + 552 - x = 1000
&
1036 - x = 1000
&
- x = - 36

gl 1.33

x = 36

vdnt, 36 FLgf uL tif mLfis gagLJwd.

vLJfhL 1.23

50 khztf cs xU tF, xbthU khztD fj myJ
ma myJ uoY nj bgWsd. 10 khztf uL ghlfY
nj bgWsd kW 28 khztf ma nj bgWsd. fj
nj bgw khztf vjid ng?
M = fj nj bgw khztf fz vf.

S = ma nj bgw khztf fz vf.

d, n (S) = 28, n (M + S) = 10 , n (M , S) = 50
n^ M , S h = n^ M h + n^ S h - n^ M + S h

&

50 = n^ M h + 28 - 10
n^ M h = 32
30

fza
khWKiw

btglUJ,

x + 10 + 18 = 50

M
x

x = 50 - 28 = 22

10

18

gl 1.34

fj nj bgw khztf vif = x + 10 = 22 + 10 = 32

g 1.3
1.

tU fzf cWfis bfhLfgl btgl rahd

l Ff.

U = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13}

M = {5, 8, 10, 11}, N = {5, 6, 7, 9, 10}

2.

A, B vw U fzf, A vgJ 50 cWfis B vgJ 65 cWfis

kW A , B vgJ 100 cWfis bfhoUjh, A + B vgJ vjid
cWfis bfhoUF?

3.

A, B vw Ufzf Kiwna 13 kW 16 cWfis bgUjh, A , B

bgWs Fiwjgr kW mfgr cWf vifia fhf

4.

n (A + B) = 5, n (A , B) = 35, n (A) = 13 v, n (B) fhf.

5.

n (A) = 26, n (B) = 10, n (A , B) = 30, n (Al ) = 17 v, n (A + B) kW n (,)

fhf.

6.

n (,) = 38, n (A) = 16, n (A + B) = 12, n (Bl ) = 20 v, n (A , B) fhf.

7.

n^ A - Bh = 30, n^ A , Bh = 180 vwthW cs uL KoW fzf A

kW B v, n^ Bh I fhf.

8.

xU efu kf bjhif 10000. tf 5400 ng brjh A I 4700

ng brjh B I gowd. 1500 ng uL brjhfis
gowd. U brjhf xiw Tl gofhj egf vjid
ng vd fhf.

9.

xU g cs midJ khztfS fhgJ myJ ifgJ

myJ uL isahLwhf. mtf 300 khztf fhgJ,
270 khztf ifgJ, 120 khztf uL isahLfis
isahLwhf v,

(i)

(ii) ifgJ kL isahL khztf vif

(iii) g cs bkhj khztf vif Matiw fhf.

gl 1.35

fhgJ kL isahL khztf vif

31

maha

10.

xU nj, 150 khztf My myJ fj Kj tF

kbgf bgWsd. 115 khztf fj Kj tF
kbgf bgWsd. My kL Kj tF kbg bgw
khztf vjid ng?

11.

30 egf cs xU FG 18 ng nj mUJthf. FG cs
xbthU egU uo Fiwjgr xiwahtJ mUJthf
v, fh mU nj mUjhjtf vjid ng vd fhf.

12.

xU uhk 60 FLgf csd. t 28 FLgf j kL

ngRwhf. 20 FLgf cUJ kL ngRwhf. j kW cUJ
uoid ngR FLgf vjid vd fhf.

13.

xU g 150 khztf gjh tF nj nj bgWsd.

tf nkiy tF 95 khztf I F zjhf.
82 khztf II F zjhf 20 khztf U
f vjF zfiy v, uL fSF
zj khztf vjid ng vd fhf.

14.

rhjd gaghL Wtd xU ca mfh u. tUila

cs gahsf caukhd kufis btLthf myJ
fg VWthf. mik, u mtUila WtdF jdJ
rhghd tu mifia tUkhW mDdh.

vDila g 100 gahsf, 55 ng caukhd kufis

btLthf, 50 ng fg VWthf, 11 ng uil brthf, 6
ng uo vij bra khlhf. mt mDa tu rahdjh?

15.

A kW B vgd n (A - B) = 32 + x, n (B - A) = 5x kW n (A + B) = x
vwthW cs U fzf vf. tufis btgl_y
sFf. n (A) = n (B) vd bfhLfgoU (i) x k (ii) n (A , B)
Matiw fzLf.

16.

xU g eilbgw ngR kW Xa nghof gF bgw khztf

rjjij tU mltiz fhLwJ.
ngho
khztf rjj

ngR

Xa

uL

55

45

20

tufis Ff btgl tiuf kW mjid gagL

(i)
ngR ngho kL gFbgw
(ii) Xa ngho kL gF bgw
(iii) vjbthU nghoY gFbgwhj

khztf rjj fhf.

32

fza

17.

xU uhk bkhj kf bjhif 2500. tf 1300 egf A

tif nrhig, 1050 egf B tif nrhig, 250 egf uL
tif nrhfis gagLJwhf. U tif nrhfis
gagLjhjtf rjj fhf.

g 1.4

rahd ilia njbjL

1.

A = "5, "5, 6 ,, 7 , v, tUtdt vJ rahdJ?

(A) "5, 6 , ! A

2.

X = " a, " b, c ,, d , v, tUtdt vJ X cfzkhF?

(A) " a, b ,
(B) " b, c ,
(C) "c, d ,
(D) " a, d ,

3.

tU TWf vJ rahdJ?
(i) vj xU fz A F, A vgJ A jF cfz MF.
(ii) vj xU fz A F, Q vgJ A jF cfz MF.
(iii) vj xU fz A F A vgJ A cfz MF.

(A) (i) kW (ii)

4.

A vw KoW fz m cWfis bfhLsJ v, A btww

jF cfzf vif.

(A) 2

5.

"10, 11, 12 , vw fz cfzf vif

(A) 3

6.

tUtdt vJ rahdJ?

2
(A) " x : x =- 1, x ! Z , = Q

(B) Q = 0

(C) Q = "0 ,

(D) Q = "Q ,

7.

tUtdt vJ ray?

(A) KoW fz xbthU cfzK KowJ.

(B) P = " x : x - 8 =- 8 , vgJ XUW fzkhF.

(C) xbthU fzK jF cfzij bgUF

(D) xbthU btww fzK Fiwjgr uL cfzf Q kW mnj

8.

tUtdt vJ rahdJ?

(A) Q 3 " a, b ,

(B) "5 , ! A

(C) "7 , ! A

(B) (ii) kW (iii)

(B) 2 - 1

(C) (i) kW (iii)

(C) 2

(B) 8

m-1

(D) "6 , ! A

(D) (i)(ii) kW (iii)

(D) 2 (2

m-1

- 1)

(C) 6 (D) 7

fzij bgUF.

(B) Q d " a, b ,
33

(C) " a , ! " a, b ,

(D) a 3 " a, b ,

maha

9.

tUtdt vJ KoW fzkhF?

(A) " x : x d Z, x < 5 ,

(B) " x : x d W, x $ 5 ,

(C) " x : x d N, x > 10 ,

(D) " x : x xU uil gfhv ,

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

A = "5, 6, 7, 8 , v, tUtdt vJ ray?

(A) Q 3 A

(B) A 3 A

(C) "7, 8, 9 , 3 A

A = "3, 4, 5, 6 , kW B = "1, 2, 5, 6 , v, A , B =
(A) "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,

(B) "1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ,

(C) "1, 2, 5, 6 ,

(A) 3

(B) 2

(C) 1

(D) 0

n^ X h = m, n^Y h = n kW n^ X + Y h = p v, n^ X , Y h =
(A) m + n + p

(B) m + n - p

(C) m - p

(D) m - n + p

U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , kW A = "2, 5, 6, 9, 10 , v, Al vgJ

(A) "2, 5, 6, 9, 10 ,

(B) Q

(C) "1, 3, 5, 10 ,

(D) "1, 3, 4, 7, 8 ,

(C) Q

(D) B A

A 3 B v, A B vgJ
(A) B

16.

A vgJ B jF cfz v, A + B =

(A) A

17.

A vgJ B jF cfz v, A , B =

(A) A

18.

mU cs gl Hl gF FgJ

19.

(D) "3, 4, 5, 6 ,

" x : x d Z, x2 = 1 , vw fz cs cWf vif

(D) "5 , f A

(B) A

(B) B

(C) Q

(C) B

(B) Q

(A) A B

(D) A , B

(B) Al

(C) Bl

(D) A + B
U

(D) B A

A = " a, b, c , , B = "e, f, g , v, A + B =
(B) A

(C) B

(D) A , B

(A) Q

20.

mU cs gl Hl gF FgJ

(A) A B

(B) B A

(C) A 3 B
34

(D) Al

fza

id bfhf...

eF tiuaWfgl bghUf bjhF fz vdgL.

xU fzid tU _W tf VnjD xwh Flyh

(i) tj Kiw myJ tUzid Kiw (Descriptive Form)
(ii) fzflik Kiw myJ Kiw (Set-Builder Form or Rule Form)
(iii) goa Kiw myJ mltiz Kiw (Roster Form or Tabular Form)

xU fz cs cWf vif mfz M v myJ

brbt vdgL.
cWf yhj fz btWfz vwiHfgL.

xU fz cs cWf vif a myJ KoW

(vifFgl) v v, mfz KoW fz vdgL.
mthW iyba, mJ Koyh fz vdgL.
A, B vw U fzf cs cWf vif rk v, mit
rkhd fzf vdgL.

A, B vw U fzf cs cWfmit vGjgLs tiria

bghUgLjhk rahf mnj cWfis bfhoUjh, mit
rk fzf vdgL.

fz X cs xbthU cW fz Y cWghf UFkhdh,

X MdJ Y X cfzkhF.

X 3 Y kW X ! Y vwthW U, fz X MdJ fz Y jF
cfz vdgL.

A vw fz midJ cfzfis bfhl fz, mfz

mLFfz vdgL. A mLFfz P(A) vd FfgLwJ.

m cWf bfhl xU fz cfzf vif 2 m MF.

m cWf bfhl xU fz jF cfzf vif 2 m - 1

MF.

fz A cWfis jJ midJfz U cs
cWfis bfhl fz, A ufz vdgL. A vw fz
ufzij Al myJ A c vd Fngh.

A, B vw U fzf nrfz vgJ A myJ B myJ

uoY cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF.

A, B vw U fzf btLfz vgJ A kW B uoY

bghJthf cs cWfis bfhl fzkhF.

A kW B vgd btlhfzf v, A + B = Q
35

maha

A kW B vw U fzf ahr fzkhdJ, A cs Mdh

B yhj cWfis bfhl fzkhF.

A kW B vw U fzf rk
A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A) vd tiuaWfgLwJ.

A kW B vw KoW fzfSF tU gaDs y Kofis

eh fhngh.
(i) n (A) = n (A - B) + n (A + B)
(ii) n (B) = n (B - A) + n (A + B)
(iii) n (A , B) = n (A - B) + n (A + B) + n (B - A)
(iv) n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)
(v) A + B = Q vD nghJ, n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B)

ahrkhdJ

bra 1

Al + B , A + B kW A + Bl Matiw btgl FJ, t nr
fzij fhf.

bra 2
A

bfhLfgLs btglid gagL

tU TWf xbthid

r myJ jtW vd FLf.

t. v
1.
2.
3.

fzbraf
A1B
B 1 Al

4.

A+B = { }
Al + B = Al

5.

Bl 1 A

6.

Q1A
Al + Bl = A
A , Bl = Bl

7.
8.

36

r myJ jtW

fza

bra 3

bfhLfgLs Ffis gagL brh isahil brf.

3
6

7
10

12

11
13

brhfis lUJ tykhf brf.

1.

A = {o, r, y}, B = {r, u, y}, A , B =

2.

C = {k, m, o, r, w, z}, D = {k, o, r, t, w}, C k D =

3.

U = {h, i, k, p, t. w}, W = {k, p}, W l =

4.

M = {t, e, s}, N = {s}, M , N and M + N =

5.

P = {h, i, k, s}, Q = {g, i, m, s}, P + Q =

6.

U = {a, b, e, m, r, u, v, y}, L = {a, b, e, m, u}, K = {a, b, m, r, u, y}, (L + K)l =

7.

X = {d, e, n, o, p, s, u}, Y = {d, h, n, o, s, u}, X + Y =

8.

A = {a, b, c, d, n, s}, B = {a, d, h, n, t}, A + B =

9.

U = {o, p, r, s, u, v, y}, D = {p, r, s, v}, Dl =

10.

E = {a, e}, F = {r, e, a}, E , F =

11.

K = {n, o, v, w, x}, L = {m, n, o, p, w, r}, K + L =

12.

P = {a, d, e, n, p}, Q = {a, b, c, m, n, o}, P + Q =

13.

X = {e, h, r, p, s, t, x, v}, Y = {e, m, p, u, x}, Z = {e, n, r, t, w}, (X + Y) and (X + Z) =

37

maha

bra 4
A

btglid gagL bfhLfgl
fzfis tj, fzflik kW
goa Kiwf FLf.

(i) A

(ii) B

(iii) U

3
7

(iv) Bl

11
13 17
19

4 6
8 10 12
2
14 16
18 20 15
9

(v) A + B

bra 5
statistics vw thij cs vGJf fz B v, tU

xbthid rah myJ jtwh vd FLf.

(i)

{t} ! B

(ii)

{a, c} 1 B

(iii) { } 1 B

(iv)

n(B) = 10

1
2
3

cf g vlh tF gY khzt, khza Kj gUt

FA(a1) kW FA(b1) juiy kL gotfis fj MalUJ
bgW FA(a1) kW FA(b1) Mat juiy A2 bgw khzt,
khzaf gbtfis bfhL Kiwna P, Q vw Ufzfis
mikJ n (P , Q) = n (P) + n (Q) - n (P + Q) vgij rghf.

1
2
3

bra l 1

bra l 2

cf bjU ryit au (washing machine) gagLJ FLgf

vif, f (Computer) gagLJ FLgf vif
kW uoid gagLJ FLgf vif Matiw
nrfJ nrffgl tufis btgl FL fhLf.
38

fza

g 1.1
1. (i) fz my (ii) fz (iii) fz my

(iv) fz (v) fz

2. (i) 0 d A

(iv) 4 d A (v) 7 g A

(ii) 6 g A

(iii) 3 d A

3. (i) " x : x xU if uilgil v ,

(ii) " x : x xU KGv kW x < 20 ,

(iii) " x : x xU ifKG kW 3 klF ,

(iv) " x : x xU xiw av kW x < 15 ,

(v) " x : x vgJ 'computer' vw brh cs xU vGJ ,

4.

(i) A = "3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,

(ii) B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,

(iv) X = "2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ,

(vi) P = "- 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,

(iii) C = "2, 3 ,

(v) M = "- 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ,

5.

(i) A = My cbuGJf fz

(ii) B = 11I l Fiwthfnth rkkhfnth cs xiw a vf fz

(iii) C = 26 I l Fiwthf cs KG tfvf fz.

(iv) P = set theory vw brhYs vGJf fz

(v) Q = 10 F, 20 F ilgl cs gfhvf fz

6.

(i) 4 (ii) 21 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 9

7. (i) Koyhfz

(ii) KoWfz

(iv) Koyhfz

8.

(iii) Koyhfz
(i) rkhdfzf

(ii) rkhdfzf my (iii) rkhdfzf

9. (i) rkfzf (ii) rkfzf my

(v) KoWfz

(iii) rkfzf

(iv) rkfzf my

10. B = D kW E = G
11. iy, Q cWf VJ iy. Mdh, "Q , xU cWig bfhLsJ.
12. xbthW kwtUJ khWglJ.
Q cWf VJ iy
"0 , X cWig bgWsJ, i.e., 0.
"Q , X cWig bgWsJ, i.e., btWfz
39

maha

13. (i) M (ii) 3 (iii) 3

(iv) M

14. (i) X vgJ Y cfzky (ii) Y vgJ X cfz

15. A vgJ B cfzky
16. (i) P^ Ah = "Q, " x ,, " y ,, " x, y ,, (ii) P^ X h = "Q, " a ,, " b ,, " c ,, " a, b ,, " a, c ,, " b, c ,, " a, b, c ,,
(iii) P(A) = { Q, {5}, {6}, {7}, {8}, {5,6}, {5,7}, {5,8}, {6,7}, {6,8}, {7,8}, {5,6,7},

{5,6,8}, {5,7,8}, {6,7,8}, {5,6,7,8}} (iv) P^ Ah = "z ,

17. (i) 64, 63 (ii) 128, 127 (iii) 2, 1 18. (i) 1 (ii) 8 (iii) 9 (iv) 10 19. A vgJ btWfz
20. (i) A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , , B = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , ,
C = "15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ,

(ii) n^ Ah = 10 , n^ Bh = 10 ,

n^C h = 11

(iii) a) F

b) T

c) T

d) T

g 1.2
1. (i) A , B = "- 3, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 , , A + B = "0, 2, 4 ,

(ii) A , B = "2, 4, 6, 8 , , A + B = z

(iii) A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} , A + B = {2, 3, 5}

(iv) A , B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , , A + B = "3, 4, 5, 6 ,

2.

(i) A , B = "1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30 , (ii) A + B = "10, 15, 25 ,

3.

(i) X , Y = "0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , , X + Y = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ,

4. "7 ,

5. (ii) X kW Y btlhfzf

6.

(i) Al = "0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 , (ii) AvgJ midJ gfh vf fz kW 1

7.

(i) A , B = " a, b, c, d, f, g ,

(ii) ^ A , Bhl = "e, h ,

8. (i) Al = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10 , (ii) Bl = "1, 4, 6, 7, 8 ,

(iv) ^ A + Bhl = " a, c, e, f, g, h ,

(iii) Al , Bl = "1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 ,

9.

(i) M N= "3, 9 ,

(v) M + ^ M - N h = "3, 9 ,

(iii) A + B = " b, d ,

(iv) Al + Bl = "4, 6, 8 ,

(ii) N - M = "15, 17 , (iii) N l - M = "18 , (iv) M l - N = "18 ,

(vi) N , ^ N - M h = "7, 11, 15, 17 ,

10. (i) A - B = "3, 6, 9, 15, 18 ,

(ii) B - C = "16, 20 ,

(v) n^ A - C h = 4

(iv) D - A = "5, 10, 20, 25 ,

40

(vii) n^ M - N h = 2

(iii) C - D = "2, 4, 6, 8, 12 ,

fza

11. (i) U = "1, 2, 3g49 , , A = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 ,
B = "16, 30, 44 ,
A + B = "16, 44 , ,

(ii) A , B = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 ,
n^ A , Bh = 13 , n^ A + Bh = 2

12. (i) X 3 Y = " a, b, d, e, f, k , (ii) P 3 Q = "0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,

(iii) A 3 B = "- 4, - 2, - 1, 5 ,

13. (i) U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 , , E = "1, 2, 4, 7 , ,

F = "4, 7, 9, 11 ,

E , F = "1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11 , , E + F = "4, 7 ,

(ii) n^,h = 8 , n^ E , F h = 6 , n^ E + F h = 2

14. (i) U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 , ,

G = "1, 2, 4, 8 , , H = "2, 6, 8, 10 ,

(ii) G l = "3, 5, 6, 9, 1 0 ,, H l = "1, 3, 4, 5, 9 ,, G l + H l = "3, 5, 9 ,, n^G , H hl = 3,

n^G + H hl = 7

g 1.3
M

6
7
9

8
5
1.

2. n^ A + Bh = 15

3. 16, 29

4. n^ Bh = 27

6. n^ A , Bh = 22

7. 150

8. 1400

9. (i) 180 (ii) 150 (iii) 450

10. 35

12. 12 13. 47

15. (i) x = 8 (ii) n (A , B) = 88

16. (i) 35 (ii) 25 (iii) 20

11

12

5.

10

13

n^ A + Bh = 6, n^,h = 43

11. 12

14. M, r

17. 16%

g 1.4
1. A 2. D 3. B

4. D 5. B

6. A

7. C

8. A 9. D 10. C 11. A 12. B

13. B 14. D 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. C

41

maha

2
bkba bjhF

Life is good for only two things, discovering mathematics and

teaching mathematics
- SIMEON POISSON

Kjik Fnfhf
avf, KG vf kW KGfis id
Tj.
jKW vfis KoW /
jrkvfshf tifgLJj.

RH

jiks

Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk vf Ugij

J bfhSj.
KoW kW Kowh jrk vfis vnfho
Fj.

r blof
(1831-1916)
r blof

(Richard Dedekind)
vgt fbgw
fja mPf
xUtuhth. t khbgU
fja mP

2.1 mKf

fh ul fh vgt

mwhl
thif
rhjhuzkhf
eh
gagLJ bjhiy, neu, ntf, gugs, yhg,
el, btgiy nghw msitfis Fl
gagLJ vf bkbaf MF. a
vf
bjhFig
njitnfg
bknkY
tha isthf bkbaf bjhF
njhaJ. kj Kj vz bjhla nghJ
a vf tHfF tjd. .K 1700 M
MLf vaf dfis gagLd.
.K 500 M Mo nuf fj mPf
jhfu jiyik MuhJ jKwh vf
njitia czjd. . 1600M MLf
Fiw vfis VWbfhs bjhld. . 1700
M MLf Efj bkbaf
fz bjthf tiuaWfglhk gagLjglJ.
. 1871 #h{ nfl vgt bkbafSF
Kj Kj rahd tiuaiwia mjh.
42

khztuhth. t E
afj, afj
va Mat
Kakhd Muhfis
nkbfhL bkba
fUjhfF
mojsij mikjh.
nfl vgtuh
cUthfgl fza
KaJtij czJ
gagLatf tU
xUtuhth. bjh Eg
f Efjij
nghj nghJ cUthd
blof JL
(Dedekind cut) ga
tiuaiw bkbaf
Kakhd nfhghL MF.

bkba bjhF

ghl bkbaf y gfis g eh fhzyh. K tFf
eh fW bfhl gntW v bjhFfis g Kj id Tnth.
2.1.1 a vf (Natural Numbers)

nfhL 1
tyw
kL Koyhk
L brY.

vQtjF gagL 1, 2, 3, g vgd a vf

vdgL.

a vf fzij N vd Fngh.
i.e., N = {1, 2, 3, g}

gl 2.1

a vf fa v 1 MF. btf Koyhk

bjhlJ brtjh fbga v vJ vd TwKoahJ.

Fiu

2.1.2 KG vf (Whole Numbers)

a vfSl a nrjJ KG vf
fzkhF.

KG vf fzij W vd Fngh.

W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, g }
0

gl 2.2

nfhL 0
tyw kL
Koyhk wJ.

KG vf fa v 0 MF.
Fiu

1) xbthU a vQ xU KG vzhF.
2) xbthU KG vQ xU a vzhf Uf
ntoa mtaiy. Vbd, 0 d W Mdh

W
N

0gN

3) N 1 W

2.1.3 KGf (Integers)

a vf kW mt Fiw vf tWl a nrj fz

KGf vdgL.
Z vgJ Zahlen, v w

nfhL 0 U
wK Koyhk
brwJ.

KGf fzij Z vd
b#k thijUJ
Fngh.
bgwglJ. vQj
vgJ j bghUshF. Z = { g - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, g}
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

gl 2.3

43

maha

2
1, 2, 3, g vgd if KGf vdgL.

- 1, - 2, - 3 , g vgd Fiw KGf vdgL.

vdnt,
"g - 3, - 2, - 1, 1, 2, 3, g ,
akw KGf fzkhF.

Fiu

vgJ

id TJ ila !

0 vgJ if KGth myJ

Fiw KGth?

1) xbthU a vQ xU KG MF.

Z
W

2) xbthU KG vQ xU KG MF.

3) N 1 W 1 Z

2.1.4 jKW vf (Rational Numbers)

p

vw to mik v KW
p kW q KGf, nkY q ! 0 v,
q
v vdgL.

vLJfhlhf, 3 = 3 , - 5 , 7 vgd jKW vfshF.
6 8
1
U KGfSF

jKW vf fz Q vd FlgL.
il jKW
p
vfis fhnwh.

Q = ' : p ! Z, q ! Z, kW q ! 0 1
q
-2

43 12 1 0
-1
4

1
4

12

3
4

gl 2.4

Fiu

1) xU jKW v if, Fiw myJ akhf

Ufyh.
n
2) xU KG n I 1 vw to vGjyh. vdnt,
xbthU KG xU jKW vzhF.

W N

3) N 1 W 1 Z 1 Q

Ka Kof

1)

uL btntW jKW vf a kW b vgtF ilna

a < a + b < b vwthW a + b vw xU jKW v mik.
2
2

2)

bfhLfgl
uL
vfSilna vzw
vf UF.

jKW
jKW

vLJfhL 2.1
1 kW 3 Ma vfSilna cs
4
4
VnjD uL jKW vfis fhf.

44

id TJ ila !
j vgij jKW
vfSl bjhl
gLj Kokh?

bkba bjhF
1 kW 3 tF ilna mik xU jKW v
4
4
1 1 + 3 = 1 (1) = 1

2`4 4j 2
2
1 kW 3 tF ilna mik jKW v 1 1 + 3 = 1 # 5 = 5
2
4
2`2 4j 2 4 8

1 kW 5 vw jKW vf 1 , 3 F ilna mikJsd.

4 4
2
8

1 kW 3 tF il vzw jKW vf csd.

4
4
vLJfhL 2.1 ekF ilj 1 , 5 vgit mthwhd uL
2 8
vfshF.

g 2.1
1.

tU TWf vit r myJ jtW vd TWf.

(i) xbthU a vQ xU KG v MF.

(ii) xbthU KG vQ X a v MF.
(iii) xbthU KG xU jKW v MF.
(iv) xbthU jKW vQ xU KG v MF.
(v) xbthU jKW vQ xU KG MF.
(vi) xbthU KG xU KG v MF.

2.

a vgJ xU jKW v MFkh? cf ilF fhuz TWf.

3.

- 5 kW - 2 vw vfSF ilna cs VnjD uL jKW

7
7
vfis fhf.

2.2 jKW vfis jrkto FLj

p
vw jKW v jrk totij tFj Kiw eh bgwyh.
q
p vw viz q M tFF nghJ y gofSF d akhF
myJ viyY akhfhJ kW L L tU v bjhF
ahf ilF.

iy (i) y gofSF d akhF

Kj, 7 I jrk tot vGJnth. F 7 = 0.4375

16
16
45

maha

0.4375
nkfl vLJfhoUJ, 7 jrktotij tFj
16
Kiw fhQ nghJ y gofSF d akhtij 16 7.0000
64
fhnwh. nkY jrk Ko bgWwJ.
60
48

ijnghynt, tFj Kiwia gagL tU
120
jKW vfis jrk to vGjyh.
112
1 = 0.5, 7 = 1.4, - 8 = - 0.32, 9 = 0.140625, 527 = 1.054
80

2
5
25
64
500
80
0

j vLJfhLf jrk fshdJ y gofSF

d KWbgWtij fhnwh.
Ka fUJ KoW jrk
p
, q ! 0 vw to cs v jrk thdJ Ko bgW
q
p
v,
jrk KoW jrk (Terminating decimal
q
expansion) vdgL. KoW jrk idbfhl v KoW
jrk v vdgL.
iy (ii) viyY akhfhJ

xbthU jKW vQ KoW jrk id bgUFkh?

dhF ilaFK, 5 , 7 kW 22 Ma jKW vf

11 6
7
3.142857 142857g
jrk fis fhngh.
7 22.00000000
1.1666g
0.4545g
21
6 7.0000
11 5.0000
10
60
44
7
10
30
60
6
28
55
20
40
50
14
36
44
60
40
60
56
36
55
40
50
40
35
36
j
50
40
49
j
10
j
5
7
22
`
= 0.4545g ,
= 1.1666g ,
= 3.142857 1g
11
6
7

vdnt, midJ jKW vf jrk fS KWbgW Uf
ntL vw mtaiy.

46

bkba bjhF

nkfl vf jrk fis tFj Kiw fhQ nghJ
viyY akhfiy. nkY Fl ilbtf ilw
f tir khwhk L L tUtij fhnwh. Mjyh < L
L tU yff bjhFia (repeating block of digits) eh bgWnwh.
Ka fUJ Kowh RH jrk
p
, q ! 0 vw v jrk fhQ nghJ viyY
q
akhfiy v, < L L tU yff
p
bjhF ilF. iy
jrk Kowh RH
q
jrk myJ Kowh tU jrk (Non-terminating
and recurring decimal expansion) vdgL. Kowh RH jrk
id bfhl v Kowh RH jrk v vdgL.

jrk v yff bjhF L L tUtijFf,
mj bjhF J nfhoL (bar) fho, kw v bjhFfis lyh.
vLJfhlhf,
5 , 7 kW 22 fis tUkhW vGjyh.
11 6
7
5 = 0.4545g = 0.45 ,
7 = 1.16666g = 1.16

11
6
22 = 3.142857 142857 g = 3.142857

7

n vw v jiy 1 MF. nkY avf jiyf
n
jKW vfshF. K j gJ abyf jiyf jrk totfis
tU mltiz fhLwJ.

jiy

jrk v tif

1.0

KoW jrk v

0.5

KoW jrk v

0.3

Kowh RH jrk v

0.25

KoW jrk v

0.2

KoW jrk v

0.16

Kowh RH jrk v

0.142857

Kowh RH jrk v

0.125

0.1

Kowh RH jrk v

10

0.1

KoW jrk v

KoW jrk v

47

maha

Mfnt,
xU jKW viz KoW jrk thfnth myJ
Kowh RH jrk thfnth Flyh.

j kWjiy cikahF. mjhtJ,

KoW jrk myJ Kowh RH jrk it bgWs xU v
jKW vzhF.

jid tU vLJfhLf _y sFnth.

p
to Fj
2.2.1 KoW jrk vfis
q
p
(p, q ! Z kW q ! 0) vw tot

KoW jrk viz vjhf
q
Flyh. mthW FL Kiwia tU vLJfho _y
sFnth.
vLJfhL 2.2
p
to vGJf. F p, q vgd KGf kW q ! 0.
q

(i) 0.75
(ii) 0.625
(iii) 0.5625 (iv) 0.28
(i) 0.75
= 75 = 3
100
4

(ii) 0.625 = 625 = 5
1000
8

(iii) 0.5625 = 5625 = 45 = 9
10000
80 16

(iv) 0.28
= 28 = 7
100
25
p
2.2.2 Kowh RH jrk viz
to Fj
q
p
( p, q ! Z kW q ! 0) vw totF khW

Kowh RH jrk viz
q
p
Kiw vjhd bra my. Kowh RH jrk viz
totF khW
q
Kiwia tU vLJfho _y sfyh.
fhQ jrk vfis

vLJfhL 2.3
p
, to vGJf. F p, q KGf kW q ! 0.
q
(ii) 0.001
(iii) 0.57
(iv) 0.245
(v) 0.6
(vi) 1.5

tUtdtiw

(i) 0.47

(i) x = 0.47 vf. x = 0.474747g

F uL yf bjhF 47 L L tUtjh, UwK 100 M

bgUFf.

100 x = 47.474747g = 47 + 0.474747g = 47 + x

99 x = 47
x = 47
99
48

` 0.47 = 47
99

bkba bjhF

(ii) x = 0.001 vf. x = 0.001001001g

_W yff L L tUtjh, U wK 1000 M bgUFf.

1000 x = 1.001001001g = 1 + 0.001001001g = 1 + x

1000 x - x = 1

999 x = 1

` 0.001 = 1
x = 1
999
999
(iii) x = 0.57 vf. wF x = 0.57777g

UwK 10 M bgUf,

10 x = 5.7777g

= 5.2 + 0.57777g = 5.2 + x

9 x = 5.2

x = 5.2
9
52

x =

` 0.57 = 52 = 26
90
90 45

(iv) x = 0.245 vf. wF x = 0.2454545g

UwK 100 M bgUf,

(v)

100 x = 24.545454g = 24.3 + 0.2454545g

= 24.3 + x

99 x = 24.3
vLJfhL 2.3 (vi)
khWKiw

x = 24.3
99
0.245 = 243 = 27
990
110

x = 0.6 vf. d x = 0.66666g

x = 1.5 vf.
mjhtJ, x = 1.55555g

UwK 10 M bgUf,

10 x = 15.5555g

10 x = 6.66666g = 6 + 0.6666g = 6 + x ` 10 x x = 14

9 x = 14

9x = 6

x = 14 = 1 5

x = 6 = 2 ` 0.6 = 2
9
9
9
3
3
vLJfhL 2.3 cs

(vi) x = 1.5 vf. d x = 1.55555g
vyh
fzFfis
p

UwK 10 M bgUf,
, p, q KGf kW q ! 0
q
vGj,
khW

10 x = 15.5555g = 14 + 1.5555g = 14+ x t o
Kiwia gagLjyh.

9 x = 14

UwK 10 M bgUf,

x = 14 ` 1.5 = 1 5
9
9
49

maha

p

vdnt, Kowh RH jrk id bgWs xbthU viz , ( p, q
q
KGf kW q ! 0 ) vw to vGj KowJ.

xU jKW v jrk tot Kowjh myJ Kowhjjh vgij
fla tU ia gagLJnwh.
p
p
, q ! 0 to cs jKW viz m
, ( p ! Z kW m, n ! W )
q
2 # 5n
vw to vGj Kokhdh, mj jKW v KoW jrk
idbgUF. mthiyba, mj jKW v Kowh
RH jrk id bgUF.

jrk vf 10 mLFfis d gFfshf bfhoUF
kW 2,5 vgit 10 gfh fhuf vw cikf mogil
KothdJ mikJsJ.
vLJfhL 2.4

tFj Kiwia gagLjhk, tU vf jrk f
vitbait KoW jrk myJ Kowh RH jrk it bgUF vd
tifgLJf.

(i) 7
16

(ii) 13
150

(iii) - 11
75

(iv) 17
200

(i)

16 = 24

7 . vdnt, 7 vgJ KoW jrk it bgUF.

7 = 7 =
4
4
16
16
2
2 # 50

(ii) 150 = 2 # 3 # 52
13 =
13

150
2 # 3 # 52
p

J m
, vw to iy. vdnt, 13 vgJ Kowh RH jrk
150
2 # 5n
it bgUF.
(iii) - 11 = - 112
75
3#5
p

J m
, vw to iy. vdnt, - 11 vgJ Kowh RH jrk
75
2 # 5n
it bgUF.

17 =
17
= 317 2 . vdnt, 17 vgJ KoW jrk it
200
8 # 25
200
2 #5
bgUF.

(iv)

vLJfhL 2.5

0.9 I jKW vzhf khWf.

50

bkba bjhF
x = 0.9 vf. d x = 0.99999g

UwK 10 M bgUf

10x = 9.99999g = 9 + 0.9999g = 9 + x

( 9x = 9
( x = 1. mjhtJ, 0.9 = 1

cf
jidF

(a 1 vgJ jKW v)

eh 0.9 = 1 vd Unjh. J aLtjhf iyah?

0.9999g vgJ 1 I lFiwthdJ vd bgUghyhndh

fUJwd.
Mdh
cik
mJty.
nkfl
thjUJ 0.9 = 1 vgJ bjthwJ. nkY KothdJ
3 # 0.333g = 0.999g kW 3 # 1 = 1 vw cikfis iw
3
brwJ. njngh, xbthU KoW jrkid
Koyhj 9-f bjhFahf vGJtj _y Kowh
RH jrk thf Flyh.
vLJfhlhf, 6 = 5.9999g ,
2.5 = 2.4999g .

g 2.2
1.

tU jKW vfis jrk vfshf kh mit xbthW

vtif jrk id bgWsJ vd TWf.

(i) 42
100
(v) 1
11

2.

(ii) 8 2
7
(vi) - 3
13

(iii) 13
55
19
(vii)
3

(iv) 459
500
(viii) - 7
32

tFj Kiwia gagLjhk, tU jKW vf vit

KoW jrk id bgUF vd fhf.
(ii) 11
(iii) 27 (iv) 8
(i) 5
64
12
40
35

3.

fl jrk vfis jKW vfshFf.

(i) 0.18

(ii) 0.427

(iii) 0.0001

(iv) 1.45

(v) 7.3

(vi) 0.416

4.

1 I jrk to vGJf. L L tU v bjhF vjid

13
yff csd?

5.

1 kW 2 Mat jrk fis tFj Kiw fhf.

7
7
tFj Kiwia gagLjhk 1 jrk id gagL
7
3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Mat jrk fis bgWf.
7 7 7 7
51

maha

2.3 jKwh vf (Irrational Numbers)

K tFf gw v nfhL ga ghlfUJfis L id
Tnth. jKW vfis v nfho Ff Ko vgij eh mJnsh.

nkY
vj
uL
jKW
vfSilna vzw jKW vf
csd vgij mJnsh. cik
jKW vf myhj vylfh nkY
jhfu
gy vf v nfho csd. mjhtJ, Kowh
(.K 569 - .K 500)
kW RH jikaw jrk fis bfhl
vzw vf vnfho csd. Mfnt
jKW vf bjhFig nkY gLj
.K 500 M MLf,
ntoaJ mtakhwJ.
nuf
ehL
fj
mP
tU jrk id vLJbfhf.

0.808008000800008g

(1)

J Kowh jrk thF. j jrk RH

jhfu t tjtf Kj
Kj d to vGj Koahj
vfis
fLojd.
mtif vf jKwh vf
vwiHfggld.

jikilajh?

jrk (1) MdJ xU Fl mikid bgWsJ vgJ
cik. Mdh, vj xU yff bjhF L L
fhzglhjjh jrk RH jikawJ.

Mfnt, jrk Kowh kW RH jikaw ( tU jikaw) (non-

terminating and recurring) jrkthF vdnt, J xU jKW viz FfhJ.

tif vf jKwh vf vdgL.

Ka fUJ

jKwh v

Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bfhl v

p
xU jKwh v MF. vdnt, xU jKwh viz
q
(F p ,q KGf kW q ! 0 ) vw to vGjKoahJ.

2 , 3 , 5 , e, r, 17 , 0.2020020002g nghwit jKwh vfSF nkY

y vLJfhLfshF.
F

(1) vLJbfhl jrk v cs vQU 8 F gyhf

e Ug ngh vjbthU a viz gagL vzw
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk fis bgwKo.

r I g mJ bfhf: 18 M who gF fja mPf

yhg, by#l Mnah r xU jKwh v vd Ujhf.
22 ( xU jKW v) vgij r (xU jKwh v) njhuha kghf

7
vLJ bfhtJ tHf.
52

bkba bjhF
jrk f tifghL
jrk
KoW
(jKWv)

KotwJ
RH
RH
jikawJ
jikilaJ
( jKW v) ( jKwh v)

2.4 bkbaf (Real Numbers)

Ka fUJ bkbaf
bkbaf fzkhdJ jKW kW jKwh vf nr fzkhF.
Mfnt, xbthU bkbaQ xU jKW vzhfnth myJ jKwh
vzhfnth UF.
mjhtJ, xUbkba jKW v my v, mJ xU Kwh vzhF.

midJ bkbaf fzij R vd Fngh.

b#k ehL fja mPf #h{ nfl kW r blof
UtU jjna Mfis nkbfhL xbthU bkbaQ v
nfho xU jj ah FfgL vd, v nfho Js xbthU
xU jj bkbazh FfgL vd Ujd.

v nfho Js xbthU xU jj bkbaid FF.
mnjngh, xbthU bkbaQ v nfho Js xU jj ah
FlgL.

bkbaf fz csls fzfSF ilnaahd bjhlfis
tU gl sFwJ.
bkbaf R
jKW vf Q
KGf Z
KG vf W
a
vf
N

jKwh vf

gl 2.5

53

maha

2 tf _yij jrk thf fhngh.

1.4142135g
1 2.00 00 00 00 00
1
24 100
96
281
2824
28282

400
281
11900
11296
60400
56564

282841

383600
282841

2828423
10075900
8485269
28284265
159063100
141421325

` 2 = 1.4142135g
17641775
h

tFj braiy bjhlJ br nghJ ilF jrk thdJ
Kowh kW RH jikaw yffis bfhoUgij fhzyh. 2
jrk Kowh kW RH jikawJ. vdnt, 2 xU jKwh vzhF.

F

(i)

3 , 5 , 6 ,g vgt jrk f Kowh kW RH

jikawit. vdnt 3 , 5 , 6 ,g vgd jKwh vfshF.
(ii) xU ifKG tf_y vbghGJ jKwh vzhF
vgJ cikay.

vLJfhlhf, 4 = 2, 9 = 3,
vgd jKW vfshF.

25 = 5 g. vdnt

4,

9,

25 ,

(iii) KG tfv myhj vjbthU ifKG tf _yK xU

jKwh vzhF.

2.4.1 jKwh vfis vnfho Fj

2 kW

(i)

2 I v nfho Fj.

3 vw jKwh vfis v nfho Ffyh.

v nfhil tiuf. O vgJ a vw viz, A vgJ 1 vw
viz FLkhW O kW A vw fis v nfho Ff. mjhtJ,
OA = 1 myF.
54

bkba bjhF

AB = 1 myF vd UFkhW AB=OA I tiuf. OB I nrf.

brnfhz Knfhz OAB , jhfu njwgo,

OB2 = OA2 + AB2

= 12 + 12

OB2 = 2

OB = 2

2

gl 2.6

O tyw C vw vnfhil btLkhW O I ikakhf OB I
Mukhf bfhl xU tl tiuf.
bghGJ glUJ OC = OB =

2 vgJ bjthwJ.

vdnt, vnfho Js C vw
(ii)

2 I FwJ.

3 I v nfho Fj.

v nfhil tiuf. O vgJ a vw viz C vgJ 2 I
FFkhW O kW C vw fis (i) csthW v nfho Ff.

` OC =

2 myF. CD = 1 myF csthW CD= OC I tiuf. ODI nrf.

brnfhz Knfhz OCD jhfu njwgo,

2

OD2 = OC2 + CD2

2
= ^ 2 h + 12 = 3

` OD =

gl 2.7

O tyw E vw v nfhil btLkhW OI ikakh
ODI Mukhf bfhl xU tl tiuf. glUJ OE = OD = 3 vgJ
bjthwJ. vdnt, v nfho Js E vw 3 I FwJ.
vLJfhL 2.6

tUtdt vit jKW myJ jKwh vf vd tifgLJf.

(i) 11

(ii) 81

(iii) 0.0625

(iv) 0.83

(v) 1.505500555g

(i)

81 = 9 = 9 , xU jKW v .
1
(iii) 0.0625 xU KoW jrk .

11 xU jKwh v. (11xU KGtf v my)

(ii)

` 0.0625 xU jKW vzhF.

55

maha

(iv) 0.83 = 0.8333g

j jrk Kowh kW RH jiksJ.

` 0.83 jKW vzhF.

(v) 1.505500555g jrk Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk

thF. ` 1.505500555g xU jKwh vzhF.

vLJfhL 2.7
5 kW 9 MatF ilgl VnjD _W jKwh vfis fhf.

7
11

0.714285g
7 5.000000
49
10
7
30
28
20
14
60
56
40
35
50
j
5 = 0.714285
7

0.8181g
11 9.0000
88
20
11
90
88
20
j

9 = 0.8181g = 0.81
11

5 kW 9 tWF ilna (mjhtJ 0.714285... kW 0.8181... MatWF

7
11
ilna) _W jKwh vfis fhz, eh Kowh kW RH jikaw
jrk fis bfhl _W vfis fhz ntL. cik, 5 F
7
9 F il J nghw vzw vf csd. mt _W vf,
11

0.72022002220002g

0.73033003330003g
0.75055005550005g

vLJfhL 2.8

tU rkghLf

x, y, z

vgd jKW myJ jKwh

vfis Fwdth vgij khf.

(i) x3 = 8

(ii) x2 = 81

(iii) y2 = 3
56

(iv) z2 = 0.09

bkba bjhF

(i)

x3 = 8 = 2

& x = 2 , xU j KW v.

(8 vgJ xU KG fd v)

(ii) x2 = 81 = 92

(81 xU KG tf)

& x = 9, xU jKW v.

(iii) y2 = 3 & y = 3 , xU jKwh v.

2

(iv) z2 = 0.09 = 9 = ` 3 j
100
10
3

, xU jKW v.
& z=
10

g 2.3
1.

5 I vnfho Ff.

2.

3 kW

5 tF ilna VnjD _W jKwh vfis fhf.

3.

3 kW 3.5 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.

4.

0.15 kW 0.16 tF il VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.

5.

4 kW 5 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.

7
7

6.

3 kW 2 tF ilna VnjD uL jKwh vfis fhf.

7.

1.1011001110001g kW 2.1011001110001g tF il xU jKW

viz, xU jKwh viz fhf.

8.

0.12122122212222g kW 0.2122122212222g tF ilna VnjD

uL jKW vfis fhf.

(F : 2 Kj 8 Koa cs fzFfSF vzw f UF. mthwhd

f VnjD uL myJ _W f nghJkhdJ.)
2.4.2 bkbafis vnfho Fj

vjbthU bkbaiz jrkthf Flyh vd fnlh. J
xU bkbaiz v nfho Ff cjwJ.

3.776 I eh v nfho Fngh. 3.776 vgJ 3 F 4 F il
csJ vgJ ekF bj.

v nfho 3 kW 4 tF ilgl gFia f mU fhngh.

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

gl . 2.8

57

maha

3F 4F ilgl gFia 10 rkghffshf J, gl 2.8
fhosthW FLnth. 3 tyw cs Kj FpL 3.1, ulhtJ
3.2 vd bjhlJ FfgLsJ. 3F 4F ilgl FpLfis
bjthf fhz cUbgUF fzhoia gagLJnth. j cUbgUf
gl 2.8 csthW UF.

bghGJ 3.776 MdJ 3.7F 3.8F il Ugij fhnwh.
vdnt eKila ftdij 3.7 kW 3.8 tF ilgl gF(gl 2.9)
nk brYJnth.
3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.7 3.71

3.72

3.73

3.74

3.75

3.76

3.77

3.78

3.79

3.8

gl. 2.9

3.7 kW 3.8 tF ilgl gFia L 10 rkghffshf
ngh. Kj FpL 3.71, ulhtJ 3.72 vd bjhlJ FlgLsJ.
FpLfis bjthf fhz, 3.7F 3.8F ilgl gF gl 2.9
fhosthW cUbgUf bragLsJ.

nghJ 3.776 vgJ 3.77F 3.78F il Ugij fhnwh.
Mfnt, 3.77F 3.78F ilgl gFia L 10 rkghffshf J gl
2.10 fhosthW bgjh fhngh.
3.7

3.71

3.72

3.73

3.74

3.75

3.76

3.77

3.78

3.79

3.8

3.77 3.771 3.772

3.773

3.774

3.775

3.776

3.777

3.778

3.779

3.78

gl. 2.10

Kj FpL 3.771, mLj FpL 3.772 vd bjhlJ FlgLsJ.
3.776 vgJ Fpo Mwhtjhf Ugij fhnwh.

thW, cUbgUF fzho_y Uvf ilbtia
bgjh vfis vnfho FF Kiw bjhl cUbgUf Kiw (process
of successive magnification) vdgL.

Mfnt, vnfho J KoW jrk it bgWs xU bkba
iyia nghJkhd ms bjhl cUbgUf brJ fhzyh.

nghJ, Kowh kW RH jiks jrk id bfhl xU
bkbaiz vLJbfhL v nfho J mj iyid fhz
KgLnth.
58

bkba bjhF
vLJfhL 2.9

4.26 I v nfho J 4 jrk lUjkhf mjhtJ, 4.2626 Koa

bgjh fhf.
vnfho J 4.26 iyia bjhl cUbgUf Kiw fhngh.
KiwahdJ gl. 2.11 fhlgLsJ.

go 1: 4.26 vgJ 4F 5F il Ugijfhnwh.

go 2: 4F

5F

10

ilglgFia

rkghffshfJ,

cUbgUF fzhoia gagL 4.26 vgJ 4.2F 4.3F

il Ugij fhnwh.

go 3: 4.2F

4.3F

cUbgUF

10

ilglgFia

fzhoia

rkghffshf

gagL,

vgJ

4.26

J,
4.26F

4.27F il Ugij fhnwh.

go 4: 4.26F 4.27F ilglgFia 10 rkghffshf J

cUbgUF fzhoia gagL, 4.26

vgJ 4.262F

4.263F il Ugij fhnwh.

go 5: 4.262F

4.263F ilglgFia 10

rkghffshf J,

cUbgUF fzhoia gagL, 4.26 vgJ 4.2625F

4.2627F il Ugij fhnwh.
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

4.2 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.3

4.26 4.261 4.262 4.263 4.264 4.265 4.266 4.267 4.268 4.269 4.27

4.262 4.2621 4.2622 4.2623 4.2624 4.2625 4.2626 4.2627 4.2628 4.2629 4.263

gl. 2.11

59

maha

glUJ, 4.26 vgJ 4.262I l 4.263 F beUfkhf mikJsij

fhnwh.

njKiwia gagL v nfho J Kowh kW RH jikaw
jrk id bfhl xU bkba iyia njitahd ms Jakhf
fhzyh.

nkfl thjfUJ, xbthU bkbaiz vnfho J
xU jj ah Ffyh vw KoF tUnwh. nkY v nfho Js
xbthU xnu xU bkbaiz kLnk FF vd Ko brayh.
2.4.3 bkbaf gf

a , b vw VnjD uL bkbafSF, a = b myJ a > b myJ

a < b MF.

uL bkbaf TLj, fj kW bgUf L xU bk

vzhF.

xU bkbaiz akyhj bkbazh tFf ilgJ xU

bkbazhF.

jKW vfis nghynt bkbafS mil , nr , gkhW

, Tl kW bgUf gL fis iw brwd.

xbthU bkbaQ mjDila vkiw bkbaiz

bgWsJ. a jdFjhnd v kiwahF. nkY a vgJ
FiwvQ my ifvQ my.

U jKW vf Tl, fj, bgUf kW tFj (ajh
tFgij ju) xU jKW vzhF. UD, U jKwh vf
Tl, fj, bgUf kW tFj y neuf jKW vzhf khW.

jKW vf kW jKwh vf bjhlghd y cikfis
fhngh.
Ka fUJ

1. xU jKW v kW xU jKwh v t Tl myJ

fj vbghGJ xU jKwh v MF.

2. xU akw jKW v kW xU jKwh v t

bgUf myJ tFj xU jKwh v MF.

3. uL jKwh vf Tl, fj, bgUf kW tFj

vbghGJ xU jKW vzhF vd TwKoahJ. J jKW
vzhfnth myJ jKwh vzhfnth Ufyh.
60

bkba bjhF

Fiu

a xU jKW v kW

b xU Kwh v v,
(i) a + b xU jKwh v (ii) a - b xU jKwh v
(iv) a xU jKwh v
(iii) a b xU jKwh v
b
(v) b xU jKwh v
a

vLJfhlhf,

(i) 2 + 3 xU jKwh v

(iii) 2 3 xU jKwh v

(ii) 2 - 3 xU jKwh v
(iv) 2 xU jKwh v
3

2.4.4 bkbaf tf_y

a > 0 xU bkba vf. a = b vgj bghU b2 = a kW b > 0 vgjhF.

2 # 2 = 4 vgjh 2 vgJ 4 xU tf _ykhF. Mdh (- 2) # (- 2) = 4

vgjh - 2 vgJ 4 xU tf _ykhF. uLF ilna cs

FHgij jf,
vw FpL Kjik myJ if tf _yij
FwJ vd tiuaWngh.

tf _y bjhlghd y gaDs KbwhUikfis FLnth.

a, b vgd if bkbaf v,
1

ab =

a =
b

a
b

^ a + b h^ a - b h = a - b

4
5

a b

^a + b h^a - b h = a2 - b
^ a + b h^ c + d h =

ac + ad + bc + bd

^ a + b h = a + b + 2 ab
2

vLJfhL 2.10

uL jKwh vfis, mt

(i)

TLj xU jKwh v

(ii) TLj xU jKwh v my

(iii) fj xU jKwh v

(iv) fj xU jKwh v my

(v) bgUf xU jKwh v

(vi) bgUf xU jKwh v my

(vii) tFj xU jKwh v

(viii) tFj xU jKwh v my

vUFkhW fhf.
61

maha

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

3 - 2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt TLj2 + 3 +

3 - 2 = 2 3 , xU jKwh v.

2 kW - 2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt TLj
3 kW

2 + (- 2 ) = 0, xU jKW v.

2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt fj

3 - 2 , xU jKwh v.

(iv) 5 + 3 kW 3 - 5 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

2 + 3 kW

mt fj (5 + 3 ) - ( 3 - 5 ) = 10, xU jKW v.
3 kW

mt bgUf
18 kW

15 kW

3 # 5 = 15 , xU jKwh v.

2 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt bgUf

18 #

2 =

36 = 6, xU jKW v.

3 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt tFj

(viii) 75 kW

5 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

15 =
3

15 =
3

5 , xU jKwh v.

3 vw uL jKwh vfis vLJbfhf.

mt tFj

75 =
3

75 = 5, xU jKW v.
3

g 2.4
1.

bjhl cUbgUf Kiwia gagL

(i) v nfho J 3.456 iyia fhf.
(ii) v nfho J 6.73 iyia 4 jrk lUjkhf fhf.

62

bkba bjhF
g 2.5

rahd ilia njbjL

1.

Kowh kW RH jiks jrk id bgWs v

(A) xU KG

(B) xU jKW v

(C) xU jKwh v

(D) xU KG v

2.

Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bgWs v

(A) xU jKW v

(B) xU a v

(C) xU jKwh v

(D) xU KG.

3.

- 3 jrk tot
4
(A) 0.75
(B) 0.50

4.

0.3

(A) 1
7

5.

tUtdtW vJ cikay?

(A) xbthU a vQ xU jKW vzhF

(B) xbthU bkbaQ xU jKW vzhF

(C) xbthU KG vQ xU jKW vzhF

(D) xbthU KG xU jKW vzhF .

6.

tUtdt vJ KoW jrk it bgWsJ?

(B) 7
(C) 8
(A) 5
32
9
15

(D) 1
12

tUtdt vJ jKwh vzhF?

(B) 9
(A) r
(C) 1
4

(D) 1
5

7.

(C) 0.25

(D) 0.125

(C) 1
3

(D) 2
3

p
tot
q
(B) 2
7

8.

tUtdtW vit jKwh vf?

(i)

(A) (ii),(iii) kW (iv)

(B) (i),(ii) kW (iv)

(C) (i),(ii) kW (iii)

(D) (i),(iii) kW (iv)

2+ 3

(ii)

4 + 25

(iii)

63

5+ 7

(iv)

8- 3 8

maha

2
id bfhf...

p
p
vw to cs v jrk thdJ Ko bgW v, -
,
q q!0
q
jrk KoW jrk (Terminating decimal expansion) vdgL. KoW

jrk idbfhl v KoW jrk v vdgL.

p
q , q ! 0 vw v jrk fhQ nghJ viyY
akhfiy v, < L L tU yff bjhF
p
jrk Kowh RH jrk myJ
ilF. iy
q
Kowh tU jrk (Non-terminating and recurring decimal expansion)
vdgL. Kowh RH jrk id bfhl v Kowh RH jrk
v vdgL.

xU jKW vid KoW jrk thfnth myJ Kowh RH jrk

thfnth Flyh.
p
p
, q ! 0 to cs jKW viz m
, ( p ! Z kW m, n ! W )
q
2 # 5n
vw to vGj Kokhdh, mj jKW v KoW jrk id
bgUF. mthiyba, mj jKW v Kowh RH jrk
id bgUF.
Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bfhl v xU jKwh
p
v MF. vdnt, xU jKwh viz , ( F p, q KGf kW
q
q ! 0) vw to vGjKoahJ.
bkbaf fzkhdJ jKW kW jKwh vf nr
fzkhF.

xbthU

xUbkba jKW v my v, mJ xU jKwh vzhF.

bkbaQ xU
jKwh vzhfnth UF.

jKW

vzhfnth

myJ

xU jKW v kW xU jKwh v t Tl myJ fj

vbghGJ xU jKwh v MF.
xU akw jKW v kW xU jKwh v t bgUf
myJ tFj xU jKwh v MF.
uL jKwh vf Tl, fj, bgUf kW tFj
vbghGJ xU jKW vzhF vd TwKoahJ. J jKW
vzhfnth myJ jKwh vzhfnth Ufyh.
64

bkba bjhF

bra 1

tU glij gagL bfhLfgLs TWf xbthiw r
myJ jtW vd fhuz kW vLJfhLl TWf.
bkbaf R
jKW vf Q
KGf Z
KG vf W
a
vf
N

jKwh vf

(i) xbthU avQ xU KG MF.

(ii) 0 xU av MF.

(iii) xbthU KG X av MF.

(iv)

(v) xbthU bkbaQ xU jKwh v MF.

3 xU jKW v MF

bra 2

tU TWfis =, f , , myJ + Ma FpLfis gagL uf.

F N - avf fz, W - KGvf fz, Z - KGf fz,

Q - jKW vf fz,

T - jKwh vf fz kW

R - bkbaf fz vf. xbthU Tiw cikahF midJ

ilfis jUf.
(i)

N _________ Z

(ii)

N _________ R = R

(iii) N _________ W = N

(iv)

Q _________ T = Q

(v) Tl _________ Q

(vi)

Z _________ R = Z

(vii) T _________ Q = R
65

maha

2
bra 3

fhQ mltizia brf.

v
8

KG

KGf

jKW

jKwh

11

iy

1
4

M
M

r
7

iy

6.32

iy

1.555g

iy

iy

iy
iy

2.91

iy

16

1
2
3

bk

bra l 1

xU btisjh msnfh kW ftuha cjl Knfhz

fz 10 tUtiu tf_y RU (Square root spiral) tiuf.

(myJ)

fhj ko _y Knfhz fz

(Square root spiral) tiuf.

66

10 tUtiu tf_y RU

bkba bjhF

1
2
3

bra l 2

r tuyhiw MuhJ vGJf. nkY mjF gagLjgl _yfis
(sources) goaLf.
(myJ)

fj nkij uhkD# v 1729 KaJtij mJ bfhf.

g 2.1
1.
2.

(i) r

(ii) jtW (iii) r

(iv) jtW

(v) jtW (vi) jtW

3. - 4 , - 3
7
7

M, Vbd 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = g
1
2
3
-1

g 2.2
1.

(i) 0.42, KoW jrkd (ii) 8.285714 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ

(iii) 0.236 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ (iv) 0.918, KoW jrkd

(v) 0.09, Kowh kW RHjiksJ

(vi) - 0.230769 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ

(vii) 6.3 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ

2.

(i) KoW jrkd

(viii) - 0.21875 , KoW jrkd

(ii) Kowh jrkd

(iv) Kowh jrkd

3.

(i) 2 (ii) 427 (iii) 1 (iv) 16 (v) 22 (vi) 206

11
999
9999
11
3
495

5.

1 = 0.142857,
7
5 = 0.714285,
7

(iii) KoW jrkd

4. 0.076923 , 6

2 = 0.285714 , 3 = 0.428571, 4 = 0.571428 ,

7
7
7
6 = 0.857142
7
67

maha

2
g 2.3

1.

D F H
4

1
A

O
-3

-2

-1

1 1 1
C E G I
2

2. 1.83205g , 1.93205g , 2.03205g

3. 3.10110011100011110g , 3.2022002220002222g
4. 0.1510100110001110g ,

0.1530300330003330g

5. 0.58088008880g ,

0.59099009990g

6. 1.83205g ,

1.93205g

7. xU jKW v: 1.102, xU jKwh v: 1.9199119991119g

8. 0.13,

0.20

[F: dh v 2 Kj 8 tiu cstF vzw

f cL]

g 2.5
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C

5. B

6. A

7. A 8. D

68

afj

afj
Mathematics is as much an aspect of
culture as it is a collection of algorithms
- CARL BOYER
Kjik Fnfhf
gYW nfhitfis tifgLJj.
njwij gagLJj.
fhu njwij gagLJj.

3.1 mKf

ilnahghl

afj vgJ J bfhs ayhj
fUJfis bfhl f fodkhd bjhlfis
RUfkhf, bjthf, ntfkhf kW nfgtfis
F goahf vLJ TWtjhF. ax = b vw
nea rkghL, ax2 + bx = c vw Ugo rkghL
kW x2 + y2 = z2 nghw gntW khfis cila
khf Koahj rkghLfis f gHfhy
vJ kW ghnyhah kf ma KglUJ
afj tuyhW MuwJ. 4000 tUlfSF
nkyhf J ts bgWsJ. Mdh 17 M
who k tfgl afj va
fzFf kW bjhlf eh iwa iy
FlgLtJ nghy UjJ. 20M who
KgF afjkhdJ monfhf bjhFghf
cUbtLjJ. d j monfh cf ed
afj vd TwglJ. a Kakhd Kof
flagld. nkY afj fj
midJ JiwfY kW ma ggy
JiwfY gagLjgLwJ.

3.2

afj nfhitf (Algebraic Expressions)

Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj vw ehF
mogil fj braf, mLFFf myJ

69

(..200 - ..284)
myJ
(. 214 -. 298)

fh vw efu
thj ilnahghl
(Diophantus) xU
bAyo fj mP
Mth. mt thj fhy
bjthf bjahjjh
W MLfSF
Kng thUfyh
vd fUjgLwJ.
g_W f mla
xU fjijayhd
mbkofh vw
f bjhFid
vGdh. Mdh mt
vsit Kj
MW f kLnk.
toa KiwfUJ
ghnyha
fjaUJ mit
khWglit. nkY t
njhuha fSF gyhf
frahd fis
KjikgLdh.
Mfnt mbkofh
yhdJ nuf ghuga
fjaYl jsnt
bghJthf UjJ.

maha

_yfis fblLj Matiw gagL vf kW khf

izig bfhL mikfgL nfhitjh xU afj nfhit.
3

2
2
2
vgd
vLJfhlhf, 7, x , 2x - 3y + 1 , 5x - 1 , rr kW rr r + h
4xy + 1
afj nfhitf. y khf nfhit vgJ mkhfis kLnk
bfhLs nfhit vd bghUgL. xU afj nfhit khfns
yho mJ kh vd bghUgL. xU afj nfhit cs
khfSF vfis uLnghJ ilfbgW isbt mkhf
kfSfhd nfhit k vdgL.

xU afj nfhit gFf Tl myJ fj Ffsh
izfgoUjh mJ afj TLj vdgL. xbthU gF
mjF Kdh cs Fl nrJ X cW vdgL. vLJfhlhf,
2
2
2
1
2
1
3x y - 4xz + rx- y vw afj TLj 3x y , - 4xz kW rx- y Mad
y
y
cWfshF.
X cW VnjD xUgF jKs gFl bgUfgoU,

mgFahdJ jKs gF bfG myJ Fzf vdgL. vLJfhlhf,

2
2
2
- 4xz vw cW z bfG - 4x kW xz bfG 4 MF. 4 I nghW
y
y
y
khfyhj bfG vbfG vdgL. 5x2 y kW - 12x2 y nghw cWf
vbfGf kLnk ntWgLsjh, itf xj cWf vdgL.
2

4rr nghw afj nfhit X cWig kL bfhl afj

nfhitahf fUjgL. thwhd X cWig kL bfhl nfhitahdJ

XUW nfhit vdgL. uL cWfis bfhl nfhitahdJ <UW
2

nfhit vdgL. vLJfhlhf, 3x + 2xy vgJ X <UW nfhit. mnjnghW

-1

- 2xy

+ 3 x - 4 vgJ _W nfhit vd uL myJ mjF nkgl

cWfis bfhl nfhit xU gYW nfhit vd miHfyh.

3.3 gYW nfhitf (Polynomials)

tFf khf yhjJ, _y Ff cns khf yhjJ
kW if KGfis mLFfshf bfhl, khfis bfhL mik
1

afj nfhit xU gYW nfhit MF. vLJfhlhf, - 2xy- + 3 x - 4

2 4
vw _W nfhit xU gYW nfhitay. UD 3x y + 2 xy - 1 vw
2
_W nfhit x kW y vw khfis bfhl xU gYW nfhitahF.
khfyhj - 1 vw cW gYW nfhit khahF. gYW
2
nfhitYs cWf vbfGf gYW nfhit bfGfshF.
nknys gYW nfhit bfGf 3, 2 kW - 1 MF.
2
70

afj

xU gYW nfhitYs X cW go vgJ mWYs
khf mLFf TLj MF. mLFfis TL nghJ xU kh
mLF iyba mj mLF xW vd fUjntL. vLJfhlhf,
7
3 2
9xy - 12x yz + 3x - 2 vw gYW nfhit 9xy7 vw cW go 1 + 7 = 8
3 2
kW - 12x yz vw cW go 3 + 1 + 2 = 6 kW 3x vw cW go 1 MF.
kh cW go a vd vnghJ vLJ bfhs ntL.

xU gYW nfhit akyhj bfGit bfhl cWf f
caj go bfhl cW go mgYW nfhit go (degree) vd TwgL.
vLJfhlhf, nkny vLJ bfhl gYW nfhit go 8. 0 vw XUW
kh xU gYW nfhitahf fUjglhY j Fl gYW
nfhitF go tiuaWf gliy.
3.3.1 xU kh mikj gYW nfhitf

ghl gF xU kh mikj gYW nfhitfis kLnk eh
vLJ bfhnth.
Ka fUJ

xU kh mikj gYW nfhit

x vw xU kh mikj xU gYW nfhit afj

mik

p(x) = an x + an - 1 x

n-1

+ g + a2 x + a1 x + a0 , an ! 0

F a0, a1, a2, g, an - 1, an Mad khf kW n vgJ xU

Fiwaw if KG.

F, n vgJ gYW nfhit go kW a1, a2, g, an - 1, an vgd
gYW nfhit bfGf. a0 vgJ kh cW. an x n, an - 1 x n - 1, g, a2 x2, a1 x, a0.
Mad gYW nfhit p^ xh - cWf. vLJfhlhf, 5x2 + 3x - 1 vw
gYW nfhit x2 - bfG 5, x - bfG 3 kW 1 vgJ kh. gYW
nfhit _W cWf 5x2, 3x kW 1 MF.
3.3.2 gYW nfhitf tiff
Ka fUJ

cWf vif mogilyhd

gYW nfhitf tiff

XUW nfhit
X cWig kLnk bfhl gYW nfhit XUW nfhit
vdgL.
<UW nfhit
uL cWfis kLnk bfhl gYW nfhit <UW
nfhit vdgL.
_W nfhit
_W cWfis kLnk bfhl gYW nfhit _W
nfhit vdgL.
71

maha

1. X <UW nfhitahdJ, btntW gofis bfhl uL

XUW nfhitf TLj MF.

2. xU _W nfhitahdJ, btntW gofis bfhl _W

XUW nfhitf TLj MF.
3. xU gYW nfhitahdJ, XUW nfhit myJ uL
myJ mjF nkgl XUW nfhitf TLj MF.
Ka fUJ

go mogil gYW nfhitf tiff

kh gYW nfhit
go akhf cs xU gYW nfhit kh gYW nfhit MF.
j bghJtot : p (x) = c, F c xU bkba.
xUgo gYW nfhit myJ nea gYW nfhit
go xwhf cs xU gYW nfhit xUgo gYW nfhit MF.
j bghJtot : p (x) = ax+b, a kW b bkbaf nkY a ! 0 .
Ugo gYW nfhit
go ulhf cs xU gYW nfhit Ugo gYW nfhit vdgL.
2
j bghJ tot: ax + bx + c , F a, b kW c Mad bkbaf
nkY a ! 0 .
Kgo gYW nfhit
go _whf cs xU gYW nfhit Kgo gYW nfhit vdgL.
j bghJ tot : p (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d F a, b, c kW d Mad
bkbaf nkY a ! 0 .
vLJfhL 3.1

tU gYW nfhitfis mt cWf vifia
bghWJ tifgLJf.
3

(i) x - x

(ii) 5x

(v) x + 2

(vi) 3x

(ix) 6

(x) 2u + u + 3

(iii) 4x + 2x + 1
4

(vii) y + 1

23

(xi) u - u

(iv) 4x

3
20

18

(viii) y + y + y

(xii) y

5x, 3x , 4x , y kW 6 vgd XUW nfhitf Vbd, t xnu xU
cW csJ.
23

x3 - x2, x + 2, y + 1 kW u - u vgd <UW nfhitf Vbd,

t uL cWf csd.

20

18

4x + 2x + 1, y + y + y kW 2u + u + 3 vgd _W nfhitf
Vbd, t _W cWf csd.
72

afj
vLJfhL 3.2

tU gYW nfhitfis mt gofis bghWJ tifgLJf.

(i) p (x) = 3

(iv) p (x) = 3x

(vii) p^ xh = x3 + 1
(x) p (x) = 3
2

(ii) p (y) = 5 y + 1
2
(v) p (x) = x + 3
2

(iii) p^ xh = 2x3 - x2 + 4x + 1
(vi) p (x) = 7

(viii) p (x) = 5x - 3x + 2

(ix) p (x) = 4x
(xii) p (y) = y3 + 3y

(xi) p (x) = 3 x + 1

p (x) = 3, p (x) = 7, p (x) = 3 vgd kh gYW nfhitf.

2
p (x) = x + 3 , p (x) = 4x , p (x) = 3 x + 1 vgd xUgo gYW nfhitf

Vbd, kh x- f caj go 1.
p (x) = 5x - 3x + 2, p (y) = 5 y + 1, p (x) = 3x
2
nfhitf Vbd, kh f caj go 2.

vgd

Ugo

gYW

p^ xh = 2x3 - x2 + 4x + 1 , p (x) = x3 + 1 , p (y) = y3 + 3y vgd Kgo gYW

nfhitf Vbd, kh f caj go 3.

g 3.1
1.

tU afj nfhitf xU kh mikj gYW nfhitah?

vd TW. cDila ilF fhuz TWf.

(i) 2x5 - x3 + x - 6

2.

(iv) x - 1
(v) 3 t + 2t
(vi) x3 + y3 + z6
x
tU xbthY x2 kW x bfGfis fhf.

(i) 2 + 3x - 4x2 + x3

3.

(iv) 1 x2 + x + 6
3
tU gYW nfhitf xbth goid fhf.

(i) 4 - 3x2

4.

tU gYW nfhitfis mt goid bghWJ tifgLJf.

(i) 3x2 + 2x + 1

(ii) 4x3 - 1

(iii) y + 3

(iv) y2 - 4

(v) 4x3

(vi) 2x

5.

go 27 Mf cs xU <UW nfhit, go 49 Mf cs xU XUW nfhit,

go 36 Mf cs xU _W nfhit MatF X cjhuz jUf.

(ii) 3x2 - 2x + 1

(ii)

3 x + 1

(ii) 5y + 2

(iii) y3 + 2 3

(iii) x3 + 2 x2 + 4x - 1

(iii) 12 - x + 4x3

73

(iv) 5

maha

3.3.3 gYW nfhitf af

p^ xh = x2 - x - 2 vw gYW nfhitia fUJf. x =- 1 , x = 1 kW

x = 2 v, p^ xh kfis fhngh.
2

p (- 1) = (- 1) - (- 1) - 2 = 1 + 1 - 2 = 0

p (1) = (1) - 1 - 2 = 1 - 1 - 2 =- 2

p (2) = (2) - 2 - 2 = 4 - 2 - 2 = 0

mjhtJ, x = 1, 1 kW 2 vD nghJ gYW nfhit p^ xh kf

Kiwna 0, 2 kW 0 MF.

kh y kfSF gYW nfhit k a v, mj

k gYW nfhit a vdgL.

p^- 1h = 0. vdnt x = 1 vgJ p^ xh = x2 - x - 2 vw gYW nfhit

xU a MF. njnghW, x = 2 v, p (2) = 0 . vdnt x = 2 vgJ p^ xh

xU a MF.
Ka fUJ

gYW nfhit a

p^ xh vgJ x xU gYW nfhit vf.

vgJ p^ xh xU a vd TWnth.

p^ah = 0 v, a

xU gYW nfhit af vif gYW

nfhit goF rkkhfnth myJ mjF Fiwthfnth UF.
fh bubl fh (1777 - 1855) vgt 1798 M ML jdJ Muh
gl go fLiu n go gYW nfhitF rahf n f cL vd
%Jsh. j Kakhd Ko afj mogil njw vdgL.
F

vLJfhL 3.3

p^ xh = 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 v, (i) p^- 1h kW (ii) p^2h Matiw

fhf.
p^ xh = 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

(i)

(ii)

p^- 1h = 5 (- 1) - 3 (- 1) + 7 (- 1) - 9 = - 5 - 3 - 7 - 9
` p^- 1h = - 24
3

p^2h = 5 (2) - 3 (2) + 7 (2) - 9 = 40 - 12 + 14 - 9

` p^2h = 33
74

afj

vLJfhL 3.4

tU gYW nfhitf afis fhf.

(i) p^ xh = 2x - 3

(ii) p^ xh = x - 2

p^ xh = 2x - 3 = 2` x - 3 j vd bfhLfgLsJ.
2

(i)

vdnt, p` 3 j = 2` 3 - 3 j = 2^0h = 0 vd eh bgWnwh.

2
2 2

` x = 3 vgJ p^ xh - a MF.
2

(ii) p^ xh = x - 2 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

nghJ, p^2h = 2 - 2 = 0

` x = 2 vgJ p^ xh - a MF.

3.3.4 gYW nfhit rkghLf _yf

p^ xh vgJ xU gYWnfhit vf. d p^ xh = 0 vgJ x- mikj
xU gYW nfhit rkghL vdgL.

p^ xh = x - 1 vw gYW nfhitia vLJ bfhf. x = 1 vgJ gYW
nfhit p^ xh = x - 1 a MF. nghJ, p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit
rkghil vLJ bfhf. mjhtJ, x - 1 = 0 I vLJ bfhnth. x - 1 = 0 v,
x = 1 MF. x = 1 vgJ gYW nfhit rkghL p^ xh = 0 _y MF.

vdnt, gYW nfhit af, xj gYW nfhit rkgho
_yf MF.
Ka fUJ

gYW nfhit rkgho _y

x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit rkghil

iw brjh, x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit
rkgho xU _y vdgL.
vLJfhL 3.5

tU gYW nfhit rkghLf _yfis fhf.

(i) x - 6 = 0

(ii) 2x + 1 = 0

(i) x - 6 = 0 v, x = 6

` x = 6 vgJ x - 6 = 0 - xU _y MF.

(ii) 2x + 1 = 0 v, 2x = - 1 ( x = - 1
2

` x = - 1 vgJ 2x + 1 = 0 - xU _y MF.
2
75

maha

vLJfhL 3.6

tU gYW nfhit rkghLfSF
FLsitf _yfsh vd Muhf.

mtF

vnu

(i) 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0; x = 2, 3

(ii) x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0; x = 1, 2

(i)

nghJ, p^2h = 2 (2) - 3 (2) - 2 = 8 - 6 - 2 = 0

(ii)

x = 2 vgJ 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0 xU _yMF.

Mdh, p^3 h = 2 (3) - 3 (3) - 2 = 18 - 9 - 2 = 7 ! 0

p^ xh = 2x2 - 3x - 2 vf.

x = 3 vgJ 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0 xU _y MfhJ.

p^ xh = x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 vf.
3

p^1 h = (1) + 8 (1) + 5 (1) - 14 = 1 + 8 + 5 - 14 = 0

x = 1 vgJ x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0 xU _y MF.
3

Mdh, p^2h = (2) + 8 (2) + 5 (2) - 14 = 8 + 32 + 10 - 14 = 36 ! 0

x = 2 vgJ x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0 xU _y MfhJ.

g 3.2
1.

tU gYW nfhitf afis fhf.

(i) p (x) = 4x - 1

2.

tU gYW nfhit rkghLf _yfis fhf.

(i) x - 3 = 0

3.

tU gYW nfhit rkghLfSF, mtF vnu FLsit

(ii) p (x) = 3x + 5
(ii) 5x - 6 = 0

(iii) p (x) = 2x
(iii) 11x + 1 = 0

(iv) p (x) = x + 9
(iv) - 9x = 0

_yfsh vd Muhf.

(i) x2 - 5x + 6 = 0; x = 2, 3

(ii) x2 + 4x + 3 = 0; x = - 1 , 2

(iii) x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 = 0; x = 1, - 2 , 3

(iv) x3 - 2x2 - x + 2 = 0; x = - 1 , 2, 3

3.3.5 gYW nfhitf tFj

afj p (x) kW g (x) vw gYW nfhit tFjiy

nfhitf tFj goiyfshf vGj aY.

76

afj

Ka fUJ

gYW nfhitf tFj goiy

p (x) kW g (x) vgd U gYW nfhitf, p (x) go $ g (x) go,

nkY g (x) ! 0 vwthW csJ v, q (x) kW r (x) vw jJtkhd U
gYW nfhitfis
... (1)
p (x) = g (x) q (x) + r (x)
vwthW fhz aY. F r (x) = 0 myJ r (x) go g (x) goia l aJ.

F tFgL nfhit p (x) , tFF nfhit g (x) , < q (x) , r (x) MF.

(1) ( tFgL nfhit = (tFF nfhit x <) +
vLJfhL 3.7

10 - 4x + 3x2 I x - 2 M tFf ilF <, ia fhf.
Kj bfhLfgLs xbthU nfhit cWfis wF tir
(myJ VW tir) eh vGj ntL. jgo bfhLgLs fzF
(3x2 - 4x + 10) ' (x - 2) vd MF.
3x + 2
3x2 = 3x
(i)
x - 2 3x2 4x + 10
x
3x2 6x
(ii)
3x (x - 2) = 3x2 - 6x

+

2x + 10
(iii) 2x = 2
x

2x 4
+
(iv) 2 (x - 2) = 2x - 4

14
= 14

` < = 3x + 2

(tFgL nfhit = (tFF nfhit x <) + vw tFj go iy
2
3x - 4x + 10 = (x - 2)(3x + 2) + 14 csJ.)
vLJfhL 3.8

(4x3 + 6x2 - 23x - 15) ' (3 + x) v < kW ia fhf.

Kj bfhLfgLs xbthU nfhit cWfis wF tir

(myJ VW tir) eh vGj ntL. jgo bfhLgLs fzF
^4x3 + 6x2 - 23x - 15h ' (x + 3) vd MF.
4x3 = 4x2
4x2 6x 5
(i)
x
3
2
x + 3 4x + 6x 23x 15
(ii)
4x2 (x + 3) = 4x3 + 12x2
4x3 + 12x2
2

(iii) - 6x = 6x
2
6x 23x
x
6x2 18x
(iv) - 6x (x + 3) =- 6x2 - 18x
+
+
- 5x =- 5

5x 15
(v)
x

5x 15
+ +
(vi) - 5 (x + 3) =- 5x - 15

0
2

= 0
` < = 4x - 6x - 5
77

maha

vLJfhL 3.9

8x3 - 14x2 - 19x - 8 I 4x + 3 M tFf ilF <, ia fhf.

2x2 5x 1
4x + 3 8x3 14x2 19x 8
8x3 + 6x2

20x2 19x
20x2 15x
+
+

4x 8

4x 3
+ +

5

` < = 2x2 - 5x - 1

8x3 = 2x2
4x

(i)

(ii) 2x2 (4x + 3) = 8x3 + 6x2

2
(iii) - 20x =- 5x
4x

(iv) - 5x (4x + 3) =- 20x2 - 15x

(v) - 4x =- 1
4x

(vi) - 1 (4x + 3) =- 4x - 3

= 5

g 3.3
1.

tU tFj < kW ia fhf.

(1) (5x3 - 8x2 + 5x - 7) ' (x - 1)

(2) (2x2 - 3x - 14) ' (x + 2)

(3) (9 + 4x + 5x2 + 3x3) ' (x + 1)

(4) (4x3 - 2x2 + 6x + 7) ' (3 + 2x)

(5) (18 - 9x - 7x2) ' (x - 2)

3.4 njw (Remainder Theorem)

njw
p^ xh vgJ VnjD xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD
xU bkba vf. p^ xh I ( x - a ) vw xUgo gYW nfhitah
tFjh ilF p^ah MF.
1. p^ xh I ^ x + ah M tFjh ilF p (- a) MF.

2. p^ xh I ^ax - bh M tFjh ilF p` b j MF.
a
3. p^ xh I ^ax + bh M tFjh ilF p`- b j MF.
a
4. F - a , b kW - b Mait Kiwna tFf x + a , ax - b
a
a
kW ax + b Mat af MF.
F

vLJfhL 3.10

4x3 - 5x2 + 6x - 2 I ( x - 1 ) M tFjh ilF ia fhf.
p^ xh = 4x3 - 5x2 + 6x - 2 vf. x - 1 a 1.

p^ xh I ( x - 1 ) M tFjh ilF p^1 h MF.

78

afj

nghJ,

p^1 h = 4 (1) - 5 (1) + 6 (1) - 2

= 4 - 5 + 6 - 2 = 3

` = 3.
vLJfhL 3.11

x3 - 7x2 - x + 6 I ^ x + 2h M tFjh ilF ia fhf.

p^ xh = x3 - 7x2 - x + 6 vf. x + 2 a - 2 MF.

p^ xh I ( x + 2 ) M tFjh ilF p^- 2h MF.

3

nghJ, p^- 2h = (- 2) - 7 (- 2) - (- 2) + 6
= - 8 - 7^4h + 2 + 6
= - 8 - 28 + 2 + 6 = - 28
` = - 28

vLJfhL 3.12

2x3 - 6x2 + 5ax - 9 vgij ( x - 2 ) M tFf ilF 13 v, a
kig fhf.

p^ xh = 2x3 - 6x2 + 5ax - 9 vf. ^ x - 2h a 2.

p^ xh I ^ x - 2h M tFjh ilF p^2h MF.

p^2h = 13 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
3

( 2 (2) - 6 (2) + 5a (2) - 9 = 13

2^8 h - 6^4h + 10a - 9 = 13

16 - 24 + 10a - 9 = 13

10a - 17 = 13

10a = 30
`
a = 3

vLJfhL 3.13

x3 + ax2 - 3x + a I ( x + a ) M tFjh ilF ia fhf.

p^ xh = x3 + ax2 - 3x + a vf.

p^ xh I ^ x + ah M tFjh ilF p^- ah MF.

3

p^- ah = (- a) + a (- a) - 3 (- a) + a = - a3 + a3 + 4a = 4a

` = 4a .
79

maha

vLJfhL 3.14
f^ xh = 12x3 - 13x2 - 5x + 7 I ^3x + 2h M tFjh ilF ia fhf.

f^ xh = 12x3 - 13x2 - 5x + 7 .
f^ xh I ^3x + 2h M tFjh ilF f`- 2 j MF.
3
3
2

nghJ,
f`- 2 j = 12`- 2 j - 13`- 2 j - 5`- 2 j + 7
3
3
3
3
= 12`- 8 j - 13` 4 j + 10 + 7
27
9
3
= - 32 - 52 + 10 + 7 = 9 = 1
9
9
3
9

` = 1.

vLJfhL 3.15

gYW nfhitf 2x3 + ax2 + 4x - 12 kW x3 + x2 - 2x + a Matiw
^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF f rk v, a kig fhf. nkY
ia fhf.
p^ xh = 2x3 + ax2 + 4x - 12
kW q^ xh = x3 + x2 - 2x + a vf.

p^ xh I ^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF p^3 h MF.

nghJ,

p^3 h = 2 (3) + a (3) + 4 (3) - 12

= 2^27h + a^9h + 12 - 12
(1)

= 54 + 9a

q^ xh I ^ x - 3h M tFjh ilF q^3 h MF.

nghJ,

q^3 h = (3) + (3) - 2 (3) + a

= 27 + 9 - 6 + a
(2)
= 30 + a

f rk vd bfhLfgLsjh, p^3 h = q^3 h MF.
mjhtJ, 54 + 9a = 30 + a ( (1), (2) Mat go )

9a - a = 30 - 54
8a = - 24

` a = - 24 = - 3
8

a = - 3 vd p^3 h gl, eh bgWtJ

p^3 h = 54 + 9^- 3h = 54 - 27 = 27

= 27.
80

afj
g 3.4

1.

nH bfhLfgLs Kj gYW nfhitia ulh gYW

nfhitah tFF nghJ ilF ia njwij gagL
fhf.

(i)

3x3 + 4x2 - 5x + 8 ,

x-1

(ii) 5x3 + 2x2 - 6x + 12 ,

x+2

(iii) 2x - 4x + 7x + 6 ,
(iv) 4x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 4 ,

x-2

2.
3.
4.

x+3

(v) 4x - 12x + 11x - 5 ,

2x - 1
4
3
2
(vi) 8x + 12x - 2x - 18x + 14 , x + 1
(vii) x3 - ax2 - 5x + 2a ,
x-a
3

2x3 - ax2 + 9x - 8 I ( x - 3 ) M tFf ilF 28 v, a

kig fhf.
^ x + 2h M tFF nghJ x3 - 6x2 + mx + 60 vD nfhitahdJ 2 I
jUkhdh m kig fhf.
^ x - 1h vgJ mx3 - 2x2 + 25x - 26 I

tFwJ v, m

kig fhf.
5.

gYW nfhitf x3 + 3x2 - m kW 2x3 - mx + 9 Matiw

^ x - 2h M tFjh ilF f rk v, m kig fhf.
nkY ia fhf.

3.5 fhu njw (Factor Theorem)

fhu njw
p^ xh vgJ xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD xU
bkba vf. p^ah = 0 v, ( xa) vgJ p^ xh xU fhu MF.
F

p^ xh xU fhu ( xa) v, p^ah = 0 MF.

vLJfhL 3.16

^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh = 2x3 - 5x2 - 28x + 15 vw gYW nfhit xU
fhuah vd kh.
fhu njwgo, p^5h = 0 v, ^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh xU fhu
MF.

nghJ,

p^5h = 2 (5) - 5 (5) - 28 (5) + 15

= 2^125h - 5^25h - 140 + 15

= 250 - 125 - 140 + 15 = 0
` ^ x - 5h vgJ p^ xh = 2x3 - 5x2 - 28x + 15 xU fhu MF.
81

maha

vLJfhL 3.17

^ x - 2h vgJ 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 vw gYW nfhit xU fhuah
vd kh.
p^ xh = 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 vf.
fhu njw go, p^2h = 0 v, ^ x - 2h vgJ p^ xh xU fhu MF.
3

nghJ, p^2h = 2 (2) - 6 (2) + 5 (2) + 4 = 2^8 h - 6^4h + 10 + 4

= 16 - 24 + 10 + 4 = 6 ! 0

` ^ x - 2h vgJ 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 xU fhu MfhJ.

vLJfhL 3.18

^2x - 3h vgJ 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 xU fhuah vd kh.

p^ xh = 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 vf. fhu njw go, p` 3 j = 0 v,

2

^2x - 3h vgJ p^ xh xU fhu MF.

nghJ,

3
2
p` 3 j = 2` 3 j - 9` 3 j + 3 + 12 = 2` 27 j - 9` 9 j + 3 + 12
2
2
2
2
8
4
2

= 27 - 81 + 3 + 12 = 27 - 81 + 6 + 48 = 0
4
4
2
4

` ^2x - 3h vgJ 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 xU fhu MF.

vLJfhL 3.19

( x - 1 ) vgJ x3 + 5x2 + mx + 4 - xU fhu v, m kig fhf.

p^ xh = x3 + 5x2 + mx + 4 vf
^ x - 1h vgJ p^ xh xU fhu vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt, p^1 h = 0 MF.

(1 + 5 + m + 4 = 0

p^1 h = 0 ( (1) + 5 (1) + m (1) + 4 = 0

m + 10 = 0
` m = - 10

g 3.5
1.

tU gYW nfhitfSF ^ x + 1h vgJ xU fhuah vd kh.

(i) 6x4 + 7x3 - 5x - 4

(ii) 2x4 + 9x3 + 2x2 + 10x + 15

(iii) 3x3 + 8x2 - 6x - 5

(iv) x3 - 14x2 + 3x + 12

2.

^ x + 4h vgJ x3 + 3x2 - 5x + 36 xU fhuah vd kh.

3.

fhu njwij gagL ^ x - 1h vgJ 4x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 7 xU

fhu vd U.
82

afj

4.
5.

^2x + 1h vgJ 4x3 + 4x2 - x - 1 xU fhuah vd kh.

^ x + 3h vgJ x3 - 3x2 - px + 24 xU fhu v, p kig fhf.

g 3.6

rahd ilia njbjL

1.

2x - 3x - 2x + 3 vw gYWnfhit x kW x bfGf Kiwna

(A) 2,3

2.

4x - 7x + 6x + 1 vw gYWnfhit go

(A) 2

3.

3x - 2 vw gYWnfhit vgJ xU

(A) nea gYWnfhit

(B) Ugo gYWnfhit

(C) Kgo gYWnfhit

(D) kh gYWnfhit

(B) 3,2

(C) 2,3

(D) 2,3

(B) 1

(C) 3

(D) 0

4.

4x + 2x - 2 vw gYWnfhit vgJ xU

(A) nea gYWnfhit

(B) Ugo gYWnfhit

(C) Kgo gYW nfhit

(D) kh gYW nfhit

5.

7.

2x - 5 vw gYWnfhit a
(A) 5
(B)- 5
(C) 2
2
2
5
3x - 1 = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho _y
(A) x =- 1
(B) x = 1
(C) x = 1
3
3
2
x + 2x = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho _yf

(A) x = 0, 2

8.
9.

p^ xh vw gYWnfhitia ^ax + bh M tFjh ilF

(A) p` b j
(B) p`- b j
(C) p` a j
(D) p`- a j
a
a
b
b
3
2
x - ax + 2x - a vw gYWnfhitia ^ x - ah M tFjh ilF

(A) a

10.

^ax - bh vgJ p^ xh xU fhu v,

(A) p^ bh = 0

6.

11.

12.

(B) x = 1, 2

(C) x = 1, - 2

(B) a

(B) p`- b j = 0
a

(D)- 2
5
(D) x = 3
(D) x = 0, - 2

(C) a

(D) a

(C) p^ah = 0

(D) p` b j = 0
a

(C) x 5

(D) x 3

(C) x - 2

(D) x + 2

x - 3x - 10 fhuf xW
(A) x - 2
3

(B) x +5

x - 2x + 2x - 1 fhuf xW
(A) x - 1

(B) x + 1
83

maha

id bfhf...

x vw xU kh mikj xU gYW nfhit afj mik

n

p(x) = an x + an - 1 x

n-1

+ g + a2 x + a1 x + a0 , an ! 0 F a0, a1, a2, g, an - 1, an

vgd khf kW n xU Fiwaw if KG.

p^ xh vgJ x xU gYWnfhit vf. p^ah = 0 v, a vgJ p^ xh

xU a vd TWnth.

x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYW nfhit rkghil iw brjh,

x = a vgJ p^ xh = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho xU _y vdgL

njw:

p^ xh vgJ VnjD xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ

VnjD xU bkba vf. p^ xhI ^ x - ah vw nea gYW nfhitah

tFjh p^ah MF

fhu njw : p^ xh vgJ xU gYW nfhit kW a vgJ VnjD

xU bkba vf. p(a) = 0 v, (xa) vgJ p^ xh xU fhu MF.

bra 1
lJgf bfhLfgLs
cWfUJ:

(i) FiwjJ _W btntW

gYW
nfhitfis
cWf vif
mogil mikf.

(ii) FiwjJ _W btntW

gYW
nfhitfis
mj go mogil
mikf.
84

afj

bra 2

tFj Kiw 4x - 5x + 7x + 6 I (x 1) M tFf ilF

ia fhf. njw _y c ilia rghf.

bra 3

tFj Kiw 2x - 6x + 5x - 2 I (x 2) M tFf ilF

ia fhf. UJ mtJ vd?

f !

xU gYW nfhitia kbwhU gYW nfhitah tFf aYkh !

g 3.1
1.

(i) xU kh gYWnfhit

(ii) xU kh gYWnfhit

(iii) xU kh gYWnfhit

(iv) x mLF KGv my. vdnt, xU gYWnfhit my.

(v) t mLF KGv my. vdnt, xU gYWnfhit my.

(vi) _W khf mikj gYWnfhit

2.

3. (i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 0

2 , 4 (iv) 1 , 1
3
(i) Ugo gYWnfhit
(ii) Kgo gYWnfhit

4.

(i) 4, 3 (ii) 0, 3

(iii)

(iii) xUgo gYWnfhit

(iv) Ugo gYWnfhit

(v) Kgo gYWnfhit

(vi) xUgo gYWnfhit

5. ax27 + b, cx49, lx36 + mx35 + nx2

85

maha

g 3.2
1.
2.
3.

(i) x = 1
4
(i) x = 3

(iv) x =- 9
(ii) x =- 5 (iii) x = 0
3
(ii) x = 6 (iii) x =- 1 (iv) x = 0
5
11
(i) x = 2 , x = 3 _yf (ii) x =- 1 _y , x = 2 _y my

(iii) x = 1 , x =- 2 , x = 3 _yf

(iv) x =- 1 , x = 2 _yf , x = 3 _y my

g 3.3
1. < 5x2 - 3x + 2 , 5
2. < 2x - 7 , 0
3. < 3x2 + 2x + 2 , 7
4. < 2x2 - 4x + 9 , 20
5. < 7x + 5 , 8

g 3.4
1.

(i) 10

2. a = 5

(ii) 8

(iii) 20

3. m = 13

(iv) 145

4. m = 3

(v) 2 (vi) 26 (vii) 3a

5. m = 5 , 15.

g 3.5
1.

(i) fhu

2. fhu my

(ii) fhu

(iii) fhu my (iv) fhu my

4. fhu

5. p = 10

g 3.6
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B

5. A 6. B

7. D 8. B

86

9. C

10. D 11. C 12. A

toa

toa

Truth can never be told so as to be understood,

and not to be believed
- William Blake

Kjik Fnfhf
toa mogil fUJfis id Tj.
izfu
bfhSj.

jhd

njwfis

nj

(640 - 546 BC)

4.1 mKf

Geometry vw bga uL nuf thijf
ia msl vw bghUUJ bgwglJ.
fhyngh toa f mHfhf mikfgl
jUf Kiw xGFgLjgl fj mthF.
J f, nfhLf, jsf, cUtfSF
ilnas gf kW bjhlfis cslaJ.
Rkh .K. 3000 Mo nghJ Kfhy vJ kW
J rkbt toa ga gf fhzgld.
tiuaWfglhj thijf, tiuaiwf kW
Cff
Matwh
toa
bjhlFwJ.
it njwfSF tiuglfSF bfhL
brwd. J Egkhd ghl Mdh, kdfzh
vjhf Cfyh. nkY cWahd
eilKiw
gaghLfis
bfhlJ.
toa
yfis
msbtLg Ka gfhWwJ. vLJfhlhf,
jnghJ fLkhd cWghLila ghyf,
bt MTlf kW fbga isahL
kW bghGJ nghF muFf mikf tthdJ
gagLjgLwJ.
o
Kjjfkhd
Elements- Flglt nkTa fLkhd
gf toa njw bjthf vGjgLsJ.

87

Thales (pronounced THAY-lees)

nuf efukhd nyl
nj wjh. toa
fUa kW tiuj
jYfhf eF maglt.
xU tl lij
Knfhz l gfkhf
bfhL mjF xU
Knfhzij tiujh l
gfF vnus nfhz
vnghJnk brnfhzkhF
vw njwij Wdh.
uLf cau kW
flfiuF fgYF
ilnas u Ma
fzFfSF toa
Kiw fljh.
toa cj
fhuzij gagL nj
njwF ehF Jiz
njwfis KjKj
gagLdh. jfhf Kj
Kiwahf cikahd
fj mP vW
fj fLofis
flj Kj kj vd
t ghuhlglh. nuf
eho VG m f
myJ VG Jwf xUtuhf
sdh. nkfa
ggho Kj jJt
nkijahf kwtfsh mt
kfglh.

maha

4.2 toa mogil fUJf

eh Kija tFf goj y Kakhd toa mogil
fUJfis gF id Tnth.
fUJ

gl

sf
xiwbahW bto bfhshk xnu
js brY nfhLfis iznfhLf
vnwh. U iznfhLfSF ilna
cs bjhiy vbghGJ rkkhf UF.

l1

iz
nfhLf

l2

uL nfhLfSF xnubahU bghJthd

Ujh mit btLnfhLf
vdgL. bghJF btobfhS
(btL) vW bga. mU
D csgl nfhLf AB kW CD Mait
O vw bto bfhwd.

btL
nfhLf

O
A

_W myJ mjF nkgl nfhLf

xU t brwh mit xU
tnfhLf vdgL. mU cs
gl nfhLf l1 , l2 , l3 Mait O vw
tna brwd. vdnt, mit
xU tnfhLf vdgL.

l1

xU

l2

tnfhLf
l3

_W myJ mjF nkgl f

xnu
nenfho
mikjh,
mj
f xUnfhlik f vdgL.
mthW
iyba,
mit
xU
nfhlikahf vdgL.

xUnfhlik
f

4.2.1 nfhzf tiff

nfhzfis mt nfhz msfis bghWJ tifgLjyh.
brnfhz
(Right Angle)
B

nfhz
(Obtuse Angle)

tis nfhz

(Reflex Angle)

FWnfhz
(Acute Angle)

bga

tiugl
O

nfhz
ms

A
+AOB 1 90c

+AOB = 90c

88

90c 1 +AOB 1 180c 180c 1 +AOB 1 360c

toa
u nfhzf (Complementary Angles)

U nfhz msf TLj 90c v, mnfhzf xWbfhW
u nfhzfshF.
vLJfhlhf, +A = 52c kW +B = 38c v, nfhz +A kW +B
Mait xWbfhW u nfhzfshF.
ifu nfhzf (Supplementary Angles)

U nfhzf TLj 180c v, mnfhzf xWbfhW
ifu nfhzfshF.

vLJfhlhf, 112c kW 68c ms bfhl nfhzf xWbfhW
ifu nfhzfshF.
4.2.2 FWFbto (Transversal)

uL myJ mjF nkgl nfhLfis xU nenfhlhdJ btntW
f btodh mjF FWFbto vW bga.

U iz nfhLfis xU FWFbto btLtjh VgL nfhzf

bga

nfhz

Fbj nfhzf rk

+1 = +3, +2 = +4,
+5 = +7, +6 = +8

xj nfhzf rk

+1 = +5, +2 = +6,
+3 = +7, +4 = +8

cbs nfhzf rk

+3 = +5, +4 = +6

bt v nfhzf rk

+1 = +7, +2 = +8

tiugl
m
1

l1
4

l2

2
3

5 6
8

c nfhzf if u +3 + +6 = 180c;
nfhzf
+4 + +5 = 180c
A

4.2.3 Knfhzf (Triangles)

xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj180c.

+A + +B ++C = 180c(gl 4.1.)

B

Fiu
A

gl 4.2

gl 4.1 C

(i) xU Knfhz xU gf lgLtjh VgL

btnfhz mj cbs nfhzf TLjYF
rk. +ACD = +BAC + +ABC
(ii) xU Knfhz btnfhzkhdJ cbs
nfhzfis l mfkhf UF.
(iii) vjbthU KnfhzY bga gfF vnu cs
D
nfhz bgajhf UF.
89

maha

rtrk Knfhzf (Congruent Triangles)

xU Knfhz midJ gffS, nfhzfS kbwhU
Knfhz xj gffSF, xj nfhzfSF rkkhdh
mKnfhzf rtrk Knfhzf vdgL.
rtrk vgjF eh / Fpil gagLJnwh.
sf

gl
A

xU Knfhz _W gff
g-g-g
SSS

kbwhU Knfhz _W
gffSF rkbk, mU

KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.

g-nfh-g
SAS

xU Knfhz U gffS
mit
csla
nfhzK
kbwhU
Knfhz
U
gffSF mit csla
nfhzF rkbk, mU
B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.

90

TABC / TPQR
P

TABC / TPQR
A

xU
Knfhz
U
nfhzfS mj VjhtJ xU
nfh-nfh-g gfK kbwhU Knfhz
AAS
U
nfhzfSF
xj
B
gfF rkbk, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
xU brnfhz Knfhz
fz, VnjD xU gf, kbwhU
brnfhz
Knfhz
fz, xU gf MatF
Kiwna rkkhf U, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.

TABC / TPQR

xU
Knfhz
U
nfhzfS mtwh izj
nfh-g-nfh gfK kbwhU Knfhz U
nfhzfSF mtwh izj
ASA
gfF rkkhdh, mU B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.

br-f-g
RHS

TABC / TPQR
A

TABC / TPQR

toa

g 4.1
1.

tU nfhzf u nfhzfis fhf.

(i) 63c (ii) 24c (iii) 48c

2.

tU nfhzf ifu nfhzfis fhf.

3.

(i) 58c (ii) 148c

(iii) 120c
(iv) 40c
tU glf x kig fhf.

(i)

xc

5.

(v) 20c

(ii)

(x 20)c

4.

(iv) 35c

tU nfhz msfis fhf.

xc
B

i) xU nfhz mj u nfhzij nghy U klF.

ii) xU nfhz mj if u nfhzij nghy ehF klF.
iii) xU nfhz ifughdJ mj u nfhzij nghy ehF
klF.
iv) xU nfhz ughdJ mj ifu nfhz M xU
gF.
v) if u nfhzf 4:5 vw j csd.
vi) u nfhzf 3:2 vw j csd.
tU glf x, y kig fhf.
C

(115 x)c

(x + 30)c

40c

(v) 100c

(i)
A

3x
D

(ii)

2x

(3x+5)c (2x25)c
D

(iii)

6.

l1 || l2 kW m1 xU FWFbto vf. +F = 65c v, kw

nfhzmsfis fhf.

7.

l1 || l2 v x kig fhf.

(i) l
1
l2

8.
9.

(2x + 20)c
(3x10) c

C
y c 90cxc
O
A
3xc 60c B
E
m1

(ii) l1

l1

B A
C D
F E
G H

l2

(3x + 20)c
2xc

l2

xU Knfhz nfhzf 1:2:3 vw j U, mt

nfhz msfis fhf.
3 ABC- +A+ +B = 70c kW +B + +C = 135c v, mj nfhz msfis
A
fhf.

10. bfhLfgLs gl 3ABC gf BC MdJ D tiu

lgLsJ v, +A kW +C ia fhf.
91

40 c

120 c
C

maha

4.3 ehfu (Quadrilateral)

ehF gff kW ehF Kidfsh milgL cUt ehfu MF.

ehfu ehF nfhzf TLj 360c MF.
ehfu

rtf

izfu

brtf

rhrJu

U rkgf
rtf

rJu

4.3.1 rtf, izfu kW rhrJu gf

rtf

gf

xU nrho vgff iz

nfhz

izyh
gff
nfhzf ifu

Kidf

cs

_iyl _iylf rkkhf Ufntoa mtaiy

gf
Urkgf
nfhz
rtf

xU nrho vgff iz, izyh

gff msf rk
iz gff Kidf cs nfhzf
rk

_iyl _iylf rk
gf
izfu nfhz

vgff iz kW rk
v nfhzf rk kW mLJs nfhzf
ifu

_iyl _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL

rhrJu

gf

midJ gffS rk kW vgff

iz

nfhz

v nfhzf rk, kW mLJs nfhzf

ifu.

_iyl _iylf xWbfhW ikaFJnfhL.

92

toa

(i) brtf vgJ rk nfhz mss izfu MF.

F

(ii) rhrJu vgJ rkgf izfu MF.

(iii) rJu vgJ rkgf mss, rk nfhz mss izfu MF.

(iv) Mfnt, rJu vgJ xU brtf, rhrJu kW izfu vd fhzyh.

4.4 izfu (Parallelogram)

vgff izahf cs ehfu izfu MF.

4.4.1 izfu gf
g 1 : X izfu v gff rk.
ju

: ABCD vgJ X izfu. vdnt, AB || DC kW AD || BC

C

%f : AB = CD kW AD = BC
mik : BD I izf
%gz :

T ABD kW T BCD Mat.

gl 4.3

(i) +ABD = +BDC

(AB || DC kW BD xU FWF bto.

vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)

(AD || BC kW BD xU FWF bto.

(ii) +BDA =+DBC

vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)

(iii) BD bghJ gf

` T ABD / T BCD

(nfh-g-nfh g go)

Mfnt, AB = DC kW AD = BC

(xj gff rk)

g 1 kWjiy : xU ehfu vgff rkbk, mj ehfu X

izfukhF.
g 2

: X izfu v nfhzf rk.

ju : ABCD vgJ X izfu.

m AB || DC, AD || BC
%f : +ABC = +ADC kW

+DAB = +BCD
mik : BD I izf
93

gl 4.4

maha

%gz :

(i) +ABD = +BDC

(ii) +DBC = +BDA

(AB || DC kW BD xU FWF bto

vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)
(AD || BC kW BD xU FWF bto.
vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)

(iii) + ABD + + DBC = + BDC + + BDA

` +ABC = +ADC

njnghW,

+BAD = +BCD

g 2 kWjiy: xU ehfu v nfhzf rkbk, mj ehfu

X izfukhF.
g 3 : izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL.
ju

: ABCD vgJ xU izfu. m AB || DC kW AD || BC

D

%f : M vgJ _iyl AC kW BD
ika .

%gz :

T AMB kW T CMD MatW

(i)

(ii) +MAB = +MCD

xWl cnfhzf (a AB || DC )

+ABM = +CDM

xWl cnfhzf (a AB || DC )

(iii) T AMB / T CMD

AB = DC

izfu vgff rk.

(nfh-g-nfh g go)

` AM = CM kW BM = DM

i.e., M vgJ AC kW BD ika

gl 4.5

` izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL

g 3 kWjiy: xU ehfu _iylf xiwbahW UrkTL

v, mehfu X izfukhF.
94

toa

(i) izfu _iylf mizfuij rk gugs
F
bfhl U Knfhzfshf F.
(ii) izfu _iylf xWbfhW brFJ v,
mJ rhrJu MF.
(iii) xnu mo J, U iz nfhLfSilna mik
izfuf rkguilait.
vLJfhL 4.1

xU ehfu _W nfhzf msf 100c, 84c kW 76c v,
ehfhtJ nfhz msit fhf.
ehfhtJ nfhz ms x c vf.

ehfu ehF nfhzf TLj 360c MF. vdnt,

100c+84c+76c+ x c = 360c

260c+ x c = 360c
i.e.,

x c = 100c
vdnt, ehfhtJ nfhz ms 100c MF.

vLJfhL 4.2

izfu ABCD +A = 65c v, +B, +C kW +D Matiw fhf.

ABCD X izfu kW +A = 65c vd bfhLfgLsJ.

+A + +B = 180c

65c + +B = 180c

>

>>

AD || BC, AB I FWFbto vf. vdnt,

>>

+B = 180c - 65c

+B = 115c

65o
A

>
gl 4.6

izfu v nfhzf rk vgjh, eh bgWtJ

+C =+A = 65c kW +D = +B = 115c

Mfnt, +B = 115c, + C = 65c kW +D = 115c

vLJfhL 4.3

ABCD vw brtf _iylf AC kW BD, Mait O-

btobfhwd. nkY +OAB = 62c v, +OBC I fhf.

brtf _iylf rk kW xiwbahW Urk TL.

vdnt, OA = OB kW +OBA = +OAB = 62c
95

maha

nkY brtf xbthU nfhzms 90c vgUJ

+ABC = 90c

+ABO + +OBC = 90c

62c + +OBC = 90c

+OBC = 90c - 62c

62c

= 28c

vLJfhL 4.4

ABCD vw rhrJu +A = 76c v, +CDB I fhf.

+A = +C = 76c

( rhrJu v nfhzf)

+CDB = xcvf.

3 CDB-, CD = CB

76c

+CDB = +CBD = xc

+CDB+ +CBD + +DCB = 180c (Knfhz nfhzf)

gl 4.7

gl 4.8

2xc + 76c =180c ( 2x = 104c

xc = 52c

` +CDB = 52c

g 4.2
1.

ABCD vw ehfu +A, +B, +C kW +D Mad 2:3:4:6 vw j

Ujh, mt msfis fhf.

2.

izfu ABCD- +A = 108c v, +B, +C kW +D I fzLf.

3.

bfhLfgLs gl ABCD x izfu.

m +BAO = 30c , +DAO = 45c kW +COD= 105c
v, tU nfhzfis fhf.

C
105o
O

(i) +ABO (ii) +ODC (iii) +ACB (iv) +CBD

A

45o
30o

4.

izfu bga nfhz msthdJ a nfhz Ukl 30c

Fiw v, midJ nfhz msfis fhf.

5.

izfu ABCD- AB = 9 br. kW mj Rws

izfu gf msfis fhf.

6.

rhrJu _iylf 24 br., 18 br. v, mj gf msfis

fhf.
96

30 br. v,

toa
7.

tU glf ABCD vgJ xU rhrJu. m x kW y kid

fhf.
D

yc

(i)
40c
A

xc

(iii)

(ii)
yc

xc

62c

xc
yc

120c
A

8.

rhrJu gfms 10 br. kW xU _iyl s 12 br.

v, kbwhU _iyl sij fhf.

9.

bfhLfgLs gl ABCD X izfu. m

D
P

+A kW +B nfhz Urkbtof P vw
rwd v, + APB = 90c vd U.

g 4.3

1.

rahd ilia njbjL

xU nfhz mj if u nfhz ms _ xU gF v mj
nfhz ms

(A) 40c

2.

bfhLfgLs gl +BOC U rkbto OP kW + AOC U

rkbto OQ v, + POQ k
C

(A) 90c
(C) 60c

3.

xU nfhz u nfhzkhdJ mnfhzij l 60c

mf v, mnfhz ms

4.

(A ) 25c

(B) 50c

(C) 45c

(D)

55c

(B) 120c
(D) 100c

(B) 30c

(C) 15c (D) 35c

xU nfhzDila unfhz MWklfhdJ mj if u

nfhz U klif l 12c Fiw v, mnfhz ms

(B) 96c

(C) 24c

(D) 58c

(A) 48c

5.

bfhLfgLs gl + B:+ C = 2:3 v, + B k

(A) 120c

(B) 52c

(C) 78c

(D) 130c

6.

izfu ABCD AB ika E kW + BCD nfhz U rkbto

CE v + DEC ms

(A) 60c

(B) 90c

(C) 100c
97

(D) 120c

130c

maha

4
id bfhf...

X izfu v gff rk.

X izfu v nfhzf rk.
izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL.
brtf vgJ rk nfhz mss izfu MF.
rhrJu vgJ rkgf izfu MF.
rJu vgJ rkgf kW rknfhz mss izfu MF.
izfu _iylf mizfuij rk gugs bfhl U
Knfhzfshf F.
izfu _iylf xbthW izfuij uL rtrk
Knfhzfshf F.
izfu _iylf xWbfhW brFJ v, mJ rhrJu
MF.
xnu mo J, U iz nfhLfSilna mik izfuf
rkguilait.

bra 1

ehfu xid tiuJ mj xbthU gf ikafis fLo,
mLjLj gff ikafis izf.

1. ilj a tot bga vd?

2. midJ ehfuY a tot ilF vgJ cikahFkh?

3. btw ehfu khw VgLJnghJ cw ehfu vjifa
khw fwJ?

bra 2

xU mil izfuij tiuJ mjid bto vLJbfh. mj
VnjD xU _iyl tna bto uL Knfhzfis jahf.

xU Knfhzij kbwhU Knfhz nk bghUJkhW it. mthW
itFnghJ vd fhwh?

nj braiy izfu kbwhU _iylij bfhL brJ gh.

98

toa

bra 3

X mil izfu xiw tiuJ mij bto vLJbfh. mj U

_iyl tna ehF Knfhzfshf bto vL.

xU Knfhz J kw KnfhzJLfis bghU ghhh
Unrho rtrk Knfhzf ilgij fhzyh.

1
2
3

bra l 1

nehf : ehfu cnfhzf TLjiy mJbfhSj

njitahd bghUf: tiugljh, msnfh, ghifkh kW
fjnfh
tKiwf:
1.

xU tiugljh myJ mil gntW tifahd ehfufis bto

vLJbfh.

2.

ehfu ehF cnfhzfS jj JLfshf ilFgo

bto vLf.

3.

bto vLj ehF JLfis xGFgL ehfu ehF

nfhzf TLjiy nfhzfis msjahknyna fLo.

4.

ehfu nfhzfis msJ tU mltizia brJ cdJ

ilia rgh.
ehfu
tif

nfhz 1

nfhz 2

nfhz 3

izfu
brtf
rJu
rhrJu
rtf
99

nfhz 4

nfhzf
TLj

maha

4
1
2
3

bra l 2

nehf : izfu gf

njitahd bghUf: tiugljh, msnfh, ghifkh
fjnfh

kW

tKiw:
1.

xU tiugljh gntW tifahd ehfufis bto vLJbfh.

2.

btobaLfgl ehfu cUtfis bfhL fl mltiz

myJ X vd FLf.
gf

rJu

rhrJu

vgff rk
vgff iz
mLJs gff rk
midJ nfhzK
brnfhz
v nfhzf rk
_iylf
xiwbahW Urk
TL
_iylf
brnfhz
xiwbahW Urk
TL
_iylf
ehfuij uL
rtrk Knfhzfshf
F
_iylf ms
rk
100

brtf

izfu

toa

g 4.1
1. (i) 27c (ii) 66c (iii) 42c (iv) 55c

(v) 70c 2. (i) 122c (ii) 32c (iii) 60c

(iv)140c

(v) 80c 3. (i) 80c (ii) 35c 4. (i) 60c (ii) 144c . (iii) 60c (iv) 72c (v) 80c ,100c

(vi) 54c,36c 5. (i) 36c (ii) 40c (iii) 40c ,50c

6. (i) + A = + C = + E = + G =115c,
8. 30c, 60c , 90c

+ B = + D = + H = 65c

9. 45c , 25c, 110c

7. (i) 30c (ii) 32c

10. 80c, 60c

g 4.2
1. 48c, 72c , 96c , 144c 2. 72c , 108c , 72c

3. (i) 45c (ii) 45c (iii) 45c (iv) 60c

4. 70c , 110c , 70c, 110c 5. l = 9 , b = 6

6. 15

7. (i) 50c, 50c (ii) 31c , 59c (iii) 30c , 30c

8. 16

g 4.3
1. C 2. A 3. C

4. A 5. B

6. B

101

maha

Mabjhiy totfj
I hope that posterity will judge me kindly, not only as to the
things which I have explained, but also as to those which I
have intentionally omitted so as to leave to others the pleasure
of discovery
- Rene Descartes

Kjik Fnfhf

fhOa Mabjhiy Kiwia J bfhSj.

x kW y Mabjhiyfis mJ bfhSj.

fhOa js xU ia Fj.

U fSF ilyhd bjhiyit fhQj.

nlfh
(1596-1650)
nlfh (Descartes)
ed jJt jij

5.1 mKf

vd miHfgLwh.

Mabjhiy totfj myJ gFKiw

totfj vgJ, vfshyhd mR uf
tir nrhof _y js nk cs fis
tgnj. Kiwia mKfgL mj_y
fis FF Kiwia tjt nund nlfh
vw buR ehL fj tYe Mth. mt nj
Kiwia bfhL tistiufis, nfhLfis
rkghLf _y tf Ko vW vLJiujh.
tnu toaiy afjij Kj Kj
izJ ghjt. j fLofSfhf
mtiu bfsutgLJ jkhf, xU
mRbjhiyfis (mRufis) fhOa
mRuf vd, mR jsfis fhOa
mRjsf vd miHnwh. gFKiw
totfj fLo ed fj
Mugkhf fUjgLwJ.

j ghl, fis fhOa
mR js Ff, f mRufis
bfhL U fSF ilgl bjhiyit ma
cj Nuij tUf bjJ bfhnth.
102

mt ma t
mtkhf xU a
Kiwia jh.
mj _y aaY,
thdaY xU a
ghitia VgLdh.
nlfh FpLf
cjnahL gFKiw
toaiy v
fjgL mjid
caiygofis
bfhl rkghLf
bjhFghdh.
XU ia mj
mR uf vW
miHfgL U
vfis bfhL Ff
Ko vd flt
nlfh.

Mabjhiy totfj

5.2 fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw

vw

bkbaf
ghl,

Y
8

bjhF

nfho

6
5

bkbafis

vthW

Ffyh vd eh fUnwh.

bkba nfho J xbthU

bkbaQF, xU jgl P

X 5

vw UF. mnj ngh v

nfho J cs xbthU P vw
njngh

mRbjhiy

Kiw,

O 1

6X

2
3

xU jgl bkbazh
magL.

fhOa

js

6
7

nkYs vj xU P vw ia

gl 5.1

mRuf vW miHfgL
uL bkbafis bfhL xU
iyahd l Ffyh.

fhOa mRbjhiy Kiw myJ brtf mRbjhiy Kiw

vgJ xWbfhW brFjhd uL bkba nenfhLfis bfhl xU

jskhF. mj uL brFJ bkba nenfhLf fhOa js
mRf vdgL.

muL mRfS a bto bfhSkhW

mikfbgW, mj M vd miHfgLwJ.

ilahd

bkba nenfhL x-mR vd Fjhd bkba nenfhL y-mR vd

miHfgLwJ. y-m tyJw cs f x-mRbjhiy if
vfshf lJw cs f x-mRbjhiy Fiw vfshf
bfhsgL. mnjngh x-m nkw cs f y-mRbjhiy
if vfshf w cs f y-mRbjhiy Fiw vfshf
bfhsgL. uL mRfY xnu myid gagLJnth.
5.2.1 xU mRbjhiyf

fhOa Kiw js nk cs P vw vj xU

bkbafshyhd xU tir nrho _y magL. mj bkbafis

103

maha

bgWtjF P vw tna uL

Y
8

P(x, y)

y
6

nenfhLf

mRfSF

tiuagL.

FJnfhL x-mid

btL x-mRbjhiy vd,

5
4

y-mRbjhiy

O 1

btL

vd

miHfgL.

uL P vw mR

1
4

y-mid

ilnfhL

X 5

izahf

4 x 5

6X

bjhiyf

jid

bjhiyit

4
5
6

vwiHfgLwJ.
Kj

x-mR

ulhtjhf

y-mR

tHfkhf,

bjhiyit bfhL (x, y) vw tir

nrhoahf vGjyh.

gl 5.2

1. (a, b) vw vj xU tir nrhoY, mj cWf a kW b

xU Fgl tir mikfgLwJ. vdnt tir
nrhof (a, b) kW (b, a) ntWgl U tir nrhof MF. mjhtJ (a, b) ! (b, a) .
Fiu

2. (a1, b1) = (a2, b2) v a1 = a2 kW b1 = b2

MF.
3. tU ghlgF kW

mRuf
uL
xwhf magL.
5.2.2 x-mRbjhiy

xU x-mRu myJ
x-bjhiy (abscissa), m y-m
tywkhf csjh myJ lwkhf
csjh vd ma cjwJ. P vw
x-mRuij fhgjF:
(i)
P vw UJ x-mF
xU brFJ nfhL tiuf.
mbrFJ nfhL x-mid
rF l vk
m x-mRu MF.

gl 5.3 , P vw
x-mRu 1 kW Q vw
x-mRu 5 vd fhnwh.

(ii)

104

8
7
6

5
4

3
2
1

X 5

O 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

gl 5.3

6X

Mabjhiy totfj
5.2.3 -mRbjhiy

xU y-mRu myJ

y-bjhiy

csjh

myJ

csjh vd ma cjwJ.

y-mRuij

wkhf

P vw

4
3

fhgjF:

brFJ nfhL tiuf.

(ii)

mbrFJ
rF

nfhL

O 1

1
1
2

vk

gl 5.4 , P vw y-mRu
6 kW Q vw y-mRu 2

6X

4
5
6
7

vd fhnwh.
F

y-mid

m y-mRu MF.

X 5

P vw UJ y-mF xU

(i)

(ordinate), m x-m

nkwkhf

gl 5.4

(i) x-m Js vj xU y-mRbjhiy a MF.

(ii) y-m Js vj xU x-mRbjhiy a MF.

(iii) M x kW y mRbjhiyf a MF. vdnt,

Mia (0,0) vd Fngh.
5.2.4 fhgFf (Quadrants)

brtf mRfis bfhl js fhOa js vwiHfgL.
fhOa js mRf mjsij ehF gFfshf wd.
Y
mit gl 5.5 csthW, fofhu v
ir vlgL I- fhgF, II-
fhgF, III- fhgF, kW IV- fhgF
vwiHfgLwd. x-mRu I-
kW IV- fhgFf if vfshf,
II- kW III- fhgFf Fiw
O
X
Xl
vfshf UF. y-mRu I- kW
III fhgF
IV fhgF
II- fhgFf if vfshf, III-
(+, )
(, )
kW IV- fhgFf Fiw vfshf
UF.
gl 5.5 mRuf
afj Ff mil FfSF
Yl
gl 5.5
fhlgLsd.
105
II fhgF
(, +)

I fhgF
(+, +)

maha

xbthU mRuf Ff vthW mikwd? vgJ

tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
gF

fhgF

mRuf
jik

mRuf
afj Ff

XOY

x > 0, y > 0

+, +

Xl OY

II

x < 0, y > 0

-, +

Xl OYl

III

x < 0, y < 0

-, -

XOYl

IV

x > 0, y < 0

+, -

5.2.5 brtf mRu Kiw xU ia Fj

fhOa mRu Kiw xU ia vgo FgJ vd xU

vLJfho _y sFnth.

fhOa mRu Kiw (5, 6) vw

ia Ff, x-m nk 5 tU tiu efJ, 5- tna x-mF

brFjhf xU nfhL tiua ntL.

mnj ngh y-m nk 6 tU tiu

efJ, 6 tna y-mF

brFjhf xU nfhL tiua ntL.

j uL nfhLfS btobfhS

(5, 6) MF.

3
2

mjhtJ, x-m if ir 5

myFf efJ mUJ y-m

if

6 myFf

ir

efjh

X 5

eh (5, 6) vw ia milnth.
(5,

6)

vw

myFf bjhiyY

y-mUJ

O 1

x-mUJ 6

(5, 6) vw fhOa js

2
3

thW

myFf bjhiyY csJ.

P(5, 6)

5
6
7

FfgLwJ.

gl 5.6

vLJfhL 5.1

tU fis brtf mRbjhiy Kiw Ff.

(i) A (5, 4)

(ii) B ( 4, 3)

(iii) C ( 2, 3)
106

(iv) D (3, 2)

6X

Mabjhiy totfj
Y
8
7
6
5

A(5, 4)
4

B(-4, 3)
3
2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1

-1

6X

-2

D(3, -2)
-3

C(-2, -3)

-4
-5
-6
-7

Y
gl 5.7

(i)

fhOa js (5,4) vw ia Ff, x = 5 xU FJnfhL,

y = 4 xU ilnfhL tiua. j uL nfhLfS btobfhS
na A(5, 4) vw ahF.

(ii)

fhOa js (- 4, 3 ) vw ia Ff, x = - 4 xU FJnfhL,

y = 3 xU ilnfhL tiua.

j uL nfhLfS

btobfhS na B(- 4, 3 ) vw ahF.

(iii) fhOa js ( - 2, - 3 ) vw ia Ff, x = 2 xU
FJnfhL, y = -3 xU ilnfhL tiua.

j uL

nfhLfS btobfhS na C(- 2, - 3 ) vw ahF.

(iv)

fhOa js (3, - 2) vw ia Ff, x = 3 xU FJnfhL,

y = 2 xU ilnfhL tiua.

j uL nfhLfS

btobfhS na D(3, - 2) vw ahF.

107

maha

vLJfhL 5.2

Y
8

(i) (3, 5) kW (5, 3) (ii) (- 2, - 5) kW
(- 5, - 2) vw fis brtf mRu
Kiw Ff.

7
6

B(3, 5)

5
4

A(5, 3)

3
2

fhOa js, (x, y) vw

x-mRbjhiy kW y-mRbjhiy
Matiw l kh vGJ nghJ, mJ

X 5

C(5,2)

(y, x) vw ntbwhU ahf mik vd

ma.

O 1

6X

2
3
4
5

D(2,5)

gl 5.8

vLJfhL 5.3
(1, 0), (2, 0), (5, 0) kW (4, 0) vw fis brtf mRu

Kiw Ff.
Y
8
7

6
5
4
3

fhOa

X 5

1
O 1

1
1

(4, 0)

(2, 0)

(5, 0)

(1, 0)

js,

xU

y-mRbjhiy a v, mj
5

6X

x-m nk mik vd mayh.

2
3
4
5
6
7

Y
gl 5.9

108

Mabjhiy totfj
vLJfhL 5.4
(0, 4), (0,2), (0, 5) kW (0,4) vw fis brtf mRu Kiw

Ff.

Y
8
7
6

(0, 5) 5
(0, 4) 4
3
2

fhOa

js,

xU

x-mRbjhiy a v m
y-m nk mik vd fhnwh.

X 5

O 1

6X

(0, 2) 2
3

(0, 4) 4

5
6
7

gl 5.10

vLJfhL 5.5

(i) (1, 2), ( 4, 2), (4, 2) kW (0, 2) vw fis brtf mRu

Kiw Ff. mf mikig g cdh vd Tw Ko?

Y
8
7
6
5
4
3

(4, 2)

(1, 2)

(0, 2)

(4, 2)

fis FJ, xU nfho

X 5

_y
O 1

1
1
2

6X

izF

nghJ

mnfhL

x-mF izahd xU nenfhlhf

miktij fhzyh.

3
4
5
6
7

gl 5.11

109

maha

x-mF

Fiu

izahd

nfho

nk

y-mRbjhiyf rkkhf UF.

vLJfhL 5.6

A (2, 3), B (2, 3), C (2, 3) kW D (2,

cs

3) vw f mik fhgFia
fhf.
fis
izgjh

7
6
5

vtif tiugl ilF? vd TWf.

B(2,3)

A
I

fhgF

B
II

C
III

D
IV

A(2, 3)

3
2
1

X 5

glUJ, ABCD xU brtfkhF.

O 1

6X

gl 5.12- cs brtf s,
mfy kW gugsit cdh fhz
Kokh?

C(2,3)

D(2,3)

vLJfhL 5.7

gl 5.12

gl 5.13 FfgLs f
mRufis fhf. F xbthU

Y
8
7

rJuK XuyF rJu (Unit Square) MF.

6
5

A vw ia vLJ bfhf.

G
X 5

6X

1
2
3

M UJ uL myFf
bjhiyY mikJsJ. vdnt, A

D
C

ir

bjhiyY y-m if ir
O 1

if

M UJ _W myFf

1
3

x-m

mRbjhiyf (3, 2) MF.

B, C, D, E, F kW G Mat

6
7

njngh

kw

mRbjhiyf Kiwna (- 3,2),(- 2,- 2),

(2, - 1), (5, - 3), (3, 4), (- 3, 1) MF.

gl 5.13

110

Mabjhiy totfj
g 5.1
1.

tU thaf rah myJ jtwh vd Tw.

(i)

(ii) (- 2, - 7) vw _wh fhgF mikwJ.

(iii) (8, - 7) vw x-mF nH mikwJ.

(iv) (5, 2) kW (- 7, 2) vw f y-mF izahd nfho nk

csd.

(v) (- 5, 2) vw y-mF lgf csJ.

(vi) (0, 3) vw x-m nk csJ.

(vii) (- 2, 3) vgJ ulh fhgF cs xU MF.

(viii) (- 10, 0) vw x-m nk csJ.

(ix) (- 2, - 4) vw x-mF nkgF mikwJ.

(x) x-m Js vj xU F y-mRbjhiy a MF.

2.

fhOa mRu Kiw, tU fis FJ mit vj

fhgF mikwd vd Tw.

(i) (5, 2)
(vi) (0, 3)

3.

tU f x-mRbjhiyit fhf.

(i) (- 7, 2)

4.

tU f y-mRbjhiyit fhf.

(i) (7, 5)

5.

tU fis mRjs Ff.

(i) (4, 2)

fis izF nfhL vthW mikJsJ vd TWf.

6.

uL f xbth y-mRbjhiy - 6 vf. mj fis

izF nenfhL x-mid bghWJ vthW mik vd TWf.

7.

uL f xbth x-mRbjhiy a v, mj
fis izF nenfhL x-mid bghWJ vthW mik
vd TWf.

8.

fhOa js A (2, 4), B (- 3, 4), C (- 3, - 1) kW D (2, - 1) vw

fis Ff. tir khwhk fis nfhL JLfsh
izgjh vtif tiugl ilF vd TWf.

(5, 7) vw ehfh fhgF mikwJ.

(ii) (- 1, - 1)
(vii) (4, - 5)
(ii) (3, 5)
(ii) (2, 9)
(ii) (4, - 5)

(iii) (7, 0)
(viii) (0, 0)

(iv) (- 8, - 1)
(ix) (1, 4)

(iii) (8, - 7)
(iii) (- 5, 8)
(iii) (4, 0)

111

(v) (0, - 5)
(x) (- 5, 7)

(iv) (- 5, - 3)
(iv) (7, - 4)
(iv) (4, - 2)

maha

9.

brtf mRbjhiy Kiw O(0, 0), A(5, 0), B(5, 4) vw fis

Ff. OABC xU brtfkhf mikkhW C mRufis fhf.

10.

ABCD vw brtf, A, B, D vw f mRuf Kiwna

(0, 0), (4, 0), (0, 3) v, C mRufis fhf.

5.3 U fSF ilgl bjhiy

gFKiw totfj, f vikahdJ U fSF ilgl

bjhiyit fzLtJ MF. A, B vw U fSF ilgl bjhiy

AB vW FfgL.
5.3.1 fhOa js mRf J cs U fSF ilgl bjhiy
y

U f x-m J mik
nghJ mtilnas bjhiyit v
fhz Ko, Vbd mU f
x-mRuf ahrnk mbjhiythF.
x-m J mik A(x1, 0) , B (x2, 0) vw

xl

B
x2

A
x1

x2 x1

U fis fUJf.

x2 2 x1 v, A-UJ B bjhiy

AB = OB - OA = x2 - x1

x1 2 x2 v, AB = x - x
1
2

vdnt, AB = x2 - x1 MF.

mnjngh U f y-m J mik nghJ mtilnas

bjhiy

gl 5.14

y-mRuf

y-m J mik

mt

ahrF rkkhF.

yl

y2

A (0, y1) , B (0, y2) vw U fis fUJf.

y2 2 y1 v, A UJ B bjhiy
AB = OB - OA = y2 - y1
xl

y1 2 y2 v AB = y1 - y2

vdnt, AB = y2 - y1 MF.

y1

yl
gl 5.15

112

y2y1

Mabjhiy totfj
5.3.2 mRF izahd nenfho Js U fSF ilgl
bjhiy

A (x1, y1) kW B (x2, y1) vw U fis vLJ

bfhnth.

y mRuf rkkhf

A(x1, y1)

B(x2, y1)

csjh U fS x-mF izahd xU

O

ne nfho nk mik. A kW B-UJ x-mF xl Q

Kiwna AP kW BQ vw FJnfhLfis tiua.

A, B Matilnaahd bjhiythdJ, P, Q

yl

Matilnas bjhiyF rkkhF.

vdnt, AB = PQ = x1 - x2

jnghJ

nfho nk

y-mF
A (x1, y1)

izahf

cs

kW B (x1, y2)

fis vLJbfhf.

gl 5.16

y-mF, A kW

jnghJ P kW Q- mRuf
P,

Matilnas

bjhiyF rkkhF.

B(x1, y2)

yl
gl 5.17

vdnt, PQ = AB = y1 - y2
Fiu

xl

(0, y1) kW (0, y2) MF. A, B Matilnaahd

bjhiythdJ,

A(x1, y1)

vw U

B-UJ Kiwna AP kW BQ vw FJ nfhLfis

tiua.

xU

mRF izahd nenfho nk cs U fSF

ilyhd bjhiy, mj nenfhL vj mF izahf

csnjh, mj mRbjhiyf ahrkhF.

5.3.3 U f ilgl bjhiy

fhOa

js

vLJbfhnth.

A (x1, y1)

kW

B (x2, y2)

vw

fis

A, B UJ x-mF tiuagl FJnfhLf

mof Kiwna P kW Q vf. A UJ BQ F AR vw FJnfhL

tiua. gl 5.18 UJ eh mtJ,
113

maha

AR = PQ = OQ - OP = x2 - x1 kW

B(x2, y2)

BR = BQ - RQ = y2 - y1

brnfhz Knfhz ARB UJ jhfu

njwgo,

AB = AR + RB = (x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

mjdh, AB =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

AB =

vw
2

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

xl

x2 x1

yl

gl 5.18

U fSF ilyhd bjhiy

kW

(x1, y1)

fSF

KafUJ

A(x1, y1)

vdnt A kW
ilgl bjhiy

y2y1

vw

(x2, y2)

fSF

ilnaahd

bjhiyit fhQ Nu

Fiu

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

(i) Nu nkny Twgl midJ tif fSF

bghUJ.

(ii) MUJ
2

OP =

P (x1, y1)

vw

bjhiy

x1 + y1 MF.

vLJfhL 5.8

(4, 0) kW (3, 0) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(- 4, 0) kW (3, 0) vgd x-m nk cs U f.

vdnt, d = x1 - x2 = 3 - (- 4) = 3 + 4 = 7
khWKiw :

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

= (3 + 4) + 0 =

49 = 7

vLJfhL 5.9

(7, 2) kW (5, 2) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(5, 2) kW (- 7, 2) vw f x-mF izahd xU nfho Jsd.

vdnt, d = x1 - x2 = - 7 - 5 = - 12 = 12
khWKiw :

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) =

(5 + 7) + (2 - 2) = 122 = 144 = 12
114

Mabjhiy totfj
vLJfhL 5.10

(5, 6) kW ( 4, 2) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(x1, y1) = (5, 6), (x2, y2) = (4, 2) vf.

2

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) vw bjhiy Nuij gagLj,

d=

(- 4 + 5) + (2 + 6) =

1 + 8 = 1 + 64 =

65

vLJfhL 5.11

(0, 8) kW (6, 0) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(x1, y1) = (0, 8), (x2, y2) = (6, 0) vf. U fSF ilgl bjhiy
d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

(6 - 0) + (0 - 8) =

36 + 64 = 100 = 10

khWKiw :

A, B vgd (6, 0) kW (0, 8) vw fis,
O vgJ Mia FfL. A(6, 0) vw
x-m J, B(0, 8) vw y-m J
mikJsd.
mRfSF ilgl nfhz
brnfhz vgjh AOB vw Knfhz xU xl
brnfhz Knfhz MF.

y
8 myFf

yl

OA = 6, OB = 8

B(0, 8)

A(6, 0)
6 myFf
gl 5.19

jhfu njw go,

2

AB = OA + OB = 36 + 64 = 100.

` AB = 100 = 10

vLJfhL 5.12

(3, 4) kW (5, 7) vw fSF ilgl bjhiyit fhf.

(x1, y1) = (3, - 4), (x2, y2) = (5, - 7) vf.

U fSF ilgl bjhiy

d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

(5 + 3) + (- 7 + 4) =

8 + (- 3) = 64 + 9 =
115

73

maha

vLJfhL 5.13
(4, 2), (7, 5) kW (9, 7) vw _W fS xnu nenfho J mik

vd fhLf.
bfhLfgl _W f A(4, 2), B(7, 5) kW C(9, 7) vf.
bjhiy Nuid gagLj,
2

AB = (4 - 7) + (2 - 5) = (- 3) + (- 3) = 9 + 9 = 18

BC = (9 - 7) + (7 - 5) = 2 + 2 = 4 + 4 = 8

CA = (9 - 4) + (7 - 2) = 5 + 5 = 25 + 25 = 50

vdnt, AB = 18 =

CA =

50 =

BC =

9#2 = 3 2;

8 =

4#2 = 2 2;

25 # 2 = 5 2 .

F AB + BC = 3 2 + 2 2 = 5 2 = AC vd ilwJ.

vdnt, A, B, C vw f xnu nenfho J mikwd.

vLJfhL 5.14

A(3, 4), B (2, 6) kW C (6, 10) vw f xU brnfhz Knfhz

cfshFkh vd khf.
bjhiy Nuid gagLj,
2

AB = (2 + 3) + (6 + 4) = 5 + 10 = 25 + 100 = 125

BC =(- 6 - 2) + (10 - 6) = (- 8) + 4 = 64 + 16 = 80

CA = (- 6 + 3) + (10 + 4) = (- 3) + (14) = 9 + 196 = 205

nkY, AB + BC = 125 + 80 = 205 = CA

xU gf tfkhdJ kw U gff tff TLjYF

rk vgjh, ABC xU brnfhz KnfhzkhF.

vLJfhL 5.15

(a, a), (- a, - a) kW (- a 3 , a 3 ) vw f xU rkgf Knfhzij

mikF vd fhLf.
bfhLfgl f A (a, a) , B (- a, - a) kW C (- a 3 , a 3 ) vd bfhf.
bjhiy Nu d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) I gagLj,

116

Mabjhiy totfj

AB =

BC =

CA =

(a + a) + (a + a)
2

(2a) + (2a) =

2
2

4a + 4a =

8a = 2 2 a

^- a 3 + ah + ^a 3 + ah =
2

8a =

3a + a - 2a

3 + 3a + a + 2a

4 # 2a = 2 2 a
2

(a + a 3 ) + (a - a 3 ) =

a + 2a

3 + 3a + a - 2a

3 + 3a

8a = 2 2 a

vdnt, AB = BC = CA = 2 2 a .
midJ gffS rkkhdjh, bfhLfgl f xU rkgf Knfhzij
mikF.
vLJfhL 5.16

(7, 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) kW (3, 5) vw fis, tirkhwhk vLJ

bfhlh, mit X izfu cfshF vd %f.

A, B, C kW D vgd Kiwna (- 7, - 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) kW (3, - 5) vw
fis Fgjhf bfhf. bjhiy Nu d =
2

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

AB = (5 + 7) + (10 + 3) = 12 + 13 = 144 + 169 = 313

BC = (15 - 5) + (8 - 10) = 10 + (- 2) = 100 + 4 = 104

CD = (3 - 15) + (- 5 - 8) = (- 12) + (- 13) = 144 + 169 = 313

DA = (3 + 7) + (- 5 + 3) = 10 + (- 2) = 100 + 4 = 104

vdnt,

AB = CD =

v gff rk. vdnt, ABCD X izfukhF.

313 kW BC = DA = 104 vgjh

vLJfhL 5.17

(3, 2), (3, 2), (1, 2) kW (1, 2) vw fis tir khwhk

vLJbfhlh mit xU rJu cfshF vd fhLf.

A, B, C kW D vgd Kiwna (3, - 2), (3, 2), (- 1, 2) kW (- 1, - 2) vw
fis Fgjhf bfhf.
bjhiy Nu d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) .

117

maha

AB = (3 - 3) + (2 + 2) = 4 = 16

BC = (3 + 1) + (2 - 2) = 4 = 16

CD = (- 1 + 1) + (2 + 2) = 4 =16

DA = (- 1 - 3) + (- 2 + 2) = (- 4) = 16

nkY,
2

AC = (3 + 1) + (- 2 - 2) = 4 + (- 4) = 16 + 16 = 32

BD = (3 + 1) + (2 + 2) = 4 + 4 = 16 + 16 = 32

AB = BC = CD = DA = 16 = 4.

vdnt, midJ gffS rk.

nkY, AC = BD =

Mfnt, A, B, C kW D vw f xU rJuij mikF.

32 = 4 2 . vdnt, _iylf rk.

vLJfhL 5.18
P vw (2, 3) kW (6, 5) vw fis izF nfhLJo

ikaFJ nfho nk miktjhf bfhf. m x-mRbjhiy

y-mRbjhiyF rk v, P mRufis fhf.
P vw ia (x, y) vf. x-mRbjhiy y-mRbjhiyF
rk vgjh, y = x MF. vdnt, P vw (x, x) MF. A, B vgd Kiwna
(2, 3) kW (6, 5) vw fis Fgjhf bfhf. P vw AB ika
2

FJ nfho J mikJsjh, PA = PB MF.

2

vdnt, (x - 2) + (x - 3)
2

= (x - 6) + (x - 5)

2
2

x - 4x + 4 + x - 6x + 9 = x - 12x + 36 + x - 10x + 25
2

22x - 10x = 61- 13

2x - 10x + 13 = 2x - 22x + 61

12x = 48
x = 48 = 4
12

vdnt, P vw (4, 4) MF.

118

Mabjhiy totfj
vLJfhL 5.19

(9, 3), (7, 1) kW (1, 1) vw f tna brY xU tl

ika (4, 3) vd Uf. nkY mtl Muij fLo.

(4, 3) vw ia C vd, (9, 3), (7, - 1) kW (1, - 1) vw fis
Kiwna P, Q kW R vd vLJ bfhnth.
2

bjhiy Nu d =

CP = (9 - 4) + (3 - 3) = 5 = 25

CQ = (7 - 4) + (- 1 - 3) = 3 + (- 4) = 9 + 16 = 25

CR = (4 - 1) + (3 + 1) = 3 + 4 = 9 + 16 = 25

vdnt, CP = CQ = CR

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

= 25 myJ CP = CQ = CR = 5 MF. UJ P, Q, R

vw f tahf brY tl ika (4, 3) vd, mj Mu 5

myFf vd mnwh.
vLJfhL 5.20

(a, b) vw (3, 4) kW (8, 5) vw fSF rku mikjh

5a - b - 32 = 0 vd fhL.
(a, b) vw ia P vd, (3, - 4) kW (8, - 5) vw fis Kiwna
A kW B vd vLJ bfhs. P vw A kW B-UJ rku
csjh, PA = PB MF. vdnt, PA2 = PB2

mjhtJ, (a - 3) + (b + 4) = (a - 8) 2 + (b + 5) 2

a2 - 6a + 9 + b2 + 8b + 16 = a2 - 16a + 64 + b2 + 10b + 25

- 6a + 8b + 25 + 16a - 10b - 89 = 0

10a - 2b - 64 = 0

` 5a - b - 32 = 0

vLJfhL 5.21

A (9, 3), B (7, 1) kW C (1, 1) vw fis cfshf bfhl xU

Knfhz RWtl ika S (4, 3) vd Wf.

bjhiy Nu d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

119

maha

SA =

(9 - 4) 2 + (3 - 3) 2

SB =

(7 - 4) 2 + (- 1 - 3) 2 =

25 = 5

SC =

(1 - 4) 2 + (- 1 - 3) 2 =

25 = 5

vdnt, SA = SB = SC .

xU Knfhz RW tl ika mj c f UJ rk

25 = 5

u mik. S vw c f UJ rk u mikJsjh,
m Knfhz ABC- RWtlikakhF.

g 5.2
1.

nH bfhLfgLs xbthU nrhofSF ilgl bjhiyit

fhf.

(i) (7, 8) kW (- 2, - 3)

(ii) (6, 0) kW (- 2, 4)

(iii) (- 3, 2) kW (2, 0)

(iv) (- 2, - 8) kW (- 4, - 6)

(v) (- 2, - 3) kW (3, 2)

(vii) (- 2, 2) kW (3, 2)

(ix) (0, 17) kW (0, - 1)

(vi) (2, 2) kW (3, 2)

(viii) (7, 0) kW (- 8, 0)
(x) (5, 7) kW M.

2.

nH bfhLfgLs f xnu nfho mik vd fhLf.

(i) (3, 7), (6, 5) kW (15, - 1)

(iii) (1, 4), (3, - 2) kW (- 1, 10)

(v) (4, 1), (5, - 2) kW (6, - 5)

3.

nH bfhLfgLs f xU Urk gf Knfhz cf

vd fhLf.

(i) (- 2, 0), (4, 0) kW (1, 3)

(ii) (3, - 2), (- 2, 8) kW (0, 4)

(iv) (6, 2), (2, - 3) kW (- 2, - 8)

(ii) (1, - 2), (- 5, 1) kW (1, 4)

(iii) (- 1, - 3), (2, - 1) kW (- 1, 1)

(iv) (1, 3), (- 3, - 5) kW (- 3, 0)

(v) (2, 3), (5, 7) kW (1, 4)

4.

nH bfhLfgLs f xU brnfhz Knfhz cf

vd fhLf.

(i) (2, - 3), (- 6, - 7) kW (- 8, - 3) (ii) (- 11, 13), (- 3, - 1) kW (4, 3)

(iii) (0, 0), (a, 0) kW (0, b)

(iv) (10, 0), (18, 0) kW (10, 15)

(v) (5, 9), (5, 16) kW (29, 9)

120

Mabjhiy totfj
5.

nH bfhLfgLs f xU rk gf Knfhz cf vd
fhLf.

(i) (0, 0), (10, 0) kW (5, 5 3 )

(iii) (2, 2), (- 2, - 2) kW (- 2 3 , 2 3 ) (iv) ( 3 , 2), (0,1) kW (0, 3)

(v) (- 3 ,1), (2 3 , - 2) kW (2 3 , 4)

6.

tir mikj fhQ f xU izfu cf vd

fhLf.

(i) (- 7, - 5), (- 4, 3), (5, 6) kW (2, 2) (ii) (9, 5), (6, 0), (- 2, - 3) kW (1, 2)

(iii) (0, 0), (7, 3), (10, 6) kW (3, 3)

(v) (3, - 5), (- 5, - 4), (7, 10) kW (15, 9)

7.

tir mikj fhQ f xU rh rJu cf vd

fhLf.

(i) (0, 0), (3, 4), (0, 8) kW (- 3, 4)

(ii) (- 4, - 7), (- 1, 2), (8, 5) kW (5, - 4)

(iii) (1, 0), (5, 3), (2, 7) kW (- 2, 4)

(iv) (2, - 3), (6, 5), (- 2, 1) kW (- 6, - 7)

(v) (15, 20), (- 3, 12), (- 11, - 6) kW (7, 2)

8.

tir mikj fhQ f xU rJuij mikFkh vd fhf.

(i) (0, - 1), (2, 1), (0, 3) kW (- 2, 1) (ii) (5, 2), (1, 5), (- 2, 1) kW (2, - 2)

(iii) (3, 2), (0, 5), (- 3, 2) kW (0, - 1)

9.

(v) (- 1, 2), (1, 0), (3, 2) kW (1, 4)

tir mikj fhQ f xU brtfij mikFkh vd
fhf.

(i) (8, 3), (0, - 1), (- 2, 3) kW (6, 7)

(iii) (- 3, 0), (1, - 2), (5, 6) kW (1, 8)

10.

(x, 7) kW (1, 15) vw fSF ilgl bjhiy 10 v, x-

kfis fhf.
(4, 1) vw , (- 10, 6) kW (9, - 13) vw fUJ rku
csJ vd fhLf.
(x, y) vw , (2, 3) kW (- 6, - 5) vw fUJ rku
mikjh, x + y + 3 = 0 vd fhLf.
(2, - 6) kW (2, y) vw fSF ilgl bjhiy 4 v, y-
kfis fhf.
fhQ fis cfshf bfhl Knfhzf Rwsfis

11.
12.
13.
14.

(ii) (a, 0), (- a, 0) kW (0, a 3 )

(iv) (- 2, 5), (7, 1), (- 2, - 4) kW (7, 0)

(iv) (12, 9), (20, - 6), (5, - 14) kW (- 3, 1)

(ii) (- 1, 1), (0, 0), (3, 3) kW (2, 4)

fhf. (i) (0, 8), (6, 0) kW M ; (ii) (9, 3), (1, - 3) kW M.

121

maha

15.

(- 5, 2), (9, - 2) vw fSF rk u cs y-m J

mikjh mia fhf. (F : y-m nk cs xU
x-mRu a MF)

16.

( - 5, 6) vw t brY xU tl ika (3, 2) v, mj

Muij fhf.

17.

Mia ikakhf, Mu 5 myFf Mf cs xU tl nk

(0, - 5) (4, 3) kW (- 4, - 3) vw f mik vd %f.

18.

gl 5.20 ,

A(4, 3)

AB vgJ A(4,3) vw UJ

x-mRF tiuagl brFJ nfhL kW PA = PB xl

v, B vw mRufis fhf.

yl

gl 5.20

19.

20.

A(2, 0), B(5, - 5), C(8, 0) kW D(5, 5) vw tir vLJ bfhsgl

f xU rhrJu cf v, mj gugsit fhf.
(F : rhrJu gu = 1 d1 d2 )
2
(1, 5) (5, 8) kW (13, 14) vw fis cfshf bfhL xU Knfhz
tiua Kokh fhuz Tw.

21.

xU tl ika M kW Mu 17 myFf v, mtl

nk mikj Mdh mRf nk mikahj ehF fis fhf.
(F : 8, 15, 17 vgit jhfu brnfhz Knfhz vfshF)

22.

(3, 1), (2, 2) kW (1, 1) vw fis cfshf bfhl xU Knfhz

RW tl ika (2, 1) vd fhLf.

23.

(1, 0), (0, - 1) kW c - 1 , 3 m vw fis cfshf bfhl xU

2
2
Knfhz RW tl ika M vd fhLf.

24.

tir mikj A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) kW D(p, 3) vw f X

izfu cfshdh, bjhiy Nuij gagL, p
kig fhf.

25.

xU tl ika M kW Mu 10 myFf vf. tl

fhOa mRfis btL f mRbjhiyfis fhf.
nkY mthwhd VnjD uL fSF ilgl bjhiyit
fhf.

122

Mabjhiy totfj

g 5.3

rahd ilia njbjL

1.

(2,7) vw mik fhgF

(A) I

2.

(x,0), x < 0 vw vF mik

(A) ox

3.

A(a,b) vw vkF _whtJ fh gF mik

4.

5.

(B) II

A) a > 0, b < 0

(C) III

(B) oy

(D) IV

(C) OX l

(B) a < 0, b < 0

(D) OY l

C) a > 0, b > 0

D) a < 0, b > 0

(1,0), (0,1), (1,0) kW (0,1) vw fsh mik rJu _iyl

A) 2

B) 4

C)

D) 8

A(5,0), B(5,0) kW C(0,6) vw fsh mik Knfhz.

A) U rkgf Knfhz

B) brnfhz Knfhz

C) mrkgf Knfhz

D) rkgf Knfhz

6.

7.

(0,8) kW (0,2) Ma fSF ilgl bjhiy

A) 6

B) 100

C) 36

D) 10

(4,1), (2,1), (7,1) kW (10,1) vw f

(A) x m nk csJ (B) x mRF izahd nfho nk csJ

(C) y mRF izahd nfho nk csJ (D) y m nk csJ

8.

9.

(a, b) kW (a, b) Ma fSF ilgl bjhiy

(A) 2a

(B) 2b

(C) 2a + 2b

(D) 2 a2 + b2

(4, 0) kW (4,0) vw fSF rkbjhiy cs (p,q) v, p

kW q F ilnas bjhl
(A) p = 0

(B) q = 0

(C) p + q = 0

(D) p + q = 8

10. y-m J mikJs y Mabjhiy 5 v, m

(A) (0, 5)

(B) (5, 0)

(C) (5, 0)

123

(D) (0, 5)

maha

id bfhf...

xU js xU ia Ff xWbfhW brFjhf bto

bfhS U nfhLf njit. brtf mRu Kiw mU
nfhLf xW ilnfhlhf kbwhW FJ nfhlhf UF.

uL il kW FJnfhLf fhOa js mRf vW

miHfgL. ( x-mR kW y-mR)

x-mR kW y-mR bto bfhS (0, 0) M MF.

vj xU F y-mF ilyhd bjhiy x-mRu myJ

x-bjhiy vW, F x-mF ilyhd bjhiy y-mRu
myJ y-bjhiy vW miHfgL.

x-m nk cs xU y mRu a MF.

y-m nk cs xU x mRu a MF.

xU ilnfho nk cs f y mRuf rkkhf UF.

xU FJnfho nk cs f x mRuf rkkhf UF.

x-m nk cs U f x-mRuf x1 kW x2 v,
mtF ilyhd bjhiy x1 - x2 MF.

y-m nk cs U f y-mRuf y1 kW y2 v,
mitfSF ilyhd bjhiy y1 - y2 MF.

(x1, y1) kW MF ilyhd bjhiy

(x1, y1) kW (x2, y2) vw fSF ilyhd bjhiy (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2

x12 + y12 MF.

MF.

bra 1

tiugljh (1, 1), (3, 1) kW (3, 4) Ma fis FJ mtiw

izJ Knfhzij cUthf. mKnfhz gij

(i) x -mir bghUJ

(ii) y -mir bghUJ tiuf.

mgf mRbjhiyf VgL khwfis mltizgLJ.

124

Mabjhiy totfj

bra 2

A(4, 5), B(4, 2) kW C(2, 2) Ma fis tiugljh FJ mtiw

izJ Knfhzij cUthf. nkY D(1, 2) kW E(1, 3.5) Mtiw
Ff. AD kW BE I izF nghJ G(2, 3) vw btLwjh vd
Muhf. G(2, 3) vgJ Knfhz eLnfhL ika kW AD,
BE vgd eLnfhLfshF. bjhiy thghoid gagL AG kW GD
= 2:1 vwthW UF.
sf AG:

bra 3

(2, 0), (2, 0), (6, 0), (6, 0), (2, 4), (2,4),
(2, 4), (2, 4), (0, 8) kW (0, 8) Ma fis
tiugljh FJ mU csthW ifia
vLfhk mfis xUKiw flJ glij
cUthf aYkh vd Ka br.

mgl vjid Knfhzf, brnfhz
Knfhzf, rJuf kW brtff csd
vd fhf.

JnghW btntW glfis tiuJ Ka brJ gh.

bra 4

tU fis bfhLfgl tir tiugljh FJ

izf

(4, 4), (0, 0), (3, 0), (2, 2), (4, 4), (3, 7), (4, 11), (0, 10), (4, 4), (3, 9), (5, 11),
(6, 9), (4,4), (8, 9), (11, 8), (10, 6), (4, 4), (12, 4), (14, 2), (11, 0), (4, 4), (8, 2),
(7, 5), (4, 3), (4, 4), (1, 11), (4, 6), (7, 5), (6, 8), (1, 11), (1, 16),
(4, 11), (8, 10), (7, 13), (1, 16), (3, 21).
fhgJ vd?

125

maha

g 5.1
1. (i) jtW (ii) r (iii) r

(iv) jtW (v) r (vi) jtW (vii) r

(ix) jtW (x) r 2. (i) I (ii) III

(vi) y m J (vii) IV (viii) M

(iii) x m J

(viii) r

(iv) III (v) y m J

(ix) I (x) II 3. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 8 (iv) 5

4. (i) 5 (ii) 9 (iii) 8 (iv) 4 5. y mRF iz

6. x mRF iz 7. y mR

8. ABCD xU rJu 9. (0,4) 11. (4,3)

g 5.2
1. (i)

202

(viii) 15

15. (0,7)

(ii) 4 5

(iii)

29 (iv) 2 2

(ix) 18

(x)

16. 4 5

18. (4,3)

(v) 5 2

74 10. 7, 5 13. 10, 2

(vi) 1

14. (i) 24 (ii) 10 + 4 10

19. 30

20. tiua ayhJ, nenfho mik f

21. (8,15) (8,15) (8,15)(8, 15) 24.11, 7

25. 20

g 5.3
1. B 2. C 3. B

4. A 5. A 6. D 7. B

126

(vii) 5

8. D 9. A 10. A

brKiw toa

brKiw toa

Kjik Fnfhf

RWtl tiuj

FJnfhL ika tiuj

My

6.1 mKf

1707 - 1783

f, nenfhLf kW w cUtf
gfis g toa mogil bfhiff
twd. toa fis gagL
toa cUtfis tiu Kiwna brKiw
toayhF. toa tiuj vgJ cUtf,
nfhzf myJ nenfhLfis Jakhf
tiujyhF. o Elements vw jf
toa
tiuglfis
g
bjthf
TwgLsJ. vdnt tiuglf o
tiuglf vd magLwd. monfh
kW fhgi[ gagL tiuglf
tiuagLwd. fhg rrk uij, monfh
x J xW miktij cWgLJwd.
midJ toa tiuglfS U fUJf
mogil mikwd.

ulh
ghlgF
monfh
kW
fhgi[ gagL jKW vf kW jKwh
vfis Ff aY vgij fnwh. 1913
a fjnkij uhkD# 355 113 = r I Ff
xU toa Kiwia mjh. jnghJ Jakhd
msfis bfhL tiu wfis gagL
nenfhLfsh kiyFns brY Rufghijfis
tiuaKo vgJ fwghd mrkhF. xU
bra rJu xbthU KidUJ xU
Fl nfhz Wfzfhd mo cau
vG nenfhLf xU iyWjgLwJ.
thW ehF KidfUJ vG nenfhLf
_y xU u flgLwJ.
127

18M
who
RryhJ ehL fj
mP
My
(Euler)
thjh. mt fhyF
K

mtiu
nghW
ahU
ma
MfLiuf mfkhf
vGaiy. cyif
J bfhs MyUF
fj
xU
fUahf
UjJ.
xbthU
fLo
_yK
aifia J bfht
X mo beUFtjhf mt
czjh.
toa KWbgw Jiw
vd vanghJ o
toa xU a njwij
t fLojh. My
xgJ fsla tl
njwij nH fhngh.

xU Knfhz
_W FJauf H vw
Y
gff
brFJ Urk btof m
vw Y rwd
v, hm vw nenfho
eL E-I ikakhf
bfhl
tl
J
midJ
FJaufS,
brFJ Urk btofS
mikwd.

A
Hc
Mc
M

Ma

Mb
H Hb
Ha

maha

bfhLfgLs msfSF Knfhz tiutij g eh vlh
tF fWnsh.

ghl eh RWtl ika kW FJnfhL ika Matiw
tiu Kiwg fngh.

Kj fltiw tiu Kiw g id Tnth.

6.2 Knfhz rhj w nfhL JLf

(i)

(ii) bfhLfgl nfhLJoF btna cs xU UJ

brFJnfhL tiuj

bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJnfhL tiuj

6.2.1 bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJnfhL (Perpendicular Bisector)

tiuj

go1 :

nfhLJL AB tiuf.

go 2 :

nfhLJo s ghasF nk

msbtLJ, nfhLJo Wf
A kW B
nkY

Matiw ikakhf bfhL

tlfis

xiwbahW

btLgo tiuJ, btL fSF C, D

A
D

vd bgaLf.

go 3 :

C kW D-I izf AB- ikaFJnfhL

ilF.

M
D

Ka fUJ

ikaFJnfhL

xU nfhLJo ika tahf tiuagL

brFJnfhL mj ikaFJnfhL (Perpendicular Bisector)
vdgL.
128

brKiw toa
6.2.2 bfhLfgl nfhLJoF btna cs xU UJ mnfhL
C
JoF FJnfhL tiuj

go 1 :

go 2 :

nfhLJL AB tiuJ mjF btna

A
C vw ia F.

C I ikakhf bfhL VnjD xU ms

nfhLJL AB btLkhW U
tlf tiuJ mtF P kW Q

vd bgaL.

go 3 :

P kW Q Ma fSF ilna cs
u ghF nk msbtLJ C vw
P

vw P kW Q UJ A

Q B

tlfis tiuJ btL F E

vd bgaL.

E
C

go 4 :

C kW E I izf ilF nfhL

njitahd FJnfhL MF.

E

Ka fUJ

FJnfhL
C

FJnfhL

Knfhz xU cUJ mjF

vnu cs gfF tiuagL

brFJnfhL FJnfhL (Altitude) vdgL.

E

129

maha

6.3 Knfhz xU t brY nfhLf (The Points of

Concurrency of a triangle)

ikaFJnfhL kW FJnfhL tiutJ g Jtiu fnwh. nghJ eh
RWtl ika, FJnfhL ika nghwtiw fhQ Kiwia g mnth.
6.3.1 Knfhz RWtlika tiuj
RWtl (Circumcircle)

Knfhz _W cfis bjhL brYkhW (cf tna)

RWtlika

Wt

tiuagL tl RWtl vdgL.

RWtl Mu

Ka fUJ

RWtlika
C

Knfhz gff ikaFJ

S

nfhLf rF Knfhz
RWtlika (Circumcentre) vdgL.
jid S vd Fngh.

RWtl Mu (Circumradius)

RWtl ika S F Knfhz VnjD X cF ilna

cs u RWtl Mu vdgL. mjhtJ, RWtl Muij RWtl

Mu vngh.
130

brKiw toa

vLJfhL 6.1

AB = 5 br, +A = 70c kW +B = 60c mss DABC tiuf. mj RW tl
C
tiuJ RWtl Mu fhf.

C
60c

70c
A

5br

cj gl

go 1 :

bfhLfgLs
msF DABC tiuf.
70

60o
5br

go 2 :

VnjD

uL

gffSF

(AC

kW BC) ikaFJ
nfhLf tiuf. mit
S

btobfhS

vgJ

70

RWtlika MF.

60

5br

S-I

ikakhf

go 3 :

3.2br

SA = SB = SC I Mukhf
bfhL

RWtl

tiujh mJ cf

A, B kW C tna
70

brY.
A

RW tl Mu = 3. 2 br
131

60
5br

maha

1. FWnfhz Knfhz RWtl ika Knfhz

cns mik.
brnfhz Knfhz RWtl ika fz ika MF.
nfhz Knfhz RWtl ika Knfhz btna mik.

Fiu

2.
3.

g 6.1
1.

PQ = 5 br, +P = 100c kW PR = 5 br mss DPQR tiuJ mj

RWtl tiuf.

2.

RWtl tiuf:

(i) rkgf Knfhz gf ms 6 br.

(ii) Urkgf brnfhz Knfhz rk gff ms 5 br.

3.

AB = 7 br, BC = 8 br kW +B = 60c mss DABC tiuJ RWtl

ika fhf.

4.

brnfhz Knfhz gff 4.5 br, 6 br kW 7.5 br MF.

mj RWtl ika fhf.

6.3.2 Knfhz FJnfhLika tiuj

Ka fUJ

FJnfhL ika
A

KnfhzFJnfhLf rF
FJnfhLika myJ

brnfhL ika (Orthocentre)

vdgL. ij H vW Fngh.

vLJfhL 6.2

AB = 6 br, BC = 4 br kW AC = 5.5 br Ma msfSF DABC tiuJ

C

br
5.
5

4b

FJnfhL ika tiuf.

6br

cj gl

go 1 : bfhLfgLs

4b

b
5.5

msfSF DABC tiuf

A

132

6br

brKiw toa

go 2 :

VnjD

fUJ

(A kW C) vnu cs gffSF
( Kiwna BC kW AB) FJnfhLf

FJnfhLf btobfhS

H, DABC FJnfhL ika MF.

tiuf.

4b

b
5.5

6br

1. xU KnfhzF _W FJnfhLf tiua Ko.

2. FWnfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika Knfhz
cns mik.
brnfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika brnfhz c .
nfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika KnfhzF btna
mik.

Fiu

3.
4.

g 6.2
1.

AB = 8 br., BC = 7 br. kW AC = 5 br. vw mss DABC tiuJ,

mj FJnfhL ika fhf.

2.

LM = 7 br., +M = 130c kW MN = 6 br. vw mss DLMN tiuJ,

mj FJnfhL ika fhf.

3.

6 br. gf mss rkgf Knfhz tiuJ, mj FJnfhL ika fhf.

4.

PQ = 4.5 br., QR = 6 br. kW +Q = 90c vw mss DPQR tiuJ,

mj FJnfhL ikaij F.

5.

Urkgf Knfhz ABC rkgff ms 6 br., AB = BC kW

+B = 80c tiuJ, mj FJnfhL ikaij F.

133

maha

bra 1

nehf : fhj koig gagL xU nfhLJo ikaia

fhQj.

brKiw : xU fhjij koJ PQ vw nfhLJil cUthFnth.

P vw Q J bghUJkhW L fhjij koF
nghJ uL nfhLJLfS btL , PQ
ika M MF

bra 2

nehf : fhj koig gagL xU nfhLJo ikaFJ

nfhil fhQj.

brKiw : xU fhjij koJ PQ vw nfhLJil cUthFnth.

P vw Q J bghUJkhW L fhjij
koF nghJ ilF nfhLJL RS vgJ PQ
ikaFJnfhL MF

bra 3

nehf : fhj koig gagL nfhLJoF btna cs xU

UJ FJnfhL mikj.

brKiw : xU jh AB vw nfhLJil tiuJ mjF nk

gF P vw ia Ff. B vw ia BA
vw nfhoJo tna efJ nghJ P vw ia
bjhLnghJ jhis kof ilF nfhL P vw UJ
AB F FJnfhL MF.
134

brKiw toa

bra 4

nehf : fhj koig gagL

ikaij fhQj.

brKiw: xU jh Knfhzij tiuJ bfh. d brKiw

2I gagL Knfhz VnjD uL gffSF
ikaFJnfhil fhzntL. j uL ikaFJ
nfhLfS btL mKnfhz RWtl ika
MF

xU

Knfhz

RWtl

bra 5

nehf : fhj koig gagL xU Knfhz FJnfhL

ikaij fhQj.

brKiw : xU jh Knfhzij tiuJ bfh. Knfhz

VnjD uL Kidfis mtF vnu cs gfF
btna cs fshf bfhL brKiw 3 I gagL
FJnfhLf
tiua.
mnfhLf
btL

mKnfhz FJnfhL ika MF

135

136