Water injection

Water flooding is the most widely used post primary recovery method and contributes substantially to
current production and reserves. Waterflooding or water flooding refers to the method in the oil
industry where water is injected into the reservoir, usually to increase pressure and thereby stimulate
production. Water injection wells can be found both on- and offshore, to increase oil recovery from an
existing reservoir.
Water is injected: (1) to support pressure of the reservoir (also known as voidage replacement), and
(2) to sweep or displace oil from the reservoir, and push it towards a well.
Normally only 30% of the oil in a reservoir can be extracted, but water injection increases that
percentage (known as the recovery factor) and maintains the production rate of a reservoir over a
longer period.
Water flooding began accidentally in Pithole, Pennsylvania by 1865. Waterflooding became common
in Pennsylvania in the 1880s.
Any and every source of bulk water can be, and has been, used for injection. The following
Sources of water are used for recovery of oil: Produced water is often used as an injection fluid.
This reduces the potential of causing formation damage due to incompatible fluids, although the risk
of scaling or corrosion in injection flowlines or tubing remains. Also, the produced water, being
contaminated with hydrocarbons and solids, must be disposed of in some manner, and disposal to sea
or river will require a certain level of clean-up of the water stream first. However, the processing
required to render produced water fit for reinjection may be equally costly.
As the volumes of water being produced are never sufficient to replace all the production volumes (oil
and gas, in addition to water), additional "make-up" water must be provided. Mixing waters from
different sources exacerbates the risk of scaling.
Seawater is obviously the most convenient source for offshore production facilities, and it may be
pumped inshore for use in land fields. Where possible, the water intake is placed at sufficient depth to
reduce the concentration of algae; however, filtering, deoxygenation and biociding is generally
required.
Aquifer water from water-bearing formations other than the oil reservoir, but in the same structure,
has the advantage of purity where available.
River water will always require filtration and biociding before injection.
Filters: The filters must clean the water and remove any impurities, such as shells and algae. Typical
filtration is to 2 micrometres, but really depends on reservoir requirements. The filters are so fine so
as not to block the pores of the reservoir. Sand filters are a common used filtration technology to
remove solid impurities from the water. The sand filter has different beds with various sizes of sand
granules. The sea water traverses the first, coarsest, layer of sand down to the finest and to clean the
filter, the process is inverted.
After the water is filtered it continues on to fill the de-oxygenation tower. Sand filters are bulky,
heavy, have some spill over of sand particles and require chemicals to enhance water quality. A more

sophisticated approach is to use automatic self-cleaning back flushable screen filters (suction
scanning) because these do not have the disadvantages sand filters have.
The importance of proper water treatment is often underestimated by oil companies and engineering
companies. Especially with river-, and seawater, intake water quality can vary tremendously (algae
blooming in spring time, storms and current stirring up sediments from the seafloor) which will have
significant impact on the performance of the water treatment facilities. If not addressed correctly,
water injection may not be successful. This results in poor water quality, clogging of the reservoir and
loss of oil production.

De-oxygenation: Oxygen must be removed from the water because it promotes corrosion and growth
of certain bacteria. Bacterial growth in the reservoir can produce toxic hydrogen sulfide, a source of
serious production problems, and block the pores in the rock.
A deoxygenation tower brings the injection water into contact with a dry gas stream (gas is always
readily available in the oilfield). The filtered water drops into the de-oxygenation tower, splashing
onto a series of trays, causing dissolved oxygen to be lost to the gas stream.
An alternative method, also used as a backup to deoxygenation towers, is to add an oxygen
scavenging agent such as sodium bisulfite and ammonium bisulphite.
Water injection pumps: The high pressure, high flow water injection pumps are placed near to the
de-oxygenation tower and boosting pumps. They fill the bottom of the reservoir with the filtered
water to push the oil towards the wells like a piston. The result of the injection is not quick, it needs
time.
Water injection is used to prevent low pressure in the reservoir. The water replaces the oil which has
been taken, keeping the production rate and the pressure the same over the long term.