msoflio religiebi

# 15 leqciis sarCevi (erovnuli religiebi)

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konfucianoba
daoizmi
zoroastrizmi
sintoizmi

leqcia # 15
1. konfucianoba
konfuci _ es aris laTinizirebuli forma Cinuri saxelisa kun fu-czi (misi saxeli
sxva formebiTac gvxvdeba: kun-czi, kun-ciu, kun-juni). konfucianobis saxeliT
cnobilma swavlebam saukuneebis manZilze didi zegavlena moaxdina Cinuri
kulturisa da sazogadoebis Camoyalibebaze. is aseve mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravda iaponiis, taivanis, koreis yoveldRiur yofa-cxovrebas.
konfucianoba warmoiSva Zv. w. VI-V ss-ebSi. misi damfuZnebeli gaxldaT
cnobili Cineli moazrovne konfuci. igi daibada mxedarTmTavris ojaxSi. miiRo
kargi ganaTleba da garkevuli periodi samefo karze ministard muSaobda,
amasTanave iyo samefo moxeleebis moZRvari da mrCeveli. Zv. w. 436 wlidan
igi 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi mogzauribs qveyanaSi, dadis sofel-sofel da
qadagebs Tavis sibrZnes, adamianebs mouwodebs humanurobis dacvisken.
mis mier SemuSavebuli filosofiur-eTikuri sistema ar gaxldaT meamboxe,
aramed iyo sakmaod konservatuli xasiaTisa. misi swavleba arsebuli eTikuri
normebis keTilsindisier dacvas gulisxmobda.
Tavidan konfucianoba ar warmoadgenda religias, aramed mxolod filosofiureTikur swavlebas, romelic mxolod aTas welze meti xnis Semdgom
gardaiqmna religiad. kerZod, ax. w. VI s-sTvis SeiTvisa ra erovnuli (anu
Cinuri) religiuri warmodgenebi, gansakuTrebiT winaparTa da bunebis
Tayvaniscemis kulti, konfucianoba religiad gadaiqca. pirvel rigSi,
konfucianobaSi yvelaze meti yuradReba eTmoba zneobrivi principebis
dacvas.
daoizmisgan gansxvavebiT (ix. qvemoT), konfucianobas ar hyavs sasuliero
pirebi (Tumca arsebobs konfucianuri taZrebi). yvela religiur rituals ojaxis
mamebi aRasruleben. konfucianoba poliTeistur religiad iTvleba. mis
panTeonSi umaRles RvTaebad cas Tvlian. gaRmerTebulia aseve Tavad konfuci
da misi mowafeebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom konfucis ar swamda sikvdilis
Semdgomi sicocxlisa.
konfucianoba sakmaod gavleniani religiaa CineTSi, magram am qveyanaSi
morwmuneebs SeuZliaT erTdroulad ori an sami religiis (budizmi, daoizmi,
konfucianoba) mimdevrad miiCnion Tavi. amitom konfucianobis mimdevarTa
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ricxvis gansazRvra agreTve sakmaod rTul amocanas warmoadgens. amitom

CineTSi im adamianTa saerTo raodenobas aRricxaven, romlebic (Cinuri)
erovnuli religiebis mimdevrebad Tvlian Tavs. maTi ricxvi ki daaxl. 230
milionia.

rac met codnas iZen, miT ufro iRbliani xdebi;

nu idardeb imaze, rom ar gaqvs maRali Cini. idarde imaze,
imsaxureb Tu ara maRal Cins...
mas vinc ar fiqrobs Soreul siZneleebze, aucileblad moelis axlo
usiamovnebebi;
swavla fiqris gareSe uSedegoa, fiqri swavlis gareSe _ saxifaTo;
SeecadeT odnav keTili iyoT da Tqven dainaxavT, rom cudis
gakeTebas veRar SeZlebT;
mxolod Zalze suleli da Zalze Wkviani adamianebi ar icvlebian.
konfucis gamonaTqvamebi

2. daoizmi
daoizmi (konfucianobasTan da budizmTan erTad) warmoadgens CineTis erTerT religias. misi warmoSobis TariRad asaxeleben Zv. w. daaxl. VI-III ss.-ebs.
mis mTavar damfuZneblad ki miCneulia Zveli Cineli filosofosi lao-Zi (Cinur.
moxuci yrma). mas ekuTvnis traqtati dao de Zini, rac TargmanSi niSnavs
kanoni gzisa da saTnoebisa. es Txzuleba ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens
daoisturi moZRvrebisa.
daoizmi Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva rogorc filosofiuri sistema da mxolod
mogvianebiT gardaiqmna religiad. daoizmis filosofiuri swavlebis centrSi dgas
moZRvreba dao-s Sesaxeb, romelic samyaros warmoSobis, misi
ganviTarebisa da dasasrulis mizezad iTvleba. lao-Zis filosofiis ZiriTad princips
umoqmedoba warmoadgens. mas borotebasTan brZolis saukeTeso meTodad
masTan (borotebasTan) arSewinaaRmdegeba miaCnda.
daoizmis Tanaxmad, sruli harmoniis misaRwevad saWiroa adamianis daosTan Serwyma. amis misaRwevad ki rekomendirebulia umoqmedoba,
mdumareba da simSvide. lao-Zis azriT, mefe es wminda da umoqmedo
mmarTveli unda iyos. Tavisi drois samefo Zalauflebisadmi ki lao-Zi uaryofiTad
iyo ganwyobili.
saxelmwifos wminda mmarTveli cdilobs, raTa brZenma
adamianebma raimes gakeTeba ar gabedon. rodesac yvela
umoqmedo iqneba, maSin am qveynad sruli simSvide
damyardeba.
is, vinc codnas flobs, ar saubrobs da vinc saubrobs, man araferi
icis.
vinc Tavisufalia yovelgvari codnisgan, is arasodes daavaddeba.
mieci adamians Tevzi da mas erTi dRe eqneba sakvebi. aswavle
mas Tevzis Wera da mas mTeli sicocxle eqneba sakvebi
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lao-Zis gamonaTqvamebidan
(statia - // www.wikipedia.org)

Tavisi umoqmedobis koncefciiT tradiciulad daoizmi dapirispirebaSi iyo

konfucianobasTan, romelic xelmwifisa da sazogadoebis aqtiuri msaxurebas
qadagebda. Tumca mogvianebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda daoizmisa da
konfucianobis debulebebis morigeba, romelsac neokonfucianoba ewoda.
ax. w. I-II ss-ebSi daoizmi filosofiuri swavlebidan religiad gadaiqca, rodesac
man (konfucianobis msgavsad) CineTSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva rwmenawarmodgenebi SeiTvisa.
daoizmSi arsebobs RvTismsaxurTa instituti, romelTa umravlesoba
dauqorwineblobis aRTqmas debs. sasuliero ierarqias hyavs Tavisi patriarqic,
romelic tianSad ixsenieba (niSnavs zeciur maswavlebels). daoizmi
dayofilia uamrav mimdinareobad.

3. zoroastrizmi
uZveles religiad iTvleba aseve zoroastrizmi, romelic warmoiSva Zv. w. pirveli
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi sparseTis teritoriaze. mis damfuZneblad
miCneulia pirovneba, saxelad zaraTuStra (berZn. zoroastri). mas Semdeg,
rac zoroastrizmi sparseTis oficialur religiad gamocxadda, es religia aseve
vrceldeboda im qveynebis teritoriebzec, romlebsac sparseTis imperia
ipyrobda: Sua azia, kavkasiis aRmosavleT nawili, amJamindeli avRaneTis
teritoria da sxva. Tumca arabTa mier sparseTis dapyrobis Semdeg
zoroastrizmis poziciebic TandaTan Sesustda. muslimi arabebis mxridan devnis
gamo zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi VII s-dan indoeTSi gadavidnen.
zoroastrizms mkveTrad gamoxatuli dualisturi1 xasiaTi aqvs: misi doqtrinis
mixedviT, naTel (keTil) da bnel (borot) sawyisebs Tanabari Zala aqvT da isini
gamudmebul WidilSi arian, rac miwier samyaroSic aisaxeba. keTil RmerTs
ewodeba ahura mazda, romelmac es samyaro Seqmna: mosavliani miwa,
sasargeblo mcenareebi da cxovelebi, adamianebi da yovelive keTili am
qveynad. boroti RmerTs ki ewodeba ahrimani, romlis Seqmnilia sxvadasxva
saxis daavadeba, sikvdili, udabnoebi, gvalva, mavne cxovelebi da yovelive
boroti am qveyanaze. swored ahura mazdas saxelis mixedviT erqva sparseTis
imperiis uZveles religias saxeli mazdeizmi, romlis reformatoradac miiCneva
winaswarmetyveli zaraTustra.
zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi gansakuTrebul pativs scemen cecxls, romelsac,
maTi azriT, ganmwmendi Zala aqvs. amis gamo maT zogjer
cecxlTayvanismcemlebsac uwodeben. maT taZrebSi yovelTvis anTia cecxli.
zoroastrelebs swamT sulis ukvdaveba da sikvdilisSemdgomi arseboba.

dualizmi _ ori Tanabrad Zalmosili sulieri sawyisis (keTilisa da borotis) arsebobis aRiareba.

zoroastrizmis wm. wigns ewodeba avesta, romlis zogierTi nawili Tavad

zaraTustras dawerilad iTvleba.
zoroastrizmis kidev erT specifiur niSans warmoadgens misi ukiduresad
negatiuri damokidebuleba adamianis gvamebis mimarT. isini gvamebs arc
miwaSi marxaven, arc mdinareSi agdeben da arc cecxlze wvaven, radgan es,
maTi azriT, Seuracxyofs (auwmindurebs, bRalavs) miwas, wyalsa da cecxls,
romlebsac zoroastrelebi Tayvans scemen. amitom maT gvamebi gaaqvT
gansakuTrebul adgilebSi, romlebsac mdumarebis koSkebs uwodeben. iq ki
gvamebs leSis mWameli frinvelebi Wamen.
iranTan urTierTobebis Sedegad zoroastrizmi saqarTveloSic gavrcelda.
qristianobisa da mazdeanobis brZolis kvali kargad igrZnoba qarTul
hagiografiul ZeglebSi (ix. SuSanikisa da evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebani).
qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebiT irkveva, rom mcxeTaSi cecxlTayvanismcemlebiT
dasaxlebuli calke ubanic ki arsebobda. zogierTi mecnieris varaudiT, armazis
kerpis saxelwodebac mazdeanuri RvTaebis _ ahura mazdas saxels
ukavSirdeba. zoroastruli taZris (sparsulad atroSani) nangrevebi arsebobs
TbilisSic, sololakis teritoriaze.

4. sintoizmi
Tu konfucianoba da daoizmi filosofiuri sistemebidan aRmocendnen, iaponiis
adgilobrivi religia, sintoizmi (sinto RmerTebis gza) iaponelTa uZvelesi
religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebidan amoizarda. am poliTeisturi religiis saboloo
formireba VII-VIII ss-ebSi moxda. sintos mimdevarTa rwmeniT mTeli samyaro
dasaxlebulia uamravi RvTaebiT. am RvTaebaTa panTeonis meTaurad ki
miCneulia mzis RmerTi.
iaponelTa rwmeniT, mzis RmerTis mier aris dafuZnebuli iaponuri
saimperatoro dinastia, Tumca meore msoflio omis Semdgom iaponurma
parlamentma gaauqma kanoni imperatorTa RvTaebrivi warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
sintoizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSania aseve omSi gardacvlil
meomarTa kulti (ix. Sesabamisi pasaJebi kamikaZe, samurai da
harakiris fenomenebze).
kamikaZe (iap. kami _ RvTaeba, kaZe qari) niSnavs
RvTaebriv qars. ase uwodes qariSxals, romelmac orjer (1274 da
1281 ww.) gaanadgura monRolTa xomaldebi iaponiis napirebTan.
me-20 s-Si kamikaZed moixseniebdnen iaponel mfrinavebs,
romlebic mzad iyvnen maTze dakisrebuli operaciebis (mtris
xomaldebis dabombvis) Sesrulebisas sakuTari sicocxlec Segnebulad
gaewiraT. dRes am sityviT ixsenieben zogadad TviTmkvlel
teroristebs. iaponuri aviacia arasodes ganicdida mfrinavikamikaZeebis ukmarisobas, piriqiT, moxaliseni, rogorc wesi, samjer
meti iyo, vidre TviTmfrinavebis raodenoba. kamikaZeTa ZiriTadi
Semadgenloba 20-22 wlis studentebi iyvnen. maTi motivacia
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ZiriTadad patriotizmi an sakuTari sagvareulos saxelis ukvdavyofa

iyo. am movlenis siRrmiseuli mizezebi ki, albaT, Tavad iaponur
kulturaSi unda veZeboT, Suasaukuneebis samuraebsa da maTi
qcevis kodeqsSi (busido), aseve iaponelTa gansakuTrebul
damokidebulebaSi sikvdilTan. kamikaZeebi iaponiaSi gmirebad
iTvlebian, romlebzec taZrebSi loculoben rogorc wmindanebze, maTi
naTesavebi ki pativdebul adamianebad iTvlebodnen mTels qalaqSi.
informacia amokrebilia on-lain enciklopediuri statiebidan
(Wikipedia, ).
samurai (iap. msaxuri) _ ase ixseniebodnen Sua saukuneebSi
iaponeli raindebi, romlebic daaxl. me-8 s-dan arseboben. isini,
ZiriTadad, sakuTari batonis piradi mcvelebi da imavdroulad maTi
msaxurebic iyvnen. am mxriv yvelaze sapatio Tanamdeboba
SeiZleboda yofiliyo batonis xmalis meTvalyureoba. zogierTi maTgani
aseve iyvnen qolgis mcvelni Tu diliT Wiqa wylis mimwodebelni
axalgaRviZebuli batonisTvis. samuraebs ar gaaCndaT sakuTari
mamuli da ekonomikurad mTlianad batonze iyvnen damokidebulni.
samurais qcevis kodeqsi, busido batonisadmi usityvo morCilebasa
da sakuTari sicocxlis arad miCnevas iTxovda. maT Cveulebriv
meomrebadac iyenebdnen. rodesac iaponiaSi Sida-feodaluri omebi
Sewyda, samuraebis razmebi, ZiriTadad, ajanyebuli glexebis
CasaxSobad iyenebdnen.
droTa ganmavlobaSi batonebs aRar esaWiroebodaT samuraebis
amdeni razmebi da Sesabamisad maTi ricxvi mcirdeboda.
samuraebis nawili roninebad gadaiqca. ase ewodebodaT yofil
samuraebs, romlebic Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis statuss iRebdnen da
iwyebdnen xelosnobas, vaWrobas da sxva. sxva samuraebi ki
ninZebad anu daqiravebuli mkvlelebi gaxdnen.
me-19 s-Si samuraebis instituti sruliad gaqra, roca gauqmda
iaponiis mosaxleobis wodebrivi sxvaobebi. aseve mas Semdeg, rac
iaponia evropis ganviTarebul qveynebTan da amerikasTan sagareo
vaWrobisTvis gaixsna, naturaluri meurneobis sistema TiTqmis
mTlianad moiSala. amrigad, Tuki adreul SuasaukuneebSi
warmoqmnili samuraebis instituti feodalizmis ganviTarebis axal
Zalas warmoadgenda, bolo dros iaponiis gadasvlam kapitalistur
wyobaze gamoiwvia samuraebis wodebis uwindeburi mniSvnelobis
dakargva.
informacia amokrebilia on-lain enciklopediuri statiebidan
(Wikipedia da portalidan istoria:
http://history.rin.ru/text/tree/3630.html).

harakiris (iap. hara _ muceli, kiri _ gafatvra) wes-Cveuleba

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli samuraebis qcevis kodeqsTan busido.
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harakiris aRsruleba imis maniSneblad iTvleboda, rom samuraebi

mamaci meomrebi iyvnen, rom Tavis sicocxles sakuTari nebisamebr
ganagebdnen da ar eSinodaT sikvdilis. harakiri anu xmliT sakuTari
muclis gafatvra, adamianisgan did gabedulebasa da
gamZleobas/amtanobas iTxovda, radgan muclis Rru adamianis
sxeulis erT-erTi yvelaze mgrZnobiare adgilia.
iaponiaSi samuraebi, da ara mxolod isini, swored am meTodiT
aRasrulebdnen TviTmkvlelobis aqts. amas maSin akeTebdnen,
rodesac raime uRirs saqciels Caidendnen da uxucesTa sabWo
amgvar ganaCens gamoutanda. harakirs mimarTavda samurai
sakuTari Rirsebis SenarCunebis mizniTac, mag., mis mier sisxlis
aRebis (svanebis msgavsad, amgvari wesi maTTanac arsebobda)
SeuZleblobis dros, sxvadasxva saxis usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg
protestis niSnad, sakuTari meomruli funqciis aRsrulebis
SesaZleblobis warTmevisas da maSinac ki, roca sakuTari batoni
gardaecvlebodaT. erTi sityviT, harakiri nebismieri rTuli
mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis universalur saSualebas
warmoadgenda.
xSirad samuraebi harakirs sruliad umniSvnelo mizezis gamoc
mimarTavdnen. mag., cnobilia ori samurais mier harakiris Catarebis
faqti mcire davis Semdgom Tu rogor da ratom wamoedo Tu Seexo
maTi xmlebi erTmaneTs (xmali samuraisTvis siwmindis tolfasi iyo).
aseTi siadvile sakuTari sicocxlis ganadgurebisa, ganpirobebuli iyo
zogadad aRmosavluri da, kerZod, budisturi swavlebis gavleniT,
romlis mixedviTac saWiro iyo miwieri survilebisa da mTlianad
amqveyniuri cxovrebis CaxSoba, misi daokeba, Sewyveta. aqedan
gamomdinareobda sicocxlisadmi amgvari udieri damokidebuleba da
misi arafrad miCneva.
harakiri kanoniT aikrZala 1868 wels, Tumca TviTmkvlelobis praqtika
mainc SenarCunda: amas mowmobs meore msoflio omis dros
samSoblosTvis sakuTari sicocxlis Segnebuli gawirvis uamravi faqti
iaponel kamikaZe-mfrinavTa mier.
informacia amokrebilia enciklopediuri statiebidan (
da portalidan istoria: http://history.rin.ru/cgi-bin/history.pl?
num=3998)
CineTis msgavsad, iaponiaSic aqvs adgili Sereuli religiurobis
(polikonfesiurobis) fenomens: erTi da igive morwmunes SeuZlia rogorc
sintoistur, aseve budistur taZrebSi religiur ritualebSi monawileobis miReba.
magaliTad, bavSvis dabadebasTan dakavSirebul religiur ritualebs iaponelebi
sintoistur taZrebSi aRasruleben, xolo dakrZalvis ritualebs budistur taZrebSi.
saqorwino ceremoniebs zogjer budistur, ufro xSirad ki sintoistur taZrebSi
aRasruleben.
iaponiaSi gavrcelebuli ori mTavari religiis (sintoizmi da budizmi) mimdevarTa
raodenobis dadgena iseve rTulia, rogorc CineTis religiebis SemTxvevaSi.
sintoizmis wyaroebiT, iaponiis mosaxleobis umravlesoba sintoizmis
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mimdevaria, magram igives mowmobs budisturi statistika, romlis mixedviTac

mosaxleobis umravlesoba budizmis mimdevaria. es ar aris gasakviri, Tuki
mxedvelobaSi miviRebT polikonfesiurobis faqtors. Tumca aqve isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom SekiTxvaze, Tu romel maTgans aniWebs upiratesobas,
iaponelTa 98%-ma procentma aRniSna, rom, pirvel rigSi, Tavs budistad
miiCnevs.
zemoTwarmodgenili religiebis msgavsad, sintoizmSic uamravi mimarTuleba
arsebobs.