Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Course
Biology
Biology
Biology
Conference
Biology
Conference
Biology
Biology
Course Goals
We will study various subjects, including biomolecules, the role of DNA,
plant and body systems, taxonomy and ecology.
Tutoring
Tutoring is available every day before school, 8:00 8:30, and
Wednesdays. This is an excellent resource to help you be successful, so
please take advantage of it.
Grading Policy
Tests and daily work are equally important in my class. Completing notes
and daily work such as homework, quizzes, and labs will help you to be
successful on tests. You will be required to maintain a binder to keep past
work and notes. Grades are calculated on weighted percentages.
40% Daily work (classwork, quizzes, bellringers, etc)
40% Tests
20% Six weeks project or exam
Make-up work will be given for excused absences only. If you miss one day,
you have one day to make up the work. All late work must be completed in
my classroom while Im present. NO LATE WORK IS ACCEPTED!
Supplies
Because we will be spending a lot of time building on concepts previously
covered, you will be required to maintain a binder specifically for this class.
In this binder you will be expected to keep your notes, graded papers,
bellringers, and other daily work organized. You will be graded on this.
Please bring the following supplies to class. Other supplies may be
required throughout the year.
6 Weeks Test
*IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT YOU HAVE A BINDER WITH DIVIDERS*
Each 6 weeks the students will turn in their biology binder for a grade that
will count as a test. The purpose of the notebook is to teach students how
to keep their information organized in such a way to better utilize the
information they receive in class. This syllabus must be kept in your folder
for you to reference.
Assignment Requirements
All assignments must be on the paper specific to that assignment. Only
one copy will be given, DO NOT LOSE IT!
Restroom passes
Two passes will be given per six weeks. They are only to be used in the S
wing restrooms. During my class, leaving the S-wing without express
permission will result in consequences being assigned.
Student _____________________________
Date: _______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom
Student ____________________________
Date: ______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom
Student _____________________________
Date: _______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom
Student ____________________________
Date: ______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom
Student _____________________________
Date: _______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom
Student ____________________________
Date: ______________________________
From: S105 Taylor @_________________
To: S-Wing Restroom
Name: ______________________________
Date: _____________________
Cells Only
Cells Only
Cells Only
Cells Only
Cells Only
2. __________________________________________________
Viruses & Cells
3. __________________________________________________
Viruses & Cells
4. __________________________________________________
Viruses & Cells
5. __________________________________________________
Viruses & Cells
Adenovi
Bacterioph
Relative
Sizes
Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic
Cell
Virus
Surface
Markers
Capsid
Genetic
Material
Envelop
e
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Viruses
The student is expected to compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe
viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza.
Viruses are microscopic parasites that infect every type of living cell. Viruses are
not made of cells. Each virus particle, called a virion, is made up of only a few
parts. Each virus particle contains genetic material, and this genetic material is
either in the form of DNA or RNA. The genetic material is kept inside of a protein
shell called a capsid. Capsids are usually in the shape of a helix or an icosahedron.
The viral capsid can also be surrounded by a lipid membrane called the envelope.
Along the surface of the virus particle are protein projections that allow the virus to
attach to cells. These surface markers can attach to the receptor proteins found
in the membranes of specific cells like a key fitting into a lock. Because these
surface markers only attach to certain receptor proteins, specific viruses will only
infect certain types of cells.
Bacteriopha
Surface
ge
Markers
Capsid
Genetic
Material
Envelope
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Name:
Period: ______
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17
An adenovirus is an example of a virus that does not have an envelope. Like other viruses, adenoviruses cont
Around the virus are surface markers that allow the virus to attach
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Herpesv
A herpesvirus is an example of a virus that has a viral envelope. The viral envelope is a piece of the host cel
The genetic material of the cell is found within the protein capsid. The envelope is c
Name: ______________________________
Date:
_______________________
Living Thing
Unique to Viruses
Shared Traits
Virus
1. Write each of these facts into the correct spot in the graphic
organizer shown above.
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A. Made of cells
D. Reproduces
Virus
Particl
es
2. Place the letter in the blank that is correctly labeling each viral
part listed below.
_______ 1. Genetic Material
_______ 3. Envelope
_______ 4. Capsid
6. How are the sizes of eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells and viruses related?
(Answer using
complete sentences.)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Date: _____________________
List the 2 things below that viruses have IN COMMON with living cells.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
What do viruses need in order to reproduce themselves?
_______________________________
The genetic material of a virus can be found in what 2 forms?
___________________________
How are the sizes of eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells and viruses related?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Step 2:
________________________________________________________________________
#4
Step3:
#5
________________________________________________________________________
Lytic
Cycle
#3
#1
#2
Step 4:
________________________________________________________________________
Step 5:
________________________________________________________________________
What happens to cells when their membranes break apart?
_____________________________
During the lytic cycle, do symptoms appear quickly or after a long period of
time?
______________________________________________________________________________
#1
Lysogenic Cycle
#2
#5
#3
This cycle is
repeated many
times.
#4
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Viruses
The student is expected to compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe
viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza.
Viral Reproduction
Viruses primarily reproduce themselves
through a process called the lytic cycle.
Viruses infect host cells so that the cell can
produce more virus particles. The first step
of a viral infection involves the virus
attaching to the host cell. This is done
through the interaction of surface markers on
the virus and receptor proteins in the host
cells membrane. Once the virus has
attached itself to the host cell, it inserts its
genetic material into the cell. This genetic
material provides the instructions for making
more viruses. The virus then takes over the
cells machinery, and the cell makes new
virus particles including copies of the genetic
material and more protein capsids. The
production of new viruses disrupts the cell
and damages the cells ability to maintain homeostasis. The new virus particles
assemble themselves inside the host cell. Once assembled, the new viruses break
through the host cells membrane. As the viruses leave the host cell, they damage
and destroy the cell. It is this destruction of cells that leads to many of the
symptoms associated with viral infections.
Viruses can also reproduce through the lysogenic cycle. This process starts in the
same basic way with a virus attaching to a host cell and inserting its genetic
material. This genetic material is incorporated into the host cells genome, but the
virus does not immediately take over the host cells machinery. Instead, the viral
DNA remains dormant inside of the host cell. The host cell does not usually
experience any harmful effects, and the viral DNA is copied along with the cells
DNA during cell division. After each cell divides, each new daughter cell contains
the viral DNA within its genome. This allows the virus to be reproduced while it
hides within the cell. Eventually, the viral DNA will become active and will take over
the cells machinery causing it to make more viruses. At this point, the virus moves
into the lytic cycle. The cell makes more virus particles which assemble themselves
and break out of the cell. This causes damage and destruction of the host cells and
allows the virus particles to be free to infect more cells.
When cells are attacked by a virus that reproduces through the lytic cycle, the
symptoms appear within just a few days. This is because the virus immediately
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begins taking over the cell and using it to produce more virus
particles. However, viruses that reproduce through the
lysogenic cycle can remain dormant inside the host cell for
long periods of time. Some viral diseases, like herpes and
hepatitis, can reproduce through the lysogenic cycle and
remain hidden for months at a time. Because some cells still
contain the viral DNA even after the symptoms of the disease have passed, the
symptoms of the disease can reappear when this viral DNA becomes active.
Viruses that reproduce in this way are difficult to completely destroy, and they may
remain in the body for the life of the individual.
Herpes simplex
virus
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Name: ______________________________
Date:
_______________________
1. Place the letter in the blank that matches the part of the virus.
_______ 1. Capsid
_______ 2. Envelope
B
C
10. What happens during the lysogenic cycle that distinguishes it from the
lytic cycle?
11. Viral infections are the result of viruses using host cells to replicate
themselves. What are the first steps of all viral infections?
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Virus
Y
Requires a host
cell to replicate
13. Which of the following facts would best be used to replace Y in the Venn
diagram?
A performs energy conversions
C contains genetic material
B reproduces via mitosis
D synthesizes polysaccharides
Name: ______________________________
Date: _____________________
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Epidemic:
______________________________________________________________________
Pandemic:
______________________________________________________________________
Why is the risk of epidemics and pandemics greater now more than ever?
______________________________________________________________________________
What type of outbreak is H.I.V. classified as?
_________________________________________
About how many people in America carry H.I.V.?
______________________________________
H.I.V. stands for _______________________________________________________
What syndrome does the H.I.V. virus cause?
_________________________________________
What type of cells do H.I.V. viruses attack?
___________________________________________
What body system do T cells belong to?
_____________________________________________
What do the viruses do to the Helper T cells?
_________________________________________
What kills patients with AIDS?
_____________________________________________________
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Viruses
The student is expected to compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe
viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza.
Influenza virus
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Name: ______________________________
Date:
_______________________
Based on the facts above, decide whether the following diseases are
caused by a virus or a bacterium based on their response to
antibiotic treatment.
3. The common cold causes fever, congestion, headaches and a runny nose.
While these common symptoms can be treated by over the counter drugs,
the common cold cannot be cured with antibiotics. Are colds caused by
bacteria or viruses? ________________
4. Diphtheria is serious illness in which toxins deteriorate nervous tissue.
Antitoxins can be used to counteract these affects and antibiotics can be
used to rid the body of any remaining parasites. Based on these facts, is
diphtheria caused by bacteria or viruses? ________________
5. Chicken pox is an infectious disease which causes the patients body to be
covered in blisters. Chicken pox does not respond to treatment with
antibiotics. Is chicken pox a bacteria or a virus? ________________
6. Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infection can cause chills,
sore throat, muscle aches, pain and fever. The flu cannot be controlled by
antibiotics. Is Influenza a bacteria or a virus? ________________
Unique
to
Unique
to
Shared
Traits
Viruses
Bacteria
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7. Write each of these facts into the correct spot in the graphic
organizer shown above
comparing viruses and bacteria.
A. Contains genetic material
B. Metabolizes Nutrients
Made of Cells
D. Requires host cell to replicate
E. Reproduces
C.
are infected. What do vaccines contain that allow the body to produce
antibodies for a virus?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Date:
_______________________
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Bacteria
Y
Composed of cells
Performs respiration
for energy
5. Which of the following facts would best be used to replace Y in the Venn
diagram?
A can be treated with antibiotics
C carries information in the form of
nucleic acids
B can reproduce via the lysogenic cycle D converts solar energy into
chemical energy
6. Which of the following facts would best be used to replace Z in the Venn
diagram?
A has a membrane-bound nucleus
C replicates itself through the lytic
cycle
B contains genetic information
D can be killed with antibiotic
drugs
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C The virus used the host plants resources and machinery to reproduce.
D The virus immediately killed the host plant and was free to reproduce.
13. Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are
infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
F Helper T cells G Liver cells
H GABA-receptor cells
J Red
blood cells
14. A variety of respiratory diseases in humans can be caused by
adenoviruses. Which of the following describes the structure of an
adenovirus?
A a prokaryotic cell that is propelled by a flagellum
B a nucleic acid core that is surrounded by a protein coat
C a set of ribosomes that is held together by microtubules
D a single cell that contains a plasma membrane and a circular chromosome
Name: ______________________________
Date: _____________________
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