Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED THEORIES
A. Theoretical Review
1. Concept of Mastery
Etymologically, the word mastery in Oxford Learners Pocket
Dictionary is great skill or knowledge.1 Mastery means that a complete
knowledge or great skill that can achieve mastery of several languages,
such as English past tense mastery is expert skill or knowledge of
grammar.
According to Alwi, mastery deals with a comprehension of
capability in using knowledge or skill that is possessed. 2 It means that
mastery is someones comprehends or someones capability by using his /
her knowledge or skill that he or she has.
Based on the quotation above the researcher concludes that mastery
means that export skill or knowledge about something more detail. Past
tense mastery is important to understand the narrative text, because they
have relation each other.
a. Concept of Tenses Mastery
The word tenses etymologically in Oxford Learners
Dictionary is any of the form of a verb that may be used to show the
time of the action or state expressed by the verb: the past/ present /
1
2
Hornby, Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1995, p, 256
Alwi Hasan, Bahasa Language, Jakarta, PT Gramedia Pustaka, 2001, p,48
Verb 2
Yesterday
Last night
Two days ago
Last month
Two years ago
When I was a child
When I was an elementary school
On my last weekend
At the end of January last year
Figure 1
The Form of Simple Past Tense
Examples:
The first sentence is eating breakfast now, this sentence is present
continuous tense, and it uses in after verb and the adverb of time
such now, right now. The second sentence is eat breakfast, it uses
the verb 1 add s or es when the subject is third person singular.
Now compare with the third sentences, ate breakfast yesterday
morning. This sentence is called past tense because it has different
form from V1 becomes V2, like eat becomes ate.
a). Verb Change
In English tenses there are two verbs categories, they
are:
(1). Regular Verb, it has static form in past tense. They only
add ed and in a last of word such as play becomes
played, study becomes studied, and visit becomes
visited. Then d is added when the simple form end in e
or ee,such smile becomes smiled and hope becomes
hoped. Example: She smiled with someone yesterday.
If the first syllable of two syllables verb is
stressed, do not double the consonant, such as visit
becomes visited and offer becomes offered. Then if the
second syllable of two syllables verb is stressed, double
the consonant, such as prefer becomes preferred and
admit become admitted.8
(2). Irregular Verb is a verb that has variation form from V1
to V2 or V3, such as eat becomes ate, eaten or see
10
11
Betty Schampfer azar, Basic English Grammar, Prentince Hall Regents, New Jersey,
1996,p. 177
12
11
163
13
13
Ibid, p.37
Ibid, p, 38
14
to see me yesterday. Mary had been sleeping for two hours when I
visited her last night.
Based on the explanation above the researcher concludes that
past perfect continuous tense is used to explain an event that still
doing and express how long an event happens before others event
happens.
2. Concept of Reading
Talk about Narrative text is connected with reading, because by
reading we can comprehend the meaning, information, and messages from
it. The word Reading in Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary is derived
from the word Read is look and understanding the meaning of written or
printed words or symbol, discover or find out about some body
or
14
Press 1984 ,p 12
15
The student should know the grammar and vocabulary to get the meaning
and messages from narrative text especially.
a. Concept of Reading Comprehension
According to Hornby comprehension can be defined as follows :
1) The power of understanding
2) An exercise aimed at improving or testing one understands
of a language (written or spoken).17
According to Jean Wallace and Charles Temple, comprehension
understands of new information in light of what we already know.18 It
means that to understand the text or information well and detail. Paul
Davies and Eric Pearse explain that reading comprehension in foreign
language is not translation. Through translation may occasionally be
useful it is not reading aloud.19
Based on the quotation above the researcher concludes that
comprehension is an act or capacity for grasping with the intellect. The
term is most often used in connection with tests of reading skills and
language abilities, though other abilities. Reading comprehension
means understanding and knowing about the information from the text,
and also know the grammatical patters of narrative, it is past tense.
b. Strategies of Reading
17
18
19
16
There are five ways that can used to help the main idea of
information from the text are 1) Scanning is read fastly which
suggested looking the information that is connected with the text. 2)
Skimming is a skill of read fastly to get the general information as a
main thought. 3) Reference is getting the information from the text by
reference sentences before.4) Inference, is skill of reading by guessing
or getting a conclusion specifically in text. 20
5) Activating prior
knowledge, Thomas S.C farrels explain that in these cases teacher can
play a vital role in seeing that the readers know about new topic is built
up so they can successfully comprehend new text.21
20
21
Titi N Rinawati, Ana Maulia, Seri Pendalaman Materi Bahasa Inggris, PT Gelora
Aksara Pratama, Jakarta, 2008, p 365
Thomas S.C Farels, Planing lesson For a Reading Class, Seameo Regional,
Singapura, 2002, p. 40
17
George E wishon, Julia m.Burks, Lets Write English, Canada, Nostrad Reinhold Ltd, p.
378
23
24
18
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel
Oxford,op.cit,P.238
19
20
Table 2
The Table of the Narrative Text
Text Elements
Example
A Wolf and A Lamb
Orientation
One day the wolf was shaking his thirst at a stream
when he chanced to see a lamb, also drinking, at some
distance down the stream. Outraged, he growled
Sequences of events / You are muddying my drinking water, now I shall eat
complication
you The lamb protested, But, Sir, how can I be
muddying your drinking water? I am farther down
stream than you are. The water is flowing from your
part of the stream to where I am.
Resolution
Upstream or downstream, your drinking is muddying
my water, and I shall eat you. After saying, the wolf
leaped upon the lamb and devoured him.
From the table we can see the orientation that there are a lamb
and a wolf and the place that explained. The sequence or complication
21
comes when the wolf feels that the lamb had muddied its drinking
water. And in the resolution is the wolf devoured a lamb. From the
ending of story we conclude that the resolution is bad ending.
4. English Syllabus of Narrative Text
Materials of teaching aids are always necessary to be used in every
teaching process. The suitable materials are needed by the teacher in
speaking, listening, reading and writing class. Here is the reading syllabus at
the ninth grade students of Muhammadiyah Islamic Junior High School
(MTs M) Metro:
22
23
The teacher can use the materials from other relevant text book.
The material has to be ordered well to the students in order to reach
objective. The researcher should guide the students in past tense mastery
and narrative comprehension. The teacher gives more explanation to the
students about the material that is given. Especially the materials of past
tense mastery and reading that are concerned in narrative text.
In conclusion, materials or teaching aids are always needed in
teaching learning process, including in teaching past tense and narrative
text. The teacher should select the materials based on the topic that will be
discussed in the classroom and it should be related to the syllabus.
However, the objective of instruction will be reached.
24
25
text especially, although this text is fiction, but it has moral message and
information to the readers. If the grade of grammar past tense mastery is
high, the grade of comprehension of Narrative text is high, too. On the
contrary, if the grade of the grammar past tense is low and the grade of
narrative text comprehension text is low, too.
2. Paradigm
Base on the theoretical framework above, the researcher describes
the paradigm as follow:
English Subject
(1)
Grammar
(2)
Structure
(3)
Past Tense
(5)
Vocabulary
(4)
Narrative Text
(6)
Hypothesis
(7)
26
C. Hypothesis Formulation
The researcher formulates the hypothesis is There is a positive and
significant correlation between the past tense mastery and the narrative text
comprehension at the ninth grade of Muhammadiyah Islamic Junior High
School (MTs M) Metro. This hypothesis is suitable with Sutrisno Hadis
opinion is while assumption until proved the truth by the data which
collected31 Based on the both opinions above, the writer can conclude that
hypothesis is an answer that has a characteristic of while, it is rejected if the
fact is negative, and it is received if the fact is support.
31
63
Sutrisno Hadi, Metodologi Reseach Jilid 1, Fakultas psikologi UGM, Yogyakarta 1986. P
27