maqs veberi

narkvevebi religiis sociologiis Sesaxeb

mTargmnelebi nino fircxalava da emzar jgerenaia

s a r C e v i
winaswari SeniSvnebi
protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis
suliskveTeba
msoflio religiaTa sameurneo eTika
Sualeduri dakvirveba

1
13
148
170

protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis

suliskveTeba 1)
I. problema.

Sinaarsi
1. konfesia da socialuri dafenianeba.
2. kapitalizmis "suliskveTeba".
3. luTeriseuli mowodebis koncefcia.
gamokvlevis mizani.
1
konfesiuri TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovani qveynis
profesiuli statistikisaTvis Tvalis erTi gadavleba
aSkara kanonzomierebiT 2) naTels xdis movlenas, romelic
kaTolikur presasa da literaturaSi 3), agreTve germanel
kaTolikeTa
Tavyrilobebze
araerTgzis
ganxilula
gacxovelebulad; saqme exeba kapitalis mflobelobisa da
mewarmeobis, aseve mSromelTa maRali ganswavluli fenebis,
gansakuTrebiT ki Tanamedrove mewarmeobis teqnikuri an
komerciuli TvalsazrisiT maRal doneze ganviTarebuli
personalis upiratesad protestantul xasiaTs 4). da ara
mxolod iq, sadac konfesiuri nairgvaroba emTxveva erebisa
da kulturebis ganviTarebis donis gansxvavebas, rogorc es
aRmosavleT germaniaSi germanelebsa da polonelebs Soris
iCens Tavs, aramed TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac ki kapitalistur
ganviTarebas gasaqani mieca misi yvavilobis periodSi
mosaxleoba misi moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad daefenianebina da
profesiebis mixedviT daenawevrebina _ da sadac ufro
intensiuri xasiaTi hqonda amas, miT ufro aSkarad _
vawydebiT am movlenas, gamoxatuls konfesiis statistikis
ricxvebSi. amgvarad cxadia, SedarebiT ufro Zlieri anu
mTlian
mosaxleobaSi
sakuTari
procentuli
wiliT
protestantebis gadaWarbebuli monawileoba kapitalistur
mflobelobaSi 5), mmarTvelobasa da Sromis maRal
safexurze did Tanamedrove samrewvelo da savaWro
warmoebaSi 6) nawilobriv im istoriul safuZvlebze
daiyvaneba 7), romlebic Soreul warsulSia saZiebeli da

romelTa SemTxvevaSic konfesiuri kuTvnileba ekonomikuri

movlenebis mizezs ki ar warmoadgens, aramed garkveulwilad
umal mis Sedegad gvevlineba. ekonomikur saqmianobaSi
monawileoba winapirobad gulisxmobs nawilobriv kapitalis
mflobelobas,
nawilobriv
ZviradRirebul
aRzrdas,
nawilobriv da upiratesad ki orives erTad. igi dRes
mijaWvulia
memkvidreobiT
miRebuli
simdidris
mflobelobaze an kidev garkveul SeZlebulobaze. swored
Cveni saxelmwifos umdidresi, bunebrivi pirobebiTa da
transportis mimosvlisaTvis xelsayreli adgilmdebareobiT
ganebivrebuli da ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli
regionebis udidesi nawili, gansakuTrebiT ki mdidari
qalaqebis
umetesoba
Semotrialda
XVI
saukuneSi
protestantizmisaken da amis gamoZaxili iyo is, rac
protestantebs dRemde sasikeTod adgebaT arsebobisaTvis
ekonomikur
brZolaSi.
oRond
amis
Sedegad
ibadeba
istoriuli xasiaTis kiTxva: mainc ra safuZveli hqonda
saeklesio revoluciisaTvis ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlierad
ganviTarebuli regionebis am gansakuTrebul midrekilebas?
da aq pasuxi aramc da aramc ar aris iseTi martivi, rogorc
es SeiZleba kacs Tavdapirvelad moeCvenos. ra Tqma unda,
ekonomikuri tradicionalizmis Tavidan CamoSoreba imgvar
momentad
gvevlineba,
romelmac
sazogadod
sruliad
arsebiTad gaumagra safuZveli midrekilebas TviT religiuri
tradiciis mimarT eWvisa da tradiciuli avtoritetebis
winaaRmdeg amboxebisadmi. oRond aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is,
rac dRes xSirad aviwydebaT, rom reformacia niSnavda ara
imdenad saerTod eklesiis cxovrebaze batonobis gauqmebas,
aramed umal am ukanasknelis manamde arsebuli formis
Secvlas sxvagvariT. kerZod ki es gulisxmobda metad
moxerxebuli,
im
droisaTvis
praqtikulad
naklebad
SesagrZnobi, mravalmxriv TiTqmis formaluri batonobis
Secvlas saSinao Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismier
sferoSi dasaSvebis zRvramde misuli,
ukiduresad Rrmad
SeWrili, usasrulod Semawuxebeli da seriozulad aRqmuli
cxovrebis warmarTvis wesis reglamentirebiT. kaTolikuri
eklesiis batonobas, romelic uwin dRevandelze metad iyo
"eretikosTa damsjeli, codvilTa mimarT ki lmobieri",
amJamad
eguebian
savsebiT
Tanamedrove
ekonomikuri
fiziognomiis xalxebic da aseve eguebodnen mas umdidresi,

ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli regionebi, romelTac

ki XV saukunis mijnaze icnobda msoflio. kalvinizmis
batonoba, ra saxiTac is ZalaSi iyo XVI saukuneSi Jenevasa
da
SotlandiaSi,
XVI-XVII
saukuneebis
mijnaze
niderlandebis did nawilSi, XVII saukuneSi axal inglissa
da drodadro Tavad inglisSic, CvenTvis, calkeul
individze ganxorcielebuli eklesiuri kontrolis is
yovlad autaneli forma iqneboda, rac ki SeiZleboda
arsebuliyo. zustad aseve iyo is aRqmuli imdroindeli
Zveli patriciatis farTo fenebis mier, rogorc JenevaSi,
aseve holandiasa da inglisSi. cxovrebaze eklesiurreligiuri batonobis ara moWarbebuloba, aramed ukiduresi
simcire warmoadgenda swored imas, rasac is reformatorebi
miiCnevdnen saZraxisad, romlebic ekonomikurad yvelaze
ganviTarebul qveynebSi iSvnen. mainc rogor moxda, rom
imJamad ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebulma qveynebma, da
rogorc amas SemdgomSi davinaxavT, maTi sazRvrebis
farglebSi im droisaTvis ekonomikurad aRmavlobis gzaze
mdgomma "burJuaziulma" saSualo wodebis klasebma, manamde
maTTvis jer kidev ucnobi puritanuli tirania aramcTu
mxolod aitanes, aramed misi dacvisas imgvari gmiroba
gamoavlines, rogoric burJuaziul klasebs, rogorc aseTs,
manamde
iSviaTad,
xolo
Semdeg
ki
aRarasodes
gamoumJRavnebiaT? es iyo "the last of our heroisms" (Cveni
gmirobis
ukanaskneli
gamonaTeba),
rogorc
arcTu
usafuZvlod ambobs karlaili.
magram Semdeg da kerZod, rogorc vTqviT, Tu
protestantebis ufro Zlieri monawileoba kapitalis
mflobelobasa da mmarTvel Tanamdebobebze Tanamedrove
ekonomikis farglebSi dRes nawilobriv SeiZleba gagebuli
iqnes, rogorc maTi imTaviTve istoriulad momdinare
saSualod aRebuli ukeTesi qonebrivi monacemebis Sedegi,
meore mxriv, Tavs iCenen movlenebi, romelTa SemTxvevaSic
kauzaluri mimarTeba namdvilad amgvari ar aris. maT ricxvs
ganekuTvneba, Tundac mxolod ramodenime maTgani rom
davasaxeloT, Semdegi: pirvel rigSi sruliad zogadad,
vTqvaT, badenSi, iseve rogorc bavariasa da magaliTad,
ungreTSi, dasabuTebadi gansxvaveba umaRlesi ganaTlebis
formaSi, romelsac kaTolike mSoblebi, protestantebis
sapirispirod, TavianT Svilebs aZleven. is, rom "maRali"

tipis
saswavlo
dawesebulebebis
moswavleTa
da
abiturientTa Soris kaTolikeTa procentuli Semadgenloba
mTlianobaSi aSkarad CamorCeba 8) maT xvedriT wils erTian
mosaxleobaSi, didwilad marTalia, aRniSnul odiTganve
momdinare qonebriv gansxvavebebs miewereba; magram is, rom
kaTolike
abiturientTa
Soris
maTi
procentuli
Semadgenloba, vinc teqnikuri ganaTlebisaTvis da savaWrosamewarmeo
profesiebisaTvis,
sazogadod
burJuaziuli
saqmiani
cxovrebisaTvis
gansazRvruli
da
gamiznuli
Tanamedrove, specialuri mosamzadebeli dawesebulebebidan:
realuri gimniazia, realuri saswavlebeli, maRali klasis
samoqalaqo
saswavlebeli
da
a.S.
gamodis,
aSkarad
sagrZnoblad
CamorCeba
protestantTa
procentul
raodenobas 9) maSin, rodesac im winaswar ganaTlebas,
romelsac humanitaruli gimnaziebi iZleva, kaTolikeTa
mxridan upiratesoba eniWeba _ aris movlena, romelic
zemoxsenebuli mizeziT ver aixsneba, umal piriqiT, Tavis
mxriv
kapitalistur
saqmianobaSi
kaTolikeTa
mcire
monawileobis asaxsnelad SeiZleba iqnes moxmobili. kidev
ufro
TvalsaCinoa
dakvirveba,
romelic
gvexmareba
Tanamedrove msxvili industriis ganswavlul mSromelTa
Soris kaTolikeTa naklebi monawileobis gagebaSi. is
cnobili movlena, roca fabrika Tavis naswavl muSaxels
didwilad xelosanTa momdevno Taobidan moizidavs da
amgvarad mas Tavisi muSaxelis winaswar ganswavlas miandobs
da mas am dasrulebuli winaswari ganswavlis Semdeg
CamoarTmevs, arsebiTad ufro Zlierad umal protestanti
xelosnis SegirdebSi avlens Tavs, vidre kaTolikeebSi. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xelosanTa Segirdebs Soris
kaTolikeebi
xelosnobaSi
darCenis
ufro
Zlier
midrekilebas avlenen anu SedarebiT ufro xSirad xdebian
xelosani ostatebi maSin, rodesac protestantebi SedarebiT
ufro metad fabrikebisken miiswrafian, raTa aq naswavli
muSebisa da mewarme moxeleTa maRali eSelonebi Seavson 10).
am SemTxvevebSi mizezobrivi mimarTeba imgvaradaa mowyobili,
rom aRzrdiT SeZenilma sulierma Taviseburebam da, kerZod,
aq
samSoblosa
da
mSobliuri
saxlis
religiuri
atmosferoTi
ganpirobebulma
aRzrdis
mimarTulebam
gansazRvra xelobis arCevani da Semdgomi profesiuli bediRbali.

germaniaSi samewarmeo cxovrebaSi kaTolikeTa naklebi

monawileoba miT ufro TvalSisacemia, ramdenadac es
ewinaaRmdegeba
odiTgan
11)
da
amJamadac
cnobil
gamocdilebas, rom erovnuli an religiuri umciresobebi,
romlebic rogorc "damorCilebulni" upirispirdebian sxva
jgufebs
rogorc
"dammorCileblebs",
politikurad
gavleniani poziciebidan maTi nebayoflobiTi Tu iZulebiTi
gamoTiSvis
gamo
isini
gansakuTrebiT
intensiurad
ganidevnebodnen swored mewarmeobis sarbielze, ase, rom maTi
yvelaze niWieri warmomadgenlebi aq cdilobdnen im
pativmoyvareobis
dakmayofilebas,
ramac
saxelmwifo
samsaxuris asparezze ganxorcieleba ver hpova. udaod
amgvarad iyo saqme aSkarad ekonomikuri aRmavlobis gzaze
myofi polonelebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTsa da aRmosavleT
prusiaSi _ am ukanasknelTa mier dapyrobili galiciis
sapirispirod _ aseTive viTareba iyo uwin hugenotebTan
dakavSirebiT safrangeTSi ludoviko XIV mefobis xanaSi,
nonkonformistebisa da kvekerebis SemTxvevaSi inglisSi da _
last
not
least
(sabolood,
oRond
aranakleb)
_
oriaTaswleulis manZilze ebraelebTan dakavSirebiT. magram
amgvari qmedebis msgavss verafers an yovel SemTxvevaSi
verafers TvalSisacems ver vxedavT kaTolikeTa SemTxvevaSi
germaniaSi da warsulSic protestantebisagan gansxvavebiT,
verc holandiaSi da verc inglisSi im epoqaSi, sadac am
ukanasknelT an devnidnen an mxolod iTmendnen, kaTolikeebs
raime gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli ekonomikuri donisTvis
ar miuRweviaT. saqme umal isaa, rom protestantebma
(saxeldobr
maT
Soris
garkveulma,
mogvianebiT
gansakuTrebiT
gansaxilvelma
mimdinareobebma)
rogorc
mmarTvelma, aseve marTulma fenam, rogorc umravlesobam,
aseve
umciresobam
ekonomikuri
racionalizmisadmi
specifikuri midrekileba gamoavlina, rac kaTolikeebTan arc
erT da arc meore mdgomareobaSi imave saxiT SesamCnevi arc
yofila da arc aris 12). gansxvavebuli qcevis mizezi
umTavresi arsis mixedviT saZiebelia ucvlel Sinagan
TaviseburebaSi da ara mxolod konfesiaTa calkeul
garegnul istoriul-politikur mdgomareobaSi 13).
maSasadame
saqme
ise
unda
warimarTos,
rom
Tavdapirvelad ganxilul iqnas, Tu ras warmoadgens
konfesiaTa Taviseburebis is elementebi, romlebic zeviT

gaSuqebuli mimarTulebiT moqmedebdnen da nawilobriv

dResac moqmedeben. SesaZloa zedapiruli dakvirvebisas da
garkveuli
Tanamedrove
STabeWdilebebidan
gamomdinare,
adamians ver gaeZlo cTunebisaTvis da dapirispireba
imgvarad Camoeyalibebina: rom kaTolicizmis ufro Zlier
"araamqveyniurobas", asketur midrekilebebs, romlebic mis
umaRles idealebs warmoaCenen, mis mimdevrebSi amaqveynis
sikeTeTa mimarT ufro meti indiferentuloba unda
aRezarda. es dasabuTeba marTlac Seesabameba orive konfesiis
Sefasebis
dRes
gavrcelebul,
popularul
sqemas.
protestantebis mxridan am mosazrebas iyeneben kaTolikuri
cxovrebis wesis asketuri idealebis (namdvili, Tu
moCvenebiTi)
kritikisaTvis,
kaTolikeTa
mxridan
ki
sapasuxod
"materializms"
sayveduroben,
rac
protestantizmis mier cxovrebis yovelgvari Sinaarsis
sekularizaciis Sedegi unda iyos. erT-erT Tanamedrove
avtorsac miaCnda, rom dapirispireba, rogorc is orive
aRmsareblobis mogebaze orientirebuli cxovrebis mimarT
damokidebulebaSi avlens Tavs, amgvarad unda Camoeyalibebina:
"kaTolike ... ufro mSvidia; mogebis ufro naklebi JiniT
Sepyrobili, upiratesobas ufro SeZlebisdagvarad myar,
Tundac naklebSemosavlian karieras aniWebs, vidre xifaTian,
mSfoTvare, magram rig SemTxvevebSi pativisa da simdidris
momtan cxovrebas. xalxs xumrobiT uTqvams: an kargi Wama, an
mSvidi Zilio. mocemul SemTxvevaSi protestants urCevnia
kargad Wamos maSin, rodesac kaTolikes mSvidi Zili surs"
14). sinamdvileSi "kargad Wamis surviliT" SesaZlebelia
germaniaSi da Tanamedrove epoqaSi protestantTa eklesiurad
ufro indiferentuli nawilis motivaciis marTalia ara
srulad, magram nawilobriv mainc, marTebulad daxasiaTeba.
magram warsulSi ara marto saqmis viTareba iyo sruliad
sxvagvarad:
ingliseli,
holandieli
da
amerikeli
puritanebisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, "amqveyniuri cxovrebiT
tkbobis" swored sapirispiro ramaa niSandoblivi da kerZod,
rogorc amas kidev davinaxavT, amaSi mdgomareobda Cveni
TvalsazrisisaTvis maTi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba. maSin, rodesac magaliTad,
franguli
protestantizmis
Taviseburma
xasiaTma,
kalvinistur eklesiebs sazogadod da kerZod "jvris qveS"
myofT, sarwmunoebrivi brZolebis epoqaSi, yvelgan Tavisi

daRi daasva, rac metad xangrZlivi drois manZilze da

garkveulwilad dRemdec ki SenarCunebulia. miuxedavad
yvelafrisa _ anda sulac sakiTxavia: egeb sworedac amis
gamo _ igi rogorc cnobilia, safrangeTis samewarmeo da
kapitalisturi ganviTarebis erT-erTi umTavresi matarebeli
iyo da ufro mcire masStabiT, ramdenadac es devnam gaxada
dasaSvebi, amgvarive darCa. Tuki msgavs seriozul ganwyobas
da cxovrebis warmarTvis wesSi religiuri interesebis
mkveTr momZlavrebas "araamqveyniurobas" davarqmevdiT, maSin
frangi kalvinistebi sul cota aseve araamqveyniurni iyvnen
da arian, rogorc magaliTad, Crdilogermaneli kaTolikeebi,
romelTaTvisac maTi kaTolicizmi ueWvelad esoden gulis
siRrmidan momdinare ramaa, rogorc arc erTi xalxisaTvis
dedamiwis zurgze. oriveni ki erTi da imave mimarTulebiT
gansxvavdebian gabatonebuli religiuri partiisagan anu
erTi mxriv, Tavis dabal SreebSi ukiduresad sicocxlis
moyvaruli, maRal SreebSi ki religiis mimarT pirdapir
mtrulad ganwyobili safrangeTis kaTolikeebisagan da meore
mxriv ki dRes saero, mogebaze orientirebul cxovrebaSi
danTqmuli da Tavis maRal SreebSi religiis mimarT
upiratesad indiferentuli germaneli protestantebisagan
15). Znelad Tu rame warmoaCens esoden aSkarad rogorc es
paraleli im faqts, rom imgvari bundovani warmodgenebiT,
rogoricaa kaTolicizmis (ybadaRebuli!) "araamqveyniuroba",
protestantizmis
(ybadaRebuli!)
materialisturi
"amqveyniuri cxovrebiT tkboba" da sxva mravali msgavsi ram,
aq bevrs verafers gavxdebiT, Tundac ukve imis gamo, rom am
ganzogadebaSi isini nawilobriv ukve dRevandelobis mimarT,
nawilobriv ki warsulis mimarT mainc aranair SesabamisobaSi
ar arian. magram Tu maincdamainc am xsenebuli warmodgenebiT
xelmZRvanelobas movisurvebdiT, maSin ukve gakeTebuli
SeniSvnebis garda, zogierT sxva dakvirvebebsac, romlebic
isedac mogveZalnen, SeeZlo miveaxlovebineT mosazrebamde,
rom iqneb, erTi mxriv, araamqveyniurobas, askezas da
eklesiur RvTismosaobas, meore mxriv ki kapitalistur
mogebaze
mimarTul
cxovrebaSi
monawileobas
Soris
arsebuli mTeli dapirispirebuloba Sinagan naTesaurobad
Semogvetrialebina.
marTlac TvalSisacemia _ ramodenime sruliad
garegnuli momentiT rom daviwyoT _ Tu raoden didi iyo

qristianuli RvTismosaobis swored yvelaze gaSinaganebul

formaTa
mimdevrebis
ricxvi,
vinc
vaWarTa
wreebis
warmomavlobisani arian. gansakuTrebiT pietizmi umadlis am
warmomavlobas mis yvelaze Tavgamodebul aRmsarebelTa
gamorCeulad did ricxvs. aq SeiZleboda gagvxseneboda
"mamonizmis" (angarebianobis _ mTargmn.) ukuqmedeba sakuTar
TavSi CaRrmavebul da vaWarTa xelobisTvis sruliad
Seuferebeli bunebis adamianebze da cxadi gaxdeba, rom
francisk asizelis msgavsad, mravali pietistisaTvisac
"moqcevis" procesi Tavad moqceuls subieqturad Zalze
xSirad amgvarad warmoesaxeboda. amgvaradve SeiZleboda
gvecada egzom TvalSisacemad gaxSirebuli movlena (vidre
vTqvaT, sesil rodsamde) anu is, rom mRvdelmsaxurTa
ojaxebidan uzarmazari gaqanebis kapitalisti mrewvelebi
gamodian, agvexsna, rogorc axalgazrdobaSi miRebuli
asketuri aRzrdis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli reaqcia. oRond
axsnis msgavsi wesi gvimtyunebs iq, sadac xdeba erTi da
igive pirovnebasa Tu pirovnebaTa jgufSi virtuozuli
kapitalisturi
saqmosnobis
niWis
Tanxvdoma
mTeli
cxovrebis gammsWvalavi da momwesrigebeli RvTismosaobis
umZafres formebTan. amgvari SemTxvevebi gancalkavebuli ki
ar aris, aramed isini umal maxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebas
warmoadgenen istoriulad umniSvnelovanesi protestantuli
eklesiebisa da seqtebis mTeli rigi jgufebisaTvis. kerZod
kalvinizmi, yvelgan, sadac ki damkvidrebula, avlens am
saxis kombinacias 16). ramdenadac naklebad iyo igi romelime
qveyanaSi reformaciis gavrcelebis periodSi (rogorc
sazogadod
nebismieri
protestantuli
aRmsarebloba)
romelime gansazRvrul calkeul klasze mijaWvuli, imdenad
damaxasiaTebeli, garkveulwilad "tipiuria" magaliTad, is,
rom frang hugenotTa eklesiebSi berebi da mrewvelebi
(vaWrebi, xelosnebi) prozelitTa Soris Zalian male
ricxvobrivad gamorCeulad Zlierad iyvnen warmodgenilni da
gansakuTrebiT devnis periodSi rCebodnen aseve Zlierad
warmodgenilni 17). jer kidev espanelebma icodnen, rom
"eresi"
(e.i.
niderlandelTa
kalvinizmi)
"savaWro
suliskveTebas uwyobs xels" da es savsebiT Seesatyviseba im
mosazrebebs, romlebic ser v. petim Camoayaliba Tavis
gamokvlevaSi niderlandebis kapitalisturi aRmavlobis
mizezebis Sesaxeb. goThaini 18) kalvinistur diasporas

marTebulad uwodebs "kapitalisturi meurneobis sanerges"

19). aq SeiZleboda gadamwyvet faqtorad franguli da
holandiuri ekonomikuri kulturis (saidanac am diasporis
warmomavloba iRebs saTaves) upiratesoba an kidev qveynidan
gandevnilobisa da tradiciuli cxovrebiseuli kavSirebidan
amoglejilobis mZlavri zegavlena miCneuliyo 20). TviT
safrangeTSic, rogorc es kolberis brZolebidanaa cnobili,
XVII saukuneSi saqme zustad amgvarad iyo. avstriac ki,
sxva qveynebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, drodadro pirdapir
eweoda protestanti fabrikantebis imports. Tumca, rogorc
Cans, yvela protestantuli aRmsareblobiTi jgufi rodi
axdens am mimarTulebiT ase Zlier gavlenas. kalvinizmma es,
etyoba, germaniaSic moimoqmeda. "reformirebuli" konfesia
21) sxva aRmsareblobebTan SedarebiT kapitalisturi
suliskveTebis
CamoyalibebisaTvis
vupertalSic
iseve
xelSemwyobi aRmoCnda, rogorc sadme sxvagan. ufro
xelSemwyobi, magaliTad, vidre luTeranoba, rogorc amas
zogadi
Tu
calkeuli
(gansakuTrebiT
vupertalSi)
Sedarebebi adasturebs 22). am urTierTobebze amaxvilebdnen
yuradRebas SotlandiasTan dakavSirebiT bokli, inglisel
poetTagan ki gansakuTrebiT kitsi 23). kidev ufro
TvalSisacemia, rac aseve mxolod unda vaxsenoT, cxovrebis
religiuri reglamentirebis kavSiri saqmosnobis unaris
intensiur ganviTarebasTan swored mTel rig im seqtebSi,
romelTa "cxovrebisagan gandgomiloba" iseve saarakod
qceula, rogorc maTi simdidre: pirvel rigSi igulisxmebian
kvekerebi da menonitebi. is roli, romelsac pirvelni
TamaSobdnen inglissa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi, ukanasknelT
ergoT wilad niderlandebsa da germaniaSi. is, rom
aRmosavleT prusiaSi TviT fridrix vilhelm pirvelma
menonitebs, maT mier samxedro samsaxurze kategoriuli
uaris miuxedavad, rogorc industriis aucilebel sayrdens,
moqmedebis Tavisufleba misca, warmoadgens erT, magram Tu
am mefis Taviseburebas gaviTvaliswinebT, mravalricxovan
sayovelTaod cnobil faqtTagan viTarebis mainc yvelaze
TvalsaCino
ilustracias.
dabolos
is,
rom
pietistebisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia
Tavgamodebuli
RvTismosaobis
Sexameba
aseve
mZlavrad
ganviTarebul
saqmosnobis unarsa da warmatebasTan 24), sayovelTaod
cnobilia: amisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT mdgomareoba

10

rainsa da kalvSi; aqedan gamomdinare, moveridebiT, am

sruliad pirobiT winaswar msjelobaSi magaliTebis Semdgom
daxvavebas. vinaidan dasaxelebulTagan yvela avlens erTs
rasme,
saxeldobr
imas,
rom
"Sromis",
"progresis
suliskveTeba" an rasac ar unda uwodebdnen mas sxvagvarad,
ris gamoRviZebasac protestantizms miaweren, ar SeiZleba,
rogorc amas dRes sCadian, gagebuli iqnes "sicocxlis
sixarulis" an kidev "ganmanaTlebluri" TvalsazrisiT.
luTeris,
kalvinis,
noksis,
foetis
protestantizms
sruliad araferi esaqmeboda imasTan, rasac dRes Cven
"progress" vuwodebT. Tanamedrove cxovrebis im mTeli rigi
mxareebis mimarT, razec dRes yvelaze brmadmorwmune
aRmsarebelic ki veRar ityvis uars, es protestantizmi
pirdapir mtruladac ki iyo ganwyobili. da Tu maincdamainc
misagnebia
Sinagani
naTesaoba
Zvelprotestantuli
suliskveTebis garkveul gamoxatulebebsa da Tanamedrove
kapitalistur kulturas Soris, maSin avad Tu kargad unda
SevecadoT veZioT igi ara mis (moCvenebiT) met-naklebad
materialistur anda anti-asketur "cxovrebis sixarulSi",
aramed pirvel yovlisa mis wminda religiur niSanTvisebebSi. monteskie ingliselebze ambobs (Esprit des lois,
wigni XX, cap. 7), rom maT "msoflios yvela xalxebs Soris
sam
umniSvnelovanes rameSi
miaRwies
yvelaze
mets:
RvTismosaobaSi, vaWrobaSi da TavisuflebaSi". xom ar aris
maTi upiratesoba qonebis mompoveblobis sferoSi da maTi
miswrafeba Tavisuflebis politikuri institutebisadmi,
rac sxva urTierTmimarTebebs ganekuTvneba, im RvTismosaobis
rekordTan dakavSirebuli, rasac monteskie maT miawers.
rogorc ki sakiTxs amgvarad davsvamT, Cvens winaSe myisve
wamoiSleba
bundovnad
aRqmul
SesaZlebel
urTierTmimarTebaTa mTeli mwkrivi. aq erTaderTi amocana
imaSi unda mdgomareobdes, rom yvelaferi, rac gaurkvevlad
warmogvesaxeba, ise garkveviT CamovayaliboT, ramdenadac
yovel
istoriul
movlenaSi
Cadebuli
amouwuravi
mravalferovneba gaxdis amas SesaZlebels. oRond es rom
movaxerxoT, saWiroa, bundovan zogad warmodgenaTa sfero,
romlsac am dromde mivmarTavdiT, iZulebis wesiT mivatovoT
da SevecadoT im diadi religiuri ideebis samyaroTa
Taviseburebebsa da gansxvavebebSi SevaRwioT, romlebic

11

istoriulad gvaqvs mocemuli qristianuli religiis

sxvadasxvagvar gamoxatulebebSi.
manamde ki aucilebelia gakeTdes ramdenime SeniSvna:
pirvel yovlisa, im sagnis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb, romlis
istoriul axsnazecaa saubari; Semdeg imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
TvalsazrisiTaa am gamokvlevis farglebSi msgavsi axsna
SesaZlebeli.
2
am
gamokvlevis
saTaurSi
gamoyenebuli
cneba,
"kapitalizmis suliskveTeba", cota ar iyos, pretenziulad
JRers. mainc ra unda moiazrebodes amaSi? sakmarisia Tundac
mcdeloba _ movaxdinoT "definiciis" msgavsi ram, rom myisve
gamovlindes gamokvlevis miznis arsSi Cadebuli sirTuleebi.
Tuki saerTod moiZebneba obieqti, romlis mimarTac
amgvari saxeldeba raime azrs SeiZenda, es mxolod
"istoriuli individuumi" SeiZleba iyos anu istoriul
sinamdvileSi im kavSirurTierTobaTa kompleqsi, rasac Cven
maTi kulturuli mniSvnelobis Tvalsawieridan erT cnebiT
mTlianobaSi vaqcevT.
oRond,
vinaidan
amgvari
istoriuli
cneba
Sinaarsobrivad
dakavSirebulia
Tavisi
individualuri
TaviseburebiT umniSvnelovanes movlenasTan, igi sqemis:
"genus proximum, differentia specifica" (arsobrivad maxlobeli
specifikuri gansxvavebebisas) mixedviT ki ar SeiZleba
ganisazRvros
(anu
TargmanSi
"gamoimijnos"),
aramed
calkeuli
istoriuli
sinamdvilidan
aRebuli,
misi
Semadgeneli nawilakebisagan unda Sekowiwdes TandaTanobiT.
amdenad, saboloo cnebiTi gansazRvreba gamokvlevis TavSi ki
ara, mis bolos unda moeqces. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
mxolod kvlevis msvlelobisas da rogorc am kvlevis
mniSvnelovani Sedegi gamovlindeba is, Tu rogor unda
moxdes
yvelaze
marjved
anu
CvenTvis
saintereso
Tvalsazrisis yvelaze adekvaturad imis formulireba, rasac
Cven
kapitalizmis
"suliskveTebad"
moviazrebT.
es
Tvalsazrisi ki Tavis mxriv (ris Sesaxebac kidev iqneba
saubari), erTaderTi SesaZlebeli namdvilad ar aris Cvens
mier gasaanalizebel movlenebze dakvirvebisas. nebismier

12

istoriul movlenaze gansxvavebuli kuTxidan dakvirveba

"arsebiTad" gansxvavebul momentebs warmoaCenda, saidanac
udaod SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ar aris aucilebeli
kapitalizmis "suliskveTebad" moiazrebodes mxolod is, rac
Cveni TvalTaxedviT miiCneva arsebiTad. swored esaa
Cadebuli "istoriuli cnebaTwarmoqmnis" arsSi, romelic
sinamdviles Tavisi meToduri miznebisaTvis, abstraqtultipobriv cnebebSi ki ar moamwyvdevs, aramed mudmivad da
Seuferxeblad iswrafvis maTi specifikurad individualuri
Seferilobis
konkretul
genetikur
kavSirebSi
ganlagebisaken.
Tuki maincdamainc unda moxdes im obieqtis dadgena,
romlis analizsa da istoriul ganmartebazea aq saubari,
saqme cnebiT definicias ki ar unda exebodes, aramed Tundac
mxolod
imis
winaswar
gaTvalsaCinoebas,
rac
aq
kapitalizmis
"suliskveTebaSi"
igulisxmeba.
aseTi
gaTvalsaCinoeba sakvlevi sagnis gansazRvrisaTvis marTlac
aucileblad saWiroa da Cvenc am mizniT xsenebuli
"suliskveTebis" imgvar dokuments CaveWideT, romelic
yvelafers,
rac
CvenTvis
umniSvnelovanesia,
TiTqmis
klasikurad wminda formiT Seicavs da amavdroulad is
upiratesoba aqvs, rom Tavisufalia yovelgvari pirdapiri
religiuri kavSirebisagan, Sesabamisad _ Cveni TemisaTvis _
"uwinapiroboa":
"gaxsovdes, rom dro fulia; visac Tavisi SromiT
yoveldRiurad aTi Silingis gamomuSaveba SeuZlia, is ki
naxevar dRes seirnobaSi atarebs an Tavis oTaxSi
usaqmurobs, man _ Tundac rom sakuTari siamovnebisTvis
Tavs mxolod eqvsi pensi daaxarjos _ marto es danaxarji
ki ar unda igulisxmos, aramed isic, rom amavdroulad
kidev xuTi Silingi daxarja an ufro sworad, gadayara.
gaxsovdes, rom krediti fulia. Tuki vinme Tavis
fuls damitovebs mas Semdeg, rac gadaxdis vadas
gadavacile, is me amgvarad procentebs anda imdens mCuqnis,
ra
raodenobis
mogebac
SeiZleba
vnaxo
am
drois
ganmavlobaSi. ase karga gvarianma Tanxam SeiZleba moiyaros
Tavi, Tuki kacs rigiani da didi krediti aqvs da mas
xeirianadac iyenebs.
gaxsovdes, rom fuli monagaris Camsaxveli da
gamanayofierebeli bunebisaa. fuls SeuZlia fuli Svas,

13

xolo naSierT ki ufro meti SeuZliaT Svan da ase Semdeg.

fulis brunvaSi Cadebuli xuTi Silingi ukve eqvsia, kvlav
Cadebuli _ Svidi Silingi da sami pensia da ase Semdeg
vidre asi funti sterlingi ar gaxdeba. rac ufro metia
fuli, igi ufro mets Sobs brunvaSi Cadebisas. ase, rom
sargebeli sul ufro da ufro swrafad matulobs. vinc
xuTSilingians moklavs, is yvelafers klavs (!), risi
SeZenac SeiZleboda amiT: funti sterlingebis mTel
kolonebs.
gaxsovdes, rom andazis Tanaxmad, kargi gadamxdeli
nebismieri kacis qisis baton-patronia. vinc cnobilia,
rogorc Sepirebul dros fulis punqtualurad gadamxdeli,
mas nebismier wams SeuZlia isesxos mTeli fuli, rac mis
megobrebs imJamad ar sWirdebaT.
es ki arcTu iSviaTad metad momgebiania. muyaiTobasa
da zomierebasTan erTad araferi uwyobs xels axalgazrda
kacis winsvlas sazogadoebaSi ise, rogorc punqtualoba da
samarTlianoba mis yvela wamowyebaSi. amitomac ar gaiCero
nasesxebi fuli Sepirebulze erTi saaTiT met xansac ki,
raTa amiT gamowveulma guliswyromam Seni megobris safule
SenTvis samudamos ar daketos.
yvelaze umniSvnelo qmedebebic ki, romelTac gavlena
SeuZliaT moaxdinon pirovnebis kreditze, gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iqnes. Seni CaquCis kakuni Sens kreditors dilis 5
saaTze an saRamos 8 saaTze rom Caesmis, eqvsi Tvis manZilze
kmayofilebiT aRavsebs; magram Tu is Sen biliardis
magidasTan gxedavs an Seni xma duqnidan Semoesmis, im dros,
roca samuSaoze unda iyo, meore dResve gagafrTxilebs
valis gadaxdis Sesaxeb da manamde mogTxovs Tavis fuls,
sanam Sen Tanxas ar iSovi.
garda amisa, es miuTiTebs imaze, rom Sen Seni valebi
gaxsovs; es Sen warmogaCens rogorc mowesrigebul ise
patiosan adamianad da Seni kreditic gaizrdeba.
eride, rom yvelaferi, rasac ki flob, Sens
sakuTrebad miiCnio da amis Sesabamisad icxovro. amgvarad
Semcdari aRmoCnda bevri, visac krediti hqonia. es rom
Tavidan aicilo, awarmoe gasavlisa da Semosavlis zusti
xarjTaRricxva. Tuki Tavs Seiwuxeb da wvrilmanebsac
yuradRebiT moekidebi, amas Semdegi dadebiTi Sedegi mohyveba:
Sen aRmoaCen, Tu raoden did TanxaSi gadaizrdeba egzom

14

umniSvnelo danaxarjebi da mixvdebi, Tu ramdenis dazogva

yofila SesaZlebeli da imasac, Tu ramdenis dazogva
iqneboda samomavlod SesaZlebeli ...
6 funtis wliuri procentisaTvis Sen SegiZlia
moxmarebisaTvis 100 funtis miReba, im pirobiT, Tu Sen
WkuiTa da patiosnebiT saqveynod cnobili kaci xar. vinc
yoveldRiurad erT groSs xarjavs usargeblod, is wliurad
100 funtamde xarjavs umiznod da esaa 100 funtis
moxmarebis sazRauri. vinc yoveldRiurad Tavisi drois erTi
groSis Rirebulebis nawils gaflangavs, Tundac es sul
ramodenime wuTi iyos, is, dReebze rom gadaviangariSoT, 100
funtis moxmarebis uflebas kargavs. vinc 5 Silingis
Rirebulebis dros fuWad gaflangavs, 5 Silings dakargavs
da mas aseTive warmatebiT SeeZlo es 5 Silingi zRvaSi
Caeyara. vinc 5 Silings kargavs, kargavs ara marto Tanxas,
aramed yvelafers, rac am Tanxis saqmeSi gamoyenebisas
SeiZleboda moego _ rac, rodesac axalgazrda kaci
xandazmulobas
miaRwevs,
sakmaod
solidur
Tanxad
gadaiqceva".
es gaxlavT benjamin franklini 25), romelic am
frazebiT gviqadagebs, es ki igive frazebia, romelTa
meSveobiT ferdinand kiurnbergi Tavis iumorisa da Sxamis
mfrqvevel "amerikuli kulturis xatSi" 26) abuCad igdebs
iankebis kredos. is, rom amaSi metad niSandoblivi formiT
"kapitalizmis suliskveTebaa" gaJRerebuli iseve araviTar
eWvs ar iwvevs, rogorc imis mtkiceba, rom frazebi Seicavs
yvelafers, rac am "suliskveTebad" moiazreba. Tuki cota
xniT davyovndebiT im monakveTze, romlis cxovrebiseul
sibrZnes, kiurnbergiseuli "amerikamoyirWebuli" daskvnis
saxiT amgvarad Camoayalibebs: "saqonlisgan qoni keTdeba,
adamianebisgan fuli", namdvilad TvalSi gvecema rogorc am
"siZunwis filosofiis" Tavisebureba, kreditis Rirsi
patiosani kacis ideali da rac mTavaria, calkeuli
adamianis valdebulebis idea misi kapitalis gazrdis
TviTmiznad qceuli interesis mimarT. aq rom marTlac ara
ubralod cxovrebis warmarTvis teqnikis, aramed Taviseburi
"eTikis" qadagebaa, romlis normebis darRveva ara mxolod
sibriyved, aramed movaleobis daviwyebadac ganixileba _
pirvel rigSi amaSi mdgomareobs saqmis arsi. aq marto
saqmosnobis sibrZnes ki ar aswavlian, amas sxvaganac xSirad

15

SevxvdebiT, aramed es gacxadebuli eTosia da swored am

Rirsebis gamoa is CvenTvis saintereso.
rodesac iakob fugeri Tavis Tanamosaqmes, romelic
mosvenebis mizniT saqmianobas ganerida da fugersac igives
urCevda im motiviT, rom igi ukve sakmaod gamdidrda da
axla sjobda sxvisTvisac mieca gamdidrebis Sansi, yovelive
amas "sulmokleobad" uTvlis da pasuxobs: "mas (fugers)
sul
sxvagvari
mosazreba
eqneboda
da
is
manamde
gaagrZelebda gamdidrebas, sanam amis Zala gamoeleoda" 27),
swored aqaa saZiebeli am gamonaTqvamis "suliskveTebis"
aSkara gansxvaveba frankliniseulisagan. is, rac erT
SemTxvevaSi moZalebuli vaWruli Seupovrobis Sedegia da
pirovnul, zneobrivad indiferentul miswrafebas gamoxatavs
28), meore SemTxvevaSi eTikuri Seferilobis cxovrebis
wesis warmmarTveli Zireuli principis xasiaTs iZens. am
specifikuri mniSvnelobiTaa aq "kapitalizmis suliskveTebis"
cneba gamoyenebuli 29). bunebrivia, igulisxmeba Tanamedrove
kapitalizmi. vinaidan is, rom aq dasavleTevropul-amerikul
kapitalizmzea saubari, imTaviTve TavisTavad sakiTxis dasmis
wesidan gamomdinarea cxadi. "kapitalizmi" arsebobda CineTSi,
indoeTSi, babilonSi, antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebSi.
magram, rogorc amas kidev davinaxavT, mas aklda
gansakuTrebuli eTosi.
frankliniseuli yvela zneobrivi Segoneba namdvilad
utilitaristuli daniSnulebisaa: patiosneba sasargebloa,
radganac mas krediti moaqvs, asevea
punqtualoba,
muyaiToba, zomierebac da amitomac warmoadgenen isini
siqveleebs, saidanac im daskvnis gamotana SeiZleboda, rom
magaliTad iq, sadac
patiosnebis moCvenebiTobas igive
samsaxuris gaweva ZaluZs igi sakmarisi iqneboda da am
siqvelis siWarbe franklinis TvalSi saZraxis usargeblo
mflangvelobad gamoCndeboda. da marTlac, vinc mis
avtobiografiaSi misi saTnoebisaken "moqcevis" 30) ambavs an
kidev moCvenebiTi Tavmdablobis mkacrad dacvis, sayovelTao
aRiarebis
mosapoveblad
31)
sakuTari
damsaxurebebis
Segnebuli
dakninebis
Sesaxeb
msjelobas
waikiTxavs,
aucileblad im daskvnamde unda mivides, rom franklinis
Tanaxmad, es siqveleni iseve, rogorc yvela sxva siqvele
mxolod imdenad warmoadgenen siqveles, ramdenadac isini
calkeulisaTvis in concreto (konkretulad) sargeblis

16

momtania da moCvenebiTobis surogati yvelgan sakmarisia,

sadac ki mas Sesabamisi samsaxuris gaweva ZaluZs _ aseTia
sinamdvileSi mkacri utilitarizmis gardauvali Sedegi. aq
TiTqos in flagranti CaWerilia is, rasac germanelebi
Cveulebisamebr
amerikelTa
saTnoebaSi
"pirmoTneobad"
aRiqvamen. _ arada, sinamdvileSi saqme ase martivad rodia.
ara mxolod benjamin franklinis pirovnuli xasiaTi,
romelic marTlac iSviaTi gulaxdilobiT warmoCndeba mis
avtobiografiaSi
da
is
garemoeba,
rom
saTnoebis
"sargeblianobaze" Tvalis axelis Tavad faqts is RmerTis
gamocxadebas miawers, rasac misi saTnoebis gzaze dayeneba
surda, miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevaSi wminda
egocentruli principebis Selamazebis garda sxva momentebic
TamaSobs rols. pirvel yovlisa am "eTikis" "summum
bonum" (umaRlesi sikeTe) esaa _ mogeba, sul ufro meti
fulis mogeba, yovelgvari udardeli gancxromis umkacresi
TviTakrZalviT, yovelgvari evdemonisturi an sulac
hedonisturi momentebis gareSe; aseTi gaazreba imdenad
TviTmiznuria, rom igi calkeuli individis "bednierebis" an
"xeiris" mimarT raRac sruliad transcendenturad da
ubralod
iracionalurad
32)
gamoiyureba.
adamiani
aRmoCndeba damokidebuli mogebaze, rogorc misi cxovrebis
mizanze, da ara mogeba adamianze, rogorc misi materialuri
sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebel saSualebaze.
uSualo aRqmisaTvis amgvari uazro gadmoyiraveba imisa,
rasac Cven saqmis "bunebrivi" viTareba SeiZleba vuwodoT,
sruliad calsaxad isev kapitalizmis laitmotivia, rac
ucxoa im adamianebisaTvis, visac kapitalizmis sunTqva arc
gakarebia. Tuki davsvamT kiTxvas: mainc ratom SeiZleba
"gakeTdes adamianebisagan fuli"? amaze benjamin franklini,
marTlac konfesionaluri Seferilobis gareSe myofi deisti,
Tavis avtobiografiaSi bibliuri gamonaTqvamiT pasuxobs,
rasac misive TqmiT, misi mkacrad kalvinisturi mama
axalgazrdobaSi mudmivad unergavda: "Tu ginaxavs Tavis
xelobaSi daostatebuli kaci? is mefeTa winaSe dadgeba"
33). fulis Sovna _ ramdenadac es legaluri wesiT xdeba _
Tanamedrove ekonomikur wyobaSi saqmianobiT miRweuli
gamarjvebis Sedegi da gamoxatulebaa da ioli dasanaxia,
rom swored es garemoebaa franklinis moralis alfa da

17

omega, es ki misi teqstidan citirebuli adgilidan iseve

naTlad Cans, rogorc yvela sxva naweridan gamonaklisis
gareSe 34).
marTlac, is Taviseburi, dRes CvenTvis esoden
Cveuli da sinamdvileSi ki arc Tu TavisTavad cxadi
profesiuli movaleobis idea, movaleobisa, romelsac
TiToeuli adamiani unda ganicdides da ganicdis kidec
Tavisi "profesiuli" moRvaweobis Sinaarsis mimarT, imisda
miuxedavad raSic ar unda mdgomareobdes igi, metadre ki
imisda miuxedavad Tavisufal aRqmas is esaxeba
rogorc
mxolod misi samuSao Zalis Tu sulac rogorc misi
materialuri qonebis ("kapitalis" saxiT) gamoyeneba: _
swored es ideaa kapitalisturi "socialuri eTikisaTvis"
damaxasiaTebeli da garkveulwilad misTvis konstituciuri
mniSvnelobis mqone. is maincdamainc kapitalistur niadagze
ki ar aRmocenebula: Cven SevecdebiT mas mogvianebiT Soreul
warsulSic gavadevnoT Tvali. da kidev ufro naklebad
SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom dRevandeli kapitalizmisaTvis
am eTikuri normebis subieqturi gaTaviseba misi calkeuli
matareblebis mier, igulisxmeba mewarmeebi an Tanamedrove
kapitalistur sawarmoTa muSebi, arsebobis gagrZelebis
winapirobas
warmoadgens.
dRevandeli
kapitalisturi
ekonomikuri wyoba Zrwolvis momgvreli kosmosia, romelSic
dabadebiTve CarTulia calkeuli individi da romelic
misTvis, rogorc calkeuli individisTvis, faqtiurad
ucvlel garsad iqceva, sadac man unda icxovros. igi
individs,
ramdenadac
es
ukanaskneli
sabazro
kavSirurTierTobebSia Cabmuli, sakuTari ekonomikuri qcevis
normebs axvevs Tavs. fabrikanti, romelic erTTavad am
normebis sapirispirod moqmedebs, ekonomikurad uciloblad
Camocilebuli iqneba, iseve rogorc muSa, romelic xsenebul
normebs an ver an ar ergeba, quCaSi amoyofs Tavs rogorc
umuSevari.
amrigad
dRevandeli,
ekonomikur
cxovrebaSi
gabatonebuli kapitalizmi ekonomikuri gadarCevis gziT
TavisTvis aRzrdis da warmoqmnis im sameurneo subieqtebs _
mrewvelebsa da muSebs _ romlebic mas esaWirieba. arada
swored aq vlindeba sruliad aSkarad "gadarCevis" cnebis,
rogorc
istoriul
movlenaTa
axsnis
saSualebis
SezRuduloba. imisaTvis, raTa kapitalizmis Taviseburebebs

18

morgebuli cxovrebis wesi da profesiisadmi damokidebuleba

yofiliyo "gadarCeuli" anu sxvebze moepovebina gamarjveba,
is cxadia, pirvel rigSi jer unda warmoSobiliyo da Tanac
ara calkeul izolirebul individSi, aramed rogorc
adamianTa jgufebis msoflaRqma. amdenad swored es
warmoSobaa principSi asaxsneli. gulubryvilo istoriuli
materializmis
warmodgenas,
rom
amgvari
"ideebi"
ekonomikuri situaciebis "anareklisa" da "zednaSenis" saxiT
Semodian cxovrebaSi, ufro dawvrilebiT mogvianebiT
SevexebiT. am adgilas Cveni miznebisaTvis imis miTiTebac
sakmarisi iqneboda, rom benjamin franklinis samSobloSi
(masaCusetsi) "kapitalisturi suliskveTeba" (Cvens mier
aRiarebuli gagebiT) uTuod "kapitalistur ganviTarebamde"
arsebobda, (ukve 1632 wels gaismoda Civili axal inglisSi
_ amerikis sxva regionebisagan gansxvavebiT _ gamdidrebis
wyurviliT
gamsWvaluli
angariSianobis
specifikuri
gamovlinebis Sesaxeb), rom es xsenebuli suliskveTeba
magaliTad,
mezobel
koloniebSi,
kavSiris
gviandel
samxreTis StatebSi, Seudareblad naklebganviTarebuli
darCa, da miuxedavad amisa swored am ukanasknelT daudes
msxvilma kapitalistebma saqmiani mizniT safuZveli, axali
inglisis koloniebs ki religiuri motivebis niadagze _
mqadageblebma
da
graduates
(umaRlesdamTavrebulebma)
wvrilburJuaziasTan, xelosnebTan da iomenebTan kavSirSi. am
SemTxvevaSi mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri imis sapirispirod
vlindeba,
vidre
amisi
postulireba
iqneboda
"materialisturi" poziciidan SesaZlebeli. magram am ideaTa
sinorCe
ufro
narekliania,
vidre
es
"zednaSenis"
Teoretikosebs hgoniaT da maTi ganviTareba yvavilisas ara
hgavs. kapitalisturma suliskveTebam, im mniSvnelobiT, rac
Cven am cnebas SevZineT, Tavi mtruli Zalebis mTel dasTan
mZime brZoliT daimkvidra. msjelobis wesi, romelic
benjamin franklinis citirebul azrebSi gamoikveTa da
romelsac mTeli eri taSiT Seegeba, antikurobaSi an Sua
saukuneebSi 35) binZuri siZunwisa da ubralod uRirsi
Sexedulebebis gamoxatulebad iqneboda gakicxuli, rasac
dResac aqvs Cveulebriv adgili yvela im socialuri jgufis
mxridan, romlebic Tanamedrove specifikur kapitalistur
meurneobaSi yvelaze naklebad arian Cabmulni an yvelaze
naklebad arian morgebulni masze. ara imitom, rom vTqvaT,

19

"mogebisaken ltolva" kapitalisturamdel epoqebSi ucnobi

an ganuviTarebeli iyo, rasac ase xSirad amtkiceben, arc
imitom, rom "auri sacra fames" (oqrosadmi wyeuli ltolva),
fuls daxarbebuloba, maSin an dResac, burJuaziuli
kapitalizmis
farglebs
gareT
naklebi
iyo,
vidre
specifikurad
kapitalistur
sferoSi,
rogorc
es
Tanamedrove
romantikosTa
iluzias
warmoesaxeba.
kapitalisturi da kapitalisturamdeli "suliskveTebis"
gansxvaveba am punqtSi araa saZiebeli. Cineli mandarinis,
Zvelromaeli aristokratis, Tanamedrove miwaTmflobelis
sixarbe
veranair
Sedarebas
ver
uZlebs.
xolo
neapolitaneli meetlis an barcajuolo (menavis) an sulac
msgavsi xelobis aziati warmomadgenlis, iseve rogorc
samxreTevropuli an aziuri qveynebis xelosanTa "auri sacra
fames", vlindeba, rac yvelas SeuZlia sakuTar Tavze
gamoscados, gacilebiT ufro mZafrad da rac mTavaria,
gacilebiT
ufro
mourideblad,
vidre
magaliTad,
ingliselis sixarbe analogiur SemTxvevaSi 36). fulis
keTebisas sakuTari angarebianobis danergvaSi absoluturi
mourideblobis universaluri batonoba warmoadgens imgvari
qveynebis specifikur maxasiaTebels, romelTa burJuaziulkapitalisturi aRmavloba _ ganviTarebis dasavluri
masStabebiT Tu mivudgebiT _ "CamorCenilad" iTvleba.
rogorc nebismieri fabrikis mepatronisaTvis cnobilia, am
tipis
qveynebis
muSaTa
arasakmarisi
"coscienziosita`"
(Segnebuloba) 37), vTqvaT, italiisa germaniis sapirispirod,
maTi
kapitalisturi
aRmavlobis
erT-erT
umTavres
dabrkolebas warmoadgens. kapitalizms muSad iseve ar
SeiZleba esaWiroebodes udisciplino "liberum arbitrium"
(Tavisufali nebis) praqtikuli warmomadgeneli, rogorc ar
SeiZleba sWirdebodes Tavis garegnul qcevaSi mouridebeli
saqmosani, rasac jer kidev franklini gvaswavlida. amrigad,
fulisaken
raRac
nebismieri
"ltolvis"
araTanabar
intensivobaSi araa gansxvaveba saZiebeli. Auri sacra fames
iseTive Zvelia, rogorc Cvenamde moRweuli kacobriobis
istoria.
magram
Cven
davinaxavT,
rom
isini,
vinc
angariSmiucemlad ahyvebodnen am ltolvas holandieli
kapitanis
msgavsad,
"mogebis
mizniT,
jojoxeTSi
mogzaurobisaTvisac ki rom iyo mzad, Tundac afrebic ki

20

daswvoda", araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iyvnen im ganwyobilebis

matarebelni, saidanac specifikuri Tanamedrove kapitalizmis
"suliskveTeba" aRmocenda rogorc masobrivi movlena da
swored esaa gadamwyveti. TavaSvebuli, Sinaganad yovelgvar
normebs gadamcdari momxveWeloba istoriis yvela epoqaSi
gvxvdeboda, sadac da rogorc es sinamdvileSi iyo
SesaZlebeli. rogorc omi da mekobreoba, iseve rCeboda
SeuzRudavi Tavisufali, normebs gadamcdari qmedeba ucxo
tomelTa, aramoZmeTa mimarT damokidebulebaSi. "garegani
morali" aq imis nebas iZleoda, rac "ZmaTa Soris"
daigmoboda. da imis msgavsad, rogorc kapitalisturi mogeba
garegnulad "avantiuris" saxiT, meurneobis yvela im
formisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic fulismagvar
flobis obieqtebs icnobdnen da Sanss iZleodnen, rom isini
mogebis momtanad gadaeqciaT _ komendas, gadasaxadebis
ijara-Sesyidvis, saxelmwifosaTvis sesxebis gacemis, omebis,
mTavarTa karisa da moxeleebis dafinansebis gziT _ yvelgan
iCenda Tavs is Sinagani avantiuristuli ganwyobileba,
romelic eTikis SemzRudav CarCoebs abuCad igdebda.
mogebisaken
swrafvis
absoluturi
da
Segnebuli
angariSgauwevloba Zalze xSirad tradiciebisadmi umkacresi
erTgulebis
gverdiT
idga
Seuryevlad.
tradiciebis
SesustebasTan
da
Tavisufali
mogebis
met-naklebad
siRrmiseul
SemoWrasTan
erTad
socialur
kavSirurTierTobaTa Sinagan sferoSi, am siaxlis eTikuri miReba
an Camoyalibeba ki ar xdeboda, aramed mas mxolod
faqtobrivad iTmendnen an rogorc eTikurad indiferentul
an rogorc Tumc usiamovno, magram samwuxarod gardauval
movlenas.
es
iyo
ara
mxolod
yvela
eTikuri
moZRvrebisaTvis, aramed rac kidev ufro arsebiTia,
kapitalizmamdeli epoqis rigiTi adamianis praqtikuli
qmedebisaTvis
savsebiT
misaRebi
Tvalsazrisi:
"kapitalizmamdels" ki vuwodebT im azriT, rom kapitalis
aTviseba racionaluri sawarmoebis meSveobiT da Sromis
racionaluri kapitalisturi organizeba jer kidev ar
warmoadgendnen ekonomikuri qmedebis yovlismomcvel Zalebs.
swored es ganwyobileba uSlida Sinaganad xels adamianebs
Seguebodnen
mowesrigebuli
burJuaziul-kapitalisturi
meurneobis winapirobebs.
"eTikis"
samoselSi
gamowyobil
mowinaaRmdeges,

21

rogorc erTgvarad normatulad gansazRvrul cxovrebis

stils, kapitalisturi "suliskveTeba" pirvel rigSi rom
unda SebrZoleboda, warmoadgenda aRqmisa da qcevis is wesi,
rasac tradicionalizmi SeiZleba ewodos. aqac saboloo
"definiciis" yovelgvari mcdeloba gverdze unda gadavdoT.
upriania ramdenime gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis magaliTze
gavxadoT naTeli, cxadia, esec mxolod pirobiTad, Tu ras
vgulisxmobT amiT, viwyebT ra qvevidan _ muSebiT.
erT-erTi
teqnikuri
saSualeba,
romelsac
Tanamedrove mewarme iyenebs, raTa "misi" muSebisagan Sromis
nayofierebis SesaZlebeli maqsimumi miiRos da Sromis
intensivoba gazardos, gaxlavT sanardo jamagiri. soflis
meurneobaSi
magaliTad,
arsebobs
SemTxveva,
romelic
pirdapir da kategoriulad iTxovs SesaZleblis zRvramde
Sromis intensivobis gazrdas, esaa mosavlis aReba, mis
maqsimalurad daCqarebaze, gansakuTrebiT ki arasaimedo
amindis pirobebSi, xSirad didadaa damokidebuli mogebis an
wagebis Sansebi. Sesabamisad, aq yvelgan iyeneben sanardo
jamagiris sistemas. da ramdenadac Semosavlisa da warmoebis
intensivobis zrdasTan erTad mewarmes sul ufro ezrdeba
mosavlis aRebis daCqarebis interesi, amdenad cxadia,
erTTavad imis mcdelobaSia, rom sanardo jamagiris Tanxis
gazrdis gziT Sromis nayofierebis gazrdaSi daainteresos
muSebi, romelTac sruliad xanmokle drois manZilze
maTTvis uCveulod didi gasamrjelos miRebis SesaZlebloba
eZlevaT. oRond aq ucnaurma sirTuleebma iCina Tavi.
sanardo anazRaurebis gazrda TvalSi sacemad xSirad iwvevda
imas, rom drois igive monakveTSi Sromis ufro maRali
nayofiereba ki ara, umal ufro dabali miiRweoda, vinaidan
muSebi sanardo anazRaurebis gazrdas dRiuri Sromis
nayofierebis zrdiT ki ara, SemcirebiT pasuxobdnen.
magaliTad, kaci, romelic erT morgenSi erTi markis
safasurad am dromde yoveldRiurad 2,5 morgens mkida da
Sesabamisad 2,5 markas gamoimuSavebda, morgenSi 25 pfeningiT
sanardo anazRaurebis gazrdis Semdeg, meti fulis
SesaZleblobis gamo, rogorc imedovnebdnen, 3 morgens ki ar
mkida, raTa 3,75 marka gamoemuSavebina, rac savsebiT
SesaZlebeli iqneboda, aramed dReSi mxolod 2 morgens,
vinaidan amgvarad igi kvlav rogorc aqamde 2,5 markas
gamoimuSavebda da bibliuri gamonaTqvamis Sesabamisad amasac

22

"dasjerdeboda". meti anazRaureba mas ise ar xiblavda,

rogorc naklebi Sroma; is ar kiTxulobda: ramdeni SemiZlia
dReSi gamovimuSao, Tuki Sromis nayofierebis SesaZlebel
maqsimums vaCveneb, aramed: ramdeni unda vimuSao, raTa is
Tanxa anu 2,5 marka gamovimuSao, rasac am dromde viRebdi
da
romelic
Cems
tradiciul
moTxovnebs
savsebiT
akmayofilebs? esaa swored im ganwyobilebis naTeli
magaliTi, rasac "tradicionalizmi" unda ewodos: adamians,
"bunebidan gamomdinare", sul ufro meti da meti fulis
Sovna ki ar unda, aramed ubralod cxovreba, ise cxovreba,
rogorc amasaa is Cveuli da imdenis gamomuSaveba, ramdenic
amgvarad cxovrebisTvisaa saWiro. yvelgan, sadac Tanamedrove
kapitalizmi adamianuri Sromis "nayofierebis" gazrdas misi
intensivobis
zrdiT
Seecada,
igi
kapitalizmamdeli
sameurneo Sromis am laitmotivis ukiduresad udrek
winaaRmdegobas waawyda da dResac ki yvelgan miT ufro
metad awydeba, rac ufro "CamorCenilni" (kapitalisturi
TvalsazrisiT) arian muSebi, romlebTanac mas uwevs
urTierToba. kvlav Cvens magaliTs rom mivubrundeT _
vinaidan gasamrjelos gazrdis gziT "mogebis wyurvilze"
gaTvlilma mowodebam ar gaamarTla, umjobesad miiCnies
swored
sapirispiro
xerxis
mosinjva:
gasamrjelos
Semcirebis gziT eiZulebinaT muSebi, uwindeli anazRaurebis
SesanarCuneblad ufro meti eSromaT, vidre manamde.
gulubryvilo xedvas dabali anazRaureba da maRali mogeba
imTaviTve pirdapir kavSirSi eCveneboda da dResac eCveneba;
jamagiris nebismier gazrdas, Sesabamisad mogebis Semcireba
unda gamoewvia. kapitalizmmac dasabamidan ganuxrelad sul
am gziT iara da saukuneebis manZilze dogmatur debulebad
iTvleboda
is,
rom
TiTqos
dabali
anazRaureba
"produqtiulia" anu is, rom amiT Sromis nayofiereba
izrdeboda da rogorc jer kidev piter de la kuri (am
SemTxvevaSi
rogorc
davinaxavT,
savsebiT
adreuli
kalvinizmis suliskveTebis Sesabamisad) ambobda: xalxi
mxolod imitom muSaobs, radgan Raribia da manamde sanam
Raribia.
oRond am TiTqosda nacadi xerxis qmediTunarianobas
Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs 38). cxadia, sakuTari aRmavlobisaTvis
kapitalizmi mosaxleobis siWarbes iTxovs, romelsac igi
iafad iqiravebs Sromis bazarze. marTalia "sarezervo

23

armiis"
gadametebuli
mravalricxovaneba
garkveul
viTarebaSi misi raodenobrivi ganvrcobisaTvis xelsayreli
ki aris, magram aferxebs mis xarisxobriv ganviTarebas,
kerZod ki im sawarmoo formebze gadasvlas, romlebic
Sromas intensiurad iyeneben. dabali anazRaureba araviTar
SemTxvevaSi araa iafi Sromis identuri. Tundac wminda
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, Sromis nayofiereba yvela
SemTxvevaSi daiwevs fizikuri arsebobisaTvis aucilebelze
naklebi anazRaurebisas, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi "yvelaze
gamousadegarTa
gadarCevadac"
ki
iqceva.
dRevandeli
silezieli sruli ZalisxmeviT Sromisas ori mesamediT
nakleb miwas amuSavebs, vidre ukeT anazRaurebuli da
gamokvebili pomeraneli an meklenburgeli; rac ufro
Soreuli aRmosavleTidanaa, miT ufro naklebs Sromobs
poloneli germanelTan SedarebiT. dabali anazRaureba
rogorc kapitalisturi ganviTarebis sayrdeni, wminda
saqmosnuri TvalsazrisiTac gvimtyunebs yvelgan, sadac saqme
iseTi
produqciis
warmoebas
exeba,
rac
garkveul
kvalificiur (naswavl) Sromas an davuSvaT, ZviradRirebuli
da iolad dasazianebeli manqanebis momsaxurebas an
saerTodac daZabul yuradRebasa da iniciativas iTxovs. aq
dabali anazRaureba ar amarTlebs da Tavisi SedegebiT umal
Canafiqris
sapirispirod
Semotrialdeba.
vinaidan
aq
sruliad
aucilebelia
ara
mxolod
ganviTarebuli
pasuxismgeblobis
grZnoba,
aramed
ubralod
imgvari
azrovnebis wesi, romelic Sromis dros mainc aisxlets
kiTxvas _ Tu rogor SeiZleba maqsimaluri komfortisa da
minimaluri garjisas mainc Cveuli anazRaurebis miReba _ da
Sromas ise ekideba TiTqos is absoluturi TviTmizani _
"mowodeba" _ yofiliyos. amgvari azrovnebis wesi ki bunebiT
boZebuli ar aris. igi arc maRali da arc dabali
anazRaurebiT SeiZleba uSualod warmoiqmnas, aramed esaa
mxolod metad xangrZlivi aRzrdis procesis nayofi. dRes
welgamarTuli kapitalizmisTvis SedarebiT iolia muSebis
rekrutireba yvela industriul qveyanaSi an calkeuli
qveynis yvela industriul regionSi. warsulSi es yovel
calkeul
SemTxvevaSi
uaRresad
rTul
problemas
warmoadgenda 39). dResac ki igi yovelTvis rodi aRwevs
mizans Zlieri mxardamWeris Semweobis gareSe, vinc, rogorc
SemdgomSi davinaxavT, mas Camoyalibebis periodSi edga

24

gverdSi. Tu ras vgulisxmobT, amis garkveva kvlav magaliTis

meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. CamorCenili tradicionalisturi
Sromis formas xSirad ganasaxierebs muSa qalebis,
gansakuTrebiT ki gauTxovari qalebis saqmianoba. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia unarisa da miswrafebis absoluturi
uqonloba daTmon odiTganve danergili da odesRac
daswavlili
Sromis
wesi
sxva
ufro
praqtikulis
sasargeblod, daeuflon Sromis axal formebs, ganaTldnen
da daZabon an ubralod moixmon goneba; esaa im
damsaqmebelTa TiTqmis sazogadod qceuli Civili, vinc
gogonebs, kerZod ki germanel gogonebs asaqmebs. yovelgvari
axsna-ganmarteba Sromis gaiolebis, rac mTavaria, ufro
Semosavlianad qcevis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, maTi mxridan
srul Seugneblobas awydeba, sanardo anazRaurebis momateba
ki uSedegod exeTqeba CveulebaTa zRudes. Cveulebriv
sxvagvaradaa saqme _ da es Cveni dakvirvebisaTvis arcTu
umniSvnelo momentia _ specifikurad religiurad aRzrdil,
kerZod ki pietisturi warmomavlobis gogonebTan. xSirad
SeiZleba
gavigonoT
da
saxeldaxelo
statistikuri
gamoTvlebic amas adasturebs 40), rom sameurneo aRzrdis
saukeTeso perspeqtiva swored am kategoriis mSromelTa
winaSe iSleba. gonebis koncentrirebis unari iseve, rogorc
absoluturad ganmsazRvreli pozicia _ moekidon "Sromas
movaleobis grZnobiT", aq gansakuTrebiT xSirad aRmoCndeba
Serwymuli mkacr yairaTianobasTan, rac saerTod Sromis
sazRaurisa da misi odenobis angariSgawevas gulisxmobs,
aseve fxizel TavdaWerilobasa da zomierebasTan, rac
Sromisunarianobas
uCveulod
zrdis.
niadagi,
Sromis
rogorc
TviTmiznis,
rogorc
"mowodebis"
imgvari
gaazrebisaTvis, rogorc amas kapitalizmi iTxovs, aq yvelaze
xelsayrelia,
religiuri
aRzrdis
Sedegad
tradicionalisturi rutinis daZlevis Sansi ki yvelaze
didi. Tundac es dakvirvebebi dRevandeli kapitalizmis
gadasaxedidan 41) kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom namdvilad
gamarTlebulia imis kiTxva, Tu ragvarad yalibdeboda
kapitalisturi Semguebelunarianobis kavSiri religiur
momentebTan kapitalizmis siyrmis epoqaSi. radgan, es kavSirurTierTobebi msgavsi formiT maSinac rom arsebobda,
SeiZleba mravali calkeuli movlenidanac davaskvnaT.
siZulvili da devna, rac meTodist muSebs XVIII saukuneSi

25

maT gverdiT momuSaveTa mxridan xvdebodaT wilad, razec

werilobiT wyaroebSi maTi samuSao iaraRebis gaxSirebuli
ganadgurebis aRwera miuTiTebs, imdenad mxolod an
upiratesad
maT
religiur
eqscentrulobas
ki
ar
ukavSirdeboda, _ msgavsi ram da kidev ufro gamomwvevic,
ingliss bevri unaxavs, _ aramed maTTvis specifikurad
niSandobliv
"SromisaTvis
mzaobas",
rogorc
amas
dResdReobiT ityodnen.
magram kvlav awmyos mivubrundeT da kerZod ki
mewarmeebs, raTa "tradicionalizmis" mniSvneloba gavarkvioT.
zombartma kapitalizmis genezisis 42) kvlevisas
erTmaneTisagan gamijna "moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba" da
"mogeba", rogorc ori mTavari "laitmotivi", romelTa
Sorisac brunavs ekonomikis istoria, ris Tanaxmadac,
sameurneo moRvaweobis formisa da mimarTulebisaTvis
ganmsazRvreli Seiqna an piradi moTxovnilebis masStabebi an
kidev am ukanasknelis CarCoebisgan Tavisufali swrafva
mogebisaken da mogebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba. is, rasac igi
"moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis
meurneobriv
sistemas"
uwodebs, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos imas emTxveva, rasac aq
"ekonomikuri
tradicionalizmi"
daerqva.
es
ki
im
SemTxvevaSia ase, Tuki "moTxovnilebis" cnebas "tradiciul
moTxovnilebasTan" gavaigivebT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mTeli
rigi meurneobebisa, romlebic Tavisi organizaciis formis
mixedviT
"kapitalisturad"
SeiZleba
yofiliyvnen
ganxilulni, rac zombartis mier misi naSromis 43) erT-erT
adgilze "kapitalis" gansazRvrebis Sesatyvisi iqneboda,
amovardebian
"mogebis"
meurneobebis
sferodan
da
gadainacvleben "moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis meurneobebSi".
meurneobebic, romlebic kerZo mewarmeebis mier kapitalis
brunvis saxiT (= fuli an fuladi Rirebulebis sasaqonlo
masa) mogebis mizniT produqciis saSualebaTa Sesyidvisa da
produqtis
gayidvis
gziT
e.i.
udaod
rogorc
"kapitalisturi sawarmoebi" imarTebian, SeiZleba aseve
"tradicionalistur" xasiaTs atarebdnen. es movlena
gviandeli epoqis ekonomikis istoriis manZilze aramcTu
gamonaklisad, aramed _ mudmivad ganmeorebadi wyvetiT
"kapitalizmis suliskveTebis" sul ufro axali da sul
ufro
mZlavri
Semotevebis
wyalobiT
_
TiTqmis
kanonzomierebad iqca. meurneobis "kapitalisturi" forma da

26

is suliskveTeba, romelic mas warmarTavs, marTalia

sazogadod "adekvatur" urTierTmimarTebaSi arian, magram
erTmaneTze "kanoniT" damokidebulni ar arian. da Tuki Cven
miuxedavad amisa, im ganwyobilebisaTvis, romelic profesiis
Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, sistematurad da racionalurad
legitimuri gziT imgvari mogebisaken miiswrafvis, rac
benjamin franklinis magaliTze gaxda naTeli, aq pirobiTad
gamoTqmas "(Tanamedrove) kapitalizmis suliskveTeba" 44)
viyenebT, es istoriuli mizeziT xdeba, radgan am azrovnebis
wesma Tanamedrove kapitalistur warmoebaSi Tavisi yvelaze
adekvaturi forma, kapitalisturma warmoebam ki Tavis mxriv,
masSi yvelaze adekvaturi sulieri mamoZravebeli Zala hpova.
magram TavisTavad orive savsebiT SesaZlebelia
erTmaneTs daSordes. benjamin franklini "kapitalisturi
suliskveTebiT" im dros iyo aRvsili, roca misi stamba
formis
mixedviT
arafriT
gansxvavdeboda
nebismieri
xelosnis sawarmosagan. da Cven davinaxavT, rom mTlianobaSi
axali epoqis zRurblze ara mxolod da ara imdenad
savaWro
patriciatis
wridan
gamosuli
kapitalisti
mrewvelebi, aramed samrewvelo saSualo wodebis aRmavlobis
gzaze mdgomi fenebi ufro iyvnen im suliskveTebiT
gamsWvalulni, rasac Cven "kapitalizmis suliskveTebas"
vuwodebT 45). arc XIX saukuneSi iyvnen keTilSobili
jentlmenebi
liverpulidan
da
hamburgidan
TavianTi
ZvelTaganve memkvidreobiT miRebuli vaWruli qonebiT misi
klasikuri warmomadgenlebi, aramed ufro xSirad qveda
fenebidan aRzevebuli mdabiorebi manCesteridan an rainlandvestfaliidan. amgvarive viTareba iyo ukve XVI saukuneSic:
im droisaTvis axlad aRmocenebuli industriis dargebi
metwilad dabali warmomavlobis parveniuTa mier iqna
daarsebuli 46).
iseTi
warmoebebi
rogoricaa
banki,
msxvili
saeqsporto vaWroba an ramdenadme gafarToebuli sacalo
vaWroba an bolosdabolos saojaxo meurneobaSi warmoebuli
saqonlis
farTomasStabiani
Sesyidva
_
mxolod
kapitalistur sawarmoSia SesaZlebeli. isini mainc mkacrad
tradicionalisturi
suliskveTebiT
SeiZleba
iqnen
marTulni: msxvili sakomisio bankebis saqmis warmoeba
sxvagvarad
arc
SeiZleba;
mTeli
epoqebis
manZilze
sazRvaosno vaWroba emyareboda mkacrad tradicionalisturi

27

xasiaTis monopoliebsa da reglamentebs; sacalo vaWrobaSi

_ aq saubari araa wvrilfexa upovar muqTaxorebze,
romlebic dRes saxelmwifo Semweobas ixvewebian _ Zveli
tradicionalizmisaTvis bolos momRebi revoluciuri Zvrebi
axlac mTeli ZaliT mimdinareobs: _ esaa is gadatrialeba,
romelmac manufaqturuli sistemis Zveli formebi daangria,
romelTanac Sinaxelosnobas mxolod formaluri naTesaobaRa
gaaCnia. Tu rogor mimdinareobs es garevolucionerebis
procesi da ras warmoadgens igi, Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia
TvalsaCino gavxadoT (Tumc es yvelaferi ukve cnobilia)
erT konkretul magaliTze.
gasuli saukunis Sua periodamde, Semsyidvelis
cxovreba kontinentaluri safeiqro mrewvelobis 47)
zogierT dargSi mainc, Cveni dRevandeli gagebiT, sakmaod
uSfoTveli iyo. misi dineba daaxloebiT ase SeiZleba
warmovidginoT: Camodiodnen glexebi _ TavianTi (Tu es
tilo iyo) xSirad ZiriTadad an mTlianad sakuTari
warmoebis nedleuli masalidan damzadebuli qsovilebiT _
qalaqSi, sadac Semsyidvelni cxovrobdnen da xarisxis
guldasmiT, xSirad oficialuri Semowmebis Semdeg iRebdnen
dawesebul gasamrjelos. Soreul manZilebze saqonlis
gasaRebisaTvis SemsyidvelTa muStrebi Suamavali vaWrebi
iyvnen, romlebic aseve Camodiodnen, saqonels nimuSebis
mixedviT ki ara, aramed odiTganve dawesebuli xarisxis
mixedviT yidulobdnen sawyobidan an kidev karga xniT adre
winaswar SekveTiT, am SemTxvevaSi ki SekveTa isev da isev
glexTan keTdeboda. muStrebTan piradad Casvla, Tuki amas
saerTod hqonda adgili, metad iSviaTad xdeboda xangrZlivi
periodis intervalebiT; Cveulebisamebr kmayofildebodnen
miwer-moweriT da TandaTan sul ufro mometebulad, nimuSTa
gadagzavniT. kantoraSi gasatarebeli drois xangrZlivoba _
albaT sul 5-6 saaTi iyo dReSi, drogamoSvebiT gacilebiT
naklebic ki, magaliTad, savaWro kampaniebis periodSi, iq,
sadac msgavsi ram ewyoboda; _ mosaTmeni, cxovrebis rigianad
warmarTvisaTvis da xelsayrel periodebSi mcire qonebis
dasagrovebladac ki sakmarisi anazRaureba, mTlianobaSi
saqmiani principebis TanxvdomiT ganpirobebuli konkurentTa
SedarebiT meti urTierTdaTmoba, "klubSi" yoveldRiuri
laRad siaruli, amasTan erTad garemoebaTa Sesabamisad,
saRamos kaTxa ludi, Sinauruli Tavyrilobebi da saerTodac

28

cxovrebis auCqarebeli tempi.

es,
yvela
TvalsazrisiT,
organizaciis
"kapitalisturi" forma iyo, Tuki davakvirdebiT mewarmeTa
vaWrul-saqmosnur Tvisebebs, agreTve kapitalis Cadebis
aucileblobis faqts, romelsac saqmeSi unda ebruna da
bolos aseve ekonomikuri midgomisa Tu sabuRaltro
xarjTaRricxvis wesis obieqtur mxares. oRond es iyo
"tradicionalisturi" meurneoba, Tuki im suliskveTebas
davakvirdebiT, romliTac mewarmeebi iyvnen gamsWvalulni:
cxovrebis tradiciul wess, mogebis tradiciul raodenobas,
Sromis tradiciul xangrZlivobas, saqmis warmarTvisa da
muSebTan da klientTa arsebiTad tradiciul wresTan
urTierTobis tradiciul formas, muStris mopovebisa da
saqonlis gasaRebis tradiciul xerxebs eqvemdebareboda
saqmis warmoeba, es edo mewarmeTa am wris "eToss"
safuZvlad.
erTxelac es simyudrove uecrad dairRva da Tanac
xSir
SemTxvevebSi
organizaciis
formis
principuli
cvlilebis _ vTqvaT, daxurul sawarmoze an meqanikur
dazgebze gadasvlis _ gareSe. rac moxda, ubralod iyo is,
rom romelime axalgazrda kaci, saqmis mewile SemsyidvelTa
ojaxidan, qalaqidan soflad gadadioda, saWiroebisamebr
mqsovelebs guldasmiT arCevda, maT daqvemdebarebasa da
kontrols TandaTan aZlierebda da amgvarad maT glexobidan
muSebad aqcevda; meore mxriv ki, man saqonlis gasaReba,
sacalo vaWroba, bolo xelze SeZlebisdagvarad pirdapiri
gasvlis gziT, mTlianad Tavis xelSi aiRo, klienturisTvis
Tavadve ibrZoda, yovelwliurad sistematurad maTTan
Cadioda, da rac yvelaze mTavaria, produqciis xarisxs maT
moTxovnilebebsa da survilebs usadagebda, maTi "gemovnebis
Sesaferiss" xdida da amasTan erTad principis _ "dabali
fasi, maRali mogeba" _ ganxorcielebas iwyebda. amis Semdeg
ganmeorda is, rac yvelgan da yovelTvis amgvari
"racionalizaciis" procesis Sedegs warmoadgenda: visac
aRmasvla ar SeeZlo, daRmasvla ewera. idilia daamsxvria
konkurentTa axaldawyebulma brZolam; solidur qonebas
Soulobdnen da vaxSze ki ar debdnen, aramed kvlav da kvlav
saqmeSi
axdendnen
mis
investirebas;
Zveli
myudro
uSfoTveli yofa sastikma sifxizlem gandevna maT Soris,
vinc cvlilibebs ahyva da win wavida, vinaidan maT xarjva ki

29

ara, aramed mogeba surdaT da maT Sorisac, vinc Zveleburi

wesis erTguli darCa, radgan axla meti momWirneoba
marTebdaT 48). amasTan erTad, rac yvelaze mTavaria, msgavs
SemTxvevebSi rogorc wesi, axali fulis modineba ki ar
iwvevda
amgvar
gadatrialebas
_
CemTvis
cnobilia
SemTxvevebi, roca sul ramodenime, naTesavebisgan nasesxebi
aTasiT biZgi mieca revolucionirebis mTel process _,
aramed
axali
suliskveTeba,
swored
"Tanamedrove
kapitalizmis suliskveTeba", romelic saqmeSi iyo CarTuli.
kiTxva Tanamedrove kapitalizmis eqspansiis mamoZravebeli
Zalebis Sesaxeb pirvel rigSi kapitalisturi wesiT
asaTvisebeli fuladi resursebis wyaroze ki ar daiyvaneba,
aramed kapitalisturi suliskveTebis Camoyalibebaze. sadac
ki igi gamococxldeba da aRwevs zemoqmedebas, is kidec
Soulobs fulad resursebs rogorc Tavisi qmedebis
saSualebas, magram ara piriqiT 49). oRond misi Semosvla
mSvidobiani sulac ar yofila. undoblobis, zogjer
siZulvilis da rac mTavaria, moraluri ganrisxebis
niaRvari azvirTdeboda rogorc wesi, pirveli axlis
Semoqmedis winaaRmdeg, xSirad iwyeboda _ CemTvis mravali
msgavsi SemTxvevaa cnobili _ namdvili legendebis SeTxzva
misi warsuli cxovrebis idumalebiT mosil Crdilovan
momentebze. aravinaa imdenad gulubryvilo, rom ver
SeamCnios is, rom swored "axali stilis" aseTi mewarmis
dacva fxizeli TavSekavebulobis dakargvisa da moraluri
Tu ekonomikuri kraxisagan mxolod xasiaTis iSviaT
simtkices SeuZlia, rom gamWriaxobisa da SemarTebis garda
uwinaresad
sruliad
gansakuTrebuli
da
aSkarad
gamokveTili
"eTikuri"
Tvisebebia,
romlebic
amgvari
siaxleebis danergvisas mas muStrebisa da muSebis esoden
aucilebel ndobas moapovebinebs da uTvalavi dabrkolebis
gadasalaxavad gamZleobas unarCunebs, da rac mTavaria,
gacilebiT ufro intensiuri Sromis nayofiereba, mewarmes
rom moeTxoveba da romelic SeuTavsebelia cxovrebiT
uSfoTvel tkbobasTan _ yovelive SesaZlebeli gaxades
specifikurad
sxva
tipis
eTikurma
Tvisebebma,
ase
gansxvavebulma im TvisebaTagan, warsulis tradicionalizmis
adekvaturi rom iyo.
rogorc
wesi,
TavzexelaRebulma
da
unamuso
spekulantebma,
ekonomikis
avantiuristebma,
ekonomikis

30

istoriis yvela epoqaSi rom gvxvdebian, an ubralod "didi

fulis patronebma" ki ar moaxdines ekonomikur cxovrebaSi
am axali suliskveTebis damkvidrebisaTvis garegnulad
TiTqos
SeumCneveli,
magram
mainc
ase
gadamwyveti
Semobruneba,
aramed
cxovrebis
usastikes
skolaSi
gamozrdilma, erTdroulad windaxedulma da gabedulma,
pirvel yovlisa fxizelma da Seudrekelma, sakuTari
saqmisaTvis mtkiced da bolomde Tavgadadebulma, mkacri
burJuaziuli TvalTaxedvisa da "principebis" erTgulma
xalxma.
kacma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom am pirovnul moralur
Tvisebebs garkveul eTikur normebTan an sulac religiur
mosazrebebTan TavisTavad sruliad araferi aqvT saerTo,
rom am mimarTulebiT ganviTarebisaTvis raRac arsebiTad
negatiuri,
kerZod,
SemorCenil
tradiciaTagan
gaTavisuflebis unaria saWiro anu umal liberaluri
"ganmanaTlebloba" SeiZleboda yofiliyo cxovrebis saqmianad
warmarTvis amgvari wesis adekvaturi safuZveli. da marTlac
dReisaTvis saqmis viTareba swored aseTia. cxovrebis wess
aramcTu
sistematurad
aklia
religiur
sawyisebTan
yovelgvari kavSiri, aramed sadac ki arsebobs kavSiri, is
mudam (yovel SemTxvevaSi germaniaSi mainc) negatiuri
xasiaTisaa.
amgvari
"kapitalisturi
suliskveTebiT"
gamsWvaluli pirovnebebi dResdReobiT eklesiisadmi Tu
mtrulad ganwyobilni ara, mis mimarT indiferentulni mainc
arian.
samoTxis
ubiwo
mowyenilobis
idea
maTi
qmediTxalisiani
bunebisaTvis
naklebad
macdunebelia,
religia maT adamianis amqveyniuri saqmianobis niadagidan
mowyvetis saSualebad evlinebaT. Tuki maT Tavadve
SevekiTxebodiT mogebis daucxromeli devnis "sazrisis"
Taobaze, sakuTari qonebiT gaxareba rom ar uweria, da
amitomac
cxovrebaze
swored
amqveyniurad
orientirebulobisas ase uazrod SeiZleba mogveCvenos, isini
albaT, Tuki pasuxi saerTod moeZebnebaT, gvipasuxebdnen, rom
"Svilebze da SviliSvilebze zrunva" amoZravebT, ufro
xSirad _ (vinaidan es motivi xom namdvilad mxolod
maTTvis
niSandoblivi
ki
ara,
aramed
"tradicionalistebisTvisac" aranakleb damaxasiaTebelia) _
da ufro sworad ki pasuxi sul ubralod isaa, rom saqme,
Tavisi
gamudmebuli
SromiT,
maTTvis
"sasicocxlo

31

aucileblobadaa" qceuli. esaa sinamdvileSi erTaderTi

zusti motivireba da igi gamoxatavs, pirovnuli bednierebis
TvalsazrisiT Tu SevxedavT, imgvari cxovrebis wesis mTel
iracionalobas, roca adamiania Tavisi saqmisTvis gaCenili da
ara piriqiT. TavisTavad cxadia, garkveul rols TamaSobs
ltolva Zalauflebisa da pativisadmi, rac sul ubralod
TavisTavad qonebis flobis faqts mosdevs: sadac mTeli
eris fantazia, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad,
mTlianad wmindad raodenobrivad didzea mimarTuli, iq,
vaWarTa Soris "poetTaTvis" amgvar ricxvTa romantikas
momakvdinebeli xibli aqvs. magram rogorc wesi, WeSmaritad
wamyvani da ucvlelad warmatebuli mewarmeebi sulac ar
arian isini, vinc Tavs amgvar tyveobaSi igdebs. rac Seexeba
sagvareulo adgil-mamulisa da naboZebi aznauriSvilobis
myudro navsayudelis Ziebas sakuTar vaJebTan erTad,
romelTa daxvewil manerebs universitetsa Tu oficerTa
korpusSi maTi WeSmariti warmomavloba daviwyebas unda
miecaT, rac germanuli kapitalizmis aRzevebul mdabio
ojaxiSvilTa Cveul biografiad iqca, dekadansis epigonur
nayofs warmoadgens. kapitalisturi mewarmis "idealur
tips" 50), rogorsac calkeuli gamorCeuli magaliTis
saxiT CvenSic vxvdebiT, arc amaze ufro tlanq da arc amaze
ufro daxvewil yoyoCobasTan aqvs rame saerTo. igi gaurbis
saqveynod kudabzikobasa da usargeblo mflangvelobas, iseve,
rogorc sakuTari ZalauflebiT gacnobierebul tkbobas da
misTvis umal sauxerxulo sazogadoebrivi pativiscemis im
garegnul gamovlinebebs, rasac mas miageben. misi cxovrebis
wesi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, _ da mogvianebiT saWiro
iqneba am CvenTvis metad sagulisxmo movlenis swored
istoriul mniSvnelobas SevexoT _ erTgvar asketur
anabeWds atarebs, rac ase naTlad gamoikveTa adre
citirebul
frankliniseul
"qadagebaSi".
nelTbili
Tavmdablobis karga didi doziT gamovlinebas masTan
iSviaTad ki ara, umal sakmaod xSirad vxvdebiT, rac
arsebiTad imaze ufro gulwrfelia, vidre franklinis mier
ase brZnulad rekomendirebuli TavdaWeriloba. mas Tavisi
simdidridan sakuTari pirovnebisaTvis "araferi gaaCnia"
garda "mowodebis aRsrulebis" iracionaluri gancdisa.
arada swored esaa is, rac kapitalizmamdel adamians
esoden gaugebrad da amoucnobad, esoden binZurad da gulis

32

amrevad eCveneba. vinmem Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze Sromis

miznad uzarmazari materialuri dovlaTiT, fuliTa da
qonebiT saflavSi Casvlis idea rom gaixados, misTvis es
mxolod "auri sacra fames"-is gadagvarebuli midrekilebis
nayofi iqneba.
axlandel
droSi
Cveni
politikuri,
kerZosamarTlebrivi
da
sakomunikacio
institutebis,
sawarmoo
formebisa
da
Cveni
meurneobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, kapitalizmis
"suliskveTeba"
SeiZleboda
gaazrebuliyo
rogorc
Semgueblobis wminda produqti. kapitalisturi meurneobis
wyoba Tavgadadebas iTxovs fulis Sovnis "mowodebisaTvis":
esaa garegani sikeTeebis mimarT erTgvari qcevis wesi,
romelic imdenad adekvaturia mocemuli struqturisa,
imdenad
mijaWvulia
gamarjvebis
winapirobebze
arsebobisaTvis ekonomikur brZolaSi, rom am zemoxsenebuli
"qrematistuli" (bazarze orientirebuli kapitalisturi
tipis meurneoba _ mTargmn.) cxovrebis wesis nebismier
erTian "msoflmxedvelobasTan" aucilebel kavSirze dRes
saubaric ki ar SeiZleba. mas ukve aRar esaWiroeba romelime
religiuri Zalis sanqciaze dayrdnoba da saeklesio
normebis mxridan sameurneo cxovrebaze zegavlenis moxdenis
mcdelobas, ramdenadac es principSi jer kidev SeiZleba
sagrZnobi iyos, aRiqvams dabrkolebad da saxelmwifos
mxridan reglamentirebad. amis Semdeg ki savaWro-politikur
da
social-politikur
interesTa
ganlageba
"msoflmxedvelobas" gansazRvravs. vinc Tavis cxovrebis
wess kapitalisturi warmatebis moTxovnebs ar moargebs,
Zirs eSveba an win ver midis. oRond es im epoqis
movlenebia, roca Tanamedrove kapitalizmi gamarjvebas
aRwevs, Zveli sayrdenebisgan Tavisufldeba. iseve, rogorc
odesRac man Camoyalibebis gzaze damdgar Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo ZalauflebasTan erTad meurneobis regulirebis
Suasaukuneobrivi formebi daamsxvria, igive SeiZleboda
gveTqva _ am etapze mxolod savaraudod _ mis
damokidebulebaze religiuri Zalebis mimarT. hqonda Tu ara
amas adgili da Tu hqonda, mainc ra saxiT, esaa swored aq
gamosakvlevi. vinaidan zedmetia imis mtkiceba, rom fulis
mogebis,
rogorc
adamianisTvis
movaleobad
qceuli
TviTmiznis, rogorc "mowodebis" gaazreba mTeli epoqebis

33

zneobriv
mosazrebebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda.
kanonikur
samarTalSi gadasuli, im droisaTvis (iseve rogorc
mevaxSeobis Sesaxeb 51) adgili saxarebidan) WeSmaritad
miCneuli fraza "Deo placere vix potest" (RmerTisaTvis es
nakleb sasurveli iqneboda), vaWris saqmianobas rom
Seexeboda, Toma akvinelis mier mogebisaken miswrafebis
turpitudo-d (Tavis Sercxvena) gamocxadeba (rac TviT
gardauval da amdenad eTikurad nebadarTul mogebis
miRebasac
ki
gulisxmobda),
radikalurad
antiqrematistulad ganwyobili sakmaod farTo wreebis
sapirispirod, ukve sagrZnob daTmobas niSnavda kaTolikuri
doqtrinis mxridan eklesiasTan politikurad ase mWidrod
dakavSirebuli italiis qalaqebis 52) finansuri Zalebis
interesebis mimarT. da iqac ki, sadac doqtrina kidev ufro
metad ganicdida akomodacias (Seguebas _ mTargmn.), rogorc
vTqvaT, antonin florencielTan, mainc arasodes ar qreboda
imis gancda, rom mogebaze, rogorc TviTmizanze, mimarTuli
saqmianoba principSi pudendum-s (samarcxvinos) warmoadgens,
ris moTmenasac imTaviTve mocemuli cxovrebiseuli wesrigi
gvaiZulebs. imJamindeli calkeuli eTikosebi, pirvel rigSi
nominalisturi skolis warmomadgenlebi, kapitalisturi
saqmianobis formebis ganviTarebul wanamZRvrebs iRebdnen,
rogorc mocemulobas, da
cdilobdnen isini dasaSvebad,
vaWroba
saWirod,
masSi
gamJRavnebuli
"industria"
(Sromismoyvareoba) ki legitimuri mogebis wyarod da
eTikurad misaRebad warmoeCinaT; gabatonebuli moZRvreba ki
kapitalisturi
mogebis
"suliskveTebas"
_
garkveul
winaaRmdegobaTa TanxlebiT _ uarhyofda rogorc turpitudo-s
an saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi mas eTikuri TvalsazrisiT
dadebiTad ver afasebda. imgvari "zneobrivi" TvalTaxedva,
rogoric vTqvaT, benjamin frankliniseulia, ubralod,
warmoudgeneli iqneboda. es iyo, pirvel rigSi, Tavad
movlenebis monawile kapitalisturi wreebis Tvalsazrisi:
maTi
saqmianoba,
Tuki
isini
eklesiuri
tradiciis
safuZvelze idgnen, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, raRac zneobrivad
indiferentul, mosaTmen fenomens warmoadgenda, magram
Tundac ukve eklesiis mier vaxSis akrZalvasTan Sejaxebis
mudmivi safrTxis gamo, sulis xsnisaTvis metad saeWvos;
rogorc wyaroebi mowmoben, uzarmazari Tanxebi miedineboda

34

"sindisis dasamSvidebeli fulis" saxiT mdidari xalxis

sikvdilis Semdeg saeklesio institutebSi da garkveul
SemTxvevebSi ubrundeboda isini uwindel movaleebs rogorc
maTgan usamarTlod aRebuli "usura" (procentebi). sxvagvari
mdgomareoba iyo _ eretikuli da saeWvod miCneuli
mimarTulebebis gverdiT _ mxolod tradiciisagan ukve
Sinaganad gaTavisuflebul patriciul wreebSi. oRond
skeptikurad ganwyobili da araeklesiuri adamianebic ki
cdilobdnen
garkveuli
Tanxebis
meSveobiT
yoveli
SemTxvevisaTvis eklesiasTan morigebas, radgan sikvdilis
Semdeg gaurkveveli mdgomareobisagan Tavis dazRvevisaTvis
ase sjobda da radgan (metad gavrcelebuli ufro
Serbilebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad) sulis cxonebisaTvis
sakmarisi
iyo
eklesiis
moTxovnebisadmi
garegnuli
morCileba 53). swored aq iCens Tavs is zneobis miRmuri an
sulac zneobis sawinaaRmdego ram, rac Tavad movlenaTa
monawileebis azriT, maT saqmianobas axlavs. mainc rogor
warmoiqmna
amgvari,
ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi,
zneobrivad
dasaSvebad miCneuli moRvaweobidan "mowodeba" benjamin
frankliniseuli gagebiT? mainc rogor SeiZleba istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT aixsnas is faqti, rom imJamindeli samyaros
kapitalisturi ganviTarebis centrSi, florenciaSi, XIV da
XV saukuneebSi, yvela zesaxelmwifos fulisa da kapitalis
bazarze is, rac zneobrivad saCoTirod an saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi mosaTmenad iTvleboda, swored is iTvleboda
zneobrivad sanaqebo, naqadagebi cxovrebis wesis Sinaarsad
XVIII saukunis miyruebul provinciul-wvrilburJuaziul
pensilvaniaSi, sadac elementarulad fulis deficitis gamo
dauZlurebul meurneobas erTTavad naturalur aRebmicemobamde daSveba emuqreboda, sadac SedarebiT mozrdili
samrewvelo sawarmoebis kvalic ki ar Canda da bankebis
mxolod Canasaxobrivi sawyisebi Tu iyo SesamCnevi? _ aq
saubari "materialuri" pirobebis "idealur zednaSenSi"
"arekvlis" Sesaxeb wminda wylis uazroba iqneboda. _ da
mainc ideaTa romeli wridan warmodga garegnulad wmindad
mogebaze mimarTuli moRvaweobis mikuTvneba "mowodebis"
kategoriisaTvis, romlis winaSec calkeuli pirovneba
sakuTar movaleobas grZnobs? vinaidan es idea iyo swored,
romelic "axali stilis" mewarmis cxovrebis wess eTikur
safuZvelsa da sayrdens uqmnida.

35

Tanamedrove meuneobis ZiriTad motivad sazogadod

"ekonomikur
racionalizms"
asaxeleben,
aseve
iqceva
saxeldobr zombartic Tavis xSir SemTxvevebSi esoden
iRblian da marjve msjelobaSi. es usaTuod savsebiT
gamarTlebulia, Tuki amiT Sromis nayofierebis imgvari
gafarToeba
igulisxmeba,
rac
warmoebis
procesis
mecnierulad
danawevrebis
gziT,
adamianuri
arsebis
bunebrivad mocemul "organul" zRvrebze am procesis
mijaWvulobas moxsnis. teqnikisa da ekonomikis sferoSi
racionalizebis es procesi udaod ganapirobebs Tanamedrove
burJuaziuli
sazogadoebis
"cxovrebis
idealebis"
mniSvnelovan nawils: kacobriobis materialuri dovlaTiT
uzrunvelyofis
racionalurad
warmarTvis
samsaxurSi
moRvaweoba "kapitalisturi suliskveTebis" matarebelT
uTuod mTeli maTi cxovrebis saqmianobis ganmsazRvrel
miznad esaxebodaT. sakmarisia magaliTad, filadelfiis
komunaluri meurneobis (improvements) samsaxurSi gaweuli
sakuTari Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb frankliniseuli monaTxrobis
wakiTxva,
raTa
es
TavisTavad
cxadi
WeSmariteba
xelSesaxebad naTeli gaxdes. sixaruli da siamaye, mraval
adamians "samuSao rom misca", mSobliuri qalaqis ekonomikur
"ayvavebaSi"
monawileoba
rom
miiRo,
sityvis
im,
mosaxleobisa
da
vaWrobis
mzard
raodenobriobaze
orientirebuli mniSvnelobiT, kapitalizmi rom debs masSi,
_ warmoadgens swored Tanamedrove mewarmeobis specifikur
da udaod "idealisturad" gagebuli cxovrebis sixarulis
arss. bunebrivia, kapitalisturi kerZo meurneobis aseve
erT-erTi fundamenturi TvisebaTagania isic, rom igi
mkacrad
gamoTvliTi
angariSis
safuZvelze
axdens
racionalizebas, gegmazomierad da fxizlad miemarTeba
sawadeli ekonomikuri warmatebisaken, gansxvavebiT glexis,
mxolod dRevandeli dRiT cxovrebis wesisagan, Zveli yaidis
amqris
ostatis
privilegirebuli
rutinisagan
da
"avantiuristuli
kapitalizmisagan",
politikur
iRblianobaze da iracionalur aReb-micemobaze rom iyo
orientirebuli.
amrigad,
iqmneba
STabeWdileba,
TiTqos
"kapitalisturi
suliskveTebis"
ganviTareba
yvelaze
martivad SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas, rogorc racionalizmis
erTiani ganviTarebis nawilobrivi gamovlineba da igi

36

gamoyvanili unda iqnas sicocxlis saboloo problemaTa

mimarT racionalizmis principuli midgomidan. am SemTxvevaSi
protestantizmi mxolod imdenad iqneboda istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT gaTvaliswinebuli, ramdenadac man garkveuli
roli iTamaSa, rogorc wminda racionalisturi msoflaRqmis
"winamorbedma". arada pirvelive seriozuli mcdeloba
aCvenebs, rom problemis amgvari gamartivebuli dayeneba
Tundac imitomac ar SeiZleba, rom racionalizmis istoria
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar avlens cxovrebis erT calkeul
sferoSi
paralelurad
mimdinare
ganviTarebas.
kerZo
samarTlis racionalizeba, magaliTad, Tuki mas mTeli
samarTlis masalis cnebiT gamartivebad da danawevrebad
gaviazrebT, dRemde Tavisi umaRlesi formiT gvian antikur
epoqaSi romaul samarTalSia miRweuli; igi yvelaze
CamorCenili rCeboda ramodenime, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze racionalizebul qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT inglisSi,
sadac romauli samarTlis renesansi Tavis droze iuristTa
didi amqris Zlevamosilebam moaSTo, maSin, rodesac misi
batonoba
grZeldeboda
samxreT
evropis
kaTolikur
regionebSi. wminda amqveyniur racionalur filosofias
XVIII saukuneSi Tavisi adgilsamyofeli sulac ar upovia
mxolod
an
Tundac
upiratesad
kapitalisturi
TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze
maRalganviTarebul
qveynebSi.
volterianizmi dResac ki swored romanul-kaTolikur
qveynebSi warmoadgens maRali da _ rac praqtikulad kidev
ufro mniSvnelovania _ saSualo fenebis erTobliv
monapovars. Tuki "praqtikul racionalizmad" moviazrebT
cxovrebis imgvar wess, romelic samyaros Segnebulad
daiyvans calkeuli me-s amqveyniur interesebze da aqedan
axdens gansjas, aseTi cxovrebis stili adrec da axlac
"liberum arbitrium" (Tavisufali nebis) xalxTa sruliad
tipiur Taviseburebas warmoadgens, rogorc esa aqvs
italielsa Tu frangs sisxlsa da xorcSi gamjdari; da Cven
ukve SesaZlebloba gvqonda davrwmunebuliyaviT, rom es
aranairad araa is niadagi, romelzec aRmocenda adamianis
damokidebuleba misi "xelobis", rogorc misiis mimarT,
ragvaradac
es
kapitalizms
esaWiroeba.
cxovrebis
"racionalizeba" marTlac gansxvavebuli da sruliad
sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiTaa
SesaZlebeli;
es
martivi
debuleba, romelic xSirad aviwydebaT, "racionalizmis"

37

Sesaxeb nebismier gamokvlevas unda hqondes wamZRvarebuli.

"racionalizmi" istoriuli cnebaa, romelic winaaRmdegobaTa
mTel samyaros moicavs Tavis TavSi da Cveni gamosakvlevia,
Tu romeli sulieri mimarTulebis pirmSoa "racionaluri"
azrovnebisa
da
cxovrebis
is
konkretuli
forma,
romlidanac
"profesiis"
idea
da
profesionaluri
saqmianobisaTvis _ rogorc vnaxeT, calkeuli individis
wminda evdemonisturi interesebis TvalsazrisiT esoden
iracionaluri _ Tavis imgvari gadadeba aRmocenda, rac Cveni
kapitalisturi kulturis erT-erTi arsebiTi Semadgeneli
nawili iyo da dRemde aris. Cven aq swored im
iracionaluri
elementis
warmomavloba
gvainteresebs,
romelic rogorc am, ise "mowodebis" yovel nebismier
cnebaSia Cadebuli.
3
udaod TvalSisacemia, rom germanul sityvaSi "Beruf"
iseve, rogorc albaT kidev ufro gamokveTilad inglisur
"calling"-Si SeparviT gaiJRerebs RvTis mier dasmuli
amocanis religiuri warmodgena, da rac ufro mkveTrad
davsvamT konkretul SemTxvevaSi maxvils am sityvaze, miT
ufro sagrZnobi iqneba es. da Tuki am sityvas istoriisa da
kulturul enaTa fonze davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom
upiratesad kaTolikuri erebi iseve naklebad icnoben imis
msgavsi Seferilobis gamoTqmas, rasac Cven "Beruf" -s
vuwodebT
(cxovrebiseuli
mdgomareobis
gagebiT,
SemosazRvrul Sromis sferos), rogorc antikuroba 54);
maSin, rodesac igi aqvs yvela upiratesad protestantul
ers. garda amisa, naTeli xdeba isic, rom xsenebul enaTa ara
raRac eTnikurad ganpirobebuli Tavisebureba, vTqvaT,
"germanikuli
erovnuli
sulis"
gamoxatulebaa
amaSi
CarTuli, aramed es sityva Tavisi dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT
bibliis Targmanidan, Tanac kerZod mTargmnelTa da ara
dednis suliskveTebidan momdinareobs 55). luTeriseuli
bibliis Targmanis ieso ziraqis Zis (zir. 2: 20, 21) erT
pasaJSi igi mTlianad Cveni dRevandeli gagebiT Cans
gamoyenebuli 56). man yvela protestantuli xalxis saero

38

enaSi Zalian swrafad SeiZina Tavisi dRevandeli mniSvneloba,

maSin, rodesac manamde saero literaturaSi sityvis amgvar
mniSvnelobaze miniSnebac ki arsad Cans da asevea
mqadageblur literaturaSic; ramdenadac CvenTvis naTelia,
gamonakliss
SeiZleba
mxolod
erTi
mistikosi
warmoadgendes, romlis gavlena luTerze cnobilia.
da rogorc sityvis mniSvneloba, ise ideac (rac
albaT cnobili unda iyos) axalia da reformaciis nayofs
warmoadgens. saqme ise ki ar unda warmovidginoT, TiTqos
yoveldRiuri saero Sromis Sefasebis garkveuli elementebi,
xelobis am cnebaSi romaa Cadebuli, ukve SuasaukuneebSi da
miT umetes (gvianelinistur) antikurobaSi ar arsebobda: _
amaze mogvianebiT iqneba saubari. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sruliad
axalia erTi ram: saero profesiaTa farglebSi movaleobis
aRsrulebis, rogorc im umaRlesi Sinaarsis Sefaseba, rac
saerTod zneobrivma TviTdasaqmebam
SeiZleba SeiZinos.
swored es iyo is, rac saero yoveldRiuri Sromis
religiuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas ucilobel
Sedegad mohyva da ramac gamoiwvia am gagebiT pirvelad
profesiis
cnebis
Seqmna.
amrigad,
cnebaSi
"Beruf"
gamoxatulebas
poulobs
yvela
protestantuli
aRmsareblobis is centraluri dogma, romelic uarhyofs
qristianuli
zneobis
mcnebaTa
kaTolikur
gamijvnas
"praecepta"-d (mcnebebad) da "consilia" (rCevebad) da romelic
RvTisaTvis sasurveli cxovrebis erTaderT gzas ara saero
zneobriobis bermonazvnuri askeziT dajabnaSi, aramed saero
movaleobaTa imgvarad aRsrulebaSi xedavs, rogorc isini
calkeul
adamians
ganesazRvreba
cxovrebaSi
misi
mdgomareobis Sesabamisad da rac, aqedan gamomdinare, mis
"profesiul mowodebad" iqceva.
luTerTan 57) es idea ganviTarebas poulobs misi
reformatoruli
moRvaweobis
pirvel
aTwleulSi.
Tavdapirvelad misTvis saero saqmianoba, gabatonebuli
Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciis, (rogorc igi, magaliTad, Toma
akvinelTanaa warmodgenili) 58), Sesabamisad, marTalia,
RvTisTvis sasurvel, magram mainc xelTqmnils warmoadgens,
is, Wama-smis msgavsad zneobrivad TavisTavad indiferentuli,
religiuri cxovrebis ucilobeli bunebrivi safuZvelia 59).
magram "sola-fide"-s (xsna mxolod rwmeniT) ideis sul ufro

39

gamokveTilad
Tanmimdevrulad
gatarebasTan
da
amiT
gamowveul,
sul
ufro
mkveTrad
xazgasmul
dapirispirebasTan erTad "eSmakis mier nakarnaxevi" berobis
kaTolikuri
"evangelisturi
rCeva-darigebebis"
mimarT,
izrdeba profesiuli mowodebis mniSvnelobac. beruli
cxovrebis wesi ukve ara mxolod RvTis winaSe Tavis
gamarTlebisTvis aRmoCndeba aSkarad sruliad gamousadegari,
aramed
is
luTerisaTvis
amavdroulad
egoisturi,
cxovrebiseuli movaleobebisadmi Tavaridebuli gulcivobis
nayofia. amis sawinaaRmdegod saero profesiuli saqmianoba
warmodgenilia rogorc moyvasisadmi siyvarulis garegnuli
gamoxatuleba da amis dasabuTeba xdeba
amqveyniurobas
sruliad mowyvetili formiT da adam smitiseuli cnobili
frazebis mimarT TiTqmis groteskuli dapirispirebiT 60),
gansakuTrebiT ki imaze miniSnebiT, rom Sromis danawileba
calkeul adamians aiZulebs sxvebisaTvis iSromos. oRond es,
Tavisi arsiT aSkarad sqolastikuri dasabuTeba, maleve
qreba da rCeba sul ufro mkveTrad aqcentirebuli miTiTeba
imaze, rom saero movaleobaTa Sesruleba yvela SemTxvevaSi
RvTis erTaderTi saamebeli gzaa, rom is da mxolod is
warmoadgens RvTis nebas, ris gamoc yoveli nebadarTuli
profesia RvTis winaSe Tanabrad Rirebulia. 61)
saero
profesiuli
saqmianobis
zneobrivi
kvalifikacia rom reformaciisa da kerZod luTeris yvelaze
mZime Sedegebis mqone naRvaws warmoadgens, marTlac, eWvs
gareSea da truizmadac ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos 62).
usazRvrod daSorebulia es Tvalsazrisi im ukiduresi
siZulvilisgan, romliTac paskaliseuli mWvretelobiTi
suliskveTeba saero cxovrebaSi moRvaweobis, misi Rrma
rwmeniT mxolod pativmoyvareobiT an cbierebiT rom
aixsneba, dafasebas uarhyofs 63), _ da kidev ufro Sordeba
igi samyaros imgvar laR utilitaristul morgebulobas,
rogoric iezuiturma probabilizmma daamkvidra. magram Tu
rogor SeiZleba protestantizmis am naRvawis praqtikuli
mniSvnelobis konkretulad warmodgena, es sazogadod umal
ufro yrud aRiqmeba, vidre naTlad Seicnoba.
albaT imis aRniSvnac ki zedmetia, rom dauSvebelia
"kapitalistur suliskveTebasTan" im mniSvnelobiT, rasac
Cven am sityvas vukavSirebT _ an saerTodac nebismieri
mniSvnelobiT _ luTeris ideaTa Sinagan siaxloveze saubari.

40

is saeklesio wreebic ki, romlebic yvelaze TavgamodebiT

asxamen xotbas reformaciis "saqmes", mTlianobaSi DdRes
aranairad
ar
gvevlinebian
kapitalizmis
mokeTeebad
nebismieri mniSvnelobiT. luTeri ueWvelad mkveTrad
gaemijneboda yovelgvar naTesaobas miT umetes, imgvar
TvalTaxedvasTan, franklinTan rom iCens Tavs. bunebrivia,
am SemTxvevaSi ar unda moviSvelioT didvaWrebTan,
fugerebTan 64) da sxv. dakavSirebiT misi Civili, rogorc
maxasiaTebeli simptomi. vinaidan XVI-XVII saukuneebSi
calkeuli msxvili savaWro kompaniebis samarTlebrivad an
faqtobrivad privilegirebuli mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg
brZola
SeiZleba
trestebis
winaaRmdeg
gaCaRebul
Tanamedrove laSqrobas SevadaroT
da es brZola iseve
naklebad warmoadgens tradicionalisturi TvalTaxedvis
gamoxatulebas, rogorc xsenebuli laSqroba. am kompaniaTa
winaaRmdeg,
lombardielTa,
"trapezitTa"
winaaRmdeg,
anglikanuri
eklesiis,
mefeebisa
da
parlamentebis
mfarvelobis
qveS
myofi
monopolistebis,
msxvili
spekulantebisa da bankirebis winaaRmdeg inglissa da
safrangeTSi
gaafTrebiT
ibrZodnen
puritanebic
da
hugenotebic 65). kromveli dunbaris brZolis Semdeg (1650
wlis seqtemberi) grZel parlaments swerda: "gTxovT,
SewyvitoT xelobaTa borotad gamoyeneba, da Tu erT-erTi
iseTia, romelic mravals aRatakebs, raTa TiTo-orola
gaamdidros, es sazogadoebas ar waadgeba" _ meore mxriv,
amis
sapirispirod
masTan
sruliad
specifikuri
"kapitalisturi" suliT aRvsil azrebsac vpoulobT 66).
amis sanacvlod, sruliad araorazrovnad iCens Tavs
mevaxSeobisa da, sazogadod, sargeblis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
mravalricxovan
luTeriseul
gamonaTqvamebSi
misi,
gviansqolastikasTan
SedarebiT
(kapitalisturi
TvalsazrisiT)
pirdapir
"CamorCenili"
warmodgena
kapitalisturi momxveWelobis arsis Sesaxeb 67). udaod am
rigs ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, ukve antonin florencielTan
daZleuli argumenti fulis araproduqtiulobis Sesaxeb.
magram aq aRar gvWirdeba calkeul wvrilmanebSi CaZieba, _
vinaidan naTelia, rom religiurad gagebul "profesiuli
mowodebis" ideas unari Seswevda Tavisi SedegebiT saero
cxovrebisaTvis sxvadasxvagvari formacvlili saxe mieca. _
reformaciis, rogorc aseTis, damsaxureba Tavdapirvelad

41

imaSi
mdgomareobda,
rom
kaTolikuri
Tvalsazrisis
sapirispirod,
profesiulad
mowesrigebuli
saero
saqmianobis zneobrivi dafaseba da religiuri sazRauri
uzomod gaizarda. Tu rogor ganviTarda SemdgomSi
"mowodebis" idea, romelSic am garemoebam hpova asaxva,
damokidebuli Seiqna RvTismosaobisaTvis ufro konkretuli
gamokveTilobis
miniWebaze,
rogorc
es
calkeul
reformaciul
eklesiebSi
ganxorcielda.
bibliis
avtoriteti, saidanac luTeris rwmeniT, mowodebis idea
momdinareobda,
TavisTavad
mTlianobaSi
umal
tradicionalisturi TvalTaxedvis sayrdenad gamodgeboda.
kerZod, Zvelma aRTqmam, romelic saero zneobriobisaTvis
upiratesobis
miniWebas
namdvil
winaswarmetyvelebaSi
sruliad ar icnobda da saerTodac am movlenas mxolod
danawevrebuli rudimentebisa da elementebis saxiT Seicavda,
Camoayaliba absoluturad msgavsi religiuri idea im mkacri
gagebiT, rom nebismieri adamiani ar unda gacdenoda Tavisi
"sazrdos" mopovebis farglebs da mxolod uRmerToTaTvis
miendo mogebisaken swrafva: esaa yvela im pasaJis azri,
romlebic uSualod Seexeba saero saqmianobas. mxolod
Talmudi dgas nawilobriv _ magram ara principulad _ sxva
safuZvelze. iesos piradi pozicia tipiuri antikurorientaluri TxovniT: "puri Cveni arsobisa mogvec Cven
dRes" klasikuri siwmindiTaa aRbeWdili da ama soflis
radikaluri uaryofis elementi, gaJRerebuli frazaSi
"", imTaviTve gamoricxavs pirovnulad
masTan profesiuli mowodebis Tanamedrove ideis yovelgvar
uSualo dakavSirebas 68). axal aRTqmaSi gacxadebuli
qristianobis samociqulo era, gansakuTrebiT ki pavleseuli,
saero
profesiuli
saqmianobisadmi
an
sruliad
indiferentulia an, ZiriTadad, tradicionalisturadaa
ganwyobili im esqatologiuri molodinis wyalobiT,
romliTac aRvsilni iyvnen qristianTa pirveli Taobebi: raki
uflis mosvlas yvela elodeba, upriania nebismieri adamiani
Tavis wodebaSi da saero saqmianobaSi darCes, sadac mas
ufliseuli "xmoba" miswvda da iSromos ise, rogorc dRemde
uSromia: amgvarad igi TanamoZmeebs
tvirTad ar daawveba,
rogorc Rataki, _ da es yovelive xom isedac mxolod
mcire xans gastans. luTeri biblias gabatonebuli sazogado

42

ganwyobis saTvaleebiT kiTxulobda da es ganwyoba misi

ganviTarebis periodSi _ daaxloebiT 1518 wlidan 1530
wlamde _ ara mxolod tradicionalisturi rCeboda, aramed
sul ufro tradicionalisturi xdeboda69).
luTeris
reformatoruli
moRvaweobis
pirvel
wlebSi mis mier profesiis
ZiriTadad xelTqmnilad
Sefasebis
wyalobiT,
saero
saqmianobisadmi
mociqul
pavleseuli esqatologiuri indiferentulobis, (rogorc es
korinTelTa mimarT I werilSia,7 gamoxatuli) 70),
Sinaganad monaTesave Tvalsazrisi sWarbobs: maradiuli
netarebis
miRweva
nebismieri
wodebis
farglebSia
SesaZlebeli, uazrobaa sicocxlis xanmokle yaribobis
manZilze profesiuli saqmianobis saxeobisaTvis didi wonis
miniWeba.
xolo
sakuTar
moTxovnilebas
aRmatebuli
materialuri mogebisaken swrafva,
madlis naklebobis
simptomad da, vinaidan amis miRweva mxolod sxvaTa xarjze
Cans SesaZlebeli, pirdapir saZraxisadac ki unda CaiTvalos
71). cxovrebis oromtrialSi sul ufro metad CarTva
xelixelCakidebuli aRmoCndeba profesiuli saqmianobis
mniSvnelobis sul ufro metad dafasebasTan. magram amasTan
erTad luTerisaTvis calkeuli adamianis konkretuli
profesia sul ufro da ufro iqceva adamianisaTvis RvTis
sagangebo
brZanebad
im
konkretuli
funqciis
aRsrulebisaTvis, RvTiurma gangebam rom miuCina. da rodesac
"fanatikosTa" winaaRmdeg brZolebisa da glexTa janyis
Semdeg obieqturi istoriuli wesrigi, romelSic calkeuli
adamiani RvTis mieraa Cayenebuli, luTerisaTvis sul ufro
metad RvTiuri nebis pirdapir emanaciad iqceva 72), luTeri
Sesabamisi tradicionalisturi Seferilobis "bedisweris"
ideamde
cxovrebis
calkeul
movlenebSic
ki
providencialuri sawyisis sul ufro Zlierad gamokveTas
mihyavs: calkeuli adamiani principulad im profesiasa da
wodebaSi unda darCes, romelSic RmerTma miuCina mas adgili
da Tavisi miwieri swrafvebi cxovrebaSi misTvis gankuTvnili
adgilis
farglebSi
moaqcios.
Tuki
ekonomikuri
tradicionalizmi
Tavdapirvelad
pavleseuli
indiferentulobis Sedegs warmoadgenda, mogvianebiT is
gangebis sul ufro gamZafrebuli rwmenis nayofad iqca 73),
romelic RvTisadmi upirobo morCilebas 74) mocemuli
mdgomareobisadmi upirobo daqvemdebarebulobasTan aigivebs.

43

amrigad, luTers ar miuRwevia profesiuli saqmianobis

religiur sawyisebTan Zireulad axali an saerTodac
principul sayrdenze dafuZnebuli SekavSirebisaTvis 75).
moZRvrebis
siwminde,
rogorc
eklesiis
erTaderTi
ucilobeli kriteriumi, rac 20-iani wlebis brZolebis
Semdeg masTan sul ufro Seuryevlad iqna ganmtkicebuli,
ukve TavisTavad aferxebda axali Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebas
eTikur sferoSi.
amgvarad
darCa
luTerTan
profesiis
cneba
tradicionalistur gagebaze damokidebuli 76). profesia
aris is, rac adamianma unda miiRos rogorc RvTiuri
ganCineba, romelsac igi unda "Seeguos": es tonaloba
afermkrTalebs meore, masTan aseve Camoyalibebul azrs, rom
profesiuli saqmianoba unda CaiTvalos RvTis mier dasaxul
amocanad
77).
xolo
orTodoqsuli
luTeranobis
ganviTarebam am maxasiaTebels kidev ufro gausva xazi.
amrigad, raRac negatiuri anu saero valdebulebaTa mimarT
asketuri movaleobebis upiratesobis ukugdeba, romelic
erwymis zemdgomTa mimarT morCilebisa da cxovrebaSi
miCenili adgilisadmi Seguebis qadagebas, warmoadgens am
SemTxvevaSi erTaderT eTikur miRwevas 78). _ luTeriseul
yaidaze
profesiis
ideis
gagebas,
rogorc
amas
Suasaukuneobrivi religiuri eTikis ganxilvisas kidev
gavaSuqebT,
niadagi
metwilad
jer
kidev
germanel
mistikosTa mier Seumzadda, metadre taulerTan sasuliero
da saero profesiaTa gatolfasovnebisa da asketuri
rudunebis 79) tradiciul formaTa SedarebiT dabali
Sefasebis gziT adamianuri sulis mier RvTiuri gonis
eqstatur-mWvretelobiTi aRqmisaTvis erTaderTi gadamwyveti
mniSvnelobis miniWebis Sedegad. luTeranoba, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, mistikasTan SedarebiT ukan gadadgmuli
nabijic ki aris, ramdenadac luTerTan _ da kidev ufro
metad mis eklesiaSi _ racionaluri profesiuli eTikis
fsiqologiuri
safuZvlebi
mistikosebTan
SedarebiT
(romelTa mosazrebani am punqtTan dakavSirebiT araerTgzis
mogvagonebs nawilobriv pietisturi, nawilobriv kvakeruli
mrwamsis fsiqologias 80), sakmaod meryevi Seiqna da,
kerZod, rogorc es kidev iqneba naCvenebi, swored imitom,
rom asketuri TviTdisciplinirebis faqtori, rogorc

44

sinergizmi, misTvis saeWvo gaxda da aqedan gamomdinare, mis

eklesiaSi sul ufro ukana planze gadavida.
maSasadame luTeris gagebiT TavisTavad "mowodebis"
ideis mniSvneloba, rogorc aqamdec SeiZleboda dagvenaxa,
friad sadavod unda CaiTvalos imisaTvis, rasac Cven viZiebT
_ mxolod es unda yofiliyo ukve aqve dadgenili 81). amiT
aramc da aramc ar gvinda imis Tqma, rom religiuri
cxovrebis axalmowyobis luTeriseul formas Cvens mier
gansaxilveli obieqtebisTvis raime praqtikuli mniSvneloba
ar gaaCndes. umal piriqiT. oRond es, cxadia, ase uSualod
ar gamomdinareobs saero profesiis mimarT luTerisa da
misi eklesiis
poziciidan da saerTodac ase iolad
xelSesaxebi rodia, rogorc vTqvaT, protestantizmis
danarCen
saxesxvaobebSi.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
CvenTvis
upriania, davakvirdeT protestantizmis imgvar formebs,
romlebic
cxovrebiseuli
praqtikisa
da
religiuri
amosavali wertilis urTierTmimarTebas ufro iolad
avlenen, vidre luTeranoba. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis
istoriaSi kalvinizmisa da protestantuli seqtebis
TvalsaCino rolis Sesaxeb ukve adreve iqna aRniSnuli.
rogorc luTerma cvinglisTan aRmoaCina miseulisgan
gansxvavebuli raRac "sxva suliskveTeba", imaves waawydnen
misi sulieri STamomavalni, kerZod, kalvinizmSi. xolo
kaTolicizmi ki dasabamidan dRemde swored kalvinizms
miiCnevda namdvil mowinaaRmdeged.
amas imTaviTve wminda politikuri mizezebi aqvs: Tuki
reformacia luTeris savsebiT pirovnuli religiuri
ganviTarebis gareSe warmoudgenelia da sulierad mudam misi
pirovnebiT ganisazRvreboda, kalvinizmis gareSe mis saqmes
mainc xangrZlivoba ar ewera. _ magram kaTolikeTa da
luTeranTa saerTo zizRis safuZveli kalvinizmis mimarT
mis eTikur TaviseburebaSia Cadebuli. ukve Tundac
zedapirulad Tvalis Sevlebac ki naTels xdis, rom aq
sruliad sxvagvari urTierTobaa damyarebuli religiur
cxovrebasa
da
miwier
saqmianobas
Soris,
vidre
kaTolicizmsa Tu luTeranobaSi. es iCens Tavs TviT im
literaturaSic, romelic mxolod specifikur religiur
motivebs iyenebs. aviRoT Tundac Divina
Commedia
(RvTaebrivi komediis) dasasruli, sadac poets samoTxeSi
RvTis saidumloTa yovelgvari survilebisgan daclili

45

Wvretisas metyveleba waerTmeva, da SevupirispiroT mas im

poemis dasasruli, romelsac Cveulebisamebr "puritanizmis
RvTaebriv
komedias"
uwodeben.
miltoni
"dakarguli
samoTxis" ("Paradise lost")
bolo simReras samoTxidan
gaZevebis aRweris Semdeg ase asrulebs:
"col-qmarma ukan miixeda da dainaxa
aRmosavleTi naxevari im samoTxisa,
sadac isini cota xnis win tkbilad
cxovrobdnen,
mZvinvare alSi tortmanebda, xolo karebi
mrisxane guSagT cecxlis xmlebiT gadaeRobaT.
TvalTagan cremli moswydaT, magram myis
moiwmindes.
gadaSliliyo maT winaSe mTeli qveyana,
da TavSesafars, sadac surdaT, amoirCevdnen,
TviTon gangeba miuZRoda imaT megzurad.
xeli CasWides erTmaneTsa da edemidan
zlazvniT,
yialiT
gzas
gaudgnen
uTvistomoni."
xolo cota ufro adre mTavarangelozma miqaelma
adams uTxra:
"Sen isRa gmarTebs, rom am codnas Tan
moayolo
Sesaferisi saqmeebic, mravlmoTmineba,
rwmena, sikeTe, saTnoeba da siyvaruli,
rasac SemdegSi Searqmeven gulmowyalebas;
igi iqneba suyvelafris suli da guli,
maSin samoTxis datovebac ar dagaRonebs _
sulSi geqneba sxva samoTxe, ufro netari."
(Targmna v. WeliZem)
nebismieri mkiTxveli maSinve grZnobs, rom saaqaoze
seriozuli puritanuli orientirebulobis amgvari mZlavri
gamoxatuleba anu saero cxovrebis, rogorc amocanis
Sefaseba, SeuZlebeli iqneboda Sua saukuneebis mwerlis
bageTagan warmoTqmuliyo. magram aseve luTeranobisTvis,

46

rogorc amas, vTqvaT, luTerisa da paul gerhardis

qoralebic avlens, msgavsi ram naklebad niSandoblivia.
upriani iqneboda am gaurkveveli SegrZnebis cota ufro
zusti azrobrivi formulirebebiT Canacvleba da am
gansxvavebulobaTa Sinagani mizezebis Sesaxeb kiTxvis dasma.
"erovnul xasiaTze" miTiTeba saerTod ara marto sruli
ucodinrobis aRiarebaa, aramed Cvens SemTxvevaSi sruliad
usafuZvloc kia. XVII saukunis ingliselTaTvis erTiani
"erovnuli xasiaTis" miwera ubralod istoriuli uzustoba
iqneboda. "kavalrebi" da "mrgvalTavianebi" Tavs ara mxolod
or
partiad
aRiqvamdnen,
aramed
or
radikalurad
gansxvavebul adamianur modgmadac, da vinc gulisyuriT
daakvirdeba, amaSi maT kidec daeTanxmeba 82). xolo meore
mxriv: ingliseli merchant adventurers (vaWar-avanturistebis)
Zvel hanzeatebTan qarakterologiuri dapirispireba iseve
Znelad gamosavlenia, rogorc saerTod
germanulisagan
inglisuri Taviseburebis
raime sxva siRrmiseuli
gansxvavebis konstatireba Sua saukuneebis miwuruls, garda
im
sxvaobisa,
uSualod
politikuri
bed-iRblis
sxvadasxvagvarobiT rom aixsneba 83). mxolod religiur
moZraobaTa Zalam _ ara mxolod man, magram mainc
upiratesad man _ warmoqmna is gansxvavebebi, romelTac Cven
dRes SevigrZnobT 84).
Sesabamisad, roca Zvelprotestantul eTikasa da
kapitalistur suliskveTebas Soris urTierTmimarTebaTa
gamokvlevisas kalvinis, kalvinizmisa da sxva "puritanuli"
seqtebis namoRvawaridan amovdivarT, es ise ki ar unda iqnes
gagebuli, TiTqos am religiur erTobliobaTa romelime
damaarseblis
an warmomadgenlisagan
cxovrebaSi
maTi
saqmianobis miznad raime mniSvnelobiT imis gamoRviZebis
mcdelobas movelodeT, rasac Cven aq "kapitalistur
suliskveTebas" vuwodebT. is, rom amqveyniuri sikeTeebisaken
TviTmiznad moazrebuli swrafva romelime maTganisaTvis
eTikur Rirebulebad SeiZleboda miCneuliyo, CvenTvis xom
namdvilad daujerebelia. da saerTodac, erTxel da
samudamod saWiroa imis daxsomeba, rom reformatorTagan
arc erTs _ romelTa rigebs Cveni dakvirvebebisaTvis iseTi
pirovnebebic unda mivakuTvnoT, rogorebic arian meno, jorj
foksi, uesli _ reformaciis eTikuri programebi arasodes
centralur aspeqtad ar uqcevia. isini ar iyvnen "eTikuri

47

kulturis"
sazogadoebis
damaarsebelni
an
Tavisi
mizanswrafviT
humanitarul-socialur
reformaTa
da
kulturul idealTa mimdevarni. mxolod da mxolod sulis
gadarCena iyo maTi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis qvakuTxedi. aq
iyo fesvgadgmuli maTi yvela eTikuri mizani da moZRvrebis
praqtikuli nayofi, mxolod wminda religiuri motivebis
Sedegebs rom warmoadgendnen. da amitomac unda SeveguoT
imas,
rom
reformaciis
kulturuli
zegavlenebi
garkveulwilad _ xolo Cveni specialuri aspeqtisTvis egeb
umeteswiladac ki _ reformatorTa saqmianobis winaswar
gauTvaliswinebel da TiTqmis arasasurvel, xSirad metad
daSorebul
da umal
imis
sapirispiro
Sedegebs
warmoadgendnen, rac Tavad maT warmosaxvaSi ilandeboda.
egeb
winamdebare
Sromas
Tavisi,
cxadia,
mokrZalebuli wvlili Seetana imis gaTvalsaCinoebaSi, Tu
ra saxiT axdenen saerTod "ideebi" zemoqmedebas istoriaSi.
magram, raTa ukve imTaviTve ar warmoiSvas gaugebroba
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra mniSvnelobiT vuSvebT saerTod
wminda idealuri motivebis amgvar zemoqmedebas, Tavs nebas
mivcemT, am Sesavali ganxilvis dasasruls mcireodeni
miniSnebebi davurToT.
imTaviTve dabejiTebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvar
gamokvlevebSi saqme arasgziT ar exeba imis mcdelobas, rom
Sefaseba mieces reformaciis azrobriv Sinaarss raime
mniSvnelobiT, iqneba es social-politikuri Tu religiuri.
Cveni miznebisaTvis Sexeba mudam reformaciis im mxareebTan
gvixdeba, romlebic TavisTavad religiur cnobierebas
periferiulad da garegnuladac ki unda esaxebodes. vinaidan
mxolod im elementis ufro naTlad gamokveTas vlamobT,
romelic religiurma motivebma Sehmata Cveni, uricxvi
calkeuli
istoriuli
motivebisgan
warmomdgari,
Tanamedrove, specifikurad "saaqaoze" mimarTuli kulturis
ganviTarebis qargas. amrigad, Cven mxolod imas vkiTxulobT,
Tu ra SeiZleba mieweros am kulturis garkveuli
niSandoblivi Sinaarsidan reformaciis gavlenas, rogorc
istoriul pirvelmizezs. amasTan erTad Cven, cxadia, unda
gavTavisufldeT im mosazrebisgan, TiTqos SesaZlebeli iyos
ekonomikuri Zvrebidan reformaciis, rogorc "ganviTarebis
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT aucileblis", deduqcia. uTvalavi
istoriuli konstelacia, romlebic aramc Tu aranair

48

"ekonomikur kanons", aramed aranairi ekonomikuri saxis

Tvalsazriss ar eqvemdebareba anu wminda politikuri
procesebi
unda
amoqmedebuliyo
erTdroulad,
raTa
axladSeqmnil eklesiebs saerTod SesZlebodaT arsebobis
gagrZeleba. meore mxriv ki aramc da aramc ar SeiZleba
imgvari ugunur-doqtrinaluri Tezis 85) TavgamodebiT
dacva, TiTqos "kapitalisturi suliskveTeba" (yovelTvis im
pirobiTi mniSvnelobiT, rogorc Cven aq viyenebT am sityvas)
SeiZleboda warmomdgariyo mxolod rogorc reformaciis
garkveuli gavlenis Sedegi an sulac: TiTqos kapitalizmi,
rogorc
ekonomikuri
sistema
reformaciis
nayofs
warmoadgendes. ukve Tundac is, rom kapitalisturi
saqmosnobis garkveuli mniSvnelovani formebi udavod bevrad
ufro adreulia, vidre reformacia, imTaviTve samudamod
gadauRobavda gzas amgvar mosazrebas. unda dadgindes
mxolod erTi ram: iyo Tu ara Careuli da ramdenad
religiuri zegavlena im "suliskveTebis" xarisxobriv
Camoyalibebasa da samyaroSi mis raodenobriv eqspansiaSi da
agreTve kerZod kapitalistur safuZvelze damyarebuli
kulturis romeli konkretuli mxareebi iReben am
zegavlenisgan
saTaves.
amasTan
erTad,
materialuri
safuZvlebis, organizaciis socialuri da politikuri
formebis da reformatoruli kulturis epoqebis sulieri
Sinaarsis urTierTzegavlenaTa warmoudgeneli aRrevis gamo
mxolod imgvarad SeiZleba vimoqmedoT, rom Tavdapirvelad
gairkves, Seicnoba Tu ara da romel punqtebSi, erTgvari
"SerCeviTi naTesaoba" religiuri rwmenis garkveul formebsa
da profesiul eTikas Soris. amiT, SeZlebisdagvarad, naTeli
gaxdeba is forma da zogadi mimarTuleba, ra gziTac axdenda
zegavlenas amgvari SerCeviTi naTesaobis Sedegad religiuri
moZraoba materialuri kulturis ganviTarebaze. mxolod mas
Semdeg, rac es sakmarisad damajereblad dadgindeba,
dasaSvebia imis mcdeloba, rom Sefasdes, Tu ra zomiT
SeiZleba mivaweroT Tanamedrove kulturis Sinaarsi Tavisi
istoriuli warmoSobiT im religiur motivebs da ramdenad
_ sxvas.

49

1)gamoqveynebulia iafeseul "Archiv fr Sozialwissenschaft und

Sozialpolitik" (J.C.B. Mohr, Tbingen) tomi XX, XXI (1904 _
1905 weli). am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli vrceli
literaturidan gamovyof yvelaze ufro srul kritikul
naSromebs:
F. Rachfahl, Kalvinismus und Kapitalismus,
Internationale Wochenschrift fr Wissenschaft, Kunst und Technik,
1909, Nr. 39 - 43. amasTan Cems statias: Antikritisches zum
"Geist" des Kapitalismus, "Archiv" Band XXX, 1910. aqve kvlav f.
raxfaliseuli
miTiTebuli
naSromi
(kidev
erTxel
"Kalvinismus und Kapitalismus") 1910, Nr. 22_25 da amasTan
dakavSirebiT Cemi "Antikritisches Schluwort" "Archiv", tomi
XXXI (rogorc Cans, brentano kritikaSi, romelsac axlave
davimowmebT, am ukanasknel gamokvlevebs ar icnobda, vinaidan
maT ar moixseniebs). raxfalis _ sxvafriv Cemi mxridanac
friad dafasebuli mecnieris, romelic am SemTxvevaSi
misTvis marTlac auTvisebel sferoSi gadaiWra _ winaaRmdeg
iZulebiT wamowyebuli, sakmaod unayofo polemikidan am
gamocemaSi araferi amiRia, aramed Cemi antikritikidan
(Zalze mcirericxovani) damatebiTi citatebi moviSvelie da
CanarTebis Tu SeniSvnebis meSveobiT Sevecade samomavlod
gamomericxa yvela mosalodneli gaugebroba. Semdeg: W.
Sombart, "Der Bourgeois" (Mnchen und Leipzig, 1913),
romelsac qveviT SeniSvnebSi davubrundebi. da bolos:
eqskursi II-Si, miunxenSi (1913 wels mecnierebaTa akademiaSi)
warmoTqmuli sazeimo sityvis danarTi: ix.: Lujo Brentano, Die
Anfnge des modernen Kapitalismus (calke gamoica da
eqskursiT
Seivso
miunxenSi
1916
wels).
sagangebo
SeniSvnebSi am kritikasac davubrundebi, rodesac amis
saWiroeba
iqneba.
_ me
yvelas, visac
(molodinis
sawinaaRmdegod) amis mimarT SeiZleba interesi gauCndes,
vurCev Sedarebis meSveobiT darwmundes imaSi, rom Cemi
naSromis arc erT winadadebaSi, romelic sagnobrivad
Tundac
raime
arsebiT
mtkicebas Seicavda,
araferi
amomiSlia, sxvagvarad ar gadamiazrebia, ar Semisustebia an
ar damimatebia sagnobrivad gezis ambnevi mtkicebulebani.
amisaTvis araviTari sababi ar arsebobda da azrTa Semdgomi

50

msvleloba
jer
kidev
kvlavindeburad
daeWvebulebs
aiZulebs, rom amaSi sabolood darwmundnen. _ bolos
dasaxelebuli ori mkvlevari erTmaneTTan ufro mZafradaa
dapirispirebuli,
vidre
CemTan.
brentanos
mier
v.
zombartiseuli naSromis, "Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben",
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kritika didwilad dasabuTebulad,
magram mainc xSir SemTxvevaSi metad usamarTlod mimaCnia,
imaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, rom arc brentanosTanaa
Secnobili ebraelobis problemis yvelaze arsebiTi momenti,
rac am etapze sruliad ganze gvaqvs gadadebuli (ris
Sesaxeb mogvianebiT vilaparakebT).
TeologTa
mxridan
winamdebare
SromasTan
dakavSirebiT
mravalricxovani
Rirebuli
calkeuli
gamoxmaureba unda iqnes moxseniebuli da is mTlianobaSi
keTilganwyobilad da, calkeul, Tundac Cemi poziciisgan
sakmaod daSorebuli mosazrebebis SemTxvevebSic ki metad
konstruqciulad
miiRes,
rac
CemTvis
kidev
ufro
dasafasebelia, vinaiadan Cems gaocebas ar gamoiwvevda
garkveuli antipaTia am saganTa garduvali damuSavebis wesis
mimarT. is, rac Rirebulia Tavis religiaze mijaWvuli
TeologisTvis,
aq,
bunebrivia,
ver
SeiZens
Tavis
uflebamosilebas. religiuri TvalsazrisiT Sefasebisas, Cven
xSirad gvaqvs saqme religiaTa cxovrebis metad garegan da
uxeS mxareebTan, romlebic, cxadia, aseve arsebobdnen da
xSirad swored imis gamo, rom isini uxeSi da garegani
iyvnen, garegnulad yvelaze Zlierad zemoqmedebdnen. misi
mdidari Sinaarsis garda, aseve Cveni problemisaTvis,
rogorc metad sasurvel Sevsebasa da dadasturebaze, yovel
calkeul punqtTan dakavSirebiT xSiri citirebis magier, aq
kidev erTxel mokled unda iqnes miTiTebuli e. trolCis
fundamentur wignze ix.: E. Troeltsch, Die Soziallehren der
christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen, (Tbingen, 1912), romelic
dasavluri qristianobis eTikis zogad istorias ganixilavs
metad originaluri poziciidan da farTo gaqanebis
Tvalsawieridan.
amavdroulad
xsenebuli
avtorisaTvis
mniSvnelovania
moZRvreba,
CemTvis
ki
religiis
praqtikuliKzegavlena.
2)normidan gadaxveuli SemTxvevebi _ marTalia ara
yovelTvis, magram xSirad _ aixsneba imiT, rom industriis

51

ama Tu im dargis mSromelTa konfesiuri mikuTvnebuloba,

pirvel rigSi, damokidebulia sawarmoTa adgilmdebareobis an
mSromelTa
daqiravebis
regionis
aRmsareblobaze.
es
garemoeba xSirad, erTi SexedviT, bundovans xdis suraTs,
romelsac iZleva _ vTqvaT, rainis provinciis _
konfesionaluri statistika. garda amisa, bunebrivia, rom
statistikuri cifrebis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana
mxolod
gamokveTili
specializaciisa
da
calkeul
profesiaTa zusti aRnusxvisas aris SesaZlebeli. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi,
sakmaod
msxvili
mewarmeebic
garkveul
viTarebaSi individualurad momuSave "ostatebTan" erTad
moeqcevian "sawarmos xelmZRvanelis" erTian kategoriaSi.
rac mTavaria, dRevandeli "ganviTarebuli kapitalizmi",
gansakuTrebiT ganuswavlel mSromelTa masebTan mimarTebaSi,
saerTod damoukidebeli gaxda im gavlenebisgan, rac
sarwmunoebas SeiZleboda hqonoda warsulSi. amis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT.
3)magaliTad, Sdr.: B. Schell, Der Katholizismus als Prinzip des
Fortschrittes. Wrzburg 1897, S. 31. _ v.Hertling, Das Prinzip des
Katholizismus und die Wissenschaft. Freiburg 1899; S. 58.
4)Cemma erT-erTma mowafem, Tavis droze, uaRresad
detalizebuli statistikuri masala daamuSava, romelic ki
Cven gagvaCnia am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT _ badenis
aRmsareblobiTi statistika. Sdr.: Martin Offenbacher,
Konfession und soziale Schichtung. Eine Studie ber die
wirtschaftliche Lage der Katholiken und Protestanten in Baden.
Tbingen und Leipzig 1901 (Bd. IV, Heft 5 der
volkswirtschaftlichen Abhandlungen der badischen Hochschulen).
faqtebi
da
cifrebi,
romlebic
TanadarTulia
sailustraciod, yvela am Sromidan aris aRebuli.
5)magaliTad, 1895 wels badenSi yovel 1000 evangelistze
kapitalis rentis gadasaxadi Seadgenda 954 060 markas;
1000 kaTolikeze _ 589 000 markas. yvelas sagrZnoblad
uswreben ebraelebi: yovel 1000 ebraelze 4 milioni markiT
(cifrebi ofenbaxeris mixedviT, miTiTebuli Sromidan, gv.
21).
6)amis Sesaxeb unda moxdes Sedareba ofenbaxeris Sromis
mTel rig mosazrebebTan.
7)amis
Sesaxebac
ufro
zust
monacemebs
badenTan

52

dakavSirebiT Seicavs ofenbaxiseuli naSromis pirveli ori

Tavi.
8)1895
wlisaTvis
badenis
mosaxleobis
37,0
%-s
protestantebi Seadgendnen, 61,3 %-s kaTolikeebi, xolo 1,5
% ebraelebi. 1885-1891 wlebisTvis ki saxalxo skolebs
aRmatebul da arasavaldebulo saswavlo dawesebulebaTa
moswavleebis
konfesiuri
Semadgenloba
Semdegnairad
gamoiyureba (ofenbaxeris mixedviT, miTiTebul SromaSi gv.
16):
protestantebi
kaTolikebi
ebraelebi
gimnaziebi
43%
46 %
9,5%
realuri gimnaziebi 69%
31%
9%
umaRlesi realuri skolebi 52%
41%
7%
realuri saswavleblebi 49%
40%
11%
maRali rangis samoqalaqo
saswavleblebi
51%
37%
12%
_________________________________________
saSualod
48%
42%
10%
zustad igive movlenebs aqvs adgili prusiaSi, bavariaSi,
viurtembergSi, rainlandSi, ungreTSi (ix. ricxvobrivi
maCveneblebi ofenbaxerTan, miTiTebul SromaSi gv. 18 da
Semdgom).
9)ix. ricxvebi winamorbed SeniSvnaSi, romelTa mixedviT,
kaTolikuri mosaxleobis procentul raodenobas erTi
mesamediT CamorCenili saSualo saswavlo dawesebulebebSi
kaTolikeTa mTliani daswreba mxolod gimnaziebSia ramdenime
procentiT meti (ZiriTadad Teologiuri ganaTlebisaTvis
winaswari codnis miRebis mizniT). Semdgomi msjelobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc metad niSandoblivi momenti, unda
aRiniSnos
is,
rom
reformirebulebi
ungreTSi
protestantul saSualo skolaSi daswrebis tipiur suraTs
kidev ufro TvalnaTliv warmoaCenen. (ix.: Offenbacher a. a. O.
S. 19 Anm. a. E.)
10)ix. miTiTebul naSromSi (gv. 54) ofenbaxeris dasabuTeba
da cxrilebi misi gamokvlevis bolos.
11)es gansakuTrebiT kargadaa mignebuli ser u. petis
nawerebSi, romelTac mogvianebiT araerTgzis davimowmebT.
12)vinaidan, petis mier gaTvalsaCinoebis mizniT, drodadro

53

irlandiis magaliTis moSveliebas, Tavisi metad martivi

mimzezi aqvs: kerZod is, rom protestantul fenas iq
mxolod
absentisti-lendlordebi
(erTTavad
adgilze
armyofi memamuleebi _ mTargmn.) warmoadgendnen. Tuki amiT
petis ufro metis damtkiceba endomeboda, maSin is, rogorc
cnobilia,
Semcdari
iqneboda,
rasac
irlandiaSi
gadasaxlebul SotlandielTa ("Scotch-Irish") mdgomareobac
adasturebs. kapitalizmsa da protestantizms Soris
tipiuri urTierTmimarTeba irlandiaSi iseve arsebobda
rogorc sxvagan. (irlandiaSi "Scotch-Irish"-is mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb ix.: C. A. Hanna, The Scotch-Irish, 2 Bnde, New-York,
Putnam).
13)es, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxavs imas, rom am ukanasknel
faqtorsac uaRresad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi hqonda da
kerZod,
aranairad
ar
modis
im
garemoebasTan
winaaRmdegobaSi, rom, rogorc mogvianebiT davinaxavT,
zogierTi protestantuli seqtis mTeli sasicocxlo
atmosferos CamoyalibebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda, da aseve maT sameurneo cxovrebaSi monawileobazec
zegavlenas axdenda is, rom xsenebuli seqtebi patara
jgufebs da amdenad homogenur umciresobebs warmoadgendnen,
rogorc amas vTqvaT, adgili hqonda mkacri kalvinistebis
SemTxvevaSi Jenevis farglebs gareT da axal inglisSi,
principSi yvelgan, iqac ki sadac isini politikurad
batonobdnen. _ is, rom amqveynad arsebul yvalanair
konfesiaTa: induri, arabuli, Cinuri, siriuli, finikiuri,
berZnuli, lombardiuli, "kaverciuli" _ aRmsarebeli
emigrantebi,
rogorc
maRalganviTarebuli
qveynebis
komerciuli wrTobis matarebelni sxva saxelmwifoebSi
gadasaxldebodnen,
sruliad
universalur
problemas
warmoadgenda da amas Cvens problemasTan araferi aqvs
saerTo. (brentano, mogvianebiT mravalgzis moSveliebul
SromaSi: _ "Die Anfnge des modernen Kapitalismus," Mnchen,
1916, _ miuTiTebs Tavis ojaxze. magram ucxouri
warmomavlobis bankirebi, rogorc upiratesad komerciuli
gamocdilebisa da kavSirebis matarebelni, yvela epoqasa da
yvela qveyanaSi arsebobdnen. isini maincdamainc Tanamedrove
kapitalizmis specifikur movlenas ar warmoadgenen da maT _
ix. mogvianebiT _ protestantebi, eTikuri undoblobiT

54

gamsWvalulni, angariSs uwevdnen. sxvagvarad iyo saqme

lokarnodan
ciurixSi
gadasaxlebuli
protestantuli
ojaxebis, _ miural, pestaloci da sxv. _ SemTxvevaSi,
romlebic ciurixSi sul male specifikurad Tanamedrove
kapitalisturi
/industriuli/
ganviTarebis
burjebad
iqcnen).
14)Dr. Offenbacher, a. a. O. S. 68.
15)araCveulebrivad
moxdenili
SeniSvnebia
gakeTebuli
germaniasa da safrangeTSi konfesiaTa damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebisa da maT dapirispirebaTa urTierTgadakveTis
Sesaxeb
sxva
kulturul
elementebTan
elzasis
erovnebaTaSoris brZolaSi v. vitixis brwyinvale naSromSi
(ix.: W. Wittich, Deutsche und franzsische Kultur im Elsa; -"Illustrierte Elser Rundschau, 1900 gamoqveynebulia agreTve
calke gamocemadac).
16)es cxadia, im SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba: Tuki Sesabamis
regionSi saerTod arsebobda kapitalisturi ganviTarebis
SesaZlebloba.
17)amis Sesaxeb ix. magagaliTad, Dupin de St. Andre. L' ancienne
glise rforme de Tours. Les membres de l' glise. -- "Bull. de la
Socit de l' histoire du protestantisme"D4, 1856, p. 10.
SesaZlebeli iqneboda _ da es mosazreba gansakuTrebiT
kaTolike mkvlevarTaTvis unda iyos misaRebi _ aqac
mamoZravebel motivad samonastro an sazogadod saeklesio
kontrolisagan
gaTavisuflebisaken
swrafva
yofiliyo
ganxiluli.
magram
amas
upirispirdeba
ara
marto
opoziciurad ganwyobil TanamedroveTa (rables CaTvliT)
gansja, aramed amas avlens magaliTad, hugenotebis pirvel
nacionalur sinodTa (ix. mag.: Aymon. Synodes nationaux de l'
glise rforme de France, C. partic., qu. 10, p. 10) orWofobac
imis gamo _ SeiZleboda Tu ara bankiri gamxdariyo eklesiis
Tavi
da
agreTve
kalvinis
araorazrovani
poziciis
miuxedavad, nacionalur sinodSi vaxSis gadaxdevinebis
nebadarTulobis mudmivad ganmeorebadi ganxilva mrevlis
moWoWmane wevrTa ganacxadis safuZvelze. es marTalia
avlens am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli wreebis farTo
monawileobas, magram amavdroulad uTuod imasac, rom
"usuraria privatas" (mevaxSeobis) aRsarebis kontrolis gareSe
ganxorcielebis survili gadamwyveti ar unda yofiliyo.

55

(asevea _ ix. qvemoT _ holandiaSi. dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas,

rom mevaxSeobis kanonikuri akrZalva am gomokvlevebSi
saerTod aranair rols ar TamaSobs).
18)Gothein. Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Schwarzwalds I, 67.
19)amasTan dakavSirebulia zombartis mokle SeniSvnebi (Der
moderne Kapitalismus, I. Aufl. S. 380). mogvianebiT zombarti
Cemi azriT, misi mozrdili Sromebidan samwuxarod erT-erT
yvelaze sust wignSi "burJua" (Der Bourgeois. Mnchen.
1913),
f. keleris Sromis gavleniT (Unternehmung und
Mehrwert, Schriften der Grres-Gesellschaft, 12. Heft), romelic
mravali rigiani (magram am TvalsazrisiT arcTu axali)
SeniSvnis miuxedavad Tavisi doniT sxva Tanamedrove
apologetur
kaTolikur naSromebs Camouvardeba, icavda
sruliad mcdar "Tezas", romelsac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
kvlav mivubrundebiT.
20) vinaidan is, rom samSoblos Secvlis Tavad faqti
Sromis intensifikaciis umZlavres saSualebad gvevlineba,
savsebiT dadgenilia (Sdr. agreTve SeniSvn. 12). _ igive
poloneli
gogona, romlis gamoyvana tradicionalisturi
inertulobidan mis samSobloSi Tundac yvelaze sarfiani
anazRaurebis perspeqtivasac ki ar ZaluZda, rogorc Cans,
mTliand icvlis Tavis bunebas da avlens zRvargadasuli
eqspluataciis obieqtad qcevis unars, rodesac is ucxo
mxareSi saSovarze wasul mojamagired muSaobs. italieli
moxetiale muSebis SemTxvevaSic zustad igive movlena iCens
Tavs. is, rom aq mxolod ufro maRal "kulturul
garemoSi"
fexis
Sedgmis
aRmzrdelobiTi
gavlena
sruliadac araa gadamwyveti _ TumcaRa igi, bunebrivia,
garkveul rols TamaSobs _ es gacxaddeba imaSi, rom igive
movlena iCens Tavs iqac _ vTqvaT,soflis meurneobaSi _
sadac saqmianobis wesi zustad iseTivea rogorc samSobloSi
da moxetiale muSaTa banakebSi dabinaveba da a.S., cxovrebis
wesis donis imgvar daqveiTebas iwvevs, rasac samSobloSi
versodes aitandnen. Cveulisagan sruliad gansxvavebul
garemoSi muSaobis Tavad faqti amsxvrevs tradicionalizms
da "aRmzrdelobiT" faqtorad iqceva. aq imis xsenebac ki
zedmetia, Tu ramdenad efuZneba amerikis ekonomikuri
ganviTareba amgvar gavlenas. Zvel droSi ebraelTaTvis
babilonuri tyveobis analogiuri mniSvneloba, SeiZleba

56

iTqvas warwerebSi xelSesaxebadac ki aSkaraa, igive

mdgomareobaa parsebTanac. _ magram rogorc amas axali
inglisis
puritanuli
koloniebisa
da
kaTolikuri
merilendis,
episkopalisturi
samxreTisa
da
interkonfesionalisturi
rod_ailendis
ekonomikur
TaviseburebebSi
udao
gansxvaveba
mowmobs,
protestantebisaTvis maTi religiuri Taviseburebis gavlena
sruliad
calsaxad
damoukidebeli
faqtoris
rols
TamaSobs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc amas adgili hqonda vTqvaT,
indoeTSi jainebis SemTxvevaSi.
21)is, rogorc cnobilia, Tavisi gamovlinebis umravles
formaSi
met-naklebad
gazomierebul
kalvinizms
an
cvinglianizms warmoadgens.
22)TiTqmis mTlianad luTeranul hamburgSi erTaderTi didi
qoneba, romelic dasabams XVII saukunidan iRebs, cnobil
reformirebul ojaxs ekuTvnis (amaze gulisxmierad mimiTiTa
profesorma a. valim).
23)amrigad, "axalia" ara is, rom aq dasturdeba im kavSiris
arseboba, romlis Sesaxebac jer kidev lavli, metiu
arnoldi da sxvebi msjelobdnen, aramed piriqiT, am
msjelobis sisworeSi sruliad dausabuTebeli eWvis Setana.
da swored es unda iqnas axsnili.
24)es cxadia, ar gamoricxavs imas, rom oficialuri
pietizmi, iseve rogorc sxva religiuri mimdinareobebi,
mogvianebiT, patriarqaluri ganwyobilebidan gamomdinare,
kapitalisturi
meurneobis
garkveul
"progress"
_
magaliTad, saojaxo industriidan fabrikis sistemaze
gadasvlas
_
daupirispirda.
ufro
mkveTradaa
urTierTgasamijni, rasac SemdgomSi kidev xSirad vnaxavT, is,
Tu ras eltvoda romelime religiuri mimdinareoba rogorc
ideals da is, Tu ra gamoiwvia am religiis mimdevarTa
cxovrebis wesze am mimdinareobis gavlenam. (erT-erTi
vestfaliuri fabrikis pietisti muSebis specifikur Sromis
unarTan dakavSirebiT Cems mier aRnusxuli magaliTebi
moyvanilia Cems naSromSi: Zur Psychophysik der gewerblichen
Arbeit. -- "Archiv fr Sozialwissenschaft", 1909, Bd. 28, S. 263 f.).
25)daskvniTi nawili Sromidan: Necessary hints to those that
would be rich (daiwera 1736 wels), danarCeni ki naSromidan:
Advice to a young tradesman (1748), Works ed. Sparks Vol. II, p.

57

87.
26)ix.: Krnberger F. Der Amerikamde, Frankfurt, 1855. "amerika
moyirWebuli",
rogorc
cnobilia,
lenaus
amerikuli
STabeWdilebebis mxatvrul parafrazs warmoadgens. es wigni,
rogorc xelovnebis nawarmoebi, dRes did tkbobas veRar
mogvaniWebs,
magram
esaa
germanuli
da
amerikuli
msoflaRqmis (dRes ukve gafermkrTalebuli) dapirispirebis
dokumenti; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, im Sinagani cxovrebis
dokumenti, rac Sua saukuneebis mistikidan moyolebuli,
germanel
kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs yvelafris
miuxedavad
saerTo
darCaT
da
rasac
puritanulkapitalisturi zeaqtivoba verc ki Seedreba. franklinis
traqtatis kiornbergiseuli cota Tavisufali Targmani aq
originalis mixedviTaa Sesworebuli.
27)zombartma es citata "kapitalizmis genezisis" monakveTs
devizad warumZRvara (ix.: Der moderne Kapitalismus; I. Aufl.
Band I, S. 193 cf. das. S. 390).
28)rac cxadia, arc imas niSnavs, rom iakob fugeri
zneobrivad indiferentuli an arareligiuri kaci iyo, da
arc imas, rom benjamin franklinis eTika mTlianad am
frazebiT amoiwureba. namdvilad ar unda gamxdariyo
brentanos citatebi saWiro (ix.: Brentano L. Die Anfnge des
modernen Kapitalismus, Mnchen, 1916, S. 150 f), raTa es
sayovelTaod cnobili filantropi im ugulvebelyofisagan
dagvecva, rasac brentano me momawers. problema umal isaa,
Tu rogor SeeZlo aseT filantrops swored amgvari
frazebis (romelTa gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi formis
gadmocemas brentano moerida) warmoTqma moralistis
stiliT.
29)amas efuZneba Cvens mier problemis sxvagvarad dasma,
vidre es zombartTanaa. gansxvavebis Zalze seriozuli
praqtikuli mniSvneloba mogvianebiT gamoikveTeba. oRond
ukve aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom zombarts kapitalisturi
mewarmeobis
eTikuri
mxare
sulac
ar
dautovebia
uyuradRebod. magram es ukanaskneli mis msjelobaSi
kapitalizmiT gamowveuli Cans, maSin, roca Cven Cveni
miznebisTvis swored sapirispiro hipoTezas wamovayenebT.
saboloo
poziciis
dakaveba
mxolod
gamokvlevis
dasasrulsaa SesaZlebeli. zombartis msjelobaSi (ix.: cf.

58

a.a.O. Bd.I, S. 357, 380da a.S.) miseuli azrTa msvleloba

ukavSirdeba zimelis "fulis filosofiis" (ukanaskneli
Tavi) brwyinvale xatebs. mis "burJuaSi" Cems winaaRmdeg
mimarTul polemikas Semdeg SevexebiT. aq jerjerobiT Tavi
unda avaridoT yovelgvar safuZvlian kritikul ganxilvas.
30)TargmanSi: "me sabolood davrwmundi, rom simarTle,
patiosneba
da
gulwrfeloba
adamianis
adamianTan
urTierTobaSi Cveni bednieri cxovrebisaTvis uaRresad
mniSvnelovania da im momentidan gadavwyvite da am
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb Cems dRiurSic Cavwere, rom mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze mivdio maT. RvTiur gamocxadebas,
rogorc aseTs, CemTvis aramc Tu didi wona ara aqvs, aramed
me umal im azrze vdgavar, rom garkveuli qmedebebi cudia
marto imitom ki ara, rom maT gamocxadebuli moZRvreba
krZalavs, an kargia imitom, rom es ukanaskneli maT
dagviwesebs, aramed _ yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT _
sruliad dasaSvebia, rom garkveuli qmedebebi imitomac
gvekrZaleba, radgan isini Tavisi bunebiT CvenTvis sazianoa,
xolo garkveuli qmedebebi ki dagviwesdeba imis gamo, rom
isini sasikeToa."
31)"me ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo, CrdilSi vrCebodi da
amas _ igulisxmeba franklinis iniciativiT biblioTekis
daarseba _ "megobarTa jgufis" wamowyebad vasaRebdi,
romlebmac viTomcda mTxoves mivmdgar-movmdgariyavi da
winadadebiT mimemarTa im adamianebisaTvis, visac isini
kiTxvis moyvarulebad miiCnevdnen. amrigad Cemi saqmianoba
ufro Seubrkoleblad aewyo da amis Semdeg msgavs
SemTxvevebSi am xerxs mudam mivmarTavdi da mravalricxovani
warmatebebis
safuZvelze
amis
gulwrfelad
rCeva
sxvisTvisac
SemiZlia.
Tavmoyvareobis
mier
wamierad
gaRebuli umniSvnelo msxverpli, mogvianebiT guluxvad
migvezRoba. Tuki raRac drois manZilze ucnobi darCeba, Tu
vis ekuTvnis WeSmariti damsaxureba, vinme, vinc ufro
pativmoyvarea, gabedavs es damsaxureba miiweros; amis Semdeg
ki Tavad yvelaze Surianic ki moiwadinebs samarTlianoba
aRadginos imis mimarT, vinc pativs imsaxurebs da
TviTmarqvias didebis gvirgvins moglejs da mis kanonier
mflobels daubrunebs".
32)brentano am SeniSvnas sababad iyenebs, raTa Semdgom
gaakritikos
msjeloba
"racionalizebisa
da

59

disciplinirebis" Sesaxeb, rac saero askezam adamians

moutana, TiTqosda es "cxovrebis iracionalurad warmarTvis
racionalizeba"
yofiliyos.
es
marTlac
asea.
"iracionaluria" yovelTvis raRac ara TavisTavad, aramed
garkveuli "racionaluri" Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare.
arareligiuri
adamianisaTvis
nebismieri
religiuri,
hedonistisTvis nebismieri asketuri cxovrebis wesia
"iracionaluri",
Tundac
is
Tavis
faseulobriv
ganzomilebaSi "racionalizebas" warmoadgendes. Tuki am
naSroms ramis xelSewyoba surs, esaa pirvel rigSi
moCvenebiTad erTmniSvnelovani "racionalobis" cnebis mTeli
mravalmxrivobis gamovlena.
33)igavni solomonisa 22, 29. luTeri Targmnis: "in seinem
Geschft", ufro adreul inglisur TargmanebSi gvaqvs
"business". amis Sesaxeb ix. qveviT SeniSvna N. 54.
34)brentanos (a.a.O. S. 150 f.) vrcel, magram arcTu mTlad
zust apologiasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic miiCnevs, rom me
franklinis eTikuri Rirsebebi saTanadod ver davafase,
mxolod im SeniSvnaze mivuTiTeb, romelic Cemi azriT
sakmarisi iqneboda am apologiis saWiroeba rom moexsna.
35)vsargeblob SemTxveviT, raTa ramodenime "antikritikuli"
SeniSvna winaswar ukve aqve CavurTo. _ sruliad
dausabuTebelia mtkiceba, roca zombarti irwmuneba (ix.:
Sombart W. Der Bourgeois. Mnchen -- Leipzig, 1913), TiTqos
franklinis "eTika" renesansis epoqis universaluri gaqanebis
geniosis
leon
batista
albertis
mosazrebaTa
"sityvasityviT"
ganmeoreba
yofiliyos,
romelmac
maTematikis, qandakebis, mxatvrobis, (pirvel yovlisa)
arqiteqturisa da siyvarulis (Tavad is qalTmoZule iyo)
da agreTve saojaxo meurneobis Sesaxebac (della famiglia) ki
Seqmna oTxwigniani naSromi. (weris momentSi samwuxarod am
Sromis manCiniseuli ki ara, aramed bonuCis ufro gviandeli
gamocema maqvs xelT). _ frankliniseuli pasaJi xom
sityvasityviT iqna zeviT gadmobeWdili, _ mainc sad
SeiZleba Sesabamisi adgilebis, gansakuTrebiT ki saTaveSi
moqceuli maqsimis: "dro fulia" da misi momdevno
Segonebebis, povna albertis SromebSi? erTaderTi, sul
odnav miaxloebuli adgili ramdenadac vici, aris della
famiglia-s pirveli wignis boloSi (bonuCis gamocema, t. 2,

60

gv. 353), sadac sruliad zogadi saubaria fulze (zustad

ise, rogorc es ukve katonis "De re rustica"-Si gvxvdeba),
rogorc saojaxo meurneobis nervus rerum-ze, rasac, aqedan
gamomdinare, Zalze windaxedulad unda moveqceT. albertis,
romelic gansakuTrebul aqcents florenciis erT-erTi
yvelaze didgvarovani ojaxidan sakuTar warmomavlobaze
akeTebda ("nobilissimi cavalieri": della famiglia p. 213, 228, 247
bonuCiseul gamocemaSi), imis gamo, rom ukanonod Sobili
iyo (rasac aranairad misi deklasireba ar mouxdenia),
"sisxlaRreul", warCinebuli gvariSvilobis mimarT boRmiT
aRvsil kacad, didgvarovanTa wridan gandevnil burJuad
warmoCena
ZirSive
mcdaria.
albertisaTvis
uTuod
damaxasiaTebelia masStabur saqmeTa keTebis rCeva, romlebic
nobile e onesta famiglia (didgvarovani da keTilSobili
ojaxisTvis) da libero e nobile animo (Tavisufali da
amaRlebuli sulisTvis) erTaderT Rirseul saqmianobas
warmoadgens da nakleb Sromatevadia (Sdr. "Del governo della
famiglia", IV, p. 55; Sesabamisad pandolfinisaTvis gakeTebul
redaqciaSi gv. 116; amitomacaa saukeTeso Salisa da
abreSumis Sesyidvis saqme!); niSandoblivia agreTve misi rCeva
saojaxo
meurneobis
mowesrigebulad
da
momWirned
warmarTvis anu Semosavlis Sesatyvisad gasavlis Sefardebis
Taobaze. es ki upiratesad saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis
principia da ara mogebis miRebis (rac zombarts namdvilad
ar unda gamohparvoda) _ zustad iseve, rogorc fulis
arsis Sesaxeb gamarTuli diskusiis dros (iqve) saqme
pirvel rigSi fulis dabandebas (fuli an possessioni) da
ara kapitalis aTvisebas exeba _ esaa "santa masserizia", risi
dacvac
jianotos
piriT
xdeba.
"fortunas"
aramdgradobisagan Tavdasacavad rekomendirebulia mudmivi
(della famiglia, p. 73--74), amavdroulad maradiuli sijansaRis
erTaderTi SemanarCunebeli in cose magnifiche e ample /p. 192/
(SesaniSnav da farTo gaqanebis saqmeSi) moRvaweobis Cvevis
axalgazrdobidanve gamomuSaveba da sazogadoebaSi sakuTari
poziciis SenarCunebisTvis saziano uqnarobis gverdis avla;
aqedan gamomdinare, nagulisxmebia agreTve mosalodnel
cvlilebaTa SemTxvevisaTvis sakuTari wodebis Sesaferisi
xelobis gulmodgine Seswavla (magram yovelgvari opera

61

mercenaria wodebriobis Seuferebelia _ della famiglia, I. I p.

209) . albertiseuli "tranquillita` dell' animo" (sulieri
simSvidis) ideali da misi mkveTrad gamoxatuli midrekileba
epikureseuli mowodebis "" (vivere a se` stesso
_sakuTari TavisaTvis cxovreba, iqve, gv. 262) mimarT,
gansakuTrebiT ki yovelgvari Tanamdebobis (iqve, gv. 258),
rogorc SfoTvis, mtrobis, binZur saqmeebSi gaxvevis
pirvelwyaros uaryofa, soflur vilaSi cxovrebis ideali,
sakuTari Tavmoyvareobis dapureba winaprebze fiqriT da
ojaxis Rirsebisadmi damokidebuleba (romelmac Tavisi
qoneba florencielTa wesisamebr mTlianobaSi, ganuyoflad
unda SeinarCunos), rogorc gadamwyveti sazomisa da
miznisadmi: yovelive es nebismieri puritanisaTvis codviani
"xelTqmnilis gaRmerTeba", benjamin franklinis TvalSi ki
misTvis ucnobi aristokratuli paTetika iqneboda. aqve
yuradReba unda mieqces literaturuli moRvaweobis udides
Sefasebasac
(vinaidan
pirvel
rigSi
samecnieroliteraturul moRvaweobazea swored "industria", rogorc
Sromismoyvareoba mimarTuli, isaa adamianisaTvis erTaderTi
Rirseuli saqmianoba da ZiriTadad mxolod uwignur
jianotos ekisreba masserizia-s _ "racionaluri saojaxo
meurneobis" gagebiT, rogorc sxvebisgan damoukideblad
cxovrebisa da siRatakis Tavidan acilebis saSualebis _
dacva;
amavdroulad,
berebis
eTikidan
/ix.
qveviT/
warmomdgari cnebis warmomavloba moxuc mRvdels miewereba,
gv. 249). es yovelive davayenoT rogorc benjamin
franklinis ise misi puritani winaprebis eTikisa da
cxovrebis wesis gverdiT, humanisti patriciebisaTvis
gamiznuli renesansis mweralTa nawerebi ki burJuaziuli
saSualo wodebis farTo masebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki
commis-TaTvis gankuTvnili frankliniseuli Sromebis da
puritanTa traqtatebisa da qadagebebis gverdiT, imisaTvis,
rom gansxvavebis mTeli siRrme ganvsazRvroT. albertis
ekonomikuri racionalizmi, erTTavad antikurobis epoqis
avtorTa citatebiT gamyarebuli, ekonomikuri sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas Tavisi arsiT yvelaze axlosaa qsenofontes,
(romelsac igi ar icnobda), katonis, varonisa da
kolumelas (romelTac igi imowmebs) naSromebTan, _ oRond
aRsaniSnavia, rom katonTan da varonTan mogeba sruliad

62

sxvagvaradaa wamoweuli wina planze, vidre albertisTan.

mTlianobaSi ki albertiseuli metad fragmentuli msjeloba
fattori-s gamoyenebis, Sromis danawilebisa da disciplinis,
glexTa arasaimedoobis Sesaxeb da sxva, marTlac iseT
STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos pirdapir katoniseuli
cxovrebis sibrZne gadmoetanoT monaTmflobeluri mamulidan
Tavisufali Sromis, saojaxo industriisa da wvrili
miwaTmflobelobis sferoSi. rodesac zombarti, (romelic
gadaWriT mcdarad eyrdnoba stoas eTikas) ekonomikur
racionalizms,
ukve
katonTan
miiCnevs
"ukidures
Tanamimdevrulobamde
miyvanilad",
es
sworad
gagebis
SemTxvevaSi, mTlad umarTebulo ar unda iyos. marTlac
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, romaelTa "diligens pater familias"
(ojaxis mzrunveli mama) albertiseuli "massajo" (patronis)
idealTan erT kategoriaSi moeqces. katonTan pirvel rigSi
niSandoblivia is, rom adgil-mamuli Sefasebuli da
miCneulia
rogorc
qonebis
"dabandebis"
obieqti.
qristianuli
zegavlenis
wyalobiT
ki
"industria"
(Sromismoyvareobis) cneba sxvagvar Seferilobas iZens. da
swored aq iCens Tavs gansxvaveba. bermonazonTa askezidan
momdinare da mwerali berebis mier ganviTarebul "industria"-s
koncefciaSi imgvari "eTosis" Canasaxia Cadebuli, romelic
srulad iqna ganviTarebuli protestantul, calsaxad,
saero "askezaSi" (ix. mogvianebiT!) _ aqedan gamomdinarebs,
(razec yuradReba kidev mravalgzis iqneba gamaxvilebuli)
orive maTganis naTesaoba, rac sxvaTa Soris Tomizmis
oficialuri saeklesio moZRvrebis mimarT ufro naklebad
vlindeba, vidre florenciuli Tu sienis glaxakur ordenTa
eTikis mimarT. katonTan da sakuTriv albertiseul
msjelobaSi es eTosi ar Cans, vinaidan orive SemTxvevaSi
saqme exeba cxovrebiseul sibrZnes da ara eTikas.
franklinTanac utilitarizmTan gvaqvs saqme; oRond, saqme
isaa, rom axalgazrda vaWarTa mimarT qadagebis eTikuri
paTetika sruliad TvalSi sacemia da swored esaa arsebiTi.
fulTan mimarTebaSi rudunebis nakleboba misTvis erTgvarad
kapitalis embrionis "mokvlas" niSnavs da amdenad eTikur
defeqts warmoadgens.
orives (albertisa da franklinis) Sinagani naTesaoba
sinamdvileSi imdenad arsebobs, ramdenadac alberti, visac

63

zombarti "RvTismosavs" uwodebs da romelic marTalia, sxva

mravali humanistis msgavsad, xeldasxmuli iyo mRvdlad da
romSi mrevlic hyavda, Tavis mxriv, mis mier rekomendebul
cxovrebis
warmarTvis
wesSi
saorientacio
miznebad
religiur motivebs jer kidev sruliad ugulvebelyofs
(ori savsebiT uRimRamo pasaJis gamoklebiT), franklinTan ki
"yairaTianobisaken" mowodeba religiur koncefciasTan ukve
aRaraviTar kavSirs aRar avlens. utilitarizms ekuTvnis,
Tundac formalurad, gadamwyveti sityva am sferoSi
rogorc erT ise meore avtorTan, rogorc albertis mier
Salisa
da
abreSumis
Sesyidvis
rCevisas,
ise
merkantilisturi
socialutilitarizmis
(roca
"bevri
adamianis dasaqmeba xdeba" _ miT. SromaSi: gv 292)
SemTxvevaSi.
am
sferos
mikuTvnebuli
albertiseuli
mosazrebani
ase
vTqvaT,
imanenturi
ekonomikuri
"racionalizmis" metad Sesatyvisi paradigmaa, romelic
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis "arekvlad" mogvevlineba wmindad
"saqmis viTarebiT" dainteresebul avtorebTan yvelgan da
yvela droSi, rogorc Cinur klasicizmsa da antikurobaSi
iseve renesanssa da ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. cxadia, iseve
rogorc antikurobaSi katonTan, varonTan, kolumelasTan,
iseve albertisa da mis msgavsTa moZRvrebaSi, gansakuTrebiT
"industria"-s
Sesaxeb,
sameurneo
ratio
zedmiwevniTaa
ganxiluli.
magram
nuTu
SeiZleba
davijeroT,
rom
mwignobarTa aseT moZRvrebas ZaluZda cxovrebis imgvar
Zireulad gadambrunebeli Zala SeeZina, rogorc vTqvaT,
religiur rwmenas, romelic cxovrebis garkveuli (am
SemTxvevaSi meTodur-racionaluri) wesiT warmarTvisas
sulis xsnis jildoebs awesebs? Tu rogor gamoiyureba amis
sapirispirod cxovrebis warmarTvis (da amasTan erTad
vTqvaT, sameurneo qcevis) religiaze orientirebuli
"racionalizeba", SegviZlia ara marto yvela konfesiuri
mimarTulebis
puritanTa
magaliTze,
aramed
jainaTa,
ebraelTa, Sua saukuneebis garkveul asketur seqtaTa,
uiklifis, bohemiel ZmaTa (husituri moZraobis erTgvari
gamoZaxili), ruseTSi skopcebisa da Stundistebis da
berebis mravalricxovan ordenTa erTmaneTisagan Zireulad
gansxvavebul magaliTebzec TvalnaTliv davinaxoT. am
gansxvavebaSi gadamwyvetia (movlenebs rom odnav win
gavuswroT) is, rom religiaze dafuZnebuli eTika mis mier

64

gansazRvruli qcevisaTvis, sruliad garkveul da, vidre

religiuri rwmena cocxlobs, metad qmediTunarian (ara
ekonomikuri xasiaTis) fsiqologiur jildoebs awesebs,
rogoric cxovrebis mxolod ostaturad warmarTvis vTqvaT,
albertiseul moZRvrebas ar gaaCnia. mxolod imdenad,
ramdenadac es jildoebi pirvel yovlisa (da esaa swored
gadamwyveti) TeologTa moZRvrebisagan (romelic Tavis
mxriv,
mxolod
da
mxolod
"moZRvrebaa")
xSirad
sagrZnoblad dacilebuli mimarTulebiT axdenen zegavlenas,
swored
aseT
SemTxvevaSi
iZens
religiuri
eTika
TviTmmarTvel gavlenas cxovrebis warmarTvis wesze da
aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikaze: dabejiTebiT unda vTqva, rom
zustad amaSia naSromis mTeli marili, rac CemTvis
moulodnelad, sruliad SeumCneveli darCa. zombartis mier
aseve
savsebiT
mcdarad
gagebul,
"kapitalizmisadmi
SedarebiT
keTilganwyobil",
gviani
Sua
saukuneebis
Teologiur eTikosebs (antonin florencielsa da bernardin
sienels) mogvianebiT sxvagan SevexebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
l. b. alberti am wres absoluturad ar ganekuTvneba.
bermonazvnur ideaTa samyaros igi mxolod "industria"-s
cnebas daesesxa, kacma ar icis ramdeni Suamavali rgolis
gavliT. alberti, pandolfini da maTi msgavsni, garegnulad
yovelgvari oficialuri morCilebis miuxedavad, Sinaganad
tradiciuli eklesiurobisagan ukve gaTavisuflebulni arian
da
gabatonebuli
qristianuli
eTikisadmi
sruli
mijaWvulobis miuxedavad, mniSvnelovanwilad im antikur"warmarTuli" mimarTulebis ganwyobilebebs warmoadgenen,
romelTa mniSvneloba Tanamedrove ekonomikuri moZRvrebis
(da
agreTve
Tanamedrove
ekonomikuri
politikis)
ganviTarebisaTvis,
brentanos
azriT,
Cems
mier
"ignorirebulia." is faqti, rom am mizez-Sedegobriv mwkrivs
ar
Sevxebivar,
simarTles
ki
Seesabameba,
magram
"protestantuli eTikisa da kapitalizmis suliskveTebis"
Sesaxeb daweril naSromSi amis adgili namdvilad ar aris.
Sors var im azrisagan, rac sxva dros kidev ukeT
gamoCndeba, rom uarvyo am kauzaluri mwkrivis mniSvneloba,
me savsebiT gasagebi mizezebis gamo mainc im azrze vrCebodi
da vrCebi, rom am ukanasknelis zegavlenis sfero da
zegavlenis mimarTuleba sruliad sxvagvari iyo, vidre
protestantuli eTikisa (romlis praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT

65

arcTu umniSvnelo
winamorbedni iyvnen seqtebi da
uiklifistur-husituri eTika).
xsenebulma
antikurwarmarTulma ideebma ara (Camoyalibebis gzaze myofi
burJuaziis) cxovrebis wesze, aramed saxelmwifo moRvaweTa
da TavadTa politikaze moaxdines zegavlena da es ori,
marTalia nawilobriv, magram aramcdaaramc yvelaferSi
Tanmxvdomi kauzaluri mwkrivi jerjerobiT sruliad
urTierTgamijnulad unda davtovoT. rac Seexeba benjamin
franklins, visi kerZomeurneobrivi traqtatebi, Tavis droze
amerikaSi
saskolo
sakiTxav
masalad
gamoiyeneboda,
albertiseuli vrceli naSromebis sapirispirod, romlebic
swavlulTa wreebis farglebs gareT TiTqmis ucnobi
rCeboda, uTuod cxovrebiseul praqtikaze gavlenisunarian
kategorias unda mivakuTvnoT. magram Cems mier igi
dabejiTebiT citirebulia, rogorc adamiani, romelic
amasobaSi
ukve
dromoWmuli
cxovrebis
puritanuli
reglamentirebis gaRma dgas, iseve rogorc sazogadod
inglisuri "ganmanaTlebloba", romlis kavSir-urTierTobas
puritanizmTan ukve xSirad SevxebivarT.
36)samwuxarod brentanomac (iqve) mogebisaken yovelgvari
swrafva (sulerTia saomari Tu mSvidobiani gziT) erT
qvabSi Cayara da amis Semdeg "kapitalisturi" (vTqvaT,
feodaluris sapirispirod) mogebisaken swrafvis specifikur
arsad mxolod fulze (miwis nacvlad) oroentirebuloba
gamoacxada; yovelgvari Semdgomi gamijvna, rasac saerTod
mkafio cnebebamde Cveni miyvana SeuZlia, mis mier ara
mxolod uaryofilia, aramed man (gv. 131) winamdebare
gamokvlevis
miznebisaTvis
Seqmnili
(Tanamedrove!)
kapitalizmis
"suliskveTebis"
cnebasTan
dakavSirebiT,
CemTvis sruliad gaugebari mosazreba wamoayena: TiTqos es
cneba Tavis winapirobaSi imas moicavdes, rac jer kidev
dasamtkicebelia.
37)Sdr. zombartis yvela TvalsazrisiT metad moswrebuli
SeniSvnebi wignSi: Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft im neunzehnten
Jahrhundert, S. 123. albaT sulac ar mWirdeba imis
gansakuTrebuli xazgasma _ miuxedavad imisa, rom momdevno
gamokvlevis ZiriTadi mosazrebebi gacilebiT ufro adreul
SromebSi iqna gamoTqmuli _ Tu raoden umadlis Cems
SromebSi Camoyalibebuli formulirebebi, Tundac mxolod

66

im
faqts,
rom
arsebobs
zombartiseuli
didebuli
gamokvlevebi mTeli Tavisi mkveTri formulirebebiT, maSinac
ki da swored maSin, roca Cveni gzebi iyreba. isic ki visac
zombartiseuli mosazrebebi Seupovari winaaRmdegobisken
ubiZgebs da vinc mis zogierT debulebas gadaWriT uaryofs,
movalea, misi mniSvneloba gaacnobieros.
38)kiTxvas, Tu sadamde swvdeba es sazRvrebi, iseve naklebad
CavuRrmavdebiT,
rogorc
Tavdapirvelad
bresis
mier
wamoyenebul, brentanos mier Teoriulad, Sulce-gevernicis
mier ki erTdroulad istoriulad da konstruqtiulad
Camoyalibebul da gaazrebul Teorias maRali anazRaurebisa
da maRali Sromis nayofierebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.
diskusiis ganaxlebas biZgi misca hasbaxis Rrmaazrovanma
gamokvlevebma (Schmollers Jahrbuch, 1903, S. 385--391 und 417 f.)
da igi sabolood jerac ar dasrulebula. CvenTvis aq is
eWvmiutaneli da marTlac ueWveli faqtic kmara, rom
dabali anazRaureba da maRali mogeba, dabali anazRaureba da
industriuli ganviTarebis xelsayreli Sansebi erTmaneTs
pirdapir ar emTxveva da rom ubralo meqanikur fulad
operaciebs
ar
mivyavarT
kapitalisturi
kulturis
suliskveTebiT "aRzrdamde" da Sesabamisad, kapitalisturi
meurneobis SesaZleblobamde. yvela SerCeul magaliTs wminda
sailustracio xasiaTi aqvs.
39)amis gamo kapitalisturi mewarmeobis danergvac xSirad
imigrantTa mZlavri nakadis modenis gareSe Zveli kulturis
regionebidan ver gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. marTalia, savsebiT
sworia zombartis SeniSvnebi pirovnuli "unarCvevebisa" da
ostatis xelobis saidumloebaTa dapirispirebis Sesaxeb
mecnierulad
obieqtivirebul
Tanamedrove
teqnikasTan;
oRond kapitalizmis warmoSobis momentisaTvis es gansxvaveba
TiTqmis ar arsebobs, kapitalisturi muSis egreT wodebuli
eTikuri Rirsebebi (da garkveulwilad agreTve mewarmisac)
Tavisi "iSviaTobrivi faseulobis" gamo ki xSirad ufro
maRalia, vidre ostatis saukunovan tradicionalizmSi
gaxevebuli gawafuloba. dRevandeli industriac ki ar aris
bolomde
sruliad
damoukidebeli
sawarmoTa
adgilmdebareobis SerCevisas mosaxlebis mier amgvari
xangrZlivi tradiciiTa da aRzrdiT SeZenili intensiuri
Sromis Cvevebisagan. dRevandel samecniero mosazrebaTa
erTobliv speqtrs Seesabameba is, rom sadac msgavsi

67

damokidebuli
mdgomareoba
fiqsirdeba,
amas
maSinve
memkvidreobiT
miRebul
rasobriv
Tvisebebs
da
ara
tradiciasa da aRzrdas miaweren, rac Cemi azriT, friad
saeWvoa.
40)ix. zeviT damowmebuli Sroma (SeniSv. 24).
41)winamdebare SeniSvnebi SeiZleba mcdarad iqnes gagebuli.
garkveuli
tipis
saqmosanTa
miswrafeba
saTavisod
gamoeyenebinaT gamoTqma: "xalxs religia unda SeunarCundes",
agreTve uwin, metadre luTeranuli samRvdeloebis farTo
wreebSi, avtoritarizmis mimarT maTi sazogado simpaTiidan
gamomdinare
sayovelTao
miswrafeba
qceuliyvnen
"Sav
policiad" iq, sadac ki saWiro iyo gaficva codvad,
profkavSirebi
ki
"angarebianobis"
gamRviveblebad
dagmobiliyo _ gaxlavT is faqtebi, romlebTanac im
movlenebs, razec aqaa saubari, araferi aqvT saerTo.
teqstSi moyvanil momentebTan dakavSirebiT saqme exeba ara
erTeul, aramed metad gaxSirebul da, rogorc vnaxavT,
tipiurad qceul faqtebs.
42)Der moderne Kapitalismus Band I, 1. Aufl., S. 62.
43)S. 195, a.a.O.
44)cxadia,
vgulisxmobT
dasavleTisTvis
specifikur
Tanamedrove racionalur warmoebas da ara msoflioSi sami
aTaswleulis
manZilze
gavrcelebul
mevaxSeTa, omis
mommaragebelTa, Tanamdebobebisa da gadasaxadebis moijareSemsyidvelTa, didi sovdagrebisa da finansur magnatTa
kapitalizms CineTSi, indoeTSi, babilonSi, eladaSi, romSi,
florenciaSi.
45)Cven araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ da amas unda gaesvas aq xazi
_ a priori ar miviCnevT, TiTqos erTi mxriv, kapitalisturi
sawarmos teqnikisa da meore mxriv, kapitalizmisTvis misi
eqspansiuri energiis mimniWebeli "profesiuli Sromis"
suliskveTebis Tavdapirvel mkvebav niadags erTi da igive
socialuri fenebi warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisi viTarebaa
religiuri
cnobierebis
socialur
safuZvlebTan
dakavSirebiTac. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT kalvinizmi iyo
"kapitalisturi suliskveTebiT" aRzrdis erT-erTi sayrdeni.
magram swored msxvili kapitalis mflobelni, magaliTad,
niderlandebSi, im mizezebis gamo, romelTac SemdgomSi
ganvixilavT, metwilad kalvinizmis umkacresi wesebis

68

mimdevrebi
ki
ara,
aramed
arminianelebi
iyvnen.
mewarmeobisaken aRmaval gzaze damdgari saSualo da wvrili
burJuazia iyo aqac da sxvaganac kapitalisturi eTikisa da
kalvinisturi eklesiurobis "tipiuri" matarebeli. magram
swored es garemoeba Seesatyviseba yvelaze zustad aq
gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, rom msxvili kapitalis mflobelni
da vaWrebi yvela droSi arsebobdnen, magram samewarmeo
burJuaziuli Sromis racionalur organizacias mxolod Sua
saukuneebidan Tanamedrove epoqaze gardamaval mijnaze
vxvdebiT.
46)amis Sesaxeb ix. i. maliniakis ciurixSi Seqmnili
mSvenieri disertacia (1913).
47)momdevno suraTi sxvadasxva agdilebze
calkeuli
dargebis "idealur-tipur" kompilacias warmoadgens; im
sailustracio miznisTvis, rasac is emsaxureba, bunebrivia,
araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, rom arc erT moxmobil
magaliTSi movlenebi absoluturad zustad ise ar
viTardeba, rogorc es aq iqna aRwerili.
48)am mizeziT, SemTxveviTi araa, rom axalfexadgmuli
racionalizmis es pirveli periodi, germanuli industriis
pirveli frTis gaSla, yoveldRiuri yofis moTxovnilebis
saganTa
stilis
srul
rRvevasTan
miabijebda
xelixelCakidebuli.
49)es ar niSnavs imas, rom keTilSobil metalTa maragis
aramdgradobas Cven ekonomikuri gulgrilobiT vekidebiT.
50)es ki mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom saubaria mewarmis im
tipze, romelic Cveni dakvirvebis obieqtad vaqcieT, da ara
raRac empiriul saSualo tipze (idealuri tipis
cnebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Cemi statia gamocemaSi: _ Archiv
fr Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. XIX, Heft I).
51)aq albaT Sesaferisi adgilia Zalian mokled SevexoT
SeniSvnebs f.keleriseuli ukve citirebuli naSromidan (ix.:
Heft 12 der Schriften der Grres-Gesellschaft) da maTTan
uSualod dakavSirebul zombartiseul SeniSvnebs (wignidan
"burJua"), imdenad, ramdenadac isini aq
gansaxilvel
sakiTxTa jgufs ganekuTvnebian. roca avtori naSroms,
romelSic vaxSis kanonikuri akrZalva (erTi gakvriT
gakeTebuli SeniSvnis garda da isic erTian argumentaciasTan
yovelgvari kavSiris gareSe) saerTod araa naxsenebi, imis

69

winaswari daSvebiT akritikebs, rom swored es vaxSis

akrZalva _ rasac msoflios TiTqmis yvela religiur
eTikaSi moeZebneba paraleli! _ miuCneviaT gakritikebul
naSromSi
kaTolikuri
eTikisagan
reformatorulis
ganmasxvavebel niSnad, namdvilad saseiro ambavia, vinaidan
gakritikeba xom mxolod im Sromebis SeiZleba, romlebic
namdvilad waukiTxavT an romelTa debulebebi, Tuki isini
waukiTxavT, jer ar daviwyebiaT. brZola usuraria privatis
(mevaxSeobis) winaaRmdeg gasdevs XVI saukinis rogorc
hugenotTa
ise
niderlanduri
eklesiis
istorias.
"lombardielebi" anu bankirebi ziarebaze ar daiSvebodnen
(ix.
SeniSv.
13).
kalviniseulma
nakleb
SemboWavma
Tvalsazrisma (ramac sxvaTa Soris xeli ar SeuSala imas,
rom ordonantebis pirveli proeqti mevaxSeobis winaaRmdeg
gadawyvetilebebs iTvaliswinebda) mxolod salmaziusis
wyalobiT moipova gamarjveba. maSasadame, winaaRmdegoba amaSi
ar mdgomareobda: umal piriqiT. _ magram kidev ufro
savalalodaa saqme sakuTriv avtoris mier moxmobil
argumentaciasTan dakavSirebiT, rac mis mier citirebuli
(Cemi azriT, misgan saTanadod daufasebeli) funkisa da sxva
kaTolike
swavlulTa
Sromebis,
agreTve
endemanis,
dReisaTvis calkeul aspeqtebSi erTgvarad moZvelebuli,
magram mainc fuZemdebluri gamokvlevis fonze Tavisi
zedapirulobiT erTob saCoTirod gamoirCeva. Tumca imgvar
eqscesebs, rasac zombartiseul SeniSvnebSi vxvdebiT (iqve,
gv. 321), romelTa Tanaxmad, TiTqos "RvTismosavi kacebis"
(ZiriTadad igulisxmebian bernardin sieneli da antonin
florencieli) msjelobidan pirdapir ikveTeba, "Tu rogor
cdilobdnen isini yvelanairad SeegulianebinaT samewarmeo
suliskveTeba", rac saxeldobr imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini
vaxSis akrZalvis msoflio praqtikis Sesabamisad, am
akrZalvas
imgvar
interpretacias
aZlevdnen,
rom
xelSeuxebeli rCeboda (Cveni terminologiiT rom vTqvaT)
"mwarmoebluri" kapitaldabandeba _ marTalia kelerma Tavi
ki aarida; (is, rom zombartTan romaelebi erTi mxriv, "gmir
erebs" ganekuTvnebian, meore mxriv ki TiTqos ekonomikurma
racionalizmma ukve katonTan miaRwia "ukidures zRvars" (gv.
267),
rac
sxva
SemTxvevaSi
misTvis
Seurigebel
dapirispirebas warmoadgens, gakvriT mxolod imis niSnad
gvinda movixsenioT, rom Cvens winaSea "Tezisebis wigni"

70

sityvis yvelaze uaresi gagebiT); magram kelermac aseve

sruliad daamaxinja ( aq dawvrilebiT ganuxilavi, uwin
xSir SemTxvevebSi gazviadebuli, mogvianebiT ki arasaTanadod
dafasebuli, axla ki kaTolike multimilionerebis xanaSi,
apologeturi miznebiT, pirdapir Tavdayira dayenebululi)
vaxSis akrZalvis mniSvneloba (rac, rogorc cnobilia, _
bibliuri fundamentirebis miuxedavad! _ mxolod gasul
saukuneSi
gauqmda
wminda
trapezis
kongregaciis
dadgenilebis safuZvelze da Tanac mxolod temporum ratione
habita /drois moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisobis/ gamo da iribad,
kerZod ki imis akrZalviT, rom sulieri Svilebi ar
SeewuxebinaT usuraria privatis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvebiT, im
pirobiT, Tuki maTi morCileba akrZalvis kvlav ZalaSi
Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi garantirebuli iqneboda). saqme isaa,
rom mas, vinc met-naklebad Zirfesvianad gamoikvlia
mevaxSeobis saeklesio doqtrinis uaRresad daxlarTuli
istoria, im usasrulo kontroversebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
vTqvaT, rentis Sesyidvis nebadarTulobis, Tamasuqebis
aRricxvis da kidev mravali sxvagvari xelSekrulebiTi
dokumentis (uwinaresad ki imis gamo, rom wminda trapezis
kongregaciis dadgenileba municipalur sesxTan dakavSirebiT
iqna miRebuli) garSemo rom arsebobs, ara aqvs ufleba (gv.
24) amtkicos, TiTqos sesxis procentuli vaxSis akrZalva
mxolod da mxolod gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi gacemul
kreditebze vrceldeboda, TiTqos es akrZalva "kapitalis
SenarCunebis" mizans emsaxureboda da rom is, TiTqos
"kapitalisturi mewarmeobis xelSemwyobic" ki iyo (gv. 25).
WeSmariteba ki is aris, rom eklesias vaxSis akrZalva
xelmeored sakmaod gvian gaaxsenda, da roca es moxda,
kapitalis dabandebis wminda saqmiani Cveulebrivi formebi
myari procentis safuZvelze gasesxebuli Tanxebi ki ara,
aramed foenus nauticum, commenda, societas maris da dare ad
proficuum de mari (anu riskis xarisxis Sesabamisad mogebis
an wagebis wilis gaTvaliswinebiT dawesebuli sesxis nixri)
iyo
(mewarmisaTvis
gacemuli
procentiani
sesxis
gaTvaliswinebiT es asec unda yofiliyo) anu is formebi,
romelTac akrZalva ar Seexo (an es mxolod calkeuli,
ukiduresad mkacri kanonistis mxridan moxda); magram mas
Semdeg, rac SesaZlebeli da sayovelTaod miRebuli Seiqna

71

myari procentis garantiiT kapitalis dabandeba da agreTve

Tamasuqebis aRricxva, maT (Semdgom periodSic) sagrZnobi
siZneleebi
SeeqmnaT
vaxSis
akrZalvis
safuZvelze;
sirTuleebi, romlTac yvela saxis umkacresi zomebi
mosdevda vaWarTa gildiis (Savi siebi!) mxridan; oRond
vaxSis akrZalvis mimarT kanonistebis damokidebuleba
rogorc wesi, wminda iuridiul-formaluri iyo, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, yovelgvari "kapitalis damcveli" tendenciis
gareSe, rasac maT keleri mcdarad miawers. dabolos,
ramdenadac
saerTod
SesaZlebelia
kapitalizmisadmi
garkveuli damokidebulebis raobis dagena, esaa erTi mxriv,
kapitalis Zlevamosilebis mimarT (rogorc es jer kidev
luTeriseul gamonaTqvamSi aisaxa fugerebisa da finansuri
saqmianobis Sesaxeb) tradicionalisturi, umeteswilad yrud
SegrZnobili mtruli ganwyoba, sul ufro da ufro farTo
masebis momcveli, usaxo da usaxelo da amdenad eTikuri
gavlenisaTvis Znelad misawvdomi, meore mxriv ki axal
pirobebTan Seguebis ganmsazRvrelad qceuli aucilebloba. _
oRond es problema winamdebare gamokvlevis farglebs
scildeba, vinaidan rogorc ukve iTqva, vaxSis akrZalvasa da
mis Semdgom bed-iRbals CvenTvis ukeTes SemTxvevaSi
martooden simptomaturi mniSvneloba aqvs da esec mxolod
metad SezRuduli gagebiT.
skotis mimdevar da gansakuTrebiT ki kvatroCentos
epoqis mowyalebis mTxovnel ordenTa Teologebis, pirvel
rigSi bernardin sienelisa da antonin florencielis anu
specifikurad racionalur-asketuri bermonazoni avtorebis
sameurneo eTika usaTuod calke ganxilvas moiTxovs da
Cveni naSromis farglebSi mxolod gakvriT Sexebisas sakiTxs
ver amovwuravT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, antikritikaSi
winaswarve unda meTqva is, ris Tqmasac mxolod mogvianebiT,
kapitalizmisadmi kaTolikuri sameurneo eTikis pozitiuri
damokidebulebis warmoCenisas vapirebdi. es avtorebi
cdiloben _ da amaSi isini araerTi iezuitis winamorbedad
gvevlinebian _ vaWris samrewvelo mogeba gaamarTlon
rogorc misi,
eTikurad nebadarTuli "industria"-s
(Sromismoyvareobis) sazRauri (amaze metis mtkiceba ra Tqma
unda, kelersac ar SeuZlia).
cxadia, saboloo jamSi, "industria"-s cneba da misi

72

Sefaseba bermonazvnuri askezadanaa nasesxebi, iseve rogorc

masserizia-s cneba iqna sasuliero sferodan albertiseul
sityvaxmarebaSi gadmotanili, rasac igi Tavadve gvamcnobs
jianotos piriT. berTa askezis, rogorc protestantizmis
saero asketur denominaciaTa winamorbedis Sesaxeb, ufro
dawvrilebiT
mogvianebiT
iqneba
saubari
(msgavsi
koncefciebis
Canasaxebs
vpoulobT
kinikosebTan
antikurobaSi, gvianelinisturi saflavis qvis warwerebSi da
sruliad
gansxvavebuli
winapirobebidan
gamomdinare,
egvipteSi). is, rac aq mTlianad aklia, (iseve rogorc
albertisTan) swored isaa CvenTvis gadamwyveti: kerZod ki
rogorc
amas
kidev
davinaxavT,
asketuri
protestantizmisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
sakuTari
xsnis,
certitudo salutis, xelobaSi damkvidrebis koncefcia anu is
fsiqologiuri
jildo,
romelsac
es
religiuroba
"industria"-sTvis awesebda da rasac kaTolicizmi aucileblad
moklebuli unda yofiliyo, vinaidan misi xsnis saSualebebi
sruliad sxva saxis iyo. saboloo Sedegis mixedviT, am
avtorebTan saqme eTikur moZRvrebas exeba da ara
praqtikulad xsnis interesebiT ganpirobebul individualur
impulsebs da amis garda agreTve Seguebas (rac metad ioli
dasanaxia) da ara centraluri religiuri poziciebidan
argumentacias, rogorc amas adgili aqvs saero askezaSi.
(sxvaTa Soris, antoninsa da bernardins ukve karga xania
keleriseulze bevrad ukeTesi gamokvlevebi mieZRvna). Tavad
es Semguebloba rCeboda dRevandlamde sakamaTo. miuxedavad
amisa, am bermonazvnuli eTikuri koncefciebis mniSvneloba
simptomaturi TvalsazrisiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda
iqnes nolze dayvanili. xelobis Tanamedrove cnebasTan
nakadad Serwymuli religiuri eTikis WeSmariti "saTaveebi"
seqtebsa da eresSia saZiebeli, pirvel rigSi uiklifTan,
romlis mniSvneloba brodnicma (ix.: Brodnitz, Englische
Wirtschaftsgeschichte) yvelafris miuxedavad mainc zedmetad
gazviadebulad Seafasa imis mtkicebiT, rom uiklifis
zegavlena imdenad didi iyo, rom puritanizms bevri
aRaraferi daxvda gasakeTebeli. yovelive amaze SeuZlebelia
(da arcaa saWiro) dawvrilebiT SeCereba, radgan aq gakvriT,
sasxvaTaSorisod ver ganvixilavT imas, Tu rogor da
ramdenad Seuwyo sinamdvileSi xeli Sua saukuneebis

73

qristianulma
eTikam
kapitalisturi
suliskveTebis
wanamZRvrebis Camoyalibebas.
52)sityvebi _ "" _ (luka, 6, 35) da
maTi vulgataseuli Targmani "nihil inde sperantes" (arafris
molodinSi) a.merqsis varaudiT, warmoadgens sityvebis
(= neminem desperantes =aravis Cagdeba
sasowarkveTaSi) damaxinjebas da amgvarad Seicavs mowodebas
mieces sesxi nebismier, TviT Rarib moZmesac ki procentebze
yovelgvari laparakis gareSe. frazas _ Deo placere vix potest
_ axla arianuli warmomavloba miewereba (rasac sagnobrivad
CvenTvis didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs).
53)Tu rogor axerxebdnen aseT SemTxvevebSi mevaxSeobis
akrZalvasTan morigebas, amas magaliTad, Arte di Calimala-s
(kalimalas saamqro) wesdebis wigni I, gv. 65 gvaswavlis (me
am momentisaTvis mxolod Emiliani-Giuduci, Stor. dei Com. Ital.
Ed. III, p. 246 italiuri redaqcia maqvs xelT): Procurino i
consoli con quelli frati, che parra`loro, che perdono si faccia e come
fare si possa il meglio per l' amore di ciascuno, del dono, merito o
guiderdono, ovvero interesse per l' anno presente e secundo che altra
volta fatto fue. (konsulebma saerTo ena unda gamoZebnon im
berebTan, visTanac CaTvlian saWirod, Tu rogor SeiZleba
yvelaze ukeT, saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare, codvaTa
mitevebis miReba saCuqrebis, ZRvenis da madlierebis an
procentebis sanacvlod mimdinare wlis manZilze, rogorc
es adrec xdeboda). amrigad, saxezea amqris mxridan Tavisi
wevrebisaTvis codvaTa mitevebis mopovebis erTgvarad
Tanamdebobrivad dakisrebuli valdebuleba da submisiis
gzebi.
kapitalis
mogebis
arazneobrivi
xasiaTisTvis
niSandoblivia
momdevno
miTiTebebic,
iseve
rogorc
magaliTad, uSualod wamZRvarebuli moTxovna, yvela
procenti da mogeba sabuRaltro wignSi aRricxuli
yofiliyo rogorc "saCuqari". dRevandel sabirJo Sav siebs,
Sedgenils maT winaaRmdeg, vinc fasiani qaRaldebis kursSi
gansxvavebis gauqmebas iTxoven, xSirad Seesabameboda imaTTvis
saxelis gatexva, vinc saeklesio sasamarTlos exceptio
usurariae privatatis (mevaxSeobis winaaRmdeg protestiT)
mimarTavda.
54)antikuri enebidan mxolod ebrauls aqvs msgavsi

74

Seferilobis
gamoTqmebi.
pirvel
yovlisa
sityvaSi
:
igi
RvTismsaxurebis
funqciaTa
aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyeneboda (gam. 35, 21; neem. 11, 22; I neSt. 9, 13; 23, 4;
26,
30),
mefis
samsaxurSi
myofTa
saqmianobisTvis
(gansakuTrebiT I sam. 8, 16; I neSt. 4, 23; 29, 6), samefo
moxelis samsaxurisTvis (esT. 3, 9; 9, 3), samuSaoTa
zedamxedvelis (2. mef. 12, 12), monis (rjl. 39, 11),
mindvris samuSaoebis I neSt. 27, 26), xelosanTa (gam. 31, 5;
35, 21; I meg. 7,14), vaWarTa (fsalm. 107, 23) da TiTqmis
yvela "profesiuli samuSaosaTvis" gansaxilvel pasaJSi _
zir. 11, 20. sityva nawarmoebia fuZidan = mivlena,
wargzavna anu Tavdapirvelad niSnavs "davalebas". momdevno
citatebis Tanaxmad, aSkaraa misi warmomavloba egvipturi
da egvipturi nimuSis mixedviT agebuli solomoniseuli
saxelmwifos
sabegaro
da
liturgiul-biurokratiul
cnebaTa samyarodan. rogorc a. merqsma amixsna, am cnebis Ziri
azrobrivad
ukve Zvel droSive daikarga mTlianad, es
sityva ukve nebismier "samuSaos" aRniSnavda da marTlac ise
gauferulda, rogorc Cveneburi "Beruf", romlis bedi anu is,
rom
Tavdapirvelad sasuliero funqciaTa aRsaniSnavad
yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, manac gaiziara. gamoTqma =
"gansazRvruli", "miCenili", "pensum", romelic aseve gvxvdeba
ziraq 11, 20 -Si da septuagintaSi iTargmneba rogorc
"", iseve sabegaro biurokratiuli enidan modis,
rogorc ( gam. 5, 13, Sdr. gam. 5, 14 , sadac
septuaginta aseve ""-s iyenebs "pensum"-isTvis.
ziraqiseuli 43, 10 sityva septuagentaSi -daa
Targmnili). ziraqis (11,20) pasaJSi igi aSkarad RvTis
mcnebaTa aRsrulebis mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli, _ anu
aseve naTesaobas avlens Cvens "Beruf"-Tan. ziraqis pasaJTan
dakavSirebiT gvinda mivuTiToT smendis cnobil wignze:
Smend R. Die Weisheit des Jesus Sirach, Berlin, 1906, sadac
ganxilulia moxseniebuli muxlebi da aseve mis "Index zur
Weisheit des Jesus Sirach" (Berlin 1907) -ze, sadac mocemulia
sityvebis ganmarteba. (cnobilia, rom
ziraqis wignis ebrauli teqsti daikarga, magram Sexteris
mier
igi
kvlav
iqna
aRmoCenili
da
nawilobriv
Talmudiseuli citatebiT Sevsebuli. luTers igi xelT ar

75

hqonda da mis sityvaTxmarebaze arc erTs am ebraul

cnebaTagan
zegavlena ar
mouxdenia:
ix.
mogvianebiT
solomonis igavebTan dakavSirebiT 22, 29). _ berZnulSi
saerTod
ar
arsebobs
germanuli
sityvis
eTikuri
Seferilobis Sesatyvisi aRniSvna. im adgilebs ieso
ziraqidan (11, 20 da 21), romelTac luTeri mTlianad Cveni
sityvaTxmarebis Sesatyvisad (ix. qveviT) Targmnis, rogorc:
"darCi Sens mowodebaSi", septuaginta erTgan Targmnis
rogorc , meoregan ki, aSkarad sruliad damaxinjebul
nawyvetSi (ebraul dedanSi saubaria RvTis Sewevnis
amobrwyinebaze!) rogorc . Cveulebriv ki, Zvelad
zogadi
mniSvnelobiT
"movaleobebs"
aRniSnavda. stoikosTa enaSi drodadro (razec
Tavis droze alb. ditrixma mimaqcevina yuradReba) avlens
msgavs, enobrivi warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT daudgenel,
azrobriv Seferilobas. yvela sxva gamoTqma (rogorc
da a.S.araa zneobrivad Seferili. _ imas, rasac Cven
vTargmniT rogorc "Beruf" , adamianis Sromis danawilebiTi
uwyveti saqmianobis mniSvnelobiT, rac (wesisamebr) misTvis
Semosavlis wyaros da amiT arsebobis mudmiv ekonomikur
safuZvels
warmoadgens,
laTinurSi,
garda
uferuli
sityvisa "opus", gamoxataven germanuli sityvis eTikuri
Sinaarsis msgavsi Seferilobis sityvebiT officium (opificiumidan e.i. Tavdapirvelad eTikurad uferuli, mogvianebiT ki
gansakuTrebiT senekasTan _ De benef., IV, 18
mowodebad
qceuli) an moqalaqeTa Zveli saTemo begaridan nawarmoebi
sityviT munus anda, bolos, sityviT professio, romelic am
mniSvnelobiT aseve sajaro-samarTlebrivi movaleobebidan,
kerZod, moqalaqeTa Zveli sagadasaxado deklaraciebidan
unda
momdinareobdes,
mogvianebiT
ki
"liberaluri
profesiebis" (ase mag. professio bene dicendi _ oratoruli
profesia) Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da am ufro
viwro
sferoSi
Cveneburi
styvis
"Beruf"
yvela
TvalsazrisiT
maxlobel
mTlian
mniSvnelobas
iZens
(sityvis
ufro
siRrmiseul
mniSvnelobasac
ki;
ase
magaliTad, rodesac ciceroni vinmeze ambobs: non intelligit
quid profiteatur igi gulisxmobs: "mas Tavisi WeSmariti
mowodeba ver Seucvnia"), _ oRond aq cxadia sruliad

76

saaqaoze
orientirebulad,
yovelgvari
religiuri
Seferilobis gareSe moiazreba. cxadia, es kidev ufro metad
exeba sityvas "ars", romelic cezarianizmis epoqaSi
"xelobas" aRniSnavda. vulgata ieso ziraqidan zemoT
moxmobil adgilebs erT SemTxvevaSi Targmnis rogoc "opus",
meore SemTxvevaSi ki rogorc (v. 21) "locus", rac aq
daaxloebiT "socialuri mdgomareobis" mniSvnelobas iZens.
iseTi asketisagan, rogoric hieronimusi iyo, modis damateba
"mandaturam tuorum" (imis Sesabamisad, rac gangesazRvreba),
razec savsebiT marTebulad mianiSnebs brentano, oRond
(Cveulebisamebr) imis gauTvaliswineblad, rom swored esaa
cnebis asketuri _ reformaciamde arasaero, reformaciis
Semdeg ki saero _ warmomavlobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
sxvaTa Soris dauzustebelia, Tu romeli teqstis
mixedviTaa hieronimusiseuli Targmani; sityvis Zveli
liturgiuli mniSvnelobis zegavlena gamoricxuli ar unda
iyos. _ romanuli enebidan mxolod sasuliero wodebisgan
momdinare espanur "vocation"-s aqvs raRacisadmi Sinagani
"mowodebis" gagebiT, germanuli sityvis mniSvnelobis
nawilobriv Sesatyvisi Seferiloba, magram is arasodes ar
aRniSnavs "profesias" garegnuli mniSvnelobiT. bibliis
romanul TargmanebSi espanuri vocation, italiuri vocazione
da chiamamento
aqve gansaxilveli luTeriseuli da
kalvinisturi
sityvaTxmarebis
nawilobriv
Sesatyvisi
mniSvnelobiT
Cveulebisamebr gamoiyeneba
mxolod
axalaRTqmiseuli -is, anu saxarebiseuli sulis
maradiuli xsnisken mowodebis saTargmnelad, ris Sesatyviss
vulgataSi "vocatio" warmoadgens. (ucnauria adre miTiTebul
naSromSi brentanos msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos es, Cems
mier sakuTari mosazrebis
gasamyareblad moxmobili
garemoeba imis dadasturebas warmoadgendes, rom "mowodebis"
cneba
misi
reformaciisSemdgomi
mniSvnelobiT
adrec
arsebobda. magram saubari xom amaze ar aris: unda
yofiliyo Targmnili sityviT "vocatio", magram sad da rodis
ixmareboda is Sua saukuneebSi Cveni gagebiT? am Targmanis
arsebobis faqti da sityvis saero mniSvnelobis ararseboba,
Tavad Targmanis arsebobis faqtis miuxedavad, warmoadgens
swored
Cveni
mosazrebis
dadasturebas).
magaliTad,

77

"chiamamento"- s iyenebs am wesiT XV saukunis bibliis

italiuri Targmani, romelic dabeWdilia gamocemaSi:
Collezione di opere e rare, Bologna, 1887,
"vocazione "- esTan
erTad, romelsac bibliis Tanamedrove italiuri Targmanebi
iyeneben. amis sapirispirod, germanuli sityvis "Beruf",
Semosavlis
miRebis
mizniT
regularuli
saqmianobis
garegnul, saero mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli sityvebi
romanul enebSi, rogorc leqsikuri masalidan, ise Cemi
Zvirfasi
megobris
profesor
baistis
(fraiburgi)
safuZvliani
gamokvlevidanac
gamomdinareobs,
aranair
religiur anabeWds ar atareben, ganurCevlad imisa, aqvT Tu
ara maT sityvebis ministerium an officium msgavsad,
Tavdapirveli garkveuli eTikuri Seferiloba, Tu msgavsad
sityvebisa ars, professio, implicare (impiego) amgvar movlenas
imTaviTve
ar
icnobdnen.
ieso
ziraqidan
dasawyisSi
moxseniebuli adgilebi, romelTac luTeri Targmnis rogorc
"Beruf", frangulad iTargmneba rogorc v. 20 office, v. 21
labeur ( kalvinisturi Targmani), espanurad v. 20 obra, v. 21
lugar
(vulgatas mixedviT), axal TargmanebSi: "posto"
(protestantuli). romanuli qveynebis protestantebma, maTi
mcirericxovanebis gamo, ver moaxerxes, Tumca maT es arc
ki ucdiaT, iseTi sityvaTSemoqmedebiTi zegavlena moexdinaT
enaze, rogorc es luTerma moaxdina jer kidev naklebad
akademiurad racionalizirebul germanul kanceliariaTa
enaze.
55)
augsburgis
aRmsareblobaSi
es
cneba
mxolod
nawilobriv ganviTarda da implicituradaa mocemuli. roca
muxli XVI (ix. koldes gamocema gv.43) mogviwodebs:
"vinaidan saxareba ... ki ar anadgurebs saero mmarTvelobas,
policias da qorwinebas, aramed surs, rom es yvelaferi
SenarCunebuli iqnes rogorc RvTiuri wesrigi da mis
farglebSi yovelma adamianma daamtkicos qristianuli
siyvaruli da qmnas keTili saqmeebi, misi profesiis
Sesabamisad" (laTinurad es ase JRers: et in talibus
ordinationibus exercere caritatem" eod. S. 42), aqedan gamomdinare
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom gvmarTebs zemdgomTa morCileba, da
rom "Beruf" cneba aq pirvel rigSi obieqtur wesrigad
moiazreba I kor. 7, 20-is gagebiT. xolo muxli XXVII

78

(koldesTan gv. 83 qveviT) "Beruf"-ze (laTinurad: in

vocatione sua) saubrobs mxolod RvTis mier dawesebul
wodebebTan kavSirSi: samRvdeloeba, mmarTvelni, TavadTa da
batonTa wodeba da msgavsi; oRond amas germanulad mxolod
konkordansis wigni Seicavs, maSin, rodesac pirvel germanul
gamocemaSi es fraza ar Sesula.
mxolod muxli XXVI (kolde gv. 81) frazaSi ...
"xorcis gvema RvTis wyalobis mopovebas ki ar unda
emsaxurebodes, aramed xorcis ise marjve yofas, rom man ar
SeuSalos xeli imaSi, rac adamians misi mowodebis Tanaxmad
(laTinurad: juxta vocationem suam)
aqvs nabrZanebi", _
gamoiyeneba es sityva Cveni dRevandeli cnebis momcveli
mniSvnelobiT.
56) bibliis luTeriseul Targmanamde , rogorc amas mowmobs
leqsikonebi da kolegebic batonebi braune da hoopsi
Tavazianad gvidastureben,
sityva "Beruf,"holandiurad:
"beroeop", inglisurad: "calling", daniurad: "kald" , Svedurad:
"kallelse", arc erT enaSi, romlebic mas axla Seicaven, ar
gvxvdeba
Cveni dRevandeli saero mniSvnelobiT. sityva
"Beruf"-is
msgavsi
JReradobis
saSualozemogermanuli,
saSualoqvemogermanuli da saSualoniderlanduri sityvebi
aRniSnaven
"Ruf"-xmobas
misi
dRevandeli
germanuli
mniSvnelobiT, agreTve sityvis "Berufung" (= Vokation)
CaTvliT, rac gviani Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi uflebamosili
piris mier kandidatis "moxmobas" gulisxmobda sasuliero
Tanamdebobaze _ esaa is specifikuri SemTxveva, romelic
skandinaviuri
enebis
leqsikonebSic
gamorCeuladaa
aRniSnuli. sityvis am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT iyenebs mas
drodadro luTeric. oRond rac ar unda sasikeTod
wasdgomoda am sityvis specifikuri gamoyeneba mis gviandel
interpretacias, Tanamedrove "mowodebis"- cnebis ("Beruf")
Semoqmedad (enobrivi TvalsazrisiTac) bibliis Targmanebi
rCeba da mxolod taulerTan (+ 1361) SeiZleba im
wanamZRvrebis povna, razec mogvianebiT iqneba saubari. yvela
enam, romelmac bibliis protestantuli Targmanis gavlena
ganicada, Seqmna es sityva, xolo im enebSi, romelTac es ar
ganucdiaT, (msgavsad romanuli enebisa) amgvari sityva an
saerTod ar gvxvdeba an Tu gvxvdeba, mas ara aqvs

79

dRevandeli mniSvneloba.
luTeri sityviT "Beruf" Targmnis or Tavdapirvelad
sruliad gansxvavebul cnebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi esaa pavle
mociquliseuli RvTis mier maradiuli xsnisken
mowodebis mniSvnelobiT. amas ganekuTvneba: I kor. 1: 26;
efes. 1: 18; 4: 1_4; 2Tes. 1: 11; ebr. 3: 1; 2. petr. 1:10.
yvela am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs mowodebis im religiur
cnebasTan, romelic RvTis mier mociqulis meSveobiT
gacxadebuli
saxarebiT
xdeba,
da
cnebas
iotisodenadac
araferi
aqvs
saerTo
saero
"profesiebTan" dRevandeli gagebiT. luTeriseuli germanuli
bibliebi
am
SemTxvevaSi
iyeneben
sityvas
"ruffunge"
(magaliTad, haidelbergis biblioTekis yvela inkunabulaSi)
an gamoTqmis: "von Gott geruffet" nacvlad iyeneben gamoTqmas
"von Gott gefordert". _ meore SemTxvevaSi, rogorc adreve
aRvniSneT, wina SeniSvnaSi moyvanili ieso ziraqis Zis
sityvebs
septuagintaseul
TargmanSi:
da
igi
Targmnis rogorc "damkvidrdi Sens xelobaSi" da "darCi
Sens xelobaSi", nacvlad: darCi Sens samuSaosTan, da Semgomi
periodis (avtorizirebuli) bibliis kaTolikuri Targmanebi
(magaliTad, flaiSiuciseuli, fulda 1781) am SemTxvevaSi
(iseve rogorc axali aRTqmiseul pasaJebSi) mas ubralod
emyarebian.am ziraqiseuli pasaJis luTeris Targmani,
ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, pirveli SemTxvevaa, roca
germanuli sityva "Beruf" mTlianad misi dRevandeli wminda
saero mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli. ( winamorbed Segonebas V. 20: _igi Targmnis rogorc
"darCi RvTis sityvaSi", miuxedavad imisa, rom ziraqiseuli
adgilebi 14: 1 da 43: 10 aCveneben, rom _ ebrauli gamoTqmis
, romelsac (Talmudis citatebis mixedviT) ziraqi
iyenebs, Sesabamis _ -s sinamdvileSi Cveni "Beruf"
(xelobis) msgavsi, kerZod "xvedris" an "dakisrebuli
samuSaos" mniSvneloba unda hqondes). sityva "Beruf"
gviandeli da dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT, rogorc aRvniSneT,
manamde ar arsebobda germanul enaSi, arc, ramdenadac
CemTvis cnobilia, bibliis Zveli mTargmnelebisa da
mqadageblebis leqsikaSi. luTeramdeli germanuli bibliebi

80

ziraqiseul adgils Targmnian rogorc "saqmes" (Werk).

bertold regensburgeli Tavis qadagebebSi, yvelgan, sadac
Cven "mowodebas" vityodiT,
axsenebs sityvas "samuSao"
(Arbeit).
amrigad sityvaTxmarebis wesi igivea, rogorc
antikurobaSi. pirveli, jerjerobiT CemTvis cnobili
nawyveti, sadac marTalia ara "Beruf", aramed "Ruf" (rogorc
Targmani) gamoiyeneba wminda saero saqmianobisTvis,
gvaqvs tauleris mSvenier qadagebaSi efes. 4 Sesaxeb
(bazelis gamocema. 117 V): romelic glexebze mogviTxrobs,
niadagSi "nakeli rom SeaqvT" da tauleri Tvlis, rom isini
xSirad ufro sworad iqcevian "rameTu ubralod TavianT
mowodebas misdeven, vidre sasuliero pirni, romlebic
TavianT mowodebas arad agdeben". am sityvas am mniSvnelobiT
saero enaSi ar SeuRwevia. da imis miuxedavad, rom
dasawyisSi luTeriseuli sityvaTxmareba (ix. Werke, Erl.
Ausg. 51, S. 51) meryeobs "Ruf"- sa da "Beruf"- s Soris,
uSualod tauleriseuli zegavlena mTlad ueWveli araa,
TumcaRa
swored
am
qadagebaze
zogierTi
miniSneba,
magaliTad, "qristianis TavisuflebaSic" mogvepoveba. saqme
isaa, rom wminda saero mniSvnelobiT taulerisagan
gansxvavebiT
luTers
es
sityva
Tavdapirvelad
ar
gamouyenebia
(ase
migvaCnia,
deniflis
mosazrebis
sawinaaRmdegod, luTeri, gv. 163).
cxadia ziraqiseuli rCeva, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar
miviRebT
RvTisadmi
rwmenis
zogad
Segonebas,
septuagintaseul variantSi ar Seicavs saero "profesiuli"
saqmianobis araviTar specifikur religiur Sefasebas
(gamoTqma jafa, damaxinjebul meore nawyvetSi umal
amis sapirispiro movlena iqneboda, damaxinjebuli rom ar
yofiliyo). rasac ieso ziraqi ambobs, ubralod fsalmunis
(fsalm. 37: 3) Segonebas: "daemkvidre qveyanaze da mwyemse
simarTle"_ Seesatyviseba, iseve rogorc es naTlad vlindeba
gafrTxilebaSic (muxli 21), ar daabrmavebino Tavi uRvToTa
saqmeebs, radgan RvTisTvis iolia Ratakis gamdidreba.
mxolod dasawisSi gakeTebuli gafrTxileba -Si darCenis
Sesaxeb
(muxli
20),
avlens
garkveul
naTesaobas
saxarebiseul
-Tan, magram swored aq ar gamoiyena
luTerma (berZnuli -sTvis) sityva "Beruf". sityva

81

"mowodebis" am or, aSkarad sruliad heterogenul

gamoyenebas Soris SemaerTebel xids luTerTan warmoadgens
nawyveti korinTelTa mimarT pirveli epistoledan da misi
Targmani.
luTerTan (gavrcelebul Tanamedrove gamocemebSi) is.
nawyveti, sadac es adgili gvxvdeba, ase JRers: (I kor. 7:
17) "... yvela moiqces ise, rogorc igi ixmo ufalma... (18)
"winadacveTilad ixmo vinme? nu emsgavseba winadaucveTels;
winadaucveTlad
ixmo
vinme?
nu
winadaicveTs.
(19)
winadacveTiloba araferia da winadaucveTelobac araferia;
mxolod RmrTis mcnebaTa dacvaa yvelaferi. (20) yvela
darCes imad, radac iqna xmobili (_
es, rogorc saidumlo mrCevelma a.merqsma miTxra, udao
hebraizmia, _ vulgataSi: in qua vocatione vocatus est). (21)
monad xar xmobili? nu swuxar. magram Tu SegiZlia moipovo
Tavisufleba, umalve isargeble amiT. (22) radganac mona,
uflis mier xmobili, Tavisufalia uflisa, iseve rogorc
Tavisuflad xmobili _ qristes monaa. (23) sasyidliTa
xarT nayidni. nu gaxdebiT monebi kacTa. (24) vinc ra
wodebiT aris xmobili, imadve darCes, Zmano, RmrTis winaSe."
29-e muxlSi Semdeg modis miTiTeba imaze, rom dro "cotaRa
darCa", rasac mosdevs kargad nacnobi, esqatologiuri
molodiniT (muxli 31) motivirebuli miTiTebebi, rom
colianebi ise iyvnen, rogorc ucoloni, da myidvelni,
rogorc aras mqoneni da a. S. 20-e muxlSi luTerma Zvel
germanul Targmanebze dayrdnobiT jer kidev 1523 wels am
Tavis egzegezSi Targmna rogorc "Ruf" (Erl. Ausgabe,
Bd. 51 S. %1) da ganmarta igi rogorc "mdgomareoba".
marTlac naTelia, rom am adgilze _ da mxolod am
adgilze _ sityva met-naklebad Seesatyviseba
laTinur "status" da germanul "Stand -s -mdgomareoba(ojaxuri mdgomareoba, monis mdgomareoba da a.S.). (magram
namdvilad ara "Beruf"-s Tanamedrove gagebiT, rogorc
brentano miiCnevs misi citirebuli Sromis 137 gverdze.
Zneli warmosadgenia, rom brentanos Tavad es nawyveti an is,
rasac me amis Sesaxeb vwer, dakvirvebiT waekiTxos). es
sityva, garkveulwilad mimsgavsebuli mniSvnelobiT, Tavisi
fuZiT
-sTan,
"moxmobil
TavyrilobasTan"

82

danaTesavebuli,
berZnul
literaturaSi,
ramdenadac
leqsikuri masala mowmobs, erTaderTxel gvxvdeba dionisius
halikarnaselTan, sadac is laTinur classis,
berZnul
nasesxobas, "moxmobil", gawveul moqalaqeTa qvedanayofs
Seesatyviseba. Teofilaqtosi (XI / XII saukuneebi) I kor. 7:
20-s
adgils
ase
ganmartavs:

(batonma kolega daismanma mimaqcevina amaze yuradReba). _

Cvens dRevandel "Beruf"-s arc am adgilze Seesabameba
. mas Semdeg, rac luTerma esqatologiurad
motivirebul SegonebaSi, rom yvela Tavis amJamindel
wodebaSi darCeniliyo, Targmna rogorc "Beruf",
mogvianebiT,
apokrifebis
Targmnisas,
ieso
ziraqis
tradicionalisturad da antiqrematistulad motivirebul
rCevaSi, rom yvela Tavis xelobaSi darCeniliyo, rCevadarigebis ukve TviT faqtobrivi msgavsebis gamo agreTve
zustad iseve Targmna rogorc "Beruf". (swored esaa
gadamwyveti da niSandoblivi. adgili I kor. 7: 17 saerTod
ar moiTxovs Targmnas "Beruf"-is mniSvnelobiT =
moRvaweobis SemosazRvruli sfero). amasobaSi (an SeiZleba
imavdrouladac) 1530 wels augsburgis konfesiaSi dadginda
protestantuli dogma kaTolikeTa mier saero zneobriobis
ugulebelyofis usargeblobis Sesaxeb da amasTan mimarTebaSi
gamoyenebuli iqna gamoTqma "yovels misi xelobis mixedviT"
(ix. winamdebare SeniSvna). es garemoeba da swored 30-ian
wlebSi luTeris mier wesrigis siwmindis sul ufro mzardi
dafaseba, romelSic calkeuli individia Cayenebuli, rac
cxovrebiseul calkeul wvrilmanebSic ki
RvTiuri
gangebisadmi misi sul ufro mkveTrad gamoxatuli rwmenidan
gamomdinareobda, amasTanave RvTis survilis Tanaxmad
samyaros wesrigis, rogorc Seucvladis, miRebisadmi misi
mzardi mzaoba, poulobs asxvas aq, luTeriseul TargmanSi.
"Vocatio"
Sua saukuneebis laTinurSi niSnavda wminda
cxovrebisadmi RvTis mier mowodebulobas, gansakuTrebiT
monasterSi da sasuliero pirTaTvis da es Seferiloba
miiRo luTerisaTvis, xsenebuli dogmis zewoliT, saero
"profesiulma" saqmianobamac. vinaidan axla is sityvebs
o da ieso ziraqis teqstSi Targmnis rogorc

83

"Beruf",
risTvisac uwin mxolod berebis Targmanidan
momdinare (laTinuri) analogia moipoveboda, maSin, rodesac
ramdenime wliT adre jer kidev solomoniseul igavebSi 22:
29 ebraul -s, romelic ieso ziraqis berZnuli
teqstis sityvas edo safuZvlad da germanuli
sityvis Beruf, skandinaviuri
kald , kallelse -s msgavsad
upiratesad
sasuliero
"mowodebidan"
gamomdinareobs,
Targmnis, iseve rogorc sxva adgilebSic (dab. 39, 11),
sityviT "Geschft", (LXX: vulgata: opus, inglisuri
bibliebi: business, Sesabamisad agreTve skandinaviuri da
yvela CemTvis xelmisawvdomi Targmani). amrigad mis mier
Cveni dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT sityvis "Beruf" Seqmna
Tavdapirvelad sruliad luTeranuli rCeboda. kalvinistebi
apokrifebs
arakanonikurad
miiCnevdnen.
luTeriseuli
mowodebis cneba maT mxolod im ganviTarebis gzis
dasasruls aRiares da xazgasmiT gamokveTes, romelmac
"Rirsad TviTgamovlenis" interesi wamoswia wina planze.
pirvel (romanul) TargmanebSi ki maT Sesabamisi sityva arc
moepovebodaT da arc imis Zala SeswevdaT, rom is, ukve
stereotipulad Camoyalibebuli, enis sityvaTxmarebaSi
SemoetanaT.
"mowodebis" cneba Tavisi dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT
ukve XVI saukunis arasaeklesio literaturaSi imkvidrebs
adgils. luTeramde bibliis mTargmnelebi sityvisTvis
iyenebdnen cnebas Berufung (magaliTad, 1462 / 1466,
1485 wlebis haidelbergis inkunabulebi), 1537 wlis
ekiseul ingolStadtur TargmanSi naTqvamia: "in dem Ruf,
worin er beruft ist". Semdgomi periodis kaTolikuri Targmanebi
ZiriTadad uSualod luTers mihyvebian. inglisSi yvelaze
pirvelad uiklifiseul bibliis TargmanSi (1382) vxvdebiT
sityvas
"cleping"
(Zvelinglisuri
sityva,
romelic
mogvianebiT nasesxebi sityviT "calling" Seicvala), _ anu
sityva,
romelic
Seesabameboda
gviani
reformaciis
sityvaTxmarebas,
rac
damaxasiaTebelia
lolardTa
eTikisaTvis. amis sapirispirod 1534 wlis tindaliseuli
Targmani ideis wodebriv interpretacias Seicavs: "in the same
state wherein he was called", iseve, rogorc 1557 wlis Jenevis
Targmani. 1539 wlis oficialurma kranmeriseulma Targmanma

84

"state" Secvala sityviT "calling", Tumca niSandoblivia, rom

vulgataze dayrnobiT, 1582 wlis (kaTolikuri) reimsis
biblia iseve, rogorc elisabedis epoqis sakaro anglikanuri
bibliebi
ubrundebian
sityvas
"vocation". is,
rom
inglisisTvis
bibliis
kranmeriseuli
Targmani
iqca
puritanuli cnebis "calling" wyarod profesiis = trade
mniSvnelobiT, jer kidev mereim (ix. zeviT) SeniSna metad
zustad. ukve XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi gamoiyeneba calling am
mniSvnelobiT, ukve 1588 wels saubrobdnen "unlawful callings"
(ukanono profesiebis) Sesaxeb, 1603 wels "greater callings"
"umaRlesi" profesiebis mniSvnelobiT da a. S. (ix. merei).
(metad ucnauria brentanos mosazreba (iqve, gv. 139), rom
Sua saukuneebSi sityvas "vocation" ar Targmnidnen rogorc
"profesias" da am cnebas arc icnobdnen, radgan mxolod
TavisufalT SeiZleba hqondeT "profesia", xolo Tavisufali
adamianebi maSin _ samoqalaqo profesiebSi _ ar arsebobdnen.
vinaidan Suasaukuneobrivi mewarmeobis mTeli sazogadoebrivi
agebuleba antikurobis sapirispirod Tavisufal Sromaze iyo
dafuZnebuli da pirvel rigSi vaWrebi TiTqmis yvelani
Tavisufalni iyvnen, CemTvis amgvari msjeloba mTlad
gasagebi ar aris).
57) amasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. k. kregeris metad yuradsaRebi
gamokvleva: "Die Anschauung Luthers vom Beruf" (Gieen 1900),
romlis albaT erTaderT xarvezs, iseve rogorc yvela
RvTismetyvel avtorTan, warmoadgens cnebis "lex naturae"
(bunebrivi wesrigi) analizis arasakmarisi sicxade. (amasTan
dakavSirebiT ix. e. troelCis recenzia zeebergis wignze /
Seeberg, Dogmengeschichte, Gtt. Gel. Anz. 1902 / da
gansakuTrebiT
Sesabamisi
nawilebi
misi
qristianuli
eklesiis "socialuri moZRvrebebidan").
58) vinaidan, rodesac Toma akvineli adamianTa wodebriv da
profesionalur dayofas warmoaCens, rogorc RvTiuri
gangebis namoRvawars, amiT sazogadoebis obieqturi kosmosi
igulisxmeba. is, rom calkeuli individi erT gansazRvrul
konkretul "xelobas" (Cveni terminologiiT rom vTqvaT,
Toma akvineli ki amas ministerium an officium-s uwodebs)
irCevs, amis mizezi "causea naturales" ("bunebriv mizezebSia")
saZiebeli. Quaest. quodlibetal. VII art. 17 c: "Haec autem

85

diversificatio hominum in diversis officiis contingit primo ex divina

providentia, quae ita hominum status distribuit, ... secundo etiam ex
causis naturalibus, ex quibus contingit, quod in diversis hominibus
sunt diversae inclinationes ad diversa officia ..." ("adamianTa dayofa
sxvadasxva profesiis mixedviT jer erTi, ganpirobebulia
RvTiuri gangebiT ... meore ki bunebrivi mizezebiT, romelTac
gansazRvres is, rom sxvadasxva adamianebi sxvadasxva
profesiebisadmi arian midrekilni...") zustad aseve gamodis
magaliTad, paskalic im debulebidan, rom SemTxveviToba
ganapirobebs profesiis arCevans (Sdr. paskalis Sesaxeb: A.
Kster, Die Ethik Pascals, 1907).
"organuli" religiuri
eTikebidan am TvalsazrisiT mxolod yvelaze Caketil indur
eTikaSia sxvagvari mdgomareoba.
profesiis Tomisturi
gagebis dapirispirebuloba protestantul (da imTaviTve
axlo monaTesave ufro gviani periodis luTeranul)
gagebasTan,
metadre
gangebis
faqtoris
gamorCeulad
aqcentirebisas imdenad aSkaraa, rom amjerad sakmarisia
zemoTmoyvanil citatas davjerdeT. Toma akvinelis Sesaxeb
ix.: Maurenbrecher,
Thomas von Aquinos Stellung zum
Witschaftsleben seiner Zeit, 1898.
iq, sadac calkeul
SemTxvevebSi
luTeris
pozicia
TiTqosda
Toma
akvineliseuls emTxveva, saqme umal sazogadod sqolastikur
moZRvrebas exeba, vidre konkretulad Toma akvinelis
gavlenas. radganac deniflis dasabuTebidan Cans, rom igi
Toma akvinels marTlac mTlad kargad ar icnobda (ix.:
Denifle, Luther und Luthertum,
1903, S. 501 da amasTan
dakavSirebiT Khler, Ein Wort zu Denifles Luther, 1904, S. 25 f.).
59) "qristianis TavisuflebaSi" saubaria 1. adamianis "orgvar
bunebaze" saero movaleobebis
lex naturae (aq =samyaris
bunebrivi wesrigis) mniSvnelobiT, (Erl. Ausg. 27 S. 188) rac
gamomdinareobs iqedan, rom adamiani faqtiurad Tavis
sxeulze da socialur garemozea mijaWvuli. 2. amasTan
uSualodaa dakavSirebuli meore dasabuTeba, rom am
situaciaSi miiRebs adamiani, Tuki is morwmune qristiania,
gadawyvetilebas (gv. 196), rom wminda siyvarulidan
momdinare RvTiuri madlis Sewevnas moyvasis siyvaruliT
miuzRos. "rwmenisa" da "siyvarulis" am metad aramyar
kavSirs gadaebmeba 3. (gv. 190) Zveli asketuri dasabuTeba,

86

romlis Tanaxmadac Sroma aris is saSualeba, romelic

"Sinagan" adamians xorcze batonobas moapovebinebs. _ 4.
aqedan gamomdinare, Sroma yofila, _ ase grZeldeba amasTan
dakavSirebiT msjeloba da aq kvlav iCens Tavs saxecvlili
formiT lex naturae - s idea (aq = bunebrivi zneobrioba), _
jer kidev adamisTvis (codviT dacemamde) damaxasiaTebeli,
RvTis mier misTvis STanergili instinqti, rasac igi
"mxolod RvTis saameblad" ahyva. _ da bolos 5. (gv. 161 da
199) maTes saxarebaze (7: 18) dayrdnobiT Cndeba idea, rom
gamrje profesiuli Sroma yofila da kidevac unda
yofiliyo rwmeniT sulSTaberili axali cxovrebis Sedegi,
oRond ise, rom mis safuZvelze kalvinizmisTvis gadamwyveti
"Rirsad TviTgamovlenis" idea ar ganviTarebula. _ im
mgznebare suliskveTebiT, romliTac gamsWvalulia es
teqsti, aixsneba egzom heterogenuli cnebiTi elementebis
gamoyeneba.
60) "yasbis, xabazis an glexis keTilganwyobilebaze ki ar
vamyarebT Cveni sadilis miRebis imedebs, aramed maTi mxriT
mogebiT dainteresebze; Cven apelirebas vaxdenT ara maT
moyvasisadmi siyvarulis grZnobaze, aramed maT TavkerZobaze,
da arasodes velaparakebiT maT Cvens moTxovnilebebze,
aramed mudam maT mogebaze." (W. of N. I, 2.)
61) Omnia enim per te operabitur (Deus), mulgebit per te vaccam et
servilissima quaque opera faciet, ac maxima pariter et minima ipsi
grata erunt. (Exegese der Genesis, Op. lat. exeg. ed. Elsperger VII,
213). "yvelaferi xom Seni (RvTis) nebis Tanaxmad xdeba.
Zroxasac wvelian da yvelaze umniSvnelo saqmes asruleben,
da yvela saqme, rogorc diadi, ise umciresi, Tanabaria Sens
winaSe." luTeramde am azrs vxvdebiT taulerTan, romelic
sasuliero
da
saero
"mowodebas"
Rirebulebrivi
TvalsazrisiT principulad aTanasworebs. Tomizmisadmi
dapirispirebuloba germanuli mistikisa da luTerisaTvis
saerTo maxasiaTebelia. calkeul formulirebebSi es
imgvarad vlindeba, rom Toma akvineli _ metadre
mWvretelobis zneobrivi Rirebulebis SesanarCuneblad,
magram amavdroulad mokalmase beris poziciidan _
iZulebuli Seiqna pavle mociquliseuli frazis: "vinc ar
muSaobs, man arc unda Wamos", imgvari interpretacia
moexdina, ris Tanaxmadac Sroma, romelic lege naturae

87

ucilobelia, kacTa modgmas ekisreba sazogadod da ara

yovel calkeul adamians. Sromis SefasebaSi glexTa "opera
servilia"-dan
(mdabali
movaleobani)
moyolebuli
aRmamimarTuli gradacia aris is, rac dakavSirebulia
materialuri mizezebis gamo qalaqze, rogorc sacxovrebel
adgilze, mijaWvuli mowyalebis mTxovneli bermonazvnobis
specifikur xasiaTTan da igi iseve ucxoa germaneli
mistikosebisaTvis,
rogorc
luTerisTvis,
romlebic
profesiaTa Tanafardi Sefasebisas wodebrivi dayofis
RvTisTvis sasurvelobas usvamdnen xazs. _ amasTan
dakavSirebuli yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Toma akvineliseuli
adgilebi ix. maurenbrexerTan wignSi: Thomas von Aquinos
Stellung zum Wirtschaftsleben seiner Zeit (Leipzig 1898, S. 65 f.).
62) miT ufro gasakviria, rom calkeul mkvlevars hgonia,
TiTqos amgvar siaxles adamianTa qcevisaTvis ukvalod
SeuZlia Caiaros. unda vaRiaro, rom es ar mesmis.
63) "pativmoyvareoba ise Rrmadaa adamianTa gulebSi
fesvgadgmuli, rom mejinibe, mzareulis xelis biWi, kurtnis
muSac ki trabaxiT Tavs iwonebs da Tayvanismcemlebs eZebs..."
(Fauge`res Ausgabe I, 208, vgl. Kster a.a.O. 17, S. 136 ff.). porroialisa da iansenizmis principuli damokidebulebis
Sesaxeb "profesiis" mimarT, rasac mogvianebiT mokled kvlav
SevexebiT, Sdr. am etapze doqtor paul honigshaimis
SesaniSnavi naSromi
(Dr. Paul Honigsheim) "Die Staats- und
Soziallehren der franzsischen Jansenisten im 17. Jahrhundert"
(Heidelberger historische Dissertation 1914, esaa "safrangeTis
ganmanaTleblobis winaistoriis" Sesaxeb ("Vorgeschichte der
franzsischen Aufklrung")Dvrceli naSromis nawili. gans. Sdr.
gv. 138 da Semdg.).
64) fugerebTan dakavSirebiT igi ambobs: "roca
erTi
adamianis sicocxleSi aseTi didi da mefuri qonebis moxveWa
xdeba, es mTlad wesieri da RvTisnieri gziT ar unda
xdebodes". esaa Tavisi arsiT glexuri undobloba kapitalis
mimarT. aseve zneobrivad saeWvod miaCnia mas ijara-Sesyidvac,
vinaidan es "axali, sul axlaxan gamogonili saqmea" (Gr.
Sermon v. Wucher, Erl. Ausg. 20 S. 109), _ radgan es
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT misTvis iseve gaumWvirvalia,
rogorc Tanamedrove sasuliero pirisTvis sakredito-

88

savaWro garigebebi.
65) es winaaRmdegobrioba zedmiwevniT zustadaa gaSuqebuli
h. levis naSromSi (H. Levy, "Die Grundlagen des konomischen
Liberalismus in der Geschichte der englischen Volkswirtschaft",
Jena 1912). Sdr. agreTve, magaliTad, kromvelis jarSi
Semaval levelerTa 1653 wlis peticia monopoliebisa da
kompaniebis winaaRmdeg wignSi: Gardiner. History of the
Commonwealth, 1894-1901, II, p. 179. lodis reJimi ki amis
sapirispirod iswrafvoda mefisa da eklesiis mier marTuli
"qristianul-socialuri"
sameurneo
organizaciisaken,
saidanac mefe politikur da fiskalur-monopolistur
sargebels moeloda. swored amis winaaRmdeg iyo puritanTa
brZola mimarTuli.
66) Tu ra igulisxmeba amiT, amis ganmarteba irlandielTa
mimarT im manifestis magaliTze SeiZleba, romliTac
kromvelma 1650 wlis ianvarSi maTi gamanadgurebeli omi
wamoiwyo
da
romelic
irlandiuri
(kaTolikuri)
samRvdeloebis 1649 wlis 4 da 13 dekembris klonmaknoizis
manifestebis pasuxs warmoadgenda. ZiriTadi debulebebi
Semdegia: "Englishmen had good inheritances which many of them
purchased with their money ... they had good leases from Irishmen
for long time to come, great stocks thereupon, houses and plantations
erected at their cost and charge ... You broke the union ... at a time
when Ireland was in perfect peace and when through the example of
English industry, through commerce and traffic, that which was in
the nations hands was better to them if all Ireland had been in their
possession .. Is God, will God be with you? I am confident he will
not." (ingliselebi /irlandiaSi/ karg mamulebs flobdnen,
mravali maTgani fuliTaa SeZenili... isini grZelvadiani
ijariT flobdnen irlandielTa miwebs, saxlebsa da
mindvrebs, Seqmnils maT xarjze da maTi saxsrebiT. Tqven
daarRvieT kavSiri ... im momentSi, rodesac irlandiaSi
mSvidoba sufevda da rodesac ingliselTa mibaZviT,
vaWrobisa da aReb-micemobis wyalobiT irlandielma xalxma
imaze did sikeTes miaRwia, vidre amas mTel irlandiaze
batonoba moutanda mas ... TqvenTan ars ki RmerTi, iqneba ki
TqvenTan RmerTi? darwmunebuli var, rom ara.) es manifesti,
burebis winaaRmdeg omis periodis mowinave werils rom
mogvagonebs, imitom ki ar aris niSandoblivi, rom aq

89

ingliselTa kapitalisturi "interesi" omis samarTlebriv

mizezadaa warmoCenili, _ es bunebrivia, SeiZleboda, vTqvaT,
aRmosavleTSi interesTa sferos ganvrcobasTan dakavSirebiT
veneciasa da genuas Soris warmarTul molaparakebebSic
aseve savsebiT dasaSveb argumentad yofiliyo gamoyenebuli
(rasac brentano gv. 142 _ miuxedavad imisa, rom amaze
yuradReba me Tavad gavamaxvile _ sruliad gasaocrad Cems
sawinaaRmdego argumentad ayenebs). aramed am dokumentis
Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kromveli _ da
nebismierma, vinc ki mis xasiaTs icnobs, icis, Tu raoden
Rrma subieqturi darwmunebulobiT _ irlandielTa mimarT
maTi dapyrobis zneobriv gamarTlebas RvTis saxelis
moxmobiT im garemoebaze afuZnebs, rom inglisurma kapitalma
irlandielebs Sromis unari Camouyaliba. _ (es manifesti
karlailis wignis garda dabeWdili da gaanalizebulia
gardineris Sromis History of the Commonwealth, I, p. 163
nawyvetSic da misi povna aseve SesaZlebelia kromvelis
Sesaxeb hionigis wignis germanul TargmanSic).
67) am sakiTxis ufro metad ganvrcobisaTvis amis adgili aq
jer ar aris. Sdr. ori komentaris gamotovebiT citirebuli
avtorebi.
68) ix. iulixeris mSvenieri wignis Gleichnisreden Jesu, Band
II S. 636, S. 108 f. komentarebi.
69) momdevno sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Sdr..: pirvel rigSi
kvlav egeriseuli gamokvleva miTiTebul naSromSi. ukve aqve
unda
iqnes
miTiTebuli
Snekenburgeris
naSromze
(Schneckenburger, Vergleichende Darstellung des lutherischen und
reformierten Lehrbegriffes, herausgegeben von Gder, Stuttgart
1855) , romelic dResac ar moZvelebula. (luTardtiseuli
luTeris eTikis, gv.84, pirveli gamocema, romelic me xelT
mqonda, ganviTarebis WeSmarit suraTs ar iZleva). Semdeg
Sdr. Seeberg, Dogmengeschichte Bd. II, S. 262 qveviT. _
aranairi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia statias "Beruf" gamocemaSi:
Realenzyklopdie f. protestantische Theologie und Kirche,
romelic cnebisa da misi genezisis mecnieruli analizis
nacvlad aTasgvar sakmaod zerele SeniSvnebs Seicavs nairnair, vTqvaT qalebTan dakavSirebul da misTana sakiTxebze .
_ luTeris Sesaxeb nacionalur-ekonomikuri literaturidan
dasaxelebuli unda iqnas Semdegi Sromebi: Schmoller,

90

Geschichte der nationalkonomischen Ansichten in Deutschland

whrend der Reformationszeit, Zeitschrift fr Staatswissenschaft.
XVI, 1860; Wiskemann, Preisschrift (1861); G. Ward, Darstellung
und Wrdigung von Luthers Ansichten vom Staat und seinen
wirtschaftlichen Aufgaben, Conrads Abhandlung, XXI, Jena 1898.
reformaciis saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT SesaniSnavi gamokvlevebi luTerze,
Tu ar vcdebi, am gansakuTrebuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb arafer
arsebiTad axals ar Seicavs. luTeriseul (da luTeranul)
socialur eTikasTan mimarTebaSi, cxadia, pirvel rigSi
mosaZiebelia Sesabamisi adgilebi trolCiseuli "socialuri
moZRvrebidan".
70) korinTelTa mimarT pirveli epistoles meSvide Tavis
interpretacia (Erl. Ausg. 1523, 51 S. I f.) . aq luTeri "yvela
xelobis" Tavisuflebis ideas teqstis am adgilTan
dakavSirebiT jer kidev imgvarad ganmartavs, rom amis
safuZvelze 1.uaryofil unda iqnas yovelgvari adamianuri
ganCineba (bermonazvnuli aRTqma, Sereuli qorwinebis
akrZalva da a.S.) 2. dabejiTebiT STanergil unda iqnes
(RvTis winaSe TavisTavad indiferentuli) moyvasis mimarT
nakisri
saero
valdebulebebis
Sesruleba,
rogorc
moyvasisadmi siyvarulis mcnebis aRsruleba. sinamdvileSi ki
yvelaze niSandobliv gansjaSi ix. mag. gv. 55, 56 saqme exeba
lex naturae-s dualizms RvTiuri samarTlianobis winaSe.
71) Sdr. zombartis mier sruliad marTebulad "xelosnuri
suliskveTebis"
(=
tradicionalizmi)
sakuTari
gamokvlevisaTvis epigrafad wamZRvarebuli adgili luTeris
teqstidan Von Kaufhandlung und Wucher ("vaWrobisa da
mevaxSeobis Sesaxeb" 1524): "amitomac unda eswrafode, rom
amgvar vaWrobaSi sazrdos garda sxvas arafers eZiebde, amis
mixedviT angariSobde da gamoiTvlide xarjs, jafas, Sromas
da risks, da amrigad, saqonelsac amis mixedviT adebde,
auwevde an aklebde fass, raTa amgvari Sromisa da garjis
sazRauri miiRo". es principi sruliad Tomisturi azriTaa
Camoyalibebuli.
72) ukve h. fon Sternbergisadmi miweril werilSi,
romelSic 1530 wels luTeri am ukanasknels
117-e
fsalmunis
miseul
egzegezas
uZRvnis,
(dabali)
aristokratiis "wodeba" misi zneobrivi gadagvarebulobis

91

miuxedavad RvTis mier ganCinebulad miiCneva (Erl. Ausg. 40

S. 282 qveviT). am werilidan (gv. 282 zeviT) naTlad Cans,
Tu raoden gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda msgavsi azris
CamoyalibebisaTvis
miunceris
mier
marTuli
masebis
mRelvarebebs. Sdr. agreTve egeris moxseniebuli naSromi gv.
150.
73) aseve 111-e fsalmunis muxli 5 da 6 (Erl. Ausg. 40 S.
215 da 216) interpretaciisas 1530 wels amosaval punqtad
aRebulia polemika saero wesrigis mimarT monastrebisaTvis
upiratesobis miniWebis winaaRmdeg. oRond amjerad lex
naturae (kaizerisa da iuristTa mier Sekowiwebuli
pozitiuri samarTlis sapirispirod) uSualod "RvTiuri
samarTlianobis" identuria: is RvTis mieraa dadgenili da,
pirvel yovlisa, xalxis wodebriv dayofas moicavs (gv. 215
abzaci 2), TumcaRa, amavdroulad, dabejiTebiT xazgasmulia
RvTis winaSe wodebaTa Tanasworoba.
74) rogorc amas pirvel rigSi "Von Konzilien und Kirchen"
("saeklesio krebaTa da eklesiaTa Sesaxeb", 1539) da "Kurzes
Bekenntnis vom Heiligen Sakrament" ("mokle aRsareba wminda
SemowirulebaTa Sesaxeb", 145) gvaswavlis.
75) Tu raoden ukana planze rCeba luTerTan CvenTvis
esoden mniSvnelovani, kalvinizmis gamsWvalavi, qristianis
mier
profesiul
saqmianobasa
da
qcevaSi
Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis idea, amas mowmobs adgili teqstidan "Von
Konzilien und Kirchen" (Erl. Ausg. 25 S. 376 qveviT): "im Svidi
ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblis
garda"
(romelTa
mixedviTac
WeSmariti eklesia Seicnoba) aris kidev garegnuli niSnebi,
romelTa meSveobiTac wminda qristianuli eklesia Seicnoba,
... Tuki Cven ara varT garyvnilni da loTebi, ampartavanni,
qedmaRalni, fufunebis moyvarulni, aramed varT ubiwoni,
znekeTilni, fxizelni". es niSnebi luTeris Tanaxmad
imitomac ar arian ise utyuarni, rogorc "is pirvelni"
(wminda moZRvreba, locva da sxv.), "radgan mravali
warmarTi am saqmeebSi kargadaa gawafuli da zogjer ufro
wmindanadac ki gamoiyureba, vidre qristianebi". _ kalvinis
pirovnuli Tvalsazrisi, rogorc amas Semdgom ganvixilavT,
didad gansxvavebuli ar iyo, puritanizmisa ki namdvilad
gansxvavdeboda. qristiani luTerTan RmerTs udaod "in

92

vocatione"(Tavis mowodebaSi) da ara

"per vocationem"
(mowodebis meSveobiT) emsaxureba (ix.: Eger. S. 117 ff.). _
swored Rirsad TviTgamovlenis ideis (marTalia, umal misi
pietisturi, vidre kalvinisturi versiis) Tundac calkeuli
wanamZRvrebis povna SeiZleba germanel mistikosebTan (ix.
mag.
zeebergis
"dogmaTa
istoriaSi"
/Seeberg,
Dogmengeschichte/, S. 195 zeviT citirebuli zoizeseuli
adgili,
aseve
adre
citirebuli
tauleriseuli
gamonaTqvamebi), Tumc es yvelaferi wminda fsiqologiuri
Seferilobisaa.
76)
misi
saboloo
Tvalsazrisi,
rogorc
Cans,
Camoyalibebulia dabadebis wignis rig ganmartebebSi (Op. lat.
exeget. ed. Elsperger): Vol. IV p. 109: Neque haec fuit levis tentatio,
intentum esse suae vocationi et de aliis non esse curiosum ...
Paucissimi sunt, qui sua sorte vivant contenti ... (p. III eod.) Nostrum
autem est, ut vocanti Deo pareamus ... (p.112) Regula igitur haec
servanda est, ut unusquisque maneat in sua vocatione et suo dono
contentus vivat, de aliis autem non sit curiosus. (t. 4, gv. 109:
"araa ioli gamocda, misdio Sens mowodebas da yovelive
sxva danarCens yuradReba ar miaqcio ... Zalian cotaa iseTi,
vinc Tavisi xvedriT kmayofilia..."; gv. 111: "magram Cveni
saqmea _ davemorCiloT RvTis sityvas ..."; gv, 112: "amrigad,
daculi unda iqnas wesi: dae, yoveli adamiani darCes Tavis
mowodebaSi da icxovros imiT dakmayofilebulma, rac
naboZebi
aqvs,
sxva
yvelafris
mimarT
gulgrilad
ganwyobilma.") saboloo jamSi es savsebiT Seesabameba
tradicionalizmis Toma akvineliseul ganmartebas (th. V, 2
gen. 118 art. I c): Unde necesse est, quod bonum hominis circa ea
consistat in quadam mensura, dum scilicet homo ... quaerit habere
exteriores divitas, prout sunt necessariae ad vitam ejus secundum
suam conditionem. Et ideo in excessu hujus mensurae consistit
peccatum, dum scilicet aliquis supra debitum mondum vult eas vel
acquirere vel retinere, quod pertinet ad avaritiam.
("aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom sikeTe adamianisTvis mdgomareobs
zomierebaSi,
sanam
adamiani
miiswrafvis
materialuri
sikeTeebisken, ramdenadac isini aucilebelia im cxovrebis
wesisTvis, mis mdgomareobas rom Seesabameba. amitomac
zRvars gadasvla codvaa, vinaidan adamiani miiltvis ufro

93

metis mopovebis an SenarCunebisken, vidre es misTvis

aucilebelia, rasac siZunwemde mivyavarT"). sakuTari
wodebis Sesabamisi moTxovnilebiT gansazRvruli mogebisaken
swrafvis masStabis codvian gadametebas Toma akvineli
asabuTebs
gamomdinare
lex naturae-dan,
rogorc
es
materialuri sikeTeebisaken swrafvis mizanSi (ratio) vlindeba,
xolo luTeri ki RvTis gangebiT. rwmenisa da profesiis
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb luTerTan ix. agreTve v. VII p.
225: ... quando es fidelis, tum placent Deo etiam physica, carnalia,
animalia, officia, sive edas, sive bibas, sive vigiles, sive dormias,
quae mere corporalia et animalia sunt. Tanta res est fides ... Verum
est quidem, placere Deo etiam in impiis sedultatem et industriam in
officio (amgvari aqtivoba profesiul saqmianobaSi warmoadgens
saTnoebas lege naturae). Sed obstat incredulitas et vana gloria, ne
possint opera sua referre ad gloriam Dei ( kalvinistur gansjaTa
Tanaxmierad) ... Merentur igitur etiam impiorum bona opera in hac
quidem vita praemia sua (winaaRmdegobrivoba avgustineseuli
"vita specie virtutum palliata" - s mimarT) sed non numerantur, non
colliguntur in altero. ("Tuki Sen gwams, RvTisTvis fizikuric
sasurvelia da sulieric, yvelaferi, rac ki samsaxurebrivi
movaleobis mizniT keTdeba; Wam Tu svam, fxizlob Tu
gZinavs, yvelaferi, rac ki dakavSirebulia xorcTan Tu
sulTan.
amgvaria
rwmena
..
marTalia,
RmerTisTvis
sasurvelia Tu ukeTurnic mondomebiTa da rudunebiT
asruleben TavianT movaleobebs; oRond urwmunoeba da
ampartavnoba maT abrkolebs RvTis sadideblad keTili
saqmeebis keTebaSi. ukeTurTa keTil saqmeebsac miezRoba
jildo, magram mxolod amqveyniur cxovrebaSi, ise, rom maT
ar moaqvT xsna saiqios").
77) saeklesio qadagebaTa krebulSi (Erl. Ausg. 10, S. 233,
235/6) naTqvamia: "TiToeuli adamiani raime mowodebisTvisaa
mowodebuli". am mowodebas (236 gverdze "brZanebazec" kia
saubari) unda elodos igi da amiT RmerTs emsaxuros.
RmerTs axarebs ara naRvawi, aramed morCilebis gamovlineba .
78)
am garemoebis Sesabamisia _ imis sapirispirod, rac
zeviT pietizmis gavlenis Sesaxeb iTqva muSa qalebis
mwarmoebelunarianobaze
_ drodadro
Tanamedrove
mewarmeTa
gancxadebebi imis Taobaze, rom magaliTad,

94

mkacrad eklesiuri luTerani Sinamrewvelebi, vTqvaT,

vestfaliaSi,
arc
Tu
iSviaTad
ukiduresad
tradicionalisturad azrovneben, Sromis wesis cvlilebis
mimarT _ maSinac ki roca saqme ar exeba fabrikul sistemaze
gadasvlas _ Semosavlis mosalodneli gazrdis macdunebeli
perspeqtivis miuxedavad uaryofiTad arian ganwyobilni da
amis dasasabuTeblad saiqioze miuTiTeben, sadac yvelaferi
xom isedac gaTanabrdeba. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom TavisTavad
eklesiurobisa da morwmuneobis faqti cxovrebis wesisaTvis
mTlianobaSi
gadamwyveti
araa:
umal
bevrad
ufro
konkretuli religiuri SinaarsiT datvirTulma sicocxlis
sazrisis zegavlenam iTamaSa gadamwyveti roli kapitalizmis
Camoyalibebisas, rac _ ufro SezRuduli formiT _ dResac
TamaSobs garkveul rols.
79) Sdr. Tauler, Basler Ausg. BI. 161 f.
80) Sdr. uCveulo zeaweuli ganwyobiT gamsWvaluli
tauleriseuli qadageba (a.a.O., Fol. 17. 18 v. 20).
81) vinaidan es am adgilas warmoadgens luTeris Sesaxeb
mocemuli SeniSvnebis erTaderT mizans, unda davjerdeT aseT
mwir naucbaTev monaxazs, rac, bunebrivia, luTeris
srulyofili
Sefasebis
TvalsazrisiT
verasgziT
damakmayofilebeli ver iqneba.
82) cxadia, vinc istoriis agebis levelerTa wess
gaiziarebda,
namdvilad
xelsayrel
mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndeboda, raTa es yvelaferi kvlavac rasobriv
gansxvavebulobamde daeyvana: maT (levelerebs), rogorc
anglosaqsTa
warmomadgenlebs,
swamdaT,
rom
TavianT
"birthright"
(pirmSoobis
uflebas)
icavdnen
vilhelm
dampyroblis CamomavlebTan da normanebTan dapirispirebaSi.
pirdapir gansacvifrebelia, am dromde rogor aravin Seecada
plebei
"roundheads"
(mrgvalTavianebi)
CvenTvis
anTropometruli gagebiT "mrgvalTavianebad" warmoeCina.
83) pirvel rigSi, ingliselTa erovnuli siamaye, Magna
Charta (didi qartiisa) da diadi omebis Sedegi. lamazi
ucxoeli gogonas danaxvisas warmoTqmuli dReisaTvis aseTi
tipiuri gamoTqma: "She looks like an English girl" ("is inglisel
gogonas hgavs") ukve XV saukunidan iRebs dasabams.
84) es gansxvavebebi, bunebrivia, inglisSic SenarCunebuli
iqna. saxeldobr "squirearchie" ("skvaeroba")
darCa Cvens

95

dRevandelobamde "merry old England" ("mxiaruli Zveli

inglisis") gansaxierebad da reformaciidan moyolebuli
mTeli periodi SeiZleba gaazrebuli iqnes, rogorc
ingliselobis orive tipis urTierTWidili. am punqtSi me
veTanxmebi m.j. bonis SeniSvnebs ("frankfurter caitungSi")
britanuli imperializmis Sesaxeb f. Sulce-gevernicis
mSvenier wignTan dakavSirebiT. Sdr. H. Levy, Archiv fr Soz.Wiss. 46, 3.
85)
miuxedavad winamdebare da Semdgomi, ucvlelad
darCenili, Cemi azriT, sakmaod garkveuli SeniSvnebisa,
sruliad
gasaocrad
swored
amas
maxveven
Tavs
kvlavindeburad.

II. asketuri protestantizmis profesiuli eTika

Sinaarsi:
1. saero askezis religiuri safuZvlebi
2. askeza da kapitalisturi suliskveTeba
1
asketuri protestantizmis (cnebis aq gamoyenebuli
mniSvnelobiT) istoriuli matareblebi ZiriTadad oTxgvaria:
1. kalvinizmi im saxiT, romelic man misi batonobis ZiriTad
dasavleTevropul regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT, XVII saukunis
manZilze SeiZina; 2. pietizmi; 3. meTodizmi; 4. anabaptisturi
moZraobidan aRmocenebuli seqtebi 1). am mimdinareobaTagan
arc
erTi
ar
iyo
danarCenebisgan
absoluturad
gamocalkevebuli
da
araasketuri
reformatoruli
eklesiebisgan gamocalkevebac aseve araa bolomde mkacrad
gatarebuli. meTodizmi mxolod XVIII saukunis Sua
periodSi warmoiSva inglisuri saxelmwifo eklesiis wiaRSi
da, misi damaarseblebis CanafiqriT, arc imis survili

96

hqonda, rom axali eklesia yofiliyo da arc imisi, rom

asketuri suliskveTebis aRorZinebad qceuliyo Zveli
eklesiis farglebSi, da mxolod misi ganviTarebis procesSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki amerikaSi gadanacvlebis Semdeg, Camoscilda
igi anglikanur eklesias. pietizmi Tavdapirvelad inglisSi
da
gansakuTrebiT
holandiaSi
kalvinizmis
niadagze
aRmocenda
da
sruliad
SeumCneveli
arxebiT
orTodoqsobasTan dakavSirebuli rCeboda, da sadRac XVII
saukunis miwurulisTvis speneris mecadineobiT moxda,
dogmaturad nawilobriv Secvlili safuZvlebiT, misi
gadasvla luTeranobaSi. igi mimdinareobad rCeboda eklesiis
SigniT da mxolod cincendorfTan dakavSirebuli, moraviul
saZmoSi husituri da kalvinisturi gavlenis gamoZaxiliT
aRbeWdili ("hernhuterTa") ganStoeba Seiqna iZulebuli,
meTodizmis msgavsad, misi neba-survilis sawinaaRmdegod
Taviseburi saxis seqta Camoeyalibebina. Tavisi ganviTarebis
sawyis etapze kalvinizmi da anabaptizmi erTmaneTisgan
mkveTrad iyvnen gamijnulni, magram XVII saukunis miwuruls
isini erTmaneTTan mWidro SexebaSi aRmoCndnen da jer kidev
inglisisa da holandiis independistur seqtebSi imave
saukunis dasawyisSi es gardamavloba safexurebrivad
xorcieldeboda. rogorc pietizmis magaliTidan Cans,
luTeranobaze gadasvlac TandaTanobiTia; zustad aseTive
urTierTmimarTebaa kalvinizmsa da anglikanur eklesias
Soris, Tavisi garegnuli xasiaTiTa da
misi yvelaze
Tanmimdevrul aRmsareblTa suliskveTebiT kaTolicizms rom
enaTesaveba.
im
asketurma
mimdinareobam,
romelsac
"puritanizmi" ewoda, 2) am araerTmniSvnelovani sityvis
yvelaze farTo gagebiT, mis mimdevarTa da gansakuTrebiT ki
mis yvelaze Tavgamodebul damcvelTa farTo fenebis
cnobierebaSi ieriSi, marTalia, anglikanizmis safuZvlebze
miitana, magram aqac winaaRmdegobebi mxolod TandaTanobiT,
brZolis msvlelobaSi gamZafrda. da Tuki am etapze
mowyobisa da organizaciis CvenTvis naklebad saintereso
sakiTxebs droebiT gverdze gadavdebT, maSin miT umetes
igive rCeba saqmis viTareba. dogmaturi gansxvavebani, TviT
yvelaze
mniSvnelovannic
ki,
rogoricaa
moZRvreba
predestinaciisa da rwmenismieri gamarTlebis Sesaxeb,
mravalferovan kombinaciebSi erTmaneTSi gadadiodnen da ukve
XVII saukunis dasawyisisTvis, rogorc wesi, aferxebdnen

97

saeklesio
erTianobis
SenarCunebas,
Tumca
amas
gamonaklisebis gareSe ar Cauvlia. da pirvel yovlisa:
cxovrebis zneobrivi warmarTvis wesis CvenTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani momentebi erTnairad iCenen Tavs sruliad
gansxvavebuli, zemoT dasaxelebuli oTxi wyarodan erTerTis an ramdenime maTganis kombinaciidan warmomdgari
denominaciis mimdevarTa Soris. Cven kidev vnaxavT, rom
msgavsi eTikuri debulebebi SeiZleba gansxvavebul dogmatur
safuZvlebTan iyos dakavSirebuli. aseve, sulis xsnisaTvis
gamiznuli didi gavlenis mqone damxmare literaturuli
saSualebani, metadre sxvadasxva konfesiaTa kazuisturi
kompendiebi, droTa ganmavlobaSi zegavlenas axdendnen
erTmaneTze da maT Soris SeiZleba didi msgavsebis povna
cxovrebis warmarTvis aSkarad gansxvavebuli praqtikis
miuxedavad. iqneb mogvCveneboda kidec, rom yvelaze sworad
viTom maSin moviqceodiT, Tuki dogmatur safuZvlebs, iseve
rogorc eTikur Teorias, sruliad ugulvebelvyofdiT da
wminda zneobriv praqtikas daveyrdnobodiT, ramdenadac misi
dadgena SesaZlebeli iqneboda. _ oRond es ase mainc ar
aris. asketuri zneobriobis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli
dogmaturi Zirebi, cxadia, Cakvda gaafTrebuli brZolebis
Sedegad. magram im dogmebze odindelma mijaWvulobam
waruSleli kvali ara marto gviandel "aradogmatur" eTikas
daatyo, aramed swored pirvandeli azrobrivi Sinaarsis
codnam gaxada gasagebi,
Tu
raoden
mWidrod
iyo
dakavSirebuli es zneobrioba im drois yvelaze Rrma
adamianebis erTianad gamsWvalav saiqios ideasTan, romlis
yovlismomcveli
Zalis
gareSe
maSin,
cxovrebiseul
praqtikaze seriozuli gavlenis mqone veranairi zneobrivi
siaxle ver ganxorcieldeboda. TavisTavad cxadia, rom
CvenTvis gadamwyvetia ara is, rac vTqvaT, im epoqis eTikur
kompendiebSi Teoriulad da oficialurad iswavleboda 3)
_ TumcaRa amasac hqonda eklesiuri disciplinis, sulis
xsnisaTvis zrunvisa da qadagebis gavleniT, praqtikuli
mniSvneloba, _ aramed sruliad sxva ram: kerZod ki
religiuri rwmenisa da religiuri cxovrebis mier Seqmnili
im
fsiqologiuri
mamoZravebeli
Zalebis
gamovlena,
romelTac cxovrebis warmarTvis wess gezi misces da
individs miznad misi dacva dausaxes. es mamoZravebeli
Zalebi
ki
umeteswilad
aseve
religiuri
mrwamsis

98

Taviseburebebidan gamomdinareobdnen. imdroindeli adamiani

moCvenebiTad abstraqtul dogmebze Tavs iseTi intensivobiT
imtvrevda, risi gagebac Tavis mxriv, mxolod im SemTxvevaSia
SesaZlebeli, Tuki Cven praqtikul-religiur interesebTan am
dogmebis kavSirs CavwvdebiT. Tavs ver avaridebT im zogierT
dogmatikur dakvirvebas
4),
romlebic
Teologiurad
gauwafav mkiTxvels iseve Znelad aRsaqmelad unda moeCvenos,
rogorc
Teologiurad
ganswavluls
naCqarevad
da
zedapirulad. amasTan erTad, bunebrivia, SesaZlebelia,
religiuri ideebi mxolod imgvari "idealur-tipurad"
kompilirebuli
TanamimdevrulobiT
warmovadginoT,
rogorsac iSviaTad SevxvdebiT istoriul realobaSi.
vinaidan swored imis gamo, rom SeuZlebelia istoriul
sinamdvileSi mkveTri mijnebis gavleba, imedi unda viqonioT,
rom mis specifikur gamovlinebas mxolod yvelaze mkafiod
gamoxatuli formebis ganxilvisas gadavawydebiT.
aRmsarebloba 5), romlis gamoc XVI da XVII
saukuneebSi maRalganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi:
niderlandebSi, inglisSi, safrangeTSi didi politikuri da
kulturuli brZolebi iyo gaCaRebuli da romelsac am
mizeziT pirvel rigSi vuTmobT yuradRebas, iyo kalvinizmi
6). mis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel dogmad maSinac da,
sazogadod, dResac iTvleba moZRvreba madliT rCeulobis
Sesaxeb. TumcaRa, imazec bevrs davobdnen, warmoadgenda Tu
ara is reformirebuli eklesiis "yvelaze arsebiT" dogmas,
Tu mxolod "danamats". istoriuli movlenis arsebiTobis
Sesaxeb gansja an Rirebulebrivi da aRmsareblobiTia _
kerZod, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki amiT movlenis erTaderTi
"interesis aRmZvreli" da mudmivad "Rirebuli" faqtori
igulisxmeba; an, Tuki sxva istoriul procesebze misi
gavlenis kauzaluri relevanturoba igulisxmeba, maSin saqme
imgvar gansjas exeba, roca xdeba istoriuli mniSvnelobis
miniWeba.
Tuki
ganzraxvisamebr,
am
ukanaskneli
Tvalsazrisidan amovalT da kiTxvas im mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
davsvamT, romelic xsenebul dogmas misi kulturulistoriuli gavlenis Sesabamisad, unda ganesazRvros, maSin
am gavlenas uTuod maRali Sefaseba unda mieces 7).
brZolam, romelsac oldenbarneveldti awarmoebda, marcxi
ganicada; iakob I-is mefobis periodSi ganxeTqileba inglisis
eklesiaSi gadaulaxavi Seiqna mas Semdeg, rac samefo

99

Zalaufleba da puritanizmi dogmaturadac _ swored am

moZRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT _ ver SeTanxmdnen, da saerTodac
kalvinizmSi
uwinaresad
es
ukanaskneli
moiazreboda
saxelmwifo safrTxed da xelisuflebis mier idevneboda 8).
XVII saukunis didi sinodebi, pirvel yovlisa dordrextisa
da vestminsteris, maT gverdiT ki mravali ufro momcronic,
TavianTi saqmianobis mTavar miznad am moZRvrebis kanonikur
rangSi ayvanas isaxavdnen. igi "ecclesia militans" (mebrZoli
eklesiis) uricxv gmirTaTvis mtkice sayrdens warmoadgenda
da rogorc XVIII, iseve XIX saukuneebSi saeklesio
ganxeTqilebebi gamoiwvia, xolo diadi ganaxlebebisas
sabrZolo yiJinad iqca. mas gverds ver avuvliT da mis
Sinaarss, _ vinaidan
dRes Zneli dasaSvebia, rom igi
romelime ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis iyos cnobili, _ 1647
wlis "vestminsteris AaRsarebaTa" autenturi teqstidan
gavecnobiT, romlis debulebebi am punqtTan dakavSirebiT
ubralod meordeba, rogorc independisturi, ise baptisturi
aRmsareblobis mier 9):
Tavi 9. (Tavisufali nebis Sesaxeb) # 3: adamianma
Tavisi SecodebiT sruliad dakarga raime sulierad
sasikeTosa da netarebis momtanis mimarT sakuTari nebis
warmarTvis yovelgvari unari, Tanac imdenad, rom bunebrivi
adamiani, rogorc sikeTis mimarT sruliad zurgSeqceuli da
codvaSi mkvdari, uunaroa Tavad moeqces an Tundac amisaTvis
sakuTari Tavi mainc Seamzados .
Tavi 3. (RvTis maradiuli gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb)
# 3: ufalma Tavisi sidiadis gasacxadeblad sakuTari
gadawyvetilebiT
zogierTi
adamiani
maradiuli
sicocxlisTvis gansazRvra winaswar (predestineated), sxvani ki
maradiuli sikvdilisTvis ganawesa (foreordained) . # 5: isini,
vinc kacTa modgmidan sicocxlisTvis arian ganCinebulni,
ufalma, vidre samyaros safuZveli Caeyreboda, sakuTari
maradiuli da ucvleli ganzraxulebiT da idumali
gadawyvetilebiT da sakuTari SeuzRudavi nebiT qristes
mierad rCeuli maradiuli brwyinvalebisTvis ganawesa, da man
es moimoqmeda Tavisufali wminda madliTa da siyvaruliT,
da ara ise, TiTqos amisken misTvis adamianur arsebebSi
rwmenis an keTil saqmeTa ganWvretas, an maTgan erT-erTSi

100

gamoCenil sibejiTes an kidev sxva rames, rogorc

winapirobas an mizezs, ebiZgebinos, aramed yovelive misi
brwyinvale madlis gansadideblad moxda. # 7: da eama
ufals, misi nebis amoucnobi rCevis Tanaxmad, romlis
Sesabamisad, sakuTari survilisamebr, igi madls mohfens an
warstacebs mis qmnilebebze Tavisi SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis
sadideblad, kacTa modgmidan danarCenebs mibruneboda da
isini maTi codvebisaTvis sircxvilisa da mrisxanebisTvis
gaewira, sakuTari brwyinvale samarTlianobis sadideblad.
Tavi 10. (qmediTi mowodebis Sesaxeb) # 1: saamuria
uflisTvis, rom yvela, vinc ki man sicocxlisTvis ganawesa,
da mxolod isini, mis mier dadgenil da misTvis xelsayrel
dros Tavisi sityviTa da suliT qmediTad moixmos ... is maT
amoaclis qvis guls da gadaunergavs xorciel guls, maT
nebas
ganumtkicebs
da
Tavisi
yovlisSemZle
ZaliT
sikeTisTvis ganawyobs....
Tavi 5. (gangebis Sesaxeb) # 6: rac Seexeba borot
da uRvTo adamianebs, visac ufali, rogorc samarTliani
msajuli Zvel codvaTa gamo daabrmavebs da gaasastikebs, igi
maT mxolod sakuTar madls ki ar warstacebs, romliTac
SesaZlebeli iqneboda, rom maT goneba
ganaTebodaT da
gulebic aRvsebodaT, aramed xandaxan maT im niWsac arTmevs,
romelsac isini flobdnen, da imgvar movlenebTan mohyavs
SexebaSi,
romlebic
maTi
znedacemulobis
wyalobiT
codvisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnian. igi maT sakuTar
avxorcobas, amqveyniur cTunebebsa da satanis Zalauflebas
miandobs, da, bolos xdeba ise, rom maT is saSualebebic ki
sastiks xdis, rasac RmerTi sxvebis mosalbobad iyenebs 10).
"mirCevnia umal jojoxeTSi movxvde, vidre amgvarma
RmerTma misi Tayvaniscema maiZulos" _ aseTi iyo rogorc
cnobilia, miltonis azri am moZRvrebis Sesaxeb 11). magram
CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania ara dogmis Sefaseba,
aramed misi istoriuli roli. mxolod mcire xniT
SevyovndebiT kiTxvaze, Tu rogor warmoiSva es moZRvreba da
kalvinisturi Teologiis ideaTa romel wres ganekuTvneba
igi. masTan misvla ori gziTaa SesaZlebeli.
swored im
yvelaze Tavgamodebul da mgznebare diad mlocvelTa
cnobierebaSi, romelTac qristianobis istoria jer kidev
avgustinedan moyolebuli icnobs, religiuri xsnis gancdis
fenomeni imis uryev Segnebas ukavSirdeba, rom yvelafers

101

mxolod obieqturi Zalis qmedebas unda vumadlodeT da

araviTar SemTxvevaSi, Tundac iotisodenadac ki, sakuTar
Rirsebas. usafrTxoebis yovlismomcveli laRi gancda,
romelSic maTi codvis SegrZnebis gausaZlisi krunCxva
hpovebs Svebas, rogorc Cans, yovelgvari gaSualebis gareSe
atydeba maT Tavs da anadgurebs imis warmodgenis nebismier
SesaZleblobas, rom madlis es arnaxuli ZRveni ramenairad
sakuTar Zalisxmevas mieweros an sakuTari rwmenisa da nebis
RvawlTan an RirsebasTan iqnas dakavSirebuli. im umaRlesi
religiuri genialobis periodSi, roca luTers "qristianis
Tavisuflebis" daweris unari Seswevda, uflis "saidumlo
gadawyvetileba" misTvisac uryevad, sakuTari religiuri
madlmosilebis absolutur, erTaderT usafuZvlo wyaros
warmoadgenda 12). formalurad mas igi mogvianebiTac ar
dauTmia, magram am ideas masTan aramcTu centraluri adgili
ar moupovebia, aramed igi sul ufro da ufro iwevda ukana
planze, rac ufro metad iZulebiT "politikurad realisti"
xdeboda
luTeri,
rogorc
saeklesio
politikaze
pasuxismgebeli. melanxtonma sruliad Segnebulad aarida
Tavi am "saSiSi da bneli" moZRvrebis augsburgul
aRmsareblobaSi Setanas da luTeranobis eklesiis mamaTaTvis
dogmaturad savsebiT dadginda, rom madli, SesaZloa,
daikargos
(amissibilis)
da
monaniebisTvis
mzadmyofi
morCilebiTa da RvTis sityvisadmi da sakramentebisadmi
morwmuneobrivi ndobiT iqnas xelaxla mopovebuli. swored
amis sapirispirod, moZRvrebis mniSvnelobis sul ufro
sagrZnobi zrdiT warimarTa es procesi kalvinTan 13), mis
dogmatur mowinaaRmdegeebTan polemikuri kamaTis manZilze.
igi sruli sisavsiT mxolod misi "Institutio"-s mesame
gamocemaSi gaiSala da centraluri adgili mxolod posthum
(sikvdilis Semdeg) daikava diadi religiuri brZolebis
periodSi,
romelTa
dasrulebisken
iswrafodnen
dordrextisa da vestminsteris krebebi. kalvinTan "decretum
horribile" (saSineli dadgenileba) luTeris msgavsad gancdili
ki ara, gaazrebulia da amitomac misi mniSvneloba izrdeba
koncefciis logikuri Tanamimdevrulobis zrdasTan erTad,
misi mTlianad RmerTze da ara adamianze orientirebuli
interesis mimarTulebiT 14). ara RmerTia adamianTaTvis,
aramed adamianebi arian RvTisTvis, da yovelgvari xdomileba

102

_ anu kalvinisaTvis aseve ueWveli WeSmaritebac, rom

adamianTa mxolod mcire nawili SeiZleba iyos netarebisTvis
ganCinebuli _ azrs iZens mxolod rogorc garkveuli miznis
anu RvTis sidiadis TviTgamobrwyinebis saSualeba. misi
suverenuli gankargvis mimarT miwieri "samarTlianobis"
masStabebis misadageba uazrobaa da mis didebulebas
Seuracxyofs 15), vinaidan is da mxolod is aris
Tavisufali anu arc erT kanons ar eqvemdebareba da misi
gadawyvetilebebi CvenTvis mxolod imdenad SeiZleba iyos
gasagebi da ubralod cnobilic ki, ramdenadac igi sasikeTod
miiCnevs, rom maT Sesaxeb gvamcnos. maradiuli WeSmaritebis
am fragmentebs unda CaveWidoT, xolo sxva danarCeni anu
Cveni individualuri bedisweris sazrisi, idumalebis
wyvdiadiTaa moculi, risi gamokvleva SeuZlebeli da
dauSvebelia. Tuki uaryofilni sakuTar daumsaxurebel
xvedrze wuwuns mohyvebodnen, es cxovelebis
Civils
emgvaneboda, adamianebad rom ar gaCndnen. vinaidan yoveli
qmnileba uflisgan gadaulaxavi ufskruliTaa dacilebuli
da misgan mxolod maradiul sikvdils imsaxurebs, vinZlo
mas
sakuTari
sidiadis
gamosabrwyineblad
sxvagvari
gadawyvetileba ar miuRia. Cven mxolod is viciT, rom
adamianTa erT nawils netareba uweria, meores ki maradiuli
wyevla. imis daSveba, rom adamianur damsaxurebas an
Secodebas misi bedisweris gansazRvraSi rame wvlili
miuZRvis, imis aRiarebis tolfasi iqneboda, rom odiTganve
dadgenil,
uflis
absoluturad
Tavisufal
gadawyvetilebebSi
cvlilebebis
Setana
gaxdeboda
SesaZlebeli adamianuri Carevis Sedegad
_ es sruliad
warmoudgeneli mosazrebaa. axali aRTqmis "zeciuri mamidan",
romelsac yoveli codvilis Semobruneba ise axarebs,
rogorc dedakacs kapikianis povna, is yovelgvari adamianuri
gagebisTvis miuwvdomel transcendentul arsebad iqca,
romelic
dasabamidanve,
sruliad
gamoucnobi
gadawyvetilebebis Tanaxmad, nebismier adamians mis xvedrs
argunebs da kosmosSi umcires nawilakzec ki Tavis
batonobas avrcelebs 16). vinaidan uflis gadawyvetilebebi
erTxel da samudamod dadgenilia, misi madli iseve
arasodes daikargeba maTTvis, viszec igi gadmovida, rogorc
miuwvdomelia maTTvis, visac is ar eRirsa.

103

Tavisi
paTetikuri
araadamianurobiT
xsenebul
moZRvrebas
im
Taobis
ganwyobisaTvis,
romelic
mis
grandiozul Sedegebs danebda, pirvel rigSi, erTi Sedegi
unda hqonoda: calkeuli individis gaugonari Sinagani
simartovis gancda 17). reformaciis periodis adamianisaTvis
sasicocxlod gadamwyvet _ maradiuli netarebis _
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi adamiani imisaTvis iyo ganwiruli, rom
eulad gaevlo Tavisi gza dausabamobidanve dadgenili
bedisweris Sesaxvedrad. aravis SeeZlo misi Svela. arc
moZRvars, vinaidan mxolod
rCeuls ZaluZs gaigos
spiritualiter (sulierad) RvTis sityva. arc sakraments
(saidumlos), vinaidan sakramentebi marTalia, uflis mier
misi didebis aRsamatebladaa dawesebuli da amitomac
mtkiced unda iqnen daculi, magram es RvTis madlis
mosapovebli saSualeba ki araa, aramed subieqturad mxolod
rwmenis
"externa
subsidia"
(ukanasknel
TavSesafars)
warmoadgens. arc eklesias, vinaidan marTalia, ZalaSi rCeba
fraza "extra ecclesiam nulla salus" (eklesiis gareT xsna ar
arsebobs) im gagebiT, rom vinc eklesias Tavs aridebs, mas
RvTis mier rCeulTa rigebSi yofna ar uweria 18); magram
(garegnul) eklesias gankveTilnic ekuTvnian da sworedac
unda ekuTvnodnen da mis mosarjulebel xerxebs unda
daeqvemdebaron, oRond ara imisTvis, rom am gziT maradiul
netarebas eziaron, _ es SeuZlebelia, _ aramed imitom, rom
maTac RvTis sadideblad mis mcnebaTa dacva unda daekisros
iZulebiT. da bolos, arc RmerTs, vinaidan qristec xom
mxolod rCeulTaTvis mokvda 19), vis saxsneladac RmerTma
igi
dausabamobidanve
msxverplad
Sesawirad
gaimeta.
saeklesio-sakramentuli
xsnis
amgvari
absoluturi
(luTeranobaSi
jer
kidev
mTeli
TanamimdevrulobiT
ganuxorcielebeli) eliminireba warmoadgenda kaTolicizmis
mimarT absoluturad gadamwyvet faqtors. aq hpova Tavisi
dasasruli samyarosaTvis jados axsnis 20) im didma
religiur-istoriulma
procesma,
dasabami
Zvelebraul
winaswarmetyvelebebSi rom daedo da romelmac elinur
mecnierul azrovnebasTan kavSirSi sulis xsnis yovelgvari
magiuri
saSualebebi
dagmo,
rogorc
crurwmena
da
mkrexeloba. WeSmariti puritani uarhyofda yovelgvar
religiur ceremonias saflavze da Tavis axloblebs uxmod

104

da Cumad krZalavda, raTa aranairi "superstition" (crurwmena),

magiur-sakramenturi xasiaTis xsnis saSualebebis mimarT
aranairi ndoba ar daeSva 21). aramcTu aranairi magiuri,
aramed saerTod araviTari saSualeba ar arsebobda, raTa
RvTis
madli
maTken
mimarTuliyo,
visac
uflis
gadawyvetilebiT amaze uari eTqva. adamianis es Sinagani
izolirebuloba, RvTis ucilobeli siSorisa da yovelgvari
xelTqmnilis uvargisobis Sesaxeb pirquS moZRvrebasTan
kavSirSi, Seicavs, erTi mxriv, kulturasa da subieqtur
religiurobaSi yovelgvari vnebiT-grZnobiTi elementis
mimarT
puritanizmis
im
absoluturad
negatiuri
damokidebulebis mizezs, _ radgan es sulis xsnisaTvis
usargebloa da mxolod sentimentalur iluziebsa da
xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis crurwmenas uwyobs xels, _ da
amdenad, sazogadod, mTeli grZnobiTi kulturis principuli
uaryofis mizezsac 22); xolo, meore mxriv ki, igi
warmoadgens im iluziebisgan daclili da pesimisturi
individualizmis fesvebs 23), rac dResac ki iCens Tavs
puritanuli warsulis mqone xalxebis "erovnul xasiaTsa"
da institutebSi esoden TvalSi sacemi kontrastulobiT im
sruliad sxva yaidis saTvaleebis mimarT, romliTac
mogvianebiT "ganmanaTlebloba" Sehyurebda adamians 24).
madlismieri rCeulobis moZRvrebis am gavlenis kvals
naTlad vxedavT CvenTvis saintereso epoqis cxovrebis
wesisa da msoflaRqmis elementarul gamovlinebebSi da,
kerZod, iqac ki, sadac misi, rogorc dogmis mniSvneloba
gaqrobis piras iyo. es moZRvreba xom RvTisadmi ndobis im
eqskluziurobis yvelaze eqstremaluri forma iyo, romlis
analizic Cvens amocanas warmoadgens. amis magaliTia is
saocrad xSirad gameorebuli gafrTxileba, gansakuTrebiT,
inglisur puritanul literaturaSi adamianuri Semweobisa
da adamianuri megobrobis mimarT yovelgvari ndobisagan
Tavis Sekavebis Sesaxeb 25). yvelaze axlo megobris mimarTac
ki usazRvro undoblobas gvirCevs TviT uwyinari baqsteric,
xolo beili pirdapir mogviwodebs, rom aravis mivendoT da
Cvens Sesaxeb araferi makompromatirebeli ar SevatyobinoT:
mxolod RmerTi unda iyos ndobiT aRWurvili piri 26).
luTeranobasTan aSkara winaaRmdegobrioba gamovlinda imaSi,
rom amgvari cxovrebiseuli ganwyobilebis fonze piradi
aRsareba,
romlis
mimarT
Tavad
kalvins
mxolod

105

mosalodneli mcdari sakramentuli gagebis gamo hqonda eWvi,

im regionebSi, sadac kalvinizmma srulad moikida fexi, igi
krintis dauZvrelad gaqra: es udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena
iyo. pirvel yovlisa es iyo am religiurobis Taviseburi
gavlenis simptomi. garda amisa, misi eTikuri poziciis
CamoyalibebisTvis
fsiqologiuri
biZgis
mimcemic.
eliminirebuli iqna emociurad datvirTuli danaSaulis
gancdisagan 27) perioduli "ganmuxtvis" saSualeba. im
Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac amas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
zneobrivi praqtikisaTvis hqonda, kidev iqneba saubari.
saxeze ki gvaqvs adamianTa religiuri mdgomareobis Sedegebi.
WeSmariti eklesiisadmi 28) sulis xsnis aucileblobiT
ganpirobebuli kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, sakuTar RmerTTan
kalvinistis
urTierToba
srul
Sinagan
izolaciaSi
xorcieldeboda.
visac
am
Taviseburi
atmosferos
specifikuri zegavlenis 29) SegrZneba surs, man, sasurvelia,
puritanuli literaturis yvelaze popularuli wigni,
benianis "Piligrim`s progress" 30) (piligrimis mogzauroba)
waikiTxos, sadac aRwerilia "qristianis" saqcieli mas
Semdeg, rac man Seigno, rom "gaxrwnilebis qalaqSi"
cxovrobda da xmam mouwoda dauyovnebliv zeciuri
qalaqisaken mosalocad dasdgomoda gzas. coli da Svilebi
ebRauWebian mas, magram is yurebSi TiTebdacobili, "Life,
eternal life!" (sicocxle, maradiuli sicocxle!) sityvebis
ZaxiliT mihqris ukan mouxedavad. veranairi udaxvewilesi
Rrma analizi ver gadmoscems imaze ukeT ZiriTadad mxolod
sakuTari TaviT dakavebuli, mxolod sakuTar xsnaze
mzrunveli
morwmune
puritanis
ganwyobas,
vidre
sapyrobileSi mTxzveli mkalavis miamiti gancdebi, riTac
morwmuneTa aseTi mowoneba daimsaxura da ramac mis
TanamoazreebTan gzaSi gamarTul im daTaflul saubrebSi
hpova gamoxatuleba, raRaciT gotfrid keleris "samarTlian
mejagriseebs" rom mogvagoneben. da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
Tavs daculad daigulebs, ebadeba azri, rom urigo ar
iqneboda, Tuki sakuTari ojaxic Tan eyoleboda. aq igive
mtanjveli SiSia sikvdilisa da saiqios winaSe, aseTi
simZafriT rom SevigrZnobT alfons de liguorisTan,
rogorc is diolingerma aRgviwera; ra usasrulod Sorsaa
es yovelive saaqaoze momarTuli im amayi suliskveTebisagan,

106

im florenciel moqalaqeTa makiaveliseul sadidebel

xotbaSi rom hpova gamoxatuleba, visTvisac papisa da
interdiqtis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi "mSobliuri qalaqis
siyvaruli ufro maRla idga, vidre sakuTari sulis xsnis
gamo SiSi" da, cxadia, kidev ufro daSorebulia es im
ganwyobisagan, rasac rixard vagneri zigmunds aTqmevinebs
sasikvdilo orTabrZolis win: "Cemi salami uZRveni votans,
Cemi salami uZRveni valhalas ... oRond valhalis
miuwvdomel gancxromaze nurafers metyvi". magram, cxadia, am
SiSis
Sedegebia
esoden
niSandoblivad
gansxvavebuli
benianTan da liguorisTan: igive SiSi, romelic erTs
warmoudgeneli
TviTdakninebisken
ubiZgebs,
meores
cxovrebasTan daucxromeli da sistematuri brZolisaken
waaqezebs. mainc saidan modis es gansxvavebuloba?
erTi SexedviT, gamocanad gveCveneba, Tu rogoraa
SesaZlebeli
wuTisoflis
im
mWidro
marwuxebisgan,
romliTac mas individi Seuborkavs, misi Sinagani Tavis
daxsnis
tendenciis dakavSireba socialuri organizaciis
sferoSi kalvinizmis udavo upiratesobasTan 31). magram,
ramdenadac ucnauri ar unda iyos, es upiratesoba swored
im specifikuri Seferilobidan momdinareobs, romelic
qristianulma "moyvasis siyvarulma" calkeuli individis
Sinagani izolirebis wnexis qveS kalvinisturi sarwmunoebis
meSveobiT SeiZina. es aqedan, pirvel yovlisa, sruliad
dogmaturad gamomdinareobs 32). samyaro imisaTvis da
mxolod imisaTvisaa Seqmnili, raTa RvTis TviTgandidebas
emsaxuros; rCeuli qristiani imisaTvis da mxolod
imisaTvis
arsebobs,
rom
amqveynad
RvTis
mcnebaTa
aRsrulebiT uflis didebas Tavisi wili Sehmatos.
uflisaTvis
ki
sasurvelia
qristianis
socialuri
moRvaweoba, vinaidan mas surs, rom cxovrebis socialuri
mowyoba mis mcnebaTa Sesabamisad da imgvarad iyos
mowesrigebuli, rom am dasaxul mizans Seesatyvisebodes.
saero cxovrebaSi kalvinistis socialuri 33) saqmianoba
aris saqmianoba "in majorem gloriam Dei" (RvTis aRmatebuli
didebisaTvis). Sesabamisad, amave xasiaTisaa
profesiuli
saqmianobac,
romelic
adamianTa
erTobliobis
saaqao
cxovrebis samsaxurSi dgas. ukve luTerTan vpoulobT
Sromis danawilebiTi profesiuli saqmianobis gamomdinarebas
"moyvasisadmi siyvarulidan". oRond is, rac masTan wminda

107

konstruqtiul-azrobriv Canasaxad darCa, kalvinistebTan

maTi eTikuri sistemis niSandobliv nawilad iqca. imis gamo,
rom "moyvasisadmi siyvaruli" mxolod RvTis 34) da ara
qmnilebis 35) sadidebeli samsaxuri SeiZleba iyos, igi
pirvel rigSi, vlindeba lex naturae (bunebrivi wesrigiT)
dakisrebuli profesiuli valdebulebebis SesrulebaSi da
amasTan erTad, iZens Tavisebur obieqturad upirovno
samsaxuris anu Cveni garemomcveli sazogadoebrivi kosmosis
racionalurad mowyobis xasiaTs. imitom, rom am kosmosis
araCveulebrivad mizanSewonili ageba da mowyoba, bibliuri
gamocxadebisa da aseve saganTa bunebaSi wvdomis Tanaxmad,
aSkarad imisaTvis gamiznuli, rom kacTa modgmisaTvis
"sargeblis" motanas emsaxuros, dasaSvebs xdis amgvari
upirovno sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmis samsaxurSi
moRvaweobis, rogorc RvTis didebis xelSemwyobisa da
RvTisTvis sasurvelis ganxilvas. Teodiceis problemisa da
samyaros da sicocxlis "sazrisis" Sesaxeb yvela im sakiTxis
sruli gamoTiSva, razec sxvebi imtvrevdnen
Tavs,
puritanisTvis, iseve rogorc _ sxva mizezebis gamo _
ebraelisTvis, TavisTavad cxadi ram iyo;
sxvaTa Soris,
garkveuli azriT, saerTod mTeli aramistikuri qristianuli
religiurobisTvisac. Zalebis amgvar ekonomias kalvinizmSi
kidev erTi niSani daemata. uTanxmoeba "calkeul adamiansa"
da "eTikas" (sioren kierkegariseuli gagebiT) Soris
kalvinizmisTvis ar arsebobda, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
religiur sakiTxebSi calkeul adamians mTlianad sakuTari
Tavis anabara tovebda. aq ar aris amis mizezebisa da
kalvinizmis politikuri da ekonomikuri racionalizmisTvis
am
aspeqtebis
mniSvnelobis
gaanalizebis
adgili.
kalvinisturi eTikis utilitaristuli xasiaTis Ziri amaSi
mdgomareobs da profesiis kalvinisturi koncefciis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebanic aqedan momdinareobs 36). _ aq
kidev erTxel mivubrundebiT specialurad predestinaciis
moZRvrebis ganxilvas.
amrigad, CvenTvis gadamwyvet problemas warmoadgens
Semdegi: rogor SeiZleboda asatani yofiliyo es moZRvreba
37) im epoqaSi, romlisTvisac saiqio aramcTu ufro
mniSvnelovani, aramed mravali TvalsazrisiT ufro sandoc
ki iyo, vidre saaqao cxovrebis yvela interesi 38). erTi
kiTxva
imTaviTve
unda
dabadebuliyo
nebismieri

108

morwmunisaTvis da mas yvela sxva interesi ukana planze

unda ganedevna: var Tu ara me rCeuli? da rogor SemiZlia
Cems rCeulobaSi davrwmunde 39)? _ Tavad kalvinisTvis es
problemas ar warmoadgenda. igi Tavs "iaraRad" aRiqvamda da
sakuTar madlmosilebaSi eWvi ar epareboda. Sesabamisad, im
SekiTxvaze, Tu ra gziT SeuZlia calkeul adamians sakuTar
rCeulobaSi darwmundes, mas ZiriTadad erTi pasuxi aqvs:
unda davjerdeT codnas uflis gadawyvetilebis arsebobis
Sesaxeb da WeSmariti rwmeniT boZebul mudmiv sasoebas
qristes mimarT. varauds, rom TiTqos SesaZlebeli
yofiliyos sxvebis qcevis mixedviT imis dadgena, rCeulni
arian isini Tu gankicxulni, igi principulad uarhyofda,
rogorc uflis saidumloebebSi CaZiebis kadnier mcdelobas.
rCeulni am cxovrebaSi garegnulad arafriT gansxvavdebian
gankicxulTagan 40) da im erTaderTi, "finaliter" (saboloo)
uryevi rwmeniT aRsavse sasoebis gamoklebiT, rCeulTa yvela
subieqturi gamocdilebac aseve misawvdomia "ludibria spiritus
sancti" (suliwmindis dacinvis) saxiT gankicxulTaTvisac.
amrigad, rCeulni uflis uxilav eklesias warmoadgenen da
amadve rCebian kidec. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom sxvagvari iyo
epigonTa _ ukve bezas _
da pirvel yovlisa rigiT
adamianTa farTo fenebis pozicia. maTTvis "certitudo salutis"
(xsnaSi darwmunebuloba) madlmosilebis Secnobadobis azriT
absoluturad
yovlismomcvel
mniSvnelobamde
unda
amaRlebuliyo 41) d amdenad, yvelgan, sadac ki fexi moikida
predestinaciis moZRvrebam, kiTxvasac ar dauyovnebia imis
Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac
"electi"
(rCeulTa)
wrisadmi
kuTvnileba
Seicnoba. ara mxolod reformirebuli eklesiis niadagze
aRmocenebuli pietizmis ganviTarebisaTvis hqonda am kiTxvas
mudmivad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, romelic garkveuli
azriT, misTvis Zireulic ki xdeboda periodulad, aramed
mas Semdeg, rac reformirebulTa ziarebis moZRvrebisa da
ziarebis praqtikis udides politikur da socialur
mniSvnelobas gaviazrebT, kidev mogviwevs
imis Sesaxeb
saubari, Tu ra rols asrulebda mTeli XVII saukunis
manZilze pietizmis farglebs gareT calkeuli adamianis
madlmosilebis dadgenadoba, vTqvaT, misi ziarebaze anu

109

monawileTa
socialuri
mdgomareobisTvis
centralur
gadamwyvet sakulto ceremoniaze daSvebis sakiTxisaTvis.
ramdenadac
sakuTari
madlmosilebis
Sesaxeb
wamoiWreboda kiTxva, amdenad SeuZlebeli iyo orTodoqsuli
doqtrinis mier arsebiTad principulad formaluradac ki
dauZleveli 42), kalviniseuli miTiTebiT dakmayofileba
43), romlis Tanaxmad adamianisTvis madliT STanergili
rwmenis simtkicea sakuTari rCeulobis damadasturebeli.
pirvel rigSi, es SeuZlebeli iyo sulis saxsnelad
mowodebuli praqtikisaTvis, romelic yovel fexis nabijze
moZRvrebis mier Cagonebul tanjvas awydeboda. is am
siZneleebs sxvadasxva gziT arTmevda Tavs 44). Tuki saqme
ar exeba madlismieri rCeulobis axlebur gadaazrebas, mis
Serbilebas an, saerTod sulac uaryofas 45), maSin
niSandoblivad wina planze iwevs sulis sacxonebeli rCevadarigebis ori urTierTdakavSirebuli
tipi. erTi mxriv,
adamians movaleobad ekisreba, Tavi rCeulad miiCnios da
amaSi nebismieri daeWveba gandevnos, rogorc eSmakiseuli
cTuneba 46), vinaidan sakuTar xsnaSi darwmunebulobis
nakleboba rwmenis ukmarisobis anu madlis ukmarisobis
Sedegia. amrigad, mociqulis Segoneba sakuTari mowodebis
"ganmtkicebis" Sesaxeb aq moiazreba rogorc yoveldRiur
brZolaSi
TviTgamarTlebisa
da
sakuTar
rCeulobaSi
subieqturi
dajerebulobis
mopovebis
movaleoba.
qedmodrekil codvilTa nacvlad, romelTac luTeri madlis
gardmosvlas aRuTqvams, Tuki isini monanie rwmeniT RmerTs
miandoben Tavs, xdeba Tavis xsnaSi im guldajerebul
"wmindanTa" gamowrToba 47), romelTac kapitalizmis
heroikuli epoqis foladisebr puritan vaWarTa Soris da
calkeuli egzemplarebis saxiT dResac ki vawydebiT. meore
mxriv ki, sakuTar xsnaSi guldajerebulobis mosapoveblad
saukeTeso saSualebad daucxromeli profesiuli Sroma
cxaddeba 48). is da mxolod is gandevnis religiur eWvs da
iZleva sakuTar madlmosilebaSi darwmunebulobas.
saero profesiul saqmianobas rom amgvari unari
miewereboda, _ is, rom igi ganixileboda, rogorc, ase
vTqvaT, religiuri SiSis grZnobis ganmuxtvisaTvis Sesaferi
saSualeba
_
amis
mizezi
reformirebul
eklesiaSi
gamefebuli
religiuri
ganwyobis
im
siRrmiseul
TaviseburebebSi
Zevs,
romlebic
luTeranobasTan

110

dapirispirebulobaSi
yvelaze
naTlad
rwmenismieri
TviTgamarTlebis arsis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi iCens Tavs. es
gansxvavebebi ise moxdenilad da yovelgvari SefasebiTi
gansjis
gverdis
avliT,
ise
wmindad
obieqturadaa
gaanalizebuli 49) Snekenburgeris mSvenier leqciaTa
ciklSi, rom momdevno mokle SeniSvnebi arsebiTad ubralod
mis mosazrebebs exmianeba.
umaRlesi
religiuri
gancda,
romliskenac
miiswrafvis luTeriseuli RvTismosaoba, im saxiT, rogorc
is, vTqvaT, XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda, aris
"Unio mystica" (mistikuri Serwyma) ufalTan 50). rogorc
ukve Tavad dasaxeleba mianiSnebs, romelic amgvari saxiT
reformatoruli moZRvrebisaTvis ucnobia, aq saqme gvaqvs
RvTis
substancialur
gancdasTan:
morwmune
sulSi
RvTaebrivi sawyisis realuri SeRwevis SegrZnebasTan, rac
Tvisobrivad
germanel
mistikosTa
mWvretelobis
analogiuria da gamoirCeva Tavisi pasiuri, nanatri simSvidis
RmerTSi mopovebisken swrafviT da Sinagani ganwyobis wminda
sulierebiT. rogorc filosofiis istoriidan cnobilia,
mistikuri yaidis
religiuroba aramcTu mSvenivrad
SeTavsebadia empiriuli mocemulobis sferoSi sinamdvilis
gamokveTilad
realistur
aRqmasTan da dialeqtikur
doqtrinaTa uaryofis gamo xSirad mis uSualo sayrdenadac
ki gvevlineba; aramed SesaZlebelia agreTve, rom mistika
gaSualebulad cxovrebis racionalur warmarTvas sulac
sasikeTod
waadges.
da
mainc
mis
damokidebulebas
samyarosTan, bunebrivia, aklia garegnuli qmedebis dadebiTi
Sefaseba. amas garda, luTeranobaSi "Unio mystica" erwymis
sakuTari codvismieri uRirsobis im Rrma gancdas, romelsac
saTuTad unda daecva codvebis mitevebisTvis aucilebel
morCilebasa da miamit sialaleze dafuZnebuli luTerani
morwmunis "poenitentia quotidiana" (yoveldRiuri monanieba).
amis
sapirispirod,
specifikurad
reformirebuli
religiuroba iseve imTaviTve uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili
realobisgan paskalis kvietisturi gaqcevis mimarT, rogorc
is, mTlianad individis Sinagan bunebaSi gadmotanili wminda
sulieri ganwyobilebis luTeranuli RvTismosavobis mimarT.
nebismieri
qmnilebis
mimarT
uflis
absoluturi
transcendentulobis
gamo
sruliad
gamoricxulia

111

RvTaebrivi sawyisis adamianis sulSi realuri SeRweva:

"finitum non est capax infiniti" (sasruls ar gaaCnia usasrulos
aRqmis unari). RvTis kavSiri mis madlmosilebTan mxolod
imgvarad SeiZleboda damyarebuliyo da gacnobierebuliyo,
rom RmerTi maTSi moqmedebs ("operatur") da rom maT es
gacnobierebuli aqvT kidec, _ rom amgvarad maTi qmedeba
RvTis madliT STanergili rwmenidan momdinareobs, xolo es
rwmena ki, Tavis mxriv, TviTlegitimacias RvTis mier
gamowveuli
qmedebis
xarisxis
meSveobiT
axdens.
siRrmiseuli,
sazogadod,
nebismieri
praqtikuli
religiurobis klasifikaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakuTari
wmindanobis mdgomareobis 51) aRqmaSi arsebiTi gansxvavebebi
hpovebs aq Tavis gamoxatulebas: religiur virtuozs Tavis
madlmosilebaSi
darwmuneba
SeuZlia
sakuTari
Tavis,
rogorc RvTiuri Zalis WurWlad, an mis iaraRad aRqmis
gziT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi misi religiuri cxovreba
mistikuri grZnobadi kulturisken ixreba, meore SemTxvevaSi
ki asketuri qmedebisken. xsenebul pirvel tips luTeri
uaxlovdeba, meores ki kalvinizmi ganekuTvneba. maradiuli
netarebis mopoveba reformirebulebsac ewadaT "sola fide"
(oden rwmenis) meSveobiT. magram, vinaidan ukve kalvinis
TvalTaxedviT, yvelanairi carieli grZnobebi da ganwyobebi,
rac ar unda amaRlebulad gveCvenebodes isini, mainc Tavgzis
ambnevia 52), rwmenam Tavi obieqturi SedegebiT unda
daamtkicos, raTa certitudo salutis myari safuZveli Seuqmnas.
igi "fides efficax" (qmediTi rwmena) 53), xsnisken mowodeba
"effectual calling" (qmediTi mowodeba) /savois deklaraciis
gamoTqma/ unda iyos. da Tuki Semdeg kiTxvas davsvamT, Tu
romelia is nayofi, romlis meSveobiTac reformirebuls
SeuZlia WeSmariti rwmena utyuarad Seicnos, amaze pasuxi
iqneba: misi, rogorc qristianis, cxovrebis wesiT, romelic
RvTis saxelis gandidebas emsaxureba. Tu ra aris amisaTvis
aucilebeli, amis TvalnaTliv danaxva uSualod bibliaSi
RvTis mier sakuTari nebis gacxadebidan an gaSualebulad
mis mier Seqmnili samyaros mizanSewonili wesrigidan (lex
naturae) 54) SeiZleba. konkretulad, sakuTari sulieri
mdgomareobis im mdgomareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, rac
bibliis
Tanaxmad
rCeulT,
magaliTad,
patriarqebs
axasiaTebda, SesaZlebelia sakuTari madlmosilebis Semowmeba

112

55). mxolod rCeuls aqvs namdvilad fides efficax 56),

mxolod mas Seswevs unari xelaxali dabadebis (regeneratio)
meSveobiT da aqedan gamomdinare mTeli misi cxovrebis
ganwmendiT (sanctificatio) RvTis saxeli WeSmaritad da ara
moCvenebiTad keTili saqmeebiT ganadidos. da ramdenadac igi
gaacnobierebs, rom misi saqcieli _ yovel SemTxvevaSi
Tavisi Zireuli xasiaTiT da ucvleli ganzraxulebiT
(propositum oboedientiae) /"principamde ayvanili morCileba"/ _
masSi Cadebul RvTis didebis aRsamatebel Zalas 57)
emyareba, maSasadame, ara mxolod RvTisTvis sasurveli,
aramed, pirvel yovlisa, RvTis namoqmedaria 58), miaRwevs
igi im umaRles sikeTes, riskenac religiuroba miiltvoda,
anu madlmosilebaSi darwmunebulobas 59). da rom igi
mosapovebelia, am azrs korinTelTa mimarT meore epistolec
(13,
5)
ganamtkicebs
60).
ragind
absoluturad
gamousadegari ar unda iyos keTili saqmeebi, rogorc
maradiuli netarebis misaRwevi saSualeba _ vinaidan TviT
rCeulic qmnilebad rCeba da yovelive, rasac is akeTebs
RvTis moTxovnebs usasrulod scildeba, _ isini mainc
aucilebelia, rogorc rCeulobis niSani 61). isini teqnikur
saSualebas warmoadgenen ara imisTvis, raTa sulis cxoneba
Seisyidon, aramed, raTa am cxonebis gamo SiSi daZlion. am
gagebiT, maT zogjer pirdapir "cxonebisTvis aucilebel
saWiroebad" moixsenieben 62) an maT "possesiio salutis"
(madlis flobas) ukavSireben 63). es ki, principSi,
praqtikulad niSnavs Semdegs: RmerTi Svelis mas, vinc Tavs
TviTonve Svelis 64), imas, rom kalvinisti, rasac
xelsayrel dros kidev gavaSuqebT, sakuTar sulis xsnas _
ufro
zusti
iqneboda
Tuki
vityodiT,
masSi
darwmunebulobas _ Tavad "qmnis" 65), oRond es qmna
kaTolicizmisgan
gansxvavebiT
calkeul
damsaxurebaTa
TandaTanobiT dagrovebaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, aramed mudmivi
alternativis: _ rCeuli Tu gankicxuli? _ winaSe myof
sistematur TviTkontrolSi. amiT Cveni dakvirvebebis erTerT umniSvnelovanes punqts mivadeqiT.
rogorc cnobilia, reformirebul eklesiebsa da
seqtebSi sul ufro mkveTrad 66) Camoyalibebul azrTa
msvlelobas
luTeris
mxare
daJinebiT
"sinergizms"
sayvedurobda 67). da udaod sruliad samarTlianadac, Tuki

113

amiT reformirebuli rigiTi qristianis yoveldRiuri

cxovrebisTvis ganmsazRvreli praqtikuli Sedegebi iqneboda
nagulisxmevi 68), ragind marTebulic ar unda yofiliyo
mopasuxe mxaris protesti maTi dogmaturi poziciis
kaTolikur moZRvrebasTan gaigivebis gamo. vinaidan albaT
manamde arasodes ar arsebula zneobrivi saqcielis
religiurad Sefasebis imaze ufro intensiuri forma, vidre
is, romelic kalvinizmma Tavis mimdevrebs Camouyaliba.
oRond am saxis "sinergizmis" praqtikuli mniSvnelobisTvis
gadamwyvetia, pirvel rigSi, im xarisxobriv TvisebaTa
Secnoba, romlebic mis Sesatyvis cxovrebis wess axasiaTebs
da mas Sua saukuneebis rigiTi qristianis yoveldRiuri
cxovrebisgan ganasxvavebs. SesaZlebelia maTi daaxloebiT
amgvarad formulireba vcadoT: Sua saukuneebis normaluri
kaTolike
eriskaci
69)
eTikuri
TvalsazrisiT
garkveulwilad cxovrobda principiT: "xvalem ikiTxos
xvalisa". igi pirvel yovlisa keTilsindisierad asrulebda
tradiciul movaleobebs. misi "keTili saqmeebi" ki,
romlebic am farglebs scildebodnen, rogorc wesi, ar
hqmnidnen
aucileblad
urTierTdakavSirebul,
yovel
SemTxvevaSi aucileblobiT nakarnaxev sasicocxlo sistemaSi
gamTlianebul calkeul qmedebaTa racionalur mwkrivs; igi
maT saWiroebisamebr iqmoda, vTqvaT, konkretul codvaTa
gamosasyidad an sulis xsnaze zrunvis gavleniT, an misi
cxovrebis moaxloebuli dasasrulisas erTgvari sadazRvevo
jildos saxiT. raRa Tqma unda, kaTolikuri eTika "mrwamsis"
eTika iyo. magram calkeuli qmedebis konkretuli "intentio"
(ganzraxuloba) gadamwyveti iyo misi SefasebisTvis. xolo
calkeuli _ kargi an cudi _ saqcieli mis Camdens
miewereboda da gavlenas axdenda mis warmaval Tu
samaradiso
xvedrze.
eklesia
sruliad
realisturad
iTvaliswinebda imas, rom adamiani absoluturad calsaxad
gansazRvrul da Sesafasebel erTianobas ki ar warmoadgens,
aramed misi zneobrivi cxovreba (wesisamebr) sapirispiro
motivebiT gamowveuli xSirad metad winaaRmdegobrivi
qcevisgan Sedgeba. cxadia, eklesiac misgan, rogorc
idealisgan cxovrebis principulad Secvlas iTxovda. magram
am
moTxovnas
igi
arbilebda
(saSualo
donis
umravlesobisTvis) misi umniSvnelovanesi Zalauflebisa da
aRzrdis saSualebiT: monaniebis saidumloebiT, romlis

114

funqcia kaTolikuri religiurobis Zireul TaviseburebasTan

iyo siRrmiseulad dakavSirebuli.
samyarosaTvis "jados axsna" anu magiis, rogorc
xsnis saSualebis, gamoTiSva 70) kaTolikur RvTismosaobaSi
imgvari TanmimdevrobiT ar ganxorcielebula, rogorc
puritanul (da manamde mxolod iudevelur) religiurobaSi.
kaTolikes 71) sakuTari arasrulyofilebis daZlevis
saSualebad misi eklesiis saidumloebaTa madli aqvs:
mRvdeli is grZneuli magi iyo, vinc gardasaxvis saswauls
axdenda da visac xelT gasaRebis Zalaufleba epyra.
sinanuliT aRvsil da monanie morwmunes SeeZlo misTvis
miemarTa, is ki mas codvaTa gamosyidvisa da madlis
gardmosvlis imeds, mitevebis rwmenas unergavda da,
amgvarad, im sazarel daZabulobas uxsnida, romelic
kalvinistis cxovrebis ucilobeli xvedri iyo, rasac
veraferi Seamsubuqebda. misTvis msgavsi guliTadi da
adamianuri nugeSi ar arsebobda da kaTolikes an, Tundac,
luTeranisgan gansxvavebiT, mas imis imedic ver eqneboda, rom
sisustisa da fuqsavatobis wuTebis gadafarva moZalebuli
keTili nebis wuTebiT gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. kalvinistis
RmerTi Tavisianebisgan calkeul "keTil saqmeebs" ki ar
iTxovda, aramed sistemis rangSi ayvanil saqmeTa wminda
uzenaesobas 72). codvis, sinanulis, monaniebis, mitevebis,
axali codvis kaTolikur, WeSmarit adamianur aRmavaldaRmaval urTierTmonacvleobaze an
droebiTi sasjelis
meSveobiT gamosasyid, madlis mosapovebeli saeklesio
saSualebebiT mTeli cxovrebis dasabalansebel saldoze aq
saubaric ki ar iyo. rigiTi adamianis eTikuri praqtika
gaTavisuflebuli
iqna
yovelgvari
ugegmobisa
da
usistemobisgan
da
mTeli
cxovrebis
warmarTvis
Tanamimdevrul meTodad gardaiqmna. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
"meTodistebis" saxeli iseve SerCaT XVIII saukuneSi
puritanuli
ideebis
ukanaskneli
diadi
aRorZinebis
warmomadgenelT,
rogorc
maTi
sulieri
winaprebi
moixseniebodnen XVII saukuneSi azrobrivad sruliad
igiveobrivi saxelwodebiT -"precizistebi" 73). vinaidan
mxolod mTeli cxovrebis azris yovel wuTs da yovel
qmedebaSi 74) gamovlenil Zireul gardaqmnaSi SeZlebda
adamianis status naturae (bunebrivi mdgomareobidan) status

115

gratiae (madlmosilebis mdgomareobaSi) amamaRlebeli madlis

Zala TviTdamkvidrebas. "wmindanis" cxovreba erTaderTi
transcendentuli
miznisken:
sulis
cxonebisken
iyo
mimarTuli, magram swored amis gamo misi saaqao arseboba
zedmiwevniT racionalizebuli da erTTavad dedamiwaze
RvTis didebis aRmatebis miswrafebiT iyo gamsWvaluli; _
da ideas "omnia in majorem dei gloriam" manamde arc arasodes
ar mohkidebian aseTi ukiduresi seriozulobiT 75). mxolod
mudmivi refleqsiis gziT warmarTuli cxovreba SeiZleboda
status naturalis daZlevad CaTvliliyo: dekartes "cogito ergo
sum" (vazrovneb, ese igi varsebob) amgvari eTikuri
gadaazrebiT iqna aTvisebuli misi Tanamedrove puritanebis
mier
76).
am
racionalizebam
ki
reformirebulTa
RvTismosaobas specifikuri asketuri ieri mianiWa da
safuZvlad daedo rogorc kaTolicizmTan mis Sinagan
naTesaobas 77), ise masTan specifikur dapirispirebulobas.
radganac cxadia, msgavsi ram kaTolicizmisTvisac ucxo ar
iyo.
qristianuli askeza Tavis TavSi udaod ukiduresad
sxvadasxvagvar elementebs moicavda, rogorc garegnuli
gamovlinebis, ise Sinaarsis mixedviT. dasavleTSi ki igi
Tavis umaRles gamovlinebis formebSi jer kidev Sua
saukuneebSi da calkeul gamovlinebebSi ukve antikurobaSic
ki racionalur xasiaTs atarebda. amas efuZneba dasavleTSi
bermonazvnuri cxovrebis wesis msoflio istoriuli
mniSvneloba, aRmosavluri bermonazvnobis, _ ara misi
erTobliobis, aramed misi zogadi tipis _ sapirispirod. is
principSi ukve wminda benediqtis wesdebaSi, ufro metad
klunielebTan, kidev ufro metad cistercielebTan da,
bolos, yvelaze metad iezuitebTan iyo saero cxovrebidan
umizno
gaqcevisa
da
virtuozuli
TviTgvemisagan
gaTavisuflebuli. igi cxovrebis racionalurad warmarTvis
sistematurad Camoyalibebul meTodad iqca, raTa, status
naturae daeZlia, iracionaluri instinqtebis Zalauflebisgan
da nivTieri samyarosa da bunebaze mijaWvulobisagan daexsna,
gegmazomieri
wadilis
uzenaesobisTvis
daemorCilebina
adamiani 78), misi qmedebani mudmivi TviTkontrolisaTvis,
xolo
maTi
eTikuri
mniSvneloba
awon-dawonili
SefasebisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina da, amrigad, beri _

116

obieqturad _ RvTis sauflos samsaxurSi Camdgar muSad

aRezarda, am gziT ki igi axla ukve subieqturad, misi
sulis xsnis SesaZleblobaSi daerwmunebina. amgvari _
aqtiuri _ TavdaWeriloba iyo, rogorc wminda ignaciusis
exercitia
(sulieri
varjiSebisa)
da
saerTodac
bermonazvnuri racionaluri saTnoebis umaRles formaTa
mizani 79), ise puritanizmis umTavresi praqtikuli
cxovrebis ideali 80). ukve im usazRvro zizRSi, romelic
gamosWvivis puritan martvilTa dakiTxvis qronikebSi
puritanizmis
mimdevarTa
darbaislur
simSvidesTan
didgvarovan prelatTa da moxeleTa TavSeukavebeli lanZRvaginebis dapirispirebisas 81), avlens Tavs TavdaWerili
TviTkontrolis is maRali Sefaseba, ingliseli da
angloamerikeli "gentleman"-is saukeTeso tips dRemde rom
axasiaTebs 82). CvenTvis gasageb enaze es ase iJRerebda 83):
puritanuli _ iseve, rogorc nebismieri "racionaluri" _
askeza
imisaTvis
iRwvis,
rom
adamians
"afeqtebze"
upiratesoba moapovebinos da Tavi daamkvidrebinos
mis
"konstantur motivebs", metadre maT, romlebic mas Tavadve
"STaunerga": _ anu imisaTvis, rom igi "pirovnebad"
aRzardos,
sityvis
am
formalur-fsiqologiuri
mniSvnelobiT.
zogierTi
gavrcelebuli
warmodgenis
sapirispirod, askezis mizani iyo fxizeli Segnebuli
aumRvrevli
cxovrebis
warmarTva,
_
cxovrebiT
instinqturi
tkbobis
SeuzRudaobis
daZleva
misi
gadaudebeli amocana, _ mis mimdevarTa cxovrebis niris
mowesrigeba ki misi umniSvnelovanesi saSualeba. yvela es
ZiriTadi debuleba iseve gamokveTilad poulobs asaxvas
kaTolikuri
bermonazvnobis
wesdebebSi
84),
rogorc
kalvinistis cxovrebis warmarTvis wesis principebSi 85).
orive maTganis soflismZleveli Zala erTianad mTeli
adamianis amgvar meTodur mocvas efuZneba, gansakuTrebiT ki
kalvinizmis, rogorc "ecclesia militans"-is unari, gansxvavebiT
luTeranobisagan, uzrunveleyo protestantizmis arseboba.
meore mxriv ki, savsebiT naTelia, Tu raSi
mdgomareobda kalvinisturi askezis SuasaukuneobrivTan
dapirispirebuloba: es iyo "consilia evangelica" (evangelur
rCevaTa) ugulvebelyofa da am gziT misi wminda saero
askezad gardaqmna. oRond es imas ki ar niSnavs, TiTqos

117

kaTolicizmSi "meToduri" cxovreba monastris senakiT

Semoifargleboda. es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iyo ase arc
Teoriulad da arc praqtikulad. ukve mravalgzis aRiniSna,
rom miuxedavad kaTolicizmis arc ise didi moraluri
momTxovnelobisa, eTikuri TvalsazrisiT usistemo cxovreba
ver swvdeba im umaRles idealebs, romlebic man _ aseve
saero cxovrebisTvisac _ dasaxa 86). magaliTad, wminda
franciskis
mier
tertiarielTa
ordenis
dafuZneba
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis asketizmiT ganmsWvalvis gabedul
da
rogorc
cnobilia,
ara
erTaderT
mcdelobas
warmoadgenda. cxadia, qmnilebebi, rogoricaa "qristes
mimdevarni", swored maTi Zlieri zegavlenis wyalobiT
TvalsaCinos xdian, Tu rogor aRiqmeboda maTSi naqadagebi
cxovrebis
wesi
umaRles
zneobriobad
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis zneobriobisaTvis sakmaris minimumTan SedarebiT,
da rom es ukanaskneli sulac ar izomeboda im masStabebiT,
romelTac puritanizmi flobda. da garkveul saeklesio
instituciaTa, pirvel yovlisa, codvaTa mitevebis praqtikas,
romelic reformaciis epoqaSi amitomac aRiqmeboda ara
ubralod umniSvnelo darRvevad, aramed umTavres Zireul
zianad, gamudmebiT sistematuri saero askezis wanamZRvrebTan
Sejaxeba uwevda. oRond gadamwyveti is iyo, rom religiuri
TvalsazrisiT meTodurad mcxovrebi adamiani par excellence
(upiratesad) swored mxolod beri iyo da beri rCeboda anu,
rac ufro intensiurad ipyrobda calkeul adamians askeza,
miT ufro riyavda mas yoveldRiuri cxovrebisagan, vinaidan
swored saero zneobriobis dajabnaSi 87) mdgomareobda
specifikurad wminda cxovreba. Tavdapirvelad es luTerma
gadalaxa da kerZod ara rogorc raRac "ganviTarebis
tendenciis" ganmaxorcielebelma, aramed sruliad piraduli
gamocdilebis safuZvelze, sxvaTa Soris, sawyis etapze jer
kidev meryevad, SemdgomSi ki politikuri situaciis sul
ufro mZlavri biZgiT, xolo kalvinizmma ki es ubralod
misgan aiTvisa 88). marTlac misi religiurobis formis
gansazRvrisaTvis uSualod sakiTxis arsSi Cawvdomas
niSnavda, roca jer kidev sebastian frankma reformaciis
mniSvneloba imaSi dainaxa, rom amieridan nebismieri
qristiani mTeli misi sicocxlis manZilze beri unda
yofiliyo.
yoveldRiuri
saero
cxovrebidan
askezis
gadinebas jebiri gadaeRoba da is, mgznebare sidinjiT

118

Sinaganad CaRrmavebuli bunebis pirovnebebi, romlebic im

dromde Tavis saukeTeso warmomadgenelT berobisTvis
amwesebdnen, amieridan imisaTvis iyvnen mowodebulni, rom
saero profesiuli cxovrebis farglebSi asketuri idealebi
ganexorcielebinaT. kalvinizmma ki Tavisi ganviTarebis
manZilze
amas
raRac
dadebiTi:
saero
profesiul
saqmianobaSi rwmenis dadasturebis aucileblobis idea 89),
Sehmata. man amiT religiurad orientirebul pirovnebaTa
farTo fenebs askezisaken dadebiTi biZgi misca da eTikis
predestinaciis
moZRvrebaze
misi
dafuZnebis
Sedegad
bermonazonTa sasuliero aristokratiis adgili qveynierebis
miRma da mis zemoT RvTis mier ukuniTi ukunisamde
predestinirebulma wmindanTa aristokratiam daikava am
qveynad
90),
romelic
Tavisi
character indelebilis
(ucodvelobis)
wyalobiT
samaradisod
Serisxuli
kacobriobisagan
principulad
gadaulaxavi
da
Tavisi
uxilaobis gamo kidev ufro Semzaravi ufskruliT iyo
dacilebuli
91),
vidre
garegnulad
qveynierebisagan
ganmdgari Sua saukuneebis beri, _ es iyo ufskruli,
romelic mTeli Tavisi simZafriT aRibeWda nebismier
socialur msoflaRqmaSi. vinaidan rCeulTa da, amdenad,
wmindanTa amgvar madlmosilebas moyvasis codvaTa mimarT
sakuTari sisustis gacnobierebiT gulisxmieri Tanadgoma ki
ar Seesabameboda, aramed mis mimarT siZulvili da zizRi,
rogorc
maradiuli
gankicxviT
daRdasmuli
RmerTis
mtrisadmi 92). msgavs aRqmis wess imgvarad gamZafrebis
unari Seswevda, rom garkveul viTarebaSi SeiZleboda
seqtebis Seqmnamde misuliyo saqme. amas adgili hqonda maSin,
roca _ msgavsad imisa, rogorc es XVII saukunis
"independistur"
mimarTulebebSi
moxda
_
odindel
kalvinistur rwmenas, rom RvTis dideba eklesiis mier
sjulis kanonisadmi gankicxulTa daqvemdebarebas moiTxovs,
sjabnida imaSi darwmunebuloba, rom uflis abuCad agdeba
iqneboda, Tuki mis samwysoSi auRorZinebeli aRmoCndeboda da
eklesiis saidumloaTa Tanaziari an sulac, rogorc RvTis
msaxuri, maTi ganmgebeli gaxdeboda 93). anu, erTi sityviT,
maSin,
roca
eklesiis
donatisturi
gageba
Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis ideis nayofad warmoCndeboda, rogorc amas
kalvinist baptistebTan hqonda adgili. iqac, sadac sruli
TanamimdevrobiT ar ganxorcielebula "wminda" eklesiis,

119

rogorc
Rirsad
TviTgamovlenil
aRorZinebulTa
erTobliobis mier wamoyenebuli seqtebis Seqmnis moTxovna,
eklesiis mowyobis mravalgvari saxecvla mohyva Sedegad imis
mcdelobas, rom erTmaneTisgan gaemijnaT aRorZinebuli da
auRorZinebeli, eklesiis saidumloTaTvis moumwifebeli
qristianebi,
rom
saeklesio
mmarTveloba
pirvelT
daTmobodaT an saerTodac maT gamorCeuli mdgomareoba
SehqmnodaT da RvTismsaxurebaSi mxolod aRorZinebulni
daeSvaT 94).
amrigad, es asketuri cxovrebis warmarTvis wesi
Tavis myar normas, romelzec mas mudmivad orientireba
SeeZleboda da romelic mas usaTuod esaWiroeboda,
bunebrivia, bibliis meSveobiT iZenda. da kerZod, mravalgzis
aRweril
kalvinizmis
"bibliokratiaSi"
CvenTvis
umniSvnelovanesia is, rom
axali aRTqmis msgavsad aseve
uflis mier sulSTaberili Zveli aRTqmis moralur
miTiTebaTa Rirseba aq savsebiT gaTanabrebulia axalTan,
Tuki isini aSkarad mxolod iudevelTa istoriul
urTierTobebs ar gansazRvraven an qristes mier ar arian
dabejiTebiT
uaryofilni.
swored
morwmuneTaTvis
warmoadgenda kanoni idealad miCneul normas, romlis
srulad miRweva verasodes iqneboda SesaZlebeli 95), maSin,
rodesac luTeri piriqiT _ Tavdapirvelad _ kanonTa
monobisagan
Tavisuflebas
asxamda
xotbas,
rogorc
morwmuneTa RvTiur privilegias 96). Rrmad religiuri da
mainc sruliad fxizeli ebrauli cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis
gavlena,
romelic
puritanTa
usayvarles
wignebSi:
solomonis
igavebsa
da
mTel
rig
fsalmunebSia
Camoyalibebuli,
igrZnoba
mTel
maT
cxovrebiseul
ganwyobilebaSi. kalvinizmis specifikurad racionaluri
xasiaTi anu religiurobis mistikuri da, saerTod,
grZnobiTi
sawyisis
daTrgunva
sruliad
marTebulad
daukavSira jer kidev sanfordma 97) Zveli aRTqmis
gavlenas. TavisTavad, amgvari ZvelaRTqmiseuli racionalizmi
rogorc
aseTi,
arsebiTad
wvrilburJuaziul
tradicionalisturi
xasiaTisaa
da
ara
mxolod
winaswarmetyvelTa da mravalricxovan fsalmunTa mZlavri
paTosi iyo masSi, aramed is Semadgeneli nawilebic,
romlebic
specifikuri
grZnobadi
religiurobis
ganviTarebisaTvis ukve Sua saukuneebSi iqcnen amosaval

120

wertilad. saboloo jamSi es mainc isev sakuTriv

kalvinizmis arsebiTi, kerZod, swored asketuri xasiaTi iyo,
romelic misi kongenialuri ZvelaRTqmiseuli RvTismosaobis
elementebis amokiTxvasa da asimilirebas lamobda.
cxovrebis
zneobrivad
warmarTvis
amgvari
sistematizeba, rac kalvinisturi protestantizmis askezas
kaTolikur ordenTa cxovrebis racionalur formebTan aqvs
saziaro, ukve garegnuladac imaSi mJRavndeba, Tu rogor
gamudmebiT
akontrolebda
sakuTari
madlmosilebis
mdgomareobas
"asokirkita"
puritani
qristiani
99).
marTalia, religiuri dRiuri, romelSic codvebi, cdunebebi
da
madlis
mosapoveblad
win
gadagmuli
nabijebi
Tanamimdevrulad anda sulac cxrilis saxiT iyo aRnusxuli,
erTnairad misaRebi iyo, rogorc, pirvel rigSi, iezuitebis
mier Seqmnili Tanamedrove-kaTolikuri RvTismosaobisTvis
(saxeldobr safrangeTis), ise yvelaze Tavgadadebuli
reformirebuli saeklesio wreebisTvis 100); magram maSin,
rodesac is kaTolicizmSi aRsarebis sisrulis mizans
emsaxureboda an "directeur de l`me" (sulier moZRvars) mis
mier qristianis an (umetesad) qristiani qalis mimarT
gaweuli avtoritaruli xelmZRvanelobis safuZvels uqmnida,
reformirebuli qristiani "Tavad isinjavda" misi meSveobiT
"majiscemas".
igi
moxseniebulia
yvela
mniSvnelovani
moralisti Teologis mier, saTnoebis asparezze miRweuli
sakuTari warmatebebis jer kidev benjamin frankliniseuli
tabularul-statistikuri aRnusxva iZleva amis klasikur
nimuSs 101). meore mxriv ki, Zveli Suasaukuneobrivi (ukve
antikurobisTvisac cnobili) RvTis mier warmoebuli
xarjTaRricxvis xati benianTan imgvar damaxasiaTebel
ugemovnebobamdea miyvanili, rom codvilis da RmerTis
urTierToba
muStrisa
da
shopkeeper
(meduqnis)
urTierTobasTanaa Sedarebuli: vinc erTxel mainc daidebs
vals, igi mTeli Tavisi garjis SemosavliT didi-didi mzard
procentebs, magram verasodes Tavns ver gaistumrebs 102).
rogorc sakuTar qcevas, RvTisasac iseve akontrolebda
gviani epoqis puritani da Tvlida, rom misi cxovrebis
yovel calkeul movlenaSi uflis xeli eria. da aqedan
gamomdinare,
kalviniseuli
odindeli
moZRvrebisagan
gansxvavebiT, zustad icoda, Tu ratom gamoitana RmerTma

121

esa Tu is ganCineba. amrigad, cxovrebis ganspetakebas SeeZlo

saqmiani warmoebis xasiaTi SeeZina 103). mTeli yofierebis
Zireuli
qristianizeba
iyo
cxovrebis
zneobrivad
warmarTvis amgvari meTodikis Sedegi, rasac kalvinizmma
luTeranobisagan gansxvavebiT miaRwia. kalvinizmis gavlenis
xasiaTis swori gagebisaTvis mudam unda gvaxsovdes, rom es
meTodika cxovrebaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad gadamwyvet
moments warmoadgenda. aqedan, erTi mxriv, naTeli xdeba, Tu
ratom SeZlo swored aRmsareblobis am formam msgavsi
zegavlenis moxdena, xolo, meore mxriv ki, Tu ratom unda
emoqmedaT sxva konfesiebs imave mimarTulebiT, Tuki maTi
zneobrivi impulsebi Rirsad TviTgamovlenis ideis am
gadamwyvet punqtSi igiveobrivi iyo.
am dromde Cven kalvinisturi religiurobis niadagze
vrCebodiT da, Sesabamisad, predestinaciis moZRvrebas
puritanuli zneobriobis meTodur safuZvlad ganvixilavdiT
cxovrebis meTodurad racionalizebuli eTikuri warmarTvis
wesis gagebiT. es imitom moxda, rom xsenebuli dogma
sinamdvileSi reformirebuli moZRvrebis qvakuTxedad iqna
miCneuli im religiuri partiis anu "presbiterianelTa"
wreebis farglebs gareTac, romelic yvela TvalsazrisiT
mkacrad kalviniseuli safuZvlebis mimdevari rCeboda: mas
Seicavda ara mxolod 1658 wlis independisturi savois
deklaracia, aramed agreTve 1689 wlis baptisturi Hanserd
Knollys confession da aseve meTodizmis farglebSi am
moZraobis udidesi organizatoruli talanti, jon uesli,
marTalia, madlis universalobis ideis damcveli iyo, magram
meTodistTa pirveli Taobis udidesi agitatori da misi
yvelaze Tanamimdevruli moazrovne uaitfeldi ki ledi
hanTingdonis garSemo Sekrebili, garkveuli drois manZilze
sakmaod gavleniani wris msgavsad "madlis partikularizms"
emxroboda. swored es moZRvreba iyo, romelic XVII
saukunis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebiT aRsavse epoqaSi,
Tavisi
grandiozuli
Sekrulobis
wyalobiT
"wminda
cxovrebis" mebrZol damcvelT imis rwmenas uRvivebda, rom
isini RvTis iaraRi da misi providenciuri gangebis
ganmaxorcielebelni iyvnen 104) da swored is aferxebda
mxolod saaqaoze orientirebul wminda utilitaristul
sinergizmad naadrev gadagvarebas, romelsac iracionaluri

122

da idealuri miznebisaTvis amgvari gaugonari msxverplis

gaRebis unari arasodes ar eqneboda. xolo rwmenis
dakavSireba absoluturi determinizmiTa da zegrZnobadis
sruli transcendentulobiT gamorCeul aucilebel moqmed
normebTan, rasac es moZRvreba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
genialuri formiT axorcielebda, amavdroulad _ principSi
- gacilebiT ufro "Tanamedrove" iyo, vidre grZnobisaTvis
ufro misaRebi lmobieri moZRvreba, romelic RmerTsac ki
zneobrivi kanonisadmi daqvemdebarebuls xdida. upriani
iqneboda, rom Cveni dakvirvebebisaTvis esoden fundamenturi
(rac isev da isev naTlad
gamoCndeba) Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis idea, rogorc meToduri zneobriobis
fsiqologiuri
amosavali
wertili,
swored
madlis
rCeulobasTan
da
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebisaTvis
mis
mniSvnelobasTan
mimarTebaSi
yofiliyo
"wminda
saxis
kulturad" Seswavlili, da rom Cven am moZRvrebidan
amovsuliyaviT, rogorc yvelaze Tanamimdevruli formidan,
vinaidan es idea rwmenisa da zneobriobis urTierTkavSiris
sqemis saxiT SemdgomSi gansaxilvel denominaciebSic zustad
Tanazomierad meordeba. is Sedegebi, romlebic
am ideis
pirvel mimdevarTa mier cxovrebis asketurad warmarTvas
unda mohyoloda, protestantizmis farglebSi iqcnen
luTeranobis
(SedarebiTi)
zneobrivi
uZlurebis
uprincipialures antiTezad. luTeriseuli "gratia amissibilis"
(RvTis wyaloba, romelic SeiZleba daikargos), magram
sinanuliT aRsavse monaniebiT kvlav SeiZleba mopovebuli
iqnas, sCans, TavisTavad imisaTvis aranair stimuls ar
Seicavda, rac CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania,
rogorc asketuri protestantizmis nayofi: anu mTeli
eTikuri
cxovrebis
sistematurad
racionaluri
mowyobisaTvis 105). amrigad, luTeranuli RvTismosaoba
naklebad Trgunavda instinqturi qmedebis SeuzRudav
vitalurobasa da miamit mgrZnobiarobas, mas aklda mudmivi
TviTkontrolisa da, amdenad, sazogadod sakuTari cxovrebis
gegmazomieri reglamentirebis is stimuli, romelsac
kalvinizmis pirquSi moZRvreba Seicavda. iseTi religiuri
geniosi, rogoric luTeri iyo, am Tavisufal, samyarosadmi
gaxsnilobis atmosferoSi laRad cxovrobda da sadamdec
misi frTebis Zala swvdeboda, mas "status naturalis"

123

mdgomareobaSi CaZirvis safrTxe ar emuqreboda. da im sada,

daxvewili
da
Taviseburi
ganwyobiT
gamsWvaluli
RvTismosaobis formis, romelic luTeranobis saukeTeso
warmomadgenlebs amkobda iseve, rogorc maTi kanonisagan
Tavisufali zneobriobis paralelebi, ufro iSviaTad
moiZebneba WeSmariti puritanizmis niadagze, vidre vTqvaT,
hukeris, Cilingsuortis da sxvaTa, lmobieri anglikanizmis
wiaRSi. oRond rigiTi luTeranisTvis, Tundac zedmiwevniT
marTlmorwmunisTvis, araferi iyo imaze garduvali, vidre
is, rom status naturalis - bunebrivi mdgomareobidan _ misi
gamoxsna mxolod droebiTi iyo anu sanamdec calkeuli
aRsarebis an qadagebis zegavlena gastanda. cnobilia, Tu
raoden TvalSisacemi iyo TanamedroveTaTvis gansxvaveba
reformirebul mTavarTa karisa da xSirad loTobisa da
avyiobis Waobad qceul
luTeran 106) mTavarTa karis
zneobriv normebs Soris; iseve, rogorc wminda moZRvrebis
mqadagebeli
luTeranuli
samRvdeloebis
ususuroba
baptizmis asketur mimdinareobebTan SedarebiT. is, rac
germanul xasiaTSi "udrtvinvelobad" da "bunebriobad"
aRiqmeba,
angloamerikuli
cxovrebis
atmosferos
sapirispirod, dRemde _ TviT adamianTa fiziognomikaSic ki
_
"status naturalis" SeuboWaobis Zirfesvianad ganadgurebis
anabeWds rom atarebs da rasac germanelebi aTvalwunebiT,
rogorc wesi, am ukanasknelis SezRudulobad, Tavisuflebis
naklebobad da Sinagan SeboWilobad miiCneven, _ cxovrebis
warmarTvis wesSi im winaaRmdegobebs warmoadgenen, romlebic
sruliad
arsebiTad
kalvinizmisagan
gansxvavebiT
luTeranobis
mier
cxovrebis
naklebad
asketuri
gamsWvalvidan warmosdgebian. amgvar emociebSi mJRavndeba
"samyaros laRi pirmSos" antipaTia asketuris mimarT.
luTeranobas, kerZod, misi madlis Sesaxeb moZRvrebidan
gamomdinare,
aklda
swored
cxovrebiseuli
qcevis
sistematizebis is fsiqologiuri stimuli, romelic am
qcevis meTodur racionalizebas iwvevs. es stimuli,
romelic RvTismosaobis asketur xasiaTs ganapirobebebs,
Tavis mxriv, udaod SeiZleboda sxvadasxva saxis religiuri
motivebiT yofiliyo gamowveuli, rasac sul male kidec
davinaxavT:
kalvinizmiseuli
predestinaciis
moZRvreba
sxvadasxva SesaZleblobaTagan erT-erTi iyo. magram uTuod

124

unda davrwmunebuliyaviT imaSi, rom igi ara marto sruliad

ganumeorebeli TanamimdevrulobiT, aramed aseve sruliad
Tandayolili
fsiqologiuri
zemoqmedebis
unariTac
gamoirCeoda
107).
amis
Sesabamisad,
arakalvinisturi
asketuri mimdinareobebi, Tuki am ukanasknelT maTi askezis
wminda religiuri motivaciis TvalsazrisiT davakvirdebiT,
kalvinizmis Sinagani Tanamimdevrulobis Sesustebad aRiqmeba.
istoriul sinamdvileSic saqme, Tu yovelTvis ara,
umetesad mainc imgvarad iyo, rom askezis reformirebuli
saxe danarCeni asketuri mimdinareobebisTvis an misabaZi iyo
an maT mier sakuTari, reformirebuli askezidan gadaxrili,
anda,
masze
aRmatebuli
principebis
Camoyalibebisas,
Sedarebisa da Sevsebis mizniT iyo gamoyenebuli. iq, sadac
sxvagvari
religiuri fundamentirebis miuxedavad, mainc
igive asketuri Tanamimdevruloba iCenda Tavs, es, rogorc
wesi, saeklesio mowyobis Sedegi iyo, razec sxva konteqstSi
kidev iqneba saubari 108).
yovel
SemTxvevaSi,
istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT,
madlismieri rCeulobis moZRvreba amosavali wertili iyo
Cveulebriv
"pietizmad"
wodebuli
asketuri
mimdinareobisTvis.
ramdenadac
es
mimdinareoba
reformirebuli
eklesiis
farglebSi
rCeba,
TiTqmis
SeuZlebelia pietist da arapietist kalvinistebs Soris
mkveTri mijnis gatareba 109). puritanizmis TiTqmis yvela
saxelganTqmul
warmomadgenels
pietistTa
rigebs
miakuTvnebdnen da sruliad dasaSvebia mosazreba, romlis
Tanaxmad, yvela is urTierTkavSiri predestinaciisa da
Rirsad TviTgamovlenis ideas Soris, romelsac subieqturi
"certitudo salutis" (xsnaSi darwmunebulobis) mopovebis
interesi udevs safuZvlad, rogorc es zeviT iqna
warmoCenili, ubralod kalviniseuli pirveladi moZRvrebis
pietistur
gadamuSavebad
ganixileba.
reformirebul
gaerTianebaTa wiaRSi asketur "revivals" (aRorZinebaTa)
warmoSoba metadre holandiaSi, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebuli
iyo drodadro miviwyebas micemuli an Sesustebuli
madlismieri rCeulobis ideis xelaxla gacocxlebasTan.
amitomac inglisTan dakavSirebiT cneba "pietizmi" umetesad
arc ki gamoiyeneba 110). magram kontinenturi reformirebuli
(niderlandur-qvemorainuli) pietizmic, sul cota, Tavisi

125

arsiT mainc, zustad iseve, rogorc beilis religiuroba

Tavdapirvelad ubralod reformirebuli askezis gamZafrebas
warmoadgenda. imdenad Zlieri aqcenti keTdeboda "praxis
pietatis" (RvTismosav praqtikaze), rom amis gamo dogmaturi
marTlmorwmuneoba ukana planze iwevda, drodadro ki
pirdapir
umniSvnelodac
ki
gamoiyureboda.
predestinirebulT xom iseve SeeZloT dogmaturi Secdomebis
daSveba, rogorc sxva codvebis Cadena, da gamocdilebam
aCvena, rom mravali, saskolo RvTismetyvelebaSi sruliad
gauwafavi qristiani rwmenis aSkara nayofs amJRavnebda, maSin,
rodesac meore mxriv, naTeli xdeboda, rom mxolod
Teologiur codnas aramc da aramc ar mohqonda sakuTari
saqcieliT ganmtkicebuli rwmenismieri
dajerebuloba 111).
amrigad, Teologiuri codniT rCeuloba sruliadac ver
damtkicdeba 112). amitomac daiwyo pietizmma, romelic Rrma
urwmunobiT iyo gamsWvaluli TeologTa eklesiis 113)
mimarT, Tumca oficialurad mas ekuTvnoda _ esaa misi erTerTi maxasiaTebeli niSani _
"praxis pietatis" momxreTa
Segroveba qveynierebisgan gandgomil "religiur wreebSi"
114). wmindanTa uxilavi eklesiis dedamiwaze CamoyvaniT mas
undoda igi xiluli gaexada ise, rom amas Sedegad seqtebis
Seqmna ar mohyoloda,
am erTobliobas TavSefarebuli
eswrafvoda miwieri cxovrebis yvela gavlenas ganrideboda,
ukanasknel wvrilmanebSic ki RvTis nebaze orientirebuli
cxovrebiT ecxovra da am gziT cxovrebiseuli qcevis TviT
yoveldRiur garegnul niSnebSic sakuTar aRorZinebaSi
darwmunebuliyo. WeSmaritad moqceulTa (Tems) "ecclesiola"
amgvarad surda _ esec aseve saerToa nebismieri specifikuri
pietizmisTvis _ sulieri askezis gziT ukve saaqaoSi egema
RmerTTan Tanaziarobis netareba. am ukanasknel miswrafebas
raRac Sinagani naTesaoba hqonda luTeriseul "unio mystica"sTan da mas Zalze xSirad religiis grZnobadi mxaris imaze
metad
gaZliereba
mosdevda,
vidre
es
Cveulebriv
reformirebul
qristianobas
axasiaTebda.
Tuki
Cveni
Tvalsazrisi angariSgasawevia, swored es unda iqnes
reformirebuli eklesiis wiaRSi "pietizmis" arsebiT
maxasiaTebel niSnad ganxiluli. vinaidan, Tavdapirvelad
kalvinisturi
RvTismosaobisaTvis
mTlianobaSi
ucxo,
samagierod
Suasaukuneobrivi
religiurobis
garkveuli

126

formebis
Sinaganad
monaTesave,
grZnobiTi
momenti
warmarTavda praqtikul religiurobas mopovebuli xsniT
amqveyniuri tkbobisaken, asketuri brZolis nacvlad saiqio
momavlisaTvis mis mosapoveblad. amasTan, grZnobas imgvari
simZafre SeiZleboda SeeZina, rom mosalodneli iyo
religiurobas pirdapir isteriuli xasiaTi mieRo da Semdeg
amas
mohyoloda
uTvalavi
magaliTebidan
cnobili,
nevropaTiulad dadgenili, TiTqmis vnebiani religiuri
aRtkinebis
mdgomareobis
nervuli
modunebulobis
periodebTan
urTierTmonacvleoba,
rac
"RmerTTan
daSorebulobad" aRiqmeboda, _ Sedegi pirdapir sapirispiro
iyo im fxizeli da mkacri disciplinisa, romlis
daqvemdebarebaSic aqcevda puritanis sistematizirebuli
wminda cxovreba adamians: es iyo im "SebrkolebaTa"
Sesusteba, romlebic kalvinistis racionalur pirovnebas
"afeqtebisagan" icavda 115). amasTan, qmnilebis ganwirulobis
kalvinistur ideasac aseve SeeZlo emocionalurad _ mag.,
"matlad TviTSegrZnebis" formiT _ aRqmuls, profesiul
saqmianobaSi aqtivobis Cakvla gamoewvia 116). aseve
predestinaciis ideasac SeeZlo fatalizmad qceuliyo, Tuki
igi _ kalvinisturi racionaluri religiurobis WeSmariti
tendenciebis sapirispirod _ ganwyobisa da grZnobismieri
aTvisebis sagani gaxdeboda 117). dabolos, samyarosagan
gandgomisaken wmindanTa ltolvas grZnobaTa mometebuli
gamZafrebisas
SeeZlo
erTgvari
naxevradkomunisturi
xasiaTis samonastro erTobliobis organizebamdec mieyvana
saqme, rogorc amas araerTgzis da TviT reformirebul
eklesiaSic ki axdenda pietizmi 118). oRond sanam es
ukiduresi, swored xsenebuli grZnobierebiT ganpirobebuli
efeqti miRweuli ar iqneboda anu reformirebuli pietizmi
saero
profesiuli
saqmianobis
farglebSi
xsnaSi
darwmunebulobas
eswrafvoda,
pietisturi
principebis
praqtikuli
Sedegi
mxolod
profesiuli
saqmianobis
farglebSi cxovrebis wesis imaze kidev ufro mkacri
kontroli da profesiuli eTikis imaze kidev ufro metad
ganmtkiceba iyo, vidre amis ganxorcieleba "amaRlebuli"
pietistebis mier meore xarisxis qristianobad miCneul,
rigiTi
reformirebuli
qristianebis
"znekeTilobas"
ZaluZda. wmindanTa religiuri aristikratia, romelic
nebismieri reformirebuli askezis ganviTarebaSi miT ufro

127

aSkarad ikveTeboda, rac ufro seriozulad iyo igi

aRqmuli, mogvianebiT _ rogorc es holandiaSi moxda _
voluntaristulad Camoyalibda eklesiis SigniT religiuri
wreebis saxiT, maSin, roca inglisur puritanizmSi is
eklesiis mowyobis farglebSi nawilobriv aqtiuri da
pasiuri
qristianebis
namdvili
urTierTgamijvnisken,
nawilobriv ki _ ukve adre Tqmulis Tanaxmad _ seqtebis
Seqmnisaken ubiZgebda.
Speneris,
frankes,
cincendorfis
saxelebTan
dakavSirebuli, luTeranobis safuZvelze mdgomi germanuli
pietizmis ganviTareba predestinaciis moZRvrebis niadags
gvaSorebs. magram amiT aramcdaaramc ar gvaSorebs im ideaTa
sferos, ris logikur dagvirgvinebasac is warmoadgens, ise,
rogorc
vTqvaT,
inglisur-niderlanduri
pietizmis
zegavlena Spenerze mis mierve dasturdeba da, magaliTad, mis
pirvel religiur wreebSi beilis Sromebis kiTxvisas iCens
Tavs 119). CvenTvis saintereso Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare,
pietizmi
ubralod
arakalvinisturi
religiurobis
sferoebSic meTodurad daxvewili da kontrolirebuli anu
asketuri
cxovrebis
wesis
SeRwevas
niSnavs
120).
luTeranobas ki es racionaluri askeza ucxo sxeulad unda
aReqva da germanuli pietisturi doqtrinis arasakmarisi
Tanamimdevrulobac aqedan warmomdgari sirTuleebis Sedegi
Seiqna. sistematuri religiuri cxovrebis wesis dogmaturi
fundamentirebisTvis
SpenerTan
luTeriseuli
ideebi
Sexamebulia keTili saqmeebis, rogorc aseTis, specifikur
reformatorul maxasiaTebel niSanTan, romelTac "RvTisTvis
pativis migebis ganzraxviT" sCadian 121) da aseve
reformirebuli
JReradobis
mqone
rwmenasTan,
rac
aRorZinebulTaTvis SedarebiTi qristianuli srulyofilebis
miRwevis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs 122). arada, Teorias
swored Tanamimdevruloba aklda: qristianuli cxovrebis
wesis sistematuri xasiaTi, romelic misi pietizmisTvisac
niSandoblivia, mistikosebis Zlieri gavlenis qveS myof 123)
SpenerTan sakmaod gaurkvevl, magram arsebiTad luTeranul
yaidazea umal aRwerili, vidre dasabuTebuli, "certitudo
salutis" gamoiyvaneba ara ganspetakebidan, aramed Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis ideis nacvlad am fenomenTan misadagebulia
luTerisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli,
adre
moxseniebuli,

128

rwmenasTan sakmaod aramdgradi kavSiris damyareba 124).

magram, rac ufro metad jabnida pietizmSi racionalurasketuri elementi grZnobiT mxares, miT ufro myarad
Sedioda
ZalaSi
Cveni
TvalTaxedvisTvis
arsebiTad
mniSvnelovani debulebebi, saxeldobr ki is, rom: 1.
sakuTari ganspetakebis meToduri srulqmna sul ufro
maRali,
kanoniT
kontrolirebadi
ganmtkicebisa
da
srulyofilebis mimarTulebiT, madlmosilebis niSans unda
warmoadgendes 125) da rom 2)RvTiuri gangeba unda iyos is,
rac amgvarad srulqmnilT amoZravebs, rac imaSi vlindeba,
rom ufali maT moTminebiT lodinisa da meToduri gansjisas
Tavis niSans aZlevs 126). profesiuli saqmianoba a. h.
frankesTvisac asketur saSualebas par excellence warmoadgens
127); rom RmerTi SromiT miRweuli warmatebiT Tavisianebs
akurTxebs, misTvisac iseve utyuari iyo, rogorc amas
mogvianebiT pietistebTanac vnaxavT. pietizmma ki "ormagi
dekretis" surogatad TavisTvis is warmodgenebi Seqmna,
romlebic arsebiTad igive, magram ufro fermkrTali formiT
damkvidrda, vidre moZRvreba RvTis gamorCeul madlze
dafuZnebul aRorZinebulTa aristokratiis Sesaxeb 128) im
yvela fsiqologiuri SedegiT, kalvinizmTan dakavSirebiT
rom iqna zemoT aRwerili. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba,
magaliTad, pietizmis mowinaaRmdegeTa mier (cxadia, sruliad
usamarTlod) misTvis dabralebuli egreT wodebuli
"terminizmi" 129) anu imis daSveba, rom madli, marTalia,
sazogadod yvelas gardmoevlineba, oRond TiToeuls _ an
erTaderTxel
misi cxovrebis
sruliad
gansazRvrul
momentSi an odesme, ukanasknel wams 130). vinc es momenti
xelidan gauSva, maSasadame, mas veRar daexmara yvelasaTvis
xelmisawvdomi
madlis
universalizmi:
kalvinisturi
moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, igi RvTis mier ugulvebelyofilis
mdgomareobaSia. saboloo jamSi, am Teorias sakmaod
uaxlovdeba, magaliTad, frankes mier piradad gancdilis
safuZvelze
abstrahirebuli
da
pietizmSi
metad
gavrcelebuli, _ SeiZleba gabatonebulic ki _ mosazreba
imis Sesaxeb, rom madls mxolod gansakuTrebul erTaderT
da
ganumeorebel
viTarebaSi,
kerZod,
winamorbedi
"monaniebiTi Widilis" Semdeg ZaluZs "gamoRweva" 131).
oRond, radgan amgvari gancdisadmi, pietistebis azriT,
yvela
ver iqneboda midrekili, nebismieri adamiani, visac,

129

pietisturi
miTiTebis
Sesabamisad,
mis
gamosawvevad
gamoyenebuli asketuri meTodis miuxedavad, es gancda Tavad
ar dauflebia, aRorZinebulTa TvalSi erTgvar pasiur
qristianad rCeboda. meore mxriv, "monaniebiTi Widilis"
gamosawvevad meTodis SeqmniT, saboloo jamSi, RvTiuri
madlmosilebis
miRwevac
racionaluri
adamianuri
Zalisxmevis obieqtad iqceoda. kerZo pirTa aRsarebis
mimarT, marTalia, ara yvelas _ (mag., ara frankes mier) _
magram mainc mravali pietistis mier gaziarebuli eWvebi,
aRsarebis Zirfesvianad amoZirkvas luTeranobaSic rom
uwyobda xels, metadre ki (rogorc amas SpenerisTvis
araerTgzis dasmuli SekiTxvebic mowmobs), swored pietist
sulier
moZRvarTa
eWvebi,
saTaves
am
madlismieri
aristokratizmidan iRebs: umwikvlo qcevaSi gamovlenil
monaniebiT miRweul madlis xilul Sedegs xom codvaTa
mitevebis daSvebulobis sakiTxi unda gadaeWra, amdenad
SeuZlebeli iyo mis mosapoveblad mxolod "contritio"
(sinanuls) dasjerebodnen 132). _
cincendorfiseuli religiuri TviTSefaseba, TumcaRa
arcTu maincdamainc mdgradi orToqsiis SemotevaTa mimarT,
niadag RvTis "saWurvlis" ideamde daiyvaneboda. magram
sxvafriv, cxadia, am ucnauri, riClis TqmiT, "religiuri
diletantis",
ideuri
pozicia
CvenTvis
mniSvnelovan
punqtebTan dakavSirebiT Znelad Tu iqneba calsaxad
gaazrebuli 133). igi Tavs daJinebiT ara "pietisturiakobisturi", aramed kanonze dafuZnebuli "pavlianurluTeranuli tropis" momxred acxadebda. xolo Tavad
religiuri saZmo da misi praqtikuli saqmianoba, rasac
cincendorfi sakuTari, mis mier araerTgzis aRniSnuli
luTeranobis erTgulebis miuxedavad 134) dasaSvebad
miiCnevda da xelsac uwyobda, ukve mis 1729 wlis 12
agvistos notarialur oqmSi im poziciaze idga, romelic
mravali TvalsazrisiT savsebiT Seesatyviseboda wmindanTa
aristokratiis kalvinistur ideas 135). 1741 wlis 12
noembers
qristesTvis
saZmos
Tavkacis
Tanamdebobis
mravalgzis ganxiluli gadabareba garegnuladac raRac
msgavsis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. amasTan erTad,
religiuri saZmos sami "tropidan" _ kalvinisturi da
moraviuli _ imTaviTve arsebiTad mowodebis reformatorul
eTikaze iyo orientirebuli. jon ueslisTan saubarSi

130

cincendorfma
savsebiT
puritanul
yaidaze
gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom Tuki rwmenismierad gamarTlebuli Tavad ver
SeZlebda sakuTari gamarTlebulobis Secnobas, amas sxvebi
mainc SeZlebdnen misi qcevis wesidan gamomdinare 136).
magram meore mxriv, specifikur herrnhutul RvTismosaobaSi
grZnobiTi momenti metad Zlieradaa wina planze wamoweuli
da Tavad cincendorfi niadag imas eswrafvoda, raTa sakuTar
saZmoSi
puritanuli
gagebiT
asketuri
ganspetakebis
tendencia Seesustebina 137) da sinergizmi luTeranul
yaidaze moeqcia 138). amasTan erTad, religiuri wreebis
uaryofis gavleniT da aRsarebis institutis SenarCunebiT,
warmoiSva arsebiTad luTeriseulad gaazrebuli rwmena
sakramentTa, rogorc xsnis saSualebaTa mimarT. garda amisa
specifikurad
cincendorfiseuli
debulebac,
TiTqos
religiuri aRqmis bavSvuroba misi WeSmaritebis sawindars,
iseve,
rogorc
wilisyra
RvTis
nebis
gamocxadebis
saSualebas unda warmoadgendes, ise Zlier ewinaaRmdegeboda
cxovrebis warmarTvis wesis racionalizms, rom mTlianobaSi,
sadamdec
ki
am
grafis
gavlena
swvdeboda
139),
antiracionaluri,
emociuri
elementebi
herrnhutul
RvTismosaobaSi bevrad ufro Warbobda, vidre es Cveulebriv
pietizmisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli 140). Sparnbergeris "Idea
fidei fratrum"-Si zneobriobisa da codvaTa mitevebis
urTierTdakavSireba
iseve
aramyaria
141),
rogorc
luTeranobaSi sazogadod. meTodisturi srulyofilebisaken
swrafvis cincendorfiseuli uaryofa _ aqac iseve, rogorc
yvelgan _ Seesabameba mis arsebiTad evdemonistur ideals,
emociurad ukve awmyoSi 142) ganacdevinos adamianebs
netareba (misi sityvebiT: "Glckseligkeit"), nacvlad imisa,
rom racionaluri Sromis meSveobiT isini saiqiosaTvis am
netarebaSi darwmunebulobis mosapoveblad Seamzados 143).
meore mxriv, aqac cocxali rCeba idea, rom religiuri
saZmos arsebiTi mniSvneloba sxva eklesiebis sapirispirod
qristianuli cxovrebis aqtivobaSi, misiasa da _ amasTan
dakavSirebul _ profesiul saqmianobaSi 144) mdgomareobs.
arada, margeblobis TvalsazrisiT cxovrebis praqtikuli
racionalizeba xom aseve sruliad arsebiTi Semadgeneli
nawilia
cincendorfis msoflmxedvelobisac 145). igi
misTvis
_
iseve,
rogorc
pietizmis
sxva

131

warmomadgenlebisTvis _ erTi mxriv, rwmenisaTvis saxifaTo

filosofiuri gonebaWvretis gadaWriT uaryofidan da amis
Sesabamisad
konkretuli
empiriuli
codnisadmi
keTilganwyobidan
146),
meore
mxriv
ki
cxovrebiT
gamobrZmedili
profesionali
misioneris
alRodan
momdinareobs. religiuri saZmo, rogorc misiis centri,
amavdroulad
saqmiani
wamowyebac
iyo
da
amgvarad
warmarTavda igi Tavis wevrebs im saero askezis gziT,
romelic cxovrebaSic yvelgan pirvel rigSi dasaxul
"amocanebs" eZebs da cxovrebasac maT Sesabamisad fxizlad
da gegmazomierad awyobs. dabrkolebad ki aq kvlav RvTis
mier "madlmosilebiT" gamorCeuli "mowafeebis" wreSi 147)
idealad qceuli mociqulTa misioneruli cxovrebidan
momdinare, mociqulTa upovarobis qarizmis gandideba
aRimarTeba, rac saboloo jamSi, "consilia evangelica"
(saxarebiseul
rCeva-darigebaTa)
nawilobriv
aRdgenas
niSnavda. amiT, marTalia, ferxdeboda kalvinisturi tipis
racionaluri profesiuli eTikis Seqmna, Tumca _ rogorc
baptistTa moZraobis gardaqmnis magaliTma aCvena _ ar
gamoiricxeboda; ufro metic, is umal Sinaganad mzaddeboda
mxolod "mowodebis mizniT" Sromis ideis wyalobiT.
mTlianobaSi, Tuki germanul pietizms CvenTvis
sayuradRebo Tvalsazrisidan ganvixilavT, misi askezis
religiurad dafuZnebis procesSi meryeobisa da yoymanis
konstatireba mogviwevs, romelic kalvinizmis rkinisebri
Tanamimdevrulobisgan
sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeba
da
nawilobriv luTeranuli gavleniT, nawilobriv ki misi
religiurobis emociuri xasiaTiTaa ganpirobebuli. vinaidan,
marTalia,
ukiduresi
calmxrivobaa
luTeranobis
sapirispirod, am grZnobiTi elementis pietizmis specifikur
maxasiaTeblad
warmoCena
148),
magram
kalvinizmTan
SedarebiT,
cxovrebis
racionalizebis
intensivoba
uciloblad naklebi unda yofiliyo, vinaidan dReniadag
gamosavleni da maradiuli momavali cxovrebis sawindarad
qceuli madlmosilebis ideis Sinagani impulsi emociurad
awmyoze
iyo
gadmotanili,
xolo
sakuTar
xsnaSi
dajerebulobas, rasac predestinirebuli dauRalavi da
warmatebuli
profesiuli
saqmianobiT
ganuxrelad
eswrafvoda,
pirovnebis
imgvari
qedmodrekiloba
da
daTrgunuloba Caenacvla 149), rac, nawilobriv, wmindad

132

Sinagan
gancdebze
mimarTuli
emociuri
aRgznebis,
nawilobriv ki pietizmis mxriv mravalgzis eWvSetanili,
magram mainc umetesad moTmenili luTeriseuli aRsarebis
institutis Sedegi iyo 150). radgan yovelive amaSi
gacxadebulia sulis xsnis Ziebis swored is specifikurad
luTeriseuli
wesi,
romlisTvisac
gadamwyvetia
ara
praqtikuli ganspetakeba, aramed "codvaTa miteveba". momavali
(saiqio) netarebis Sesaxeb utyuari codnis misaRebad da
SesanarCuneblad gegmazomieri racionaluri swrafvis adgils
aq ikavebs imis moTxovnileba, rom RmerTTan Serigeba da
Tanaziaroba axla (saaqaoSi) iqnes gancdili. da rogorc
ekonomikis sferoSi uwevs awmyoSi tkbobisaken midrekilebas
Widili "meurneobis" racionalur mowyobasTan, romelic
momavlisaTvis zrunvazea dafuZnebuli, _ garkveuli azriT,
igive viTarebaa, religiuri cxovrebis sferoSic. sruliad
naTelia, rom religiuri moTxovnilebis awmyoSi Sinagan
grZnobiT
afeqtebze
mimarTva
saero
moRvaweobis
racionilizebis
nakleb
impulss
Seicavda,
vidre
reformirebul "wmindanTa" mxolod saiqioze mimarTuli
Rirsad TviTgamovlenis moTxovnileba, maSin, rodesac am
mimarTulebas, orTodoqsi luTeranis tradicionalisturad
sityvasa da sakramentebze mijaWvul morwmuneobasTan
SedarebiT, religiurad cxovrebis kidev ufro meTodurad
gamsWvalva ZaluZda. mTlianobaSi pietizmi, moyolebuli
frankedan da Speneridan, vidre cincendorfamde grZnobiTi
mxaris sul ufro mzardi aqcentirebiT viTardeboda. oRond
es raRac misTvis imanenturi "ganviTarebis tendencia" ki ar
iyo, masSi rom hpovebda gamoxatulebas; aramed es
gansxvavebebi momdinareobda im religiuri (da socialuri)
wris winaaRmdegobebidan, romelsac warmoSobiT ekuTvnodnen
pietizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi. aq amas ver
SevexebiT, iseve, rogorc ver visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor
iCens
Tavs
germanuli
pietizmis
Tavisebureba
misi
socialuri da geografiuli ganvrcobisas 151). aq kidev
erTxel unda gavixsenoT, rom puritan wmindanTa cxovrebis
wesis sapirispirod, pietizmis amgvari grZnobieri Seferva,
bunebrivia, sruliad TandaTanobiTi gardamavlobis gziT
xdeboda. Tuki am gansxvavebis praqtikuli Sedegi Tundac
savaraudod mainc unda daxasiaTdes, maSin is siqveleni,
pietizmma rom aRmoacena, albaT umal imisTvis unda

133

Segvefardebina, rac erTi mxriv, "profesiis erTgul"

moxeleebTan, mosamsaxureebTan, muSebTan da SinamrewvelebTan
152), xolo meore mxriv ki arsebiTad patriarqalurad
ganwyobil
damsaqmebelTa
RvTis
maamebel
samadlo
mowyalebaSi
(cincendorfiseul
yaidaze)
SeiZleboda
gamovleniliyo.
maTTan
SedarebiT,
kalvinizmi
ufro
burJuaziul-kapitalisturi mewarmis mkacrad samarTlebriv
da aqtiur xasiaTTan danaTesavebulad gveCveneba 153).
dabolos, wminda grZnobiTi pietizmi, razec ukve
riClma mianiSna 154), warmoadgens "leisure classes" (usaqmurTa
klasebis) religiur gasarTob TamaSobebs. rac ar unda
naklebad amomwuravi iyos es daxasiaTeba, mas dRemde mainc
Seesabameba
garkveuli
gansxvavebebi
TviT
ekonomikur
TaviseburebaSic ki im xalxebisa, romlebmac am ori
asketuri mimdinareobidan erT-erTis gavlena ganicades. _
grZnobismieri da amavdroulad mainc asketuri
religiurobis Sexameba kalvinisturi askezis dogmaturi
safuZvlebis sul ufro
mzard ugulvebelyofasTan anda
uaryofasTan kontinentaluri pietizmis anglo-amerikul
saxesxvaobas: meTodizmsac axasiaTebs 155). ukve misi
saxelwodebac ki aCvenebs, Tu ra esaxebodaT mis mimdevarTa
gansakuTrebul
Taviseburebad
maT
TanamedroveT:
anu
cxovrebis wesis "meToduri" sistematizeba certitudo salutis
mopovebis mizniT, vinaidan aqac imTaviTve swored amas
exeboda saqme da is rCeboda religiuri miswrafebis
centrad. uamravi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, am mimarTulebis
mainc ueWveli naTesaoba germanuli pietizmis garkveul
mimdinareobebTan 156) pirvel yovlisa imaSi vlindeba, rom
es meTodika sagangebod gadatanili iqna "moqcevis" grZnobiTi
aqtis gamowvevaze. kerZod ki
_ jon ueslisTan
herrnhuterul-luTeranuli
gavleniT
gamowveulma
_
grZnobismierebam, gansakuTrebiT amerikul niadagze SeiZina
mZafrad emociuri xasiaTi, radgan meTodizmi imTaviTve
masebSi misioneruli moRvaweobisTvis iyo gamiznuli. rig
SemTxvevebSi Semzarav eqstazamde misul monaniebiT Widils,
ris gancdasac amerikaSi "SiSis merxze" amjobinebdnen, saqme
daumsaxurebel
RvTis
madlis
rwmenamde
da
amiT
imavdroulad uSualod gamarTlebulobisa da Serigebis
Segnebamde mihyavda. es emociuri religiuroba aranaklebi

134

Sinagani sirTuleebiT uCveulo kavSirurTierTobas amyarebda

puritanizmis mier erTxel da samudamod daRdasmul
asketur eTikasTan. uwinaresad, gansxvavebiT kalvinizmisgan,
romelic yovelgvar grZnobismierebas saeWvo TvalTmaqcobad
Tvlida, aq certitudo salutis-is erTaderT utyuar safuZvlad
miCneuli iqna principulad mxolod grZnobiTad gancdili,
uSualod
sulieri
aRqmidan
momdinare, madlmosilis
absoluturi dajerebuloba _ amasTan, wesisamebr, am
dajerebulobis gaCenis dRe da saaTic ki dadgenili unda
yofiliyo. amdagvarad aRorZinebuls, ueslis im moZRvrebis
Tanaxmad, romelic ganspetakebis doqtrinis Tanamimdevrul
gaZlierebas, magram misi orTodoqsuli gaazrebidan arsebiT
gadaxvevas warmoadgens, ukve am cxovrebaSi ZaluZs masze
madlis gardmosvlis wyalobiT meore, rogorc wesi,
izolirebulad dawyebuli da aseve xSirad myisieri Sinagani
aqtis, "ganspetakebis", gziT miaRwios srulyofilebis
Segnebas ucodvelobis gagebiT. rac ar unda Zneli iyos am
miznis miRweva _ es umetesad mxolod sococxlis bolos
xerxdeba _, misken swrafva mainc aucilebelia, vinaidan igi
certitudo salutis-is sawindaria da kalvinistis "kuSt"
Sefiqrianebulobas udardeli dajerebulobiT Caanacvlebs
157) _ da yovel SemTxvevaSi, WeSmaritad moqceulma sakuTar
Tavsac da sxvebsac is mainc unda daumtkicos, rom codvas
"masze Zalaufleba aRara aqvs". amitomac, grZnobis mowmobis
gadmwyveti mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, mainc ZalaSi rCeboda
kanonze orientirebuli umwikvlo qmedebis moTxovna.
rodesac uesli mis epoqaSi gamefebuli keTili saqmeebiT
ganspetakebis rwmenis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, is amiT ubralod
acocxlebda Zvel puritanul ideas, rom keTili saqmeebi
madlmosilebis ara realur safuZvels, aramed misi Secnobis
safuZvels warmoadgenen, da isic mxolod maSin, Tuki maT
oden RvTis sadideblad sCadian. mxolod uzado saqcieliT
es ver miiRweoda _ rogorc ueslim sakuTar Tavzec
gamoscada _ amas madlmosilebis SegrZnebac zed unda
darTvoda.
keTil
saqmeebs
igi
drodadro
madlis
"winapirobad" moixseniebda da 1771 wlis 9 agvistos
deklaraciaSic 158) aRniSnavda, rom vinc keTil saqmeebs ar
iqms, is WeSmariti morwmunec ar aris, da meTodistebic
niadag imas usvamdnen xazs, rom isini oficialuri

135

eklesiisagan moZRvrebiT ki ara, aramed RvTismosaobis

formiT gansxvavdebian. rwmenis "nayofis" mniSvneloba
umetesad ioanes saxarebiT (I. 3, 9) sabuTdeboda da
umwikvlo saqcieli aRorZinebis aSkara niSnad cxaddeboda.
am yvelafris miuxedavad sirTuleebi mainc gaCnda 159). im
meTodistebisTvis,
vinc
predestinaciis
moZRvrebis
mimdevarni iyvnen, Tavad asketuri cxovrebidan gamomdinare
ganuxrelad
Rirsad
TviTgamovleniT
mopovebuli
madlmosilebis Segnebis nacvlad, certitudo salutis-is uSualod
madlisa da srulyofilebis SegrZnebaSi 160) gadatanas _
vinaidan
erTjerad
monaniebiT
Widils
"perseverantia"
(madlmosilebis
mdgradobaSi)
darwmunebuloba
ukavSirdeboda _, oridan erTi mniSvneloba hqonda: erTi
mxriv, amas susti bunebis pirovnebebTan "qristianuli
Tavisuflebis" antinomisturi interpretacia anu meToduri
cxovrebis wesis darRveva mosdevda, xolo im SemTxvevebSi
ki, roca amgvari gansjis Tanamimdevruloba uaryofili iyo,
amas Sedegad wmindanis Tavbrudamxvev simaRlemde atacebuli
TviTdajerebuloba
161):
anu
puritanul
yaidaze
formirebuli tipis emociurobis gamZafreba mohyveboda.
amgvar Sedegebs, mowinaaRmdegeTa Tavdasxmebis fonze, erTi
mxriv, bibliis normatiuli mniSvnelobisa da Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis
garduvali
aucileblobis
mometebuli
xazgasmiT cdilobdnen win aRdgomodnen 162), meore mxriv
ki, am movlenebs, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, moZraobis SigniT
antikalvinisturi,
madlis
dakargvadobis
mqadagebeli
uesliseuli mimdinareobis gaZliereba mosdevda.
Zlierma
luTeriseulma zegavlenebma, romelTac religiuri saZmos
gaSualebiT uesli ganicdida 163), gaaZlieres ganviTarebis
es tendencia da gazardes meTodisturi zneobriobis
religiuri orientaciis gaurkvevloba 164). amis Sedegad,
bolosdabolos, aucilebeli fundamentis saxiT, arsebiTad
mxolod "regeneration"-is cneba anu uSualod rwmenis
nayofad warmodgenili, xsnaSi grZnobismieri dajerebuloba
da madlmosilebis damadasturebeli ganspetakeba iqna
Tanamimdevrulad SenarCunebuli, misi, (yovel SemTxvevaSi
virtualurad
mainc)
codvis
Zalauflebisagan
gaTavisuflebis SedegiTurT da Sesabamisad, Semcirda xsnis
garegani saSualebebis, metadre sakramentebis, mniSvneloba.

136

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, meTodizmis Tanamdevi "general awakeng"

(sayovelTao gamofxizleba) yvelgan, magaliTad, axal
inglisSic, madlisa da rCeulobis moZRvrebis gaZlierebas
gulisxmobda 165).
amdenad,
Cvens
TvalTaxedvas
eTikur
aspeqtSi
meTodizmic iseTive aramyarad dasabuTebul warmonaqmnad
esaxeba, rogorc pietizmi. magram misTvisac predestinaciis
moZRvrebis erTgvar surogats ganasaxierebda swrafva "higher
life" (ufro maRali cxovrebisaken), "xelmeore kurTxevisaken"
da inglisis niadagze aRmocenebuli misi praqtikuli eTika
mTlianad iqauri reformirebuli qristianobis praqtikul
eTikaze iyo orientirebuli, romlis "revival" (aRorZinebac)
mas surda, rom yofiliyo. meTodurad xorcieldeboda
moqcevis emociuri aqtis gamowveva. da mas Semdeg, rac es
miiRweoda, RmerTTan TanaziarobiT gamowveul RvTismosav
tkbobas
ki
ar
hqonda
adgili
cincendorfiseuli
emocionaluri pietizmis yaidaze, aramed gaRviZebuli
grZnoba myisve srulyofilebisaken racionaluri swrafvis
kalapotSi aRmoCndeboda Cagdebuli. amdenad, religiurobis
emociur xasiaTs germanuli pietizmis tipis Sinagan
grZnobier qristianobamde ar mihyavda saqme. es, rom
(nawilobriv moqcevis swored emocionaluri xasiaTis gamo)
codvis
SegrZnebis
ufro
naklebad
mwvave
gancdas
ukavSirdeboda,
ukve
Snekenburgerma
warmoaCina
da
meTodizmis kritikaSi igi ucvlel Semadgenlad darCa. aq
kvlav
gadamwyveti
iyo
religiuri
aRqmis
Zireuli
reformirebuli xasiaTi. emocionaluri mRelvareba mxolod
drodadro iZenda (magram maSin ukve) "koribantebisebr"
aRtkinebuli
enTuziazmis
xasiaTs,
rac
mTlianobaSi
aracdaramc ar vnebda cxovrebis wesis racionalur xasiaTs
166). amrigad, meTodizmis "regeneraciam" mxolod wminda
sinergizmis damateba Seqmna: anu moaxdina asketuri
cxovrebis wesis religiurad dafuZneba mas Semdeg, rac uari
iTqva predestinaciis moZRvrebaze. gardaqmnis maxasiaTebeli
niSnebi, aucilebeli, WeSmariti moqcevis gadasamowmeblad,
ueslis sityvebiT, misi "winapiroba", aqac zustad imdagvaria,
rogorc kalvinizmSi. meTodizmi, rogorc dagvianebuli
movlena 167), SemdgomSi mowodebis ideis ganxilvisas,

137

romlis ganviTarebisTvis mas araferi axali ar Seumatebia

168), SegviZlia arsebiTad ganze gadavdoT.
evropuli kontinentis pietizmi da anglosaqsonuri
erebis meTodizmi, rogorc maTi ideuri arsiT, ise maTi
istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, meorad movlenebs
warmoadgenen 169). maT sapirispirod, protestantuli
askezis meore damoukidebel matareblad kalvinizmis
gverdiT gadanaTvlis moZRvreba da XVI-XVII saukuneebis
manZilze uSualod misgan an misi religiuri naazrevis
aTvisebis Sedegad warmomdgari seqtebi gvevlineba 170),
romelTac baptistebi, menonitebi da pirvel rigSi kvekerebi
171)
ganekuTvnebian.
isini
im
religiur
erTobebs
warmoadgenen, romelTa eTika reformirebuli moZRvrebis
principulad sapirispiro, heterogenul safuZvels eyrdnoba.
momdevno
narkvevi,
romelSic
wina
planze
CvenTvis
mniSvnelovani
momentebia
wamoweuli,
veranairad
ver
axerxerxebs am mravalwaxnagovani mimdinareobis Sesaxeb
sruli warmodgenis Seqmnas. bunebrivia, ZiriTadi aqcenti
kvlav ganviTarebis procesze keTdeba adreuli kapitalizmis
qveynebSi. istoriuli da principuli TvalsazrisiT, yvela
am erTobis umTavres ideas, romlis mniSvneloba kulturis
ganviTarebisaTvis, cxadia, mxolod sxva konteqstSi SeiZleba
gaxdes sruliad naTeli, Cven, wanamZRvrebis saxiT, adre ukve
SevxvedrivarT, esaa: "believers` church" (morwmuneTa eklesia)
172). es ki niSnavs imas, rom religiuri erToba anu,
reformatoruli
eklesiebis
terminologiiT,
"xiluli
eklesia" 173) ukve gaiazreboda ara rogorc saiqiosaTvis
gamiznuli erTgvari fideikomisi, ara rogorc savaldebulo
wesiT,
ubiwoTa
da
biwierTa
erTnairad
momcveli
dawesebuleba _ iqneba es RvTis didebis aRsamateblad
(kalvinistur yaidaze), Tu adamianTaTvis xsnis saSualebaTa
gadasacemad (kaTolikur da luTeranul yaidaze), _ aramed
gamonaklisis gareSe, mxolod da mxolod rogorc piradad
morwmuneTa da aRorZinebulTa erToblioba anu, sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi moiazreboda ara rogorc
"eklesia", aramed rogorc "seqta" 174). martooden amis
simbolizacias warmoadgenda TavisTavad wmindad garegnuli
principi, rom moenaTlaT mxolod da mxolod zrdasruli
adamianebi, romelTac rwmena Sinaganad piradad moipoves da
aRiares 175). am rwmenis meSveobiT "gamarTleba" ki xelaxla

138

monaTlulebTan, rogorc isini yoveli religiuri saubrisas

dabejiTebiT
imeorebdnen,
radikalurad
gansxvavdeboda
qristes damsaxurebaTa "garegnuli" aRiarebis ideisagan,
romlic
gabatonebuli
iyo
Zveli
protestantizmis
orTodoqsul dogmatikaSi 176). igi umal qristeseuli
cxonebis
momniWebeli
Rvawlis
Sinagan
gaTavisebaSi
mdgomareobda. es ki individualuri zeSTagonebiT anu yovel
calkeul adamianSi mxolod da mxolod RvTiuri sulis
amoqmedebiT xorcieldeboda. es zeSTagoneba nebismierisTvis
xelmisawvdomi xdeboda da sakmarisi iyo RvTiuri sulis
moTminebiT lodini, raTa saaqaoze codviani CabRauWebiT mis
gardmosvlas xeli ar SeSloda. amrigad, sruliad ukana
planze gadaiwia rwmenis mniSvnelobam eklesiis moZRvrebis
codnisa da aseve monaniebrivi mzaobiT RvTis madlis
mopovebis gagebiT da daiwyo _ bunebrivia, didi gardaqmnebis
momtani _ adreqristianul pnevmatur-religiur ideaTa
renesansi. seqtas, romlisTvisac magaliTad, menno simonsma
Tavis
"Fundamentboek"-Si
(1539)
pirvelma
Seqmna
dasrulebuli moZRvrebis msgavsi ram, iseve, rogorc sxva
xelaxla monaTlulTa seqtebs, surda WeSmariti umwikvlo
qristes eklesia yofiliyo anu pirvandel qristianTa Temis
msgavsad martooden uflis mier piradad gamoRviZebulTa da
mowodebulTagan yofiliyo Semdgari. mxolod da mxolod
aRorZinebulni arian qristes Zmebi, radgan isinic macxovris
msgavsad, sulierad uSualod RvTis mier arian Seqmnilni
177). anabaptistTa pirveli gaerTianebebisTvis aqedan
momdinareobda "saero cxovrebisaTvis" anu
aucilebeli
saWiroebis
farglebs
miRma
eriskacebTan
yovelgvari
urTierTobisaTvis Tavis arideba, umkacres bibliokratiasTan
kavSirSi, rac qristianTa pirveli Taobis cxovrebis misabaZ
nimuSad qcevas gulisxmobda, da saero cxovrebisaTvis Tavis
aridebis es principi manamde ar gamqrala mTlianad, vidre
Zveli suliskveTeba sicocxles inarCunebda 178). am, maTi
dasabamis gamsWvalavi motivebidan anabaptisturma seqtebma
ucvlel mocemulobad gadaiRes is principi, romelsac Cven
_ marTalia, cota sxvagvarad dasabuTebuls, _ ukve
kalvinizmSi gavecaniT da romlis fundamenturi mniSvneloba
mudmivad iCens Tavs, esaa: yovelgvari "xelTqmnilis
gaRmerTebis",
rogorc
mxolod
RvTisaTvis
misagebi
mowiwebis dakninebis, upirobo uaryofa 179). bibliur wesze

139

cxovrebis
warmarTva
pirvel
Sveicarul-zemogermanul
anabaptistTa TaobaSi iseve radikalurad moiazreboda,
rogorc odesRac wminda franciskTan. es gulisxmobda,
amqveyniur siameTaTvis mtkiced zurgis Seqcevas da mkacrad
mociqulTa nimuSis mibaZviT cxovrebas. da marTlac, maTi
mravali
pirveli
warmomadgenlis
cxovreba
wminda
egidiusisas mogvagonebs. oRond, bibliis kanonTa amgvari
umkacresi
dacva
180)
religiurobis
suliwmindiT
zeSTagonebuli (pnevmaturi) xasiaTis fonze mTlad myarad
ver idga fexze. rac RmerTis mier winaswarmetyvelTa da
mociqulTaTvis iqna gacxadebuli, sulac ar moicavda
yvelafers, risi gacxadebac mas saerTod SeeZlo an surda.
piriqiT, sityvis, ara rogorc werilobiTi sabuTis, aramed
morwmuneTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi rogorc suliwmidis,
nebismiers rom mimarTavs, visac misi gagoneba surs, moqmedi
Zalis zegavlenis gagrZeleba warmoadgenda pirvandel
qristianul TemTa mowmobis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti eklesiis
erTaderT maxasiaTebel niSans, rogorc amas jer kidev
luTeris winaaRmdeg mokamaTe Svenkfeldi, xolo mogvianebiT
ki presbiterianelebis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebuli foqsi
gvaswavlida. am uwyveti gamocxadebis ideidan warmodga
cnobili,
SemdgomSi
kvekerebTan
Tanamimdevrulad
Camoyalibebuli moZRvreba gonebisa da sindisis mier
aRqmuli
suliwmindis
Sinagani
mowmobis
saboloo
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. amiT, marTalia, ara
bibliis mniSvneloba, aramed misi absoluturi batonoba
moispo da amavdroulad dasabami daedo imgvar ganviTarebas,
romelmac xsnis saeklesio moZRvrebis yvela gadmonaSTs da,
dasasrul, kvekerebTan naTlobasa da ziarebasac ki sruliad
radikalurad mouRo bolo 181). anabaptisturi denominaciebi
predestinacionistebTan,
pirvel
rigSi
kalvinistebTan
erTad,
axorcielebdnen
sakramentTa,
rogorc
xsnis
saSualebaTa, ukiduresad radikalur gaufasurebas da ase
zedmiwevniTi
TanamimdevrulobiT
axdendnen
samyaros
religiur "ganjadoebas". mxolod uwyveti gamocxadebis
"Sinagani Suqi" uwyobda saerTod xels RvTis bibliuri
gamocxadebis WeSmarit gagebas 182). meore mxriv, misi
zegavlena, kvekerebis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad mainc, romlebmac
am SemTxvevaSi absoluturi Tanamimdevruloba gamoiCines,
SeiZleboda im adamianebzec gavrcelebuliyo, romelTac

140

bibliuri formiT gamocxadeba arasodes ganucdiaT. debuleba

"extra ecclesiam nulla salus" (eklesiis gareT araa xsna), ZalaSi
rCeboda mxolod suliwmindis mier gaciskrovnebulTa am
uxilavi eklesiisaTvis. Sinagani naTelis gareSe bunebrivi
adamiani, bunebrivi gonierebiT marTulic 183) ki, martooden
qmnilebad rCeboda, romlis uflisagan daSorebulobas
baptistebi, iseve rogorc kvekerebi, TiTqmis kidev ufro
mwvaved aRiqvamdnen, vidre kalvinistebi. meore mxriv,
aRorZinebas, romelsac iqms suliwminda, Tuki mas moTminebiT
davelodebiT da Sinaganad mivendobiT, ZaluZs, vinaidan is
uflis namoqmedaria, codvis Zalauflebis imgvari sruli
daZlevis mdgomareoba gamoiwvios 184), rom pirvandel
yofaSi dabruneba an sulac madlmosilebis dakargva
faqtiurad SeuZlebeli xdeba, TumcaRa, rogorc mogvianebiT
meTodizmSi, am mdgomareobis miRweva ar iTvleboda wesad
da umal calkeuli adamianis srulyofilebis done miiCneoda
ganviTarebas
daqvemdebarebulad.
yvela
baptistur
erTobliobas ki surda yofiliyo "wminda" Temi, mis wevrTa
uzado yofaqcevis mniSvnelobiT. qveynierebisa da misi
interesebisagan Sinagani gandgoma da sindisis meSveobiT
CvenTan mosaubre RmerTis batonobisadmi upirobo morCileba
warmoadgenda WeSmariti aRorZinebis erTaderT utyuar
niSans, xolo Sesatyvisi yofaqceva ki netarebis aucilebel
winapirobas. misi damsaxureba ki ar xdeboda, aramed is
RvTiuri madlis ZRveni iyo; oRond mxolod mas SeuZlia
Tavi aRorZinebulad CaTvalos, vinc sakuTari sindisis
karnaxiT
cxovrobs.
"keTili
saqmeebi"
am
gagebiT
warmoadgendnen "causa sine qua non" (aucilebel pirobas).
rogorc vxedavT, berkliseul ideaTa es bolo mwkrivi,
romelsac Cven veyrdnobodiT, praqtikulad reformirebul
moZRvrebas utoldeboda da udaod jer kidev kalvinisturi
askezis gavleniT iqna ganviTarebuli, romelic inglissa da
niderlandebSi baptisturma seqtebma ganicades da romlis
seriozulad da siRrmiseulad aTvisebis qadagebas daeTmo j.
foqsis misioneruli moRvaweobis mTeli pirveli periodi.
fsiqologiurad
ki
baptisturi
zneobriobis
specifikurad meToduri xasiaTi efuZneboda _ radgan
predestinacia uaryofil iqna _ pirvel rigSi, suliwmindis
zemoqmedebis "moTminebiT lodinis" ideas, romelic kvekerTa

141

"meeting"-s dResac Tavis damRas asvams da berklis mier

mSvenivrad iqna gaanalizebuli: am mdumare molodinis
mizania yovelgvari instinqturisa da iracionaluris,
"bunebrivi" adamianis vnebebisa da subieqturobis daZleva:
igi unda dadumdes, raTa am gziT sulSi daisadguros im
aucilebelma siRrmiseulma siCumem, romelSic SesaZlebelia
RvTis sityvis gaJRereba. cxadia, amgvari "moTminebiT
lodini"
SeiZleboda
isteriis
mdgomareobaSi,
winaswarmetyvelebasa da, vidremdis esqatologiuri imedi
arsebobda,
garkveul
SemTxvevebSi
TviT
qiliasturi
enTuziazmis afeTqebaSic ki gadazrdiliyo, rogorc es
RvTismosaobis
yvela
analogiurad
fundamentirebul
saxeobebSia mosalodneli da rac miunsterSi ganadgurebul
moZraobaSi
kidevac
moxda.
magram
normalur
saero
profesiul saqmianobaSi baptizmis SeRwevasTan erTad idea,
rom RvTis sityva gaismis iq, sadac qmnileba dums, aSkarad
qmedebis mSvidad awondawonvis Cvevis gamomuSavebas da am
qmedebis
sakuTari
sindisis
rudunebiT
analizze
orientirebas
niSnavda
185).
es
mSvidi,
fxizeli,
araCveulebrivad keTilsindisieri xasiaTi SemdgomSi kidevac
SeiZina
gviani
periodis
baptistur
gaerTianebaTa,
gamorCeulad
ki
kvekerTa
cxovrebiseulma
praqtikam.
samyarosaTvis radikaluri formiT jados axsna saero
askezis garda Sinaganad aranair sxva gzas ar tovebda. im
erTobebisTvis, romelTac politikur ZalebTan da maT
saqmianobasTan araferi saerTo ar undodaT hqonodaT, am
asketur
siqveleTa
profesiul
saqmianobaSi
SeRweva
garegnuladac ki ganxorcielda. maSin, rodesac yvelaze
adreuli baptisturi moZraobis winamZRolni TavianT
qveynierebisadmi
gandgomilobaSi
angariSgauwevlad
radikalurebi iyvnen, bunebrivia, baptistTa ukve pirvel
TaobaSi
mkacrad
mociqulebrivi
cxovrebis
wesi
aRorZinebulobis gamosavlenad yvelasaTvis aucileblad
savaldebulo aRar iyo. ukve am Taobas ganekuTvnebodnen
SeZlebuli burJuaziuli elementebi da jer kidev menoze
adre, romelic mTlianad saero profesiuli siqvelisa da
kerZo sakuTrebis wesrigis aRiarebis niadagze idga,
praqtikulad reformirebuli eTikis mier gakvalul gzas
miubrunda baptistTa zneobriobis pirquSi simkacre 186),
vinaidan luTeris Semdeg, romelsac am sakiTxSi baptistebic

142

eTanxmebodnen,
askezis
saero
cxovrebis
miRmuri,
bermonazvnuri formiT ganviTareba gamoricxuli iyo,
rogorc bibliasTan SeuTavsebeli da sinergistuli. TumcaRa
_ Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT aq ganuxilavad darCenil
adreuli
epoqis
naxevrad
komunistur
erTobebs
_
ganaTlebasa da saarsebo aucileblobis farglebs gadasul
yovelgvar qonebaze uars dRemde ara marto egreT wodebul
"tunkerTa" (domplelaers, dunckards) baptisturi seqta
ambobda, aramed profesiisadmi erTguleba, magaliTad,
berklisTanac gaazrebulia ara kalvinistur an Tundac
mxolod luTeranul, aramed umal Tomistur yaidaze,
rogorc "naturali ratione" (bunebrivi mizezebis gamo)
morwmunis saaqao cxovrebaSi Cabmulobis Seuqcevadi Sedegi
187).
Tu
am
mosazrebebSi
mowodebis
kalvinisturi
koncefciis imgvarive Sesusteba Cans, rogorc Spenerisa da
germaneli pietistebis mraval gamonaTqvamSi samagierod,
meore mxriv, sxvadasxva momentebis wyalobiT, sagrZnoblad
matulobs baptistur seqtebSi ekonomikuri profesiuli
interesis intensivoba _ nawilobriv, Tavdapirvelad
am
qveynierebisgan
gandgomidan
gamomdinare,
saxelmwifo
Tanamdebobebze religiur movaleobad gagebuli uaris Tqmis
gamo, rac misi, rogorc principis, uaryofis Semdegac ki,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, menonitebTan da kvekerebTan mainc, Tavis
praqtikul arsebobas agrZelebda iaraRis gamoyenebasa da
sabrZolo ficze mtkice uaris Sedegad, rac maTTvis
oficialuri Tanamdebobebis dakavebas SeuZlebels xdida. amas
ganuyrelad Tan sdevda yvela baptisturi denominaciis
gamsWvalavi dauZinebeli mtroba nebismieri saxis cxovrebis
aristokratuli stilis mimarT, rac nawilobriv, rogorc
kalvinistebis
SemTxvevaSi,
xelTqmnilis
gandidebis
akrZalvis
Sedegs,
nawilobriv
ki
zemoxsenebuli
apolitikuri da Tundac antipolitikuri principebis Sedegs
warmoadgens. am gziT baptisturi cxovrebis wesis fxizeli
da keTilsindisieri meTodika mTlianad apolitikuri
profesiuli saqmianobis kalapotSi iqna moqceuli. amasTan,
is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rasac sulis xsnis baptisturi
moZRvreba
sindisismier
kontrols,
rogorc
RvTis
individualur
gamocxadebas
aniWebda,
profesiul
saqmianobaSi misi gamovlinebis xasiaTs imgvar niSans asvamda,

143

ris udides mniSvnelobas kapitalisturi suliskveTebis

arsebiTi aspeqtebis ganvrcobisaTvis Cven ufro axlos oden
mogvianebiT da Tanac mxolod imdenad SevexebiT, ramdenadac
es protestantuli askezis mTeli politikuri da
socialuri eTikis ganxilvis gareSea SesaZlebeli. maSin Cven
_ es mainc rom iTqvas winaswar _ davinaxavT, rom is
specifikuri forma, romelic saero askezam baptistebTan,
kerZod ki, kvekerebTan SeiZina 188), ukve XVII saukunisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli gansjis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturi "eTikis" im
umniSvnelovanesi principis praqtikul TviTdamkvidrebaSi
gamovlinda, romelic formulirebulia rogorc: "honesty is
the best policy" (patiosneba _ saukeTeso politikaa) 189) da
romelmac sakuTari klasikuri dokumenti frankliniseuli
adre citirebuli traqtatis saxiT hpova. sanacvlod,
kalvinizmis gavlena ufro mewarmeobis kerZomeurneobrivi
energiis ganTavisuflebaSi unda vivaraudoT, vinaidan
miuxedavad "wmindanis" sruli formaluri legalurobisa,
saboloo jamSi, kalvinistisTvisac arcTu iSviaTad ZalaSi
rCeboda goeTeseuli fraza: "vinc moqmedebs, is yovelTvis
usindisoa, sindisi damkvirveblis garda aravis gaaCnia" 190).
kidev
erTi
yuradsaRebi
elementi,
romelic
baptisturi denominaciebis saero askezis intensivobas
sasikeTod waadga, Tavisi sruli mniSvnelobiT aseve mxolod
sxva konteqstSi SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli. TumcaRa amasTan
dakavSirebiTac
upriani
iqneboda
zogierTi
SeniSvnis
wamZRvareba aq warmodgenil azrTa msvlelobis arCevanis
dasabuTebis mizniT. aq jerjerobiT sruliad ganzrax
Zvelprotestantuli eklesiebis obieqturi socialuri
instituciebidan
da
maTi
eTikuri
zegavlenebidan,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
esoden
mniSvnelovani
saeklesio
disciplinidan ki ar amovdivarT, aramed im zemoqmedebidan,
rasac calkeuli adamianis mier asketuri religiurobis
subieqturi gaTaviseba axdenda cxovrebis wesze. es ara
marto imis gamo moxda, rom movlenis am mxares dRemde
yvelaze naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda, aramed imitomac, rom
saeklesio
disciplinis
zemoqmedeba
aramcdaaramc
ar
xorcieldeboda yovelTvis erTi mimarTulebiT. calkeuli
adamianis cxovrebis eklesiur-policiur kontrols, rac
kalvinisturi saxelmwifoebrivi eklesiis regionebSi lamis

144

inkviziciis zRvars aRwevda, SeeZlo umal mavne ukuqmedeba

moexdina im individualuri energiis gaTavisuflebaze,
romelic xsnis meTodurad mopovebis asketuri swrafviT iyo
ganpirobebuli da garkveul SemTxvevebSi igi amas kidec
axdenda.
zustad
iseve,
rogorc
saxelmwifos
merkantilistur
reglamentirebas
ZaluZda
gamoewrTo,
vTqvaT, industria, Tundac calke aRebuli, magram ara
kapitalisturi "suliskveTeba", _ romelsac is yvelgan,
sadac ki igi policiur-avtoritarul xasiaTs iZenda, umal
piradapir
Trgunavda
kidec,
_
analogiurad
igive
zemoqmedeba SeiZleboda wamosuliyo askezis eklesiuri
reglamentirebidanac, Tuki is zedmetad policiur yaidaze
warimarTeboda:
amiT
igi
iZulebis
wesiT
nergavda
gansazRvrul garegnuli qcevis wess. samagierod, garkveul
SemTxvevebSi Trgunavda cxovrebis meTodurad warmarTvis
subieqtur impulsebs. am sakiTxis ganxilvisas 191) mudam
gasaTvaliswinebelia
is
didi
gansxvaveba,
romelic
saxelmwifo eklesiaTa avtoritaruli zneobrivi policiisa
da nebayoflobiT morCilebaze dafuZnebuli seqtebis
zneobrivi policiis zemoqmedebas Soris arsebobda. is faqti,
rom baptisturma moZraobam Tavis yvela denominaciaSi
principulad "seqtebis" da ara "eklesiebis" Seqmnas Seuwyo
xeli, sul cota misi askezis intensivobisTvis mainc iseve
xelsayreli gamodga, rogorc amas _ gansxvavebuli
simZafriT _ im kalvinistur, pietistur, meTodistur
gaerTianebebSic hqonda adgili, romlebic faqtiurad
iZulebis wesiT daadgnen voluntaristuli erTobebis
Seqmnis gzas 192).
axla ki Tvali unda mivadevnoT profesiuli
mowodebis
puritanuli
ideis
zegavlenas
samewarmeo
saqmianobaze, mas Semdeg, rac winamdebare narkvevi misi
religiuri dasabuTebis Camoyalibebas Seecada. miuxedavad
yvela calkeuli gadaxvevisa da gansxvavebulobisa, aqcentis
dasmisas sxvadasxva asketur religiur erTobebSi CvenTvis
arsebiTad
mniSvnelovan
aspeqtebze
rom
ecema,
am
ukanasknelTa arseboba da gavlenianoba mainc yvela am
erTobaSi iCenda Tavs 193). unda gavixsenoT, rom Cveni
dakvirvebebisTvis gadamwyveti mudam iyo yvela denominaciis
mier religiuri "madlmosilebis mdgomareobis", erTTavad
rogorc imgvari mdgomareobis (status) gaazreba, romelic

145

adamians xelTqmnilis biwierebas, "amqveyniurobas", ganaridebs

194), risi mopovebac _ ganurCevlad imisgan, Tu rogor
miiRweoda is mocemuli denominaciis dogmatikis Tanaxmad,
_ SeiZleboda garantirebuli yofiliyo ara raRac magiursakramentaluri saSualebebiT an aRsarebis gziT codvisagan
gantvirTviT anda kidev calkeuli RvTisnieri saqmeebis
meSveobiT, aramed mxolod "bunebrivi" adamianis cxovrebis
stilisagan calsaxad gansxvavebuli specifikuri xasiaTis
qcevaSi Rirsad TviTgamovleniT. aqedan momdinareobda
calkeuli
adamianisTvis
cxovrebis
wesSi
misi
madlmosilebis mdgomareobis meToduri kontrolisa da
amdenad, cxovrebis wesis asketurad gamsWvalvis stimuli.
cxovrebis amgvari asketuri stili ki, rogorc vnaxeT,
gulisxmobda mTeli yofierebis RvTis nebaze orientirebul
racionalur mowyobas. da es askeza ukve opus supererogationis
(gadametebul saqmes) ki aRar warmoadgenda, aramed imgvari
saqmianoba iyo, romelic yvelas unda SeZleboda, visac
surda yofiliyo sakuTar xsnaSi darwmunebuli. es
religiurad
moTxovnili,
"bunebrivi"
cxovrebisgan
gansxvavebuli wmindanTa gamorCeuli cxovreba amqveyniurobis
farglebs
gareT
bermonazvnur
erTobebSi
ki
aRar
warimarTeboda, aramed _ esaa swored gadamwyveti _ saero
cxovrebis farglebsa da wesrigSi. saiqios gaTvaliswinebiT,
cxovrebis wesis amgvari racionalizeba saero cxovrebis
farglebSi,
warmoadgenda
asketuri
protestantizmis
profesiuli mowodebis koncefciis Sedegs. _
qristianuli
askeza,
Tavdapirvelad
saero
cxovrebidan simartoves TavSefarebuli, ukve monastridan
misgan garidebuli eklesiurad gabatonda saero cxovrebaze.
magram amasTan erTad man saero yoveldRiur cxovrebas
mTlianobaSi SeunarCuna misi bunebrivi, SeuboWavi xasiaTi.
axla ki igi cxovrebis sarbielze gamovida, monastris kari
gamoijaxuna da saero yoveldRuri cxovrebis sakuTari
meTodikiT gaJRenTvas da mis amqveyniurobaSi, Tumc mainc
araamqveyniur anda saamqveynio racionalur cxovrebad
gardaqmnas Seudga. Tu ra SedegebiT, amis Cvenebas Cveni
Semdgomi gamokvlevebiT SevecdebiT.

146

2
imisaTvis, raTa ekonomikuri yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
normebTan asketuri protestantizmis Zireuli religiuri
debulebebis kavSiri davinaxoT, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa,
imgvari Teologiuri nawerebis moxmoba, romlebic aSkarad
sulis xsnis praqtikis farglebs gascdnen. vinaidan iseT
epoqaSi, roca saiqio yvelafers niSnavda, qristianis
socialuri mdgomareoba ki damokidebuli iyo imaze,
daiSveboda Tu ara is ziarebaze, roca sasuliero piris
Careva sulis xsnis, eklesiuri disciplinisa da qadagebis
sakiTxebSi imgvar zegavlenas axdenda, ris Sesaxebac Cven,
Tanamedrove adamianebs, ubralod warmodgenac ki ar
SegviZlia
SeviqmnaT
_
amaSi
dasarwmuneblad
iseTi
nawerebisTvis,
rogoricaa
"consilia" (rCevebi), "casus
conscientiae" (sindisis sakiTxebi) da a.S. erTi Tvalis
gadavlebiTac cxadia, rom _ "erovnuli xasiaTis" ZiriTad
Semoqmedad swored am praqtikaSi fexmokidebuli religiuri
ideebi gvevlineba.
am monakveTSi mocemuli msjelobisas, Semdgomi
msjelobebisagan gansxvavebiT, Cven asketur protestantizms,
rogorc raRac erTians ganvixilavT. magram, vinaidan
kalvinizmidan
aRmocenebuli
inglisuri
puritanizmi
profesiuli mowodebis ideis yvelaze Tanamimdevrul
fundamentirebas gvTavazobs, Cveni principis Tanaxmad, mTel
yuradRebas mis erT-erT warmomadgenels movapyrobT. riCard
baqsteri puritanuli eTikis mravali sxva literaturuli
warmomadgenlisagan, pirvel rigSi, gamokveTilad praqtikuli
da mSvidobismoyvare poziciiT da amavdroulad misi,
araerTgzis xelaxla gamocemuli da Targmnili Sromebis
sayovelTao aRiarebiT gamoirCeva.
presbiterianeli da
vestminsteris sinodis apologeti, amasTan _ iseve, rogorc
epoqis mravali saukeTeso warmomadgeneli _ dogmaturad
TandaTan
mkacr
kalvinizms
Camocilebuli,
rogorc
yovelgvari revoluciis, seqtantobisa da "wmindanTa"
fanatikuri
gznebis
mgmobeli,
Sinaganad
kromvelis
uzurpaciis mowinaaRmdege, arada, garegnuli uCveulo

147

Taviseburebebis mimarT didsulovnebiT, xolo mowinaaRmdegis

mimarT obieqturobiT gamorCeuli, Tavisi moRvaweobis
asparezs igi arsebiTad eklesiur-zneobrivi cxovrebis
praqtikul xelSewyobaSi eZebda, da es erT-erTi yvelaze
warCinebuli sulieri moZRvari, visac ki istoria odesme
icnobda, saparlamento mTavrobis, aseve kromvelisa da
restavraciis saqmianobis samsaxurSi manamde idga 195),
vidre am ukanasknelis mmarTvelobis periodSi, jer kidev
"barTlomes dRemde",
Tanamdebobidan ar gadadga. misi
"Christian Directory" puritanuli moralis Teologiis yvelaze
yovlismomcvel kompendiums warmoadgens da amavdroulad
yvelgan sakuTari sulis xsnis praqtikul gamocdilebazea
orientirebuli. _ germanuli pietizmis nimuSad aRebuli
Speneriseuli "Teologiuri gansjani", kvekerobis nimuSad _
berklis "apologia" da maT gverdiT asketuri eTikis sxva
warmomadgenlebi
196),
adgilis
dazogvis
mizniT
SeZlebisdagvarad SeniSvnebSi Sesadarebladaa moxmobili
197).
Tuki xelSi aviRebT baqsteris "wmindanTa maradiul
simSvides" da mis "Christian Directory"-s anda kidev sxva maT
monaTesave naSromebs 198), msjelobaSi simdidrisa 199) da
misi
mopovebis
Sesaxeb,
imTaviTve
TvalSi
gvecema
axalaRTqmiseuli
gamocxadebis
swored
ebionituri
elementebi 200). simdidre, rogorc aseTi, didi safrTxea,
misi cTunebani usasruloa, misken swrafva 201) ara marto
uazrobaa RvTis sauflos aRmatebul mniSvnelobasTan
SedarebiT, aramed zneobrivad saeWvocaa. aq askeza warmaval
sikeTeTa mopovebisaken yovelgvari swrafvis winaaRmdeg
gacilebiT ufro mwvavedaa mimarTuli, vidre kalvinTan,
romelic
sasuliero
pirTa
simdidreSi
maTi
moRvaweobisaTvis dabrkolebas ki ara, piriqiT, maTi
dafasebis metad sasurvel zrdas xedavda da maT nebas
rTavda, usiamovnebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi pirobiT,
qoneba momgebianad daebandebinaT. puritanuli nawerebidan
fulisa da qonebis moxveWisaken swrafvis mgmobeli
nebismieri raodenobis magaliTebis daxvaveba da maTi, am
mxriv, bevrad ufro udardel gvianSuasaukuneobriv eTikur
literaturasTan dapirispireba SeiZleba. am eWvebs ki mTeli
seriozulobiT ekidebodnen, _ oRond ufro guldasmiT

148

dakvirvebaa saWiro, raTa maTi WeSmariti eTikuri azri da

mimarTeba SevniSnoT. zneobrivad marTlac dasaZraxia vTqvaT,
dagrovil qonebaze dasveneba 202), simdidriT tkboba,
Sedegad uqnaroba da avxorcoba rom mohyveba, magram pirvel
rigSi ki "ubiwo" cxovrebisaken ltolvis Seneleba. da
radganac qonebas Tan amgvari nebivrobis safrTxe moaqvs,
mxolod imitomaa is saeWvo. vinaidan "wmindanTa maradiuli
simSvide" saiqioSia, dedamiwaze ki adamianmac, Tavis
madlmosilebaSi rom darwmundes, unda "imisi saqmeni qmnas,
vinc igi warmogzavna, vidremdis arsebobs dRe". ara
muqTaxoroba da gancxroma, aramed mxolod saqmianoba
emsaxureba, ueWvelad gacxadebuli RvTis nebis Tanaxmad, misi
didebis matebas 203). maSasadame, yvela codvaTagan drois
flangvaa pirveli da principulad umZimesi. sicocxlis
monakveTi usasrulod mokle da Zvirfasia imisaTvis, raTa
sakuTari
mowodebuloba
"dadgindes".
zneobrivad
absoluturad sagmobia drois flangva garTobaSi, "fuW
laybobaSi" 204), fufunebaSi 205) da TviT imaze met _
eqvsidan
maqsimum
rva
saaTamde
_
ZilSi,
vidre
janmrTelobisTvisaa
saWiro
206).
aq
jer
kidev
frankliniseul yaidaze ar Tqmula, rom: "dro fulia",
magram
es
fraza
ZalaSi
garkveulwilad
sulieri
mniSvnelobiT Sedis: dro usasrulod Zvirfasia, vinaidan
yoveli dakarguli saaTi RvTis didebis aRsamatebeli
samsaxuris saqmianobas akldeba 208). aqedan gamomdinare,
fuWi da zogjer pirdapir dasagmobic kia mWvretelobiTi
umoqmedoba im SemTxvevaSi mainc, roca es profesiuli
saqmianobis xarjze xdeba 209). radgan is RvTisTvis imaze
naklebad saamuria, vidre profesiul saqmianobaSi misi nebis
aqtiuri ganxorcieleba 210). garda amisa, kvira dRec xom
amisTvis arsebobs da, baqsteris Tanaxmad, mudam swored is
xalxi usaqmurobs Tavis profesiaSi, visac arc uflisTvis
rCeba dro, rodesac saamiso wuTi dgeba 211).
amrigad, baqteris mTavar naSroms ganuxrelad gasdevs
araerTgzis
ganmeorebuli Tavdauzogavi, ganuwyveteli,
fizikuri Tu gonebrivi Sromis, rig SemTxvevebSi, lamis
mgznebare qadageba 212). aq ori momentis Tanxvedraa 213).
pirvel rigSi, Sroma, is kargad nacadi asketuri saSualebaa,
romelic dasavleTis eklesiaSi, ara marto aRmosavleTTan,
aramed mTeli msoflios 214) TiTqmis yvela bermonazvnur

149

wesdebebTan mwvave dapirispirebaSi, odiTganve dafasebuli

iyo 215). saxeldobr, Sromaa is specifikuri preventiuli
saSualeba yvela im sacduris winaaRmdeg, rasac puritanizmma
"unclean life" (uwminduri cxovrebis) cnebaSi mouyara Tavi, _
da romlis roli arcTu mTlad umniSvneloa. seqsualuri
askeza
puritanizmSi
bermonazvnulisgan
xom
mxolod
xarisxiT da ara fuZemdebluri principiT gansxvavdeba da
vinaidan igi colqmrul cxovrebazec vrceldeba, amitom is
ufro metis momcvelia, vidre bermonazvnuli askeza.
radganac sqesobrivi urTierToba qorwinebaSic mxolod
RvTisTvis sasurveli saSualebaa misi didebis aRsamateblad,
da dasaSvebia aRTqmis Sesabamisad: "iqmeniT nayofierni da
gamravldiT" 216). rogorc religiuri eWvebisa da
skrupulozuri TviTgvemis sawinaaRmdegod, aseve yovelgvari
seqsualuri cTunebebisagan Tavis dasacavad _ zomieri
dietis, mcenareuli sakvebisa da civi abazanebis gverdiT _
ZalaSia daniSnuleba: "iSrome dauzogavad Sens sarbielze"
217).
oRond, Sroma, amas garda da uwinares yovlisa, xom
RvTis mier ganwesebuli cxovrebis TviTmizania saerTod
218). pavle mociquliseuli sityvebi: "vinc ar muSaobs, is
arc unda Wamdes" ZalaSia upirobod da yvelasaTvis 219).
Sromis dazareba madlmosilebis mdgomareobis uqonlobis
niSania 220).
aq
aSkarad
gamoikveTeba
sakiTxisadmi
Suasaukuneobrivi damokidebulebisagan gadaxra. am frazis
interpretacia Toma akvinelmac mogvca. magram misi
mosazrebis Tanaxmad 221) Sroma mxolod naturali ratione
(bunebrivi mizezebis gamo) calkeuli adamianis da adamianTa
modgmis sicocxlis SesanarCunebladaa saWiro. iq, sadac es
mizani qreba, es daniSnulebac Zalas kargavs. igi mxolod
kacTa modgmas da ara calkeul adamians exeba. imaze, visac
Sromis gareSe Tavisi qonebis wyalobiT SeuZlia icxovros,
igi ar vrceldeba da, bunebrivia, umoqmedo Wvretac, rogorc
RvTis saufloSi moRvaweobis sulieri forma, sityvasityviT
gagebul pavle mociquliseul aRTqmaze ufro maRlaa
dayenebuli. popularuli TeologiisTvis bermonazvnuri
"produqtiulobis" umaRles formas sabolood xom locvisa
da gundSi galobis meSveobiT "thesaurus ecclesiae" (eklesiis

150

saganZuris) gazrda warmoadgenda. baqsterTan TavisTavad

cxadia,
gamoiricxeba
ara
marto
Sromis
zneobrivi
movaleobis amgvari darRveva, aramed igi umZafresad usvams
xazs im debulebas, rom arc simdidre ar aTavisuflebs
pavle mociquliseuli upirobo ganCinebisgan 222). arc
qonebis mflobeli ar unda Wamdes uSromelad, vinaidan
sakuTari moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad mas Sroma
Tundac rom ar esaWiroebodes, RvTis ganCineba xom mainc
arsebobs, romelsac igi iseve unda daemorCilos, rogorc
Raribi 223). radganac, ganurCevlad yoveli adamianisaTvis
RvTis gangebas mowodeba (calling) aqvs gamzadebuli, romelic
pirovnebam unda Seicnos da masSi unda iSromos, oRond es
mowodeba luTeranobis 224) msgavsad bediswera ki ar aris,
romelsac unda Seurigde da dasjerde, aramed esaa TiTeuli
adamianisadmi gacemuli uflis brZaneba, raTa man mis
sadideblad iRvawos. am, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo niuanss
Sorsmimavali
fsiqologiuri
Sedegebi
hqonda
da
dakavSirebuli
iyo
ekonomikuri
kosmosis
imgvari
providencialuri interpretaciis Semdgom CamoyalibebasTan,
romelic jer kidev sqolastikosebisTvis iyo cnobili.
sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebisa da profesiuli
dayofis fenomeni, iseve, rogorc sxvebma, Toma akvinelmac,
visze dayrdnobac CvenTvis yvelaze mosaxerxebelia, gaiazra,
rogorc uSualod samyaros ufliseuli gegmidan gamomdinare
Sedegi. magram adamianTa am kosmosSi CarTva xdeba ex causis
naturalibus da SemTxveviT ("contingent", sqolastikosTa
terminologiiT). luTerisaTvis, rogorc vnaxeT, adamianTa
mocemul wodebebsa da profesiebSi obieqturi istoriuli
wesrigidan gamomdinare ganweseba, uSualod RvTis nebis
gamovlinebad da, Sesabamisad, calkeuli adamianis im
adgilze da im farglebSi darCena, RmerTma rom miuCina,
religiur movaleobad iqca 225). miT ufro, rom swored
luTeriseuli
RvTismosaobis
damokidebuleba
"saero
cxovrebisadmi" isedac Tavidanve gaurkveveli iyo da
aseTadve rCeboda. luTeris ideaTa wridan, romelic "saero
cxovrebis"
mimarT
pavle
mociquliseuli
indiferentulobisagan
arasodes
bolomde
ar
ganTavisuflebula, saero cxovrebis mosawyobad eTikuri
principebis gamoyvana ar SeiZleboda da amitomac, is iseTad

151

unda yofiliyo miRebuli, rogoric iyo, xolo amas ki

religiuri movaleobis beWedi unda dasmoda. _ Tavis mxriv,
sul sxvagvar Seferilobas iZens puritanul msoflxedvaSi
kerZomeurneobriv
interesTa
urTierTgadaxlarTulobis
providencialuri xasiaTi. Tu ra warmoadgens profesiuli
niSniT
dayofis
provedencialur
mizans,
amas
Cven,
puritanuli pragmatuli ganmartebis sqemis Tanaxmad, misi
nayofis mixedviT SevicnobT. amasTan dakavSirebiT baqsteri
iseT msjelobas iwyebs, rac araerT punqtSi uSualod adam
smiTiseul
Sromis
danawilebis
cnobil
apoTeozs
mogvagonebs 226). profesiaTa specializacia, uwyobs ra
xels mSromelis gawafvas (skill), iwvevs Sromis nayofierebis
raodenobriv da xarisxobriv zrdas da im sazogado
keTildReobas emsaxureba (common best), romelic, rac
SeiZleba, mravali adamianis keTildReobis tolfasia. Tu am
etapze motivacia jerjerobiT wmindad utilitaristulia
da
im
epoqis
saero
literaturis
zogierT
ukve
gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss 227) enaTesaveba, myisve iCens
Tavs esoden damaxasiaTebeli puritanuli Seferiloba,
rogorc ki baqsteri Tavisi msjelobis saTaveSi Semdeg
motivs aqcevs: "gansazRvruli profesiis farglebs gareT
adamianis SromiTi saqmianoba mxolod droebiTi SemTxveviTi
samuSaoa da is sizarmaceSi met dros atarebs, vidre
SromaSi". da roca Semdegnairad daasrulebs: "igi (garkveuli
profesiis
mSromeli)
Tavis
samuSaos
dalagebulad
asrulebs, maSin, rodesac sxva maradiul dabneulobaSia da
misma saqmem ar icis arc dro da arc adgili 228) ...
amitomac warmoadgens garkveuli profesia ("certain calling",
sxva adgilas naTqvamia "stated calling") umaRles sikeTes
nebismieri adamianisTvis". SemTxveviTi samuSao, romlis
Sesruleba Cveulebriv medReurs iZulebiT uwevs, xSirad
gardauvali, magram arasasurveli Sualeduri mdgomareobaa.
maT cxovrebas, visac "profesia ar aqvs", aklia sistematurmeToduri xasiaTi, rasac, rogorc vnaxeT, saero askeza
iTxovs. kvekerebis eTikis Tanaxmadac, adamianis profesiuli
saqmianoba saTnoebaSi Tanamimdevrul asketur varjiSs, misi
keTilsindisierebiT damtkicebul madlmosilebis Rirsad
TviTgamovlenas
unda
warmoadgendes,
rac
Tavis
gamoxatulebas hpovebs im rudunebasa 229) da meTodSi,

152

romliTac is Tavis profesiul saqmianobas uZRveba. ara

Sromas
TavisTavad,
aramed
racionalur
profesiul
saqmianobas iTxovs RmerTi. profesiis puritanuli ideis
SemTxvevaSi aqcenti mudam profesiuli askezis am meTodur
xasiaTze Zevs, gansxvavebiT luTeriseuli moZRvrebisgan, rac
imas gulisxmobs, rom adamiani im xvedrs unda dasjerdes,
RmerTma mas erTxel da samudamod rom arguna 230). amis
safuZvelze pasuxi udaod dadebiTia ara marto kiTxvaze,
SeuZlia Tu ara adamians ramdenime mowodeba (callings)
urTierTSeaTavsos _ Tuki es saxarbieloa, rogorc
sazogado, ise sakuTari keTildReobisTvis 231) da
aravisTvis araa saziano da Tuki es ar iwvevs imas, rom am
urTierTSeTavsebul profesiaTagan erT-erTSi adamianma
arakeTilsindisiereba ("unfaithful") gamoavlinos; aramed arc
profesiis
Secvla
miiCneva
saZraxisad,
Tuki
es
daufiqreblad ki ara, RvTisTvis ufro saamuri 232) anu
zogadi principis Sesabamisad, ufro sasargeblo profesiis
dauflebis mizniT keTdeba. da uwinares yovlisa: profesiis
gamosadegoba da, Sesabamisad, misi RvTisTvis sasurveloba,
marTalia,
pirvel
rigSi,
zneobrivi
da
Semdeg
"sazogadoebrivi erTianobisTvis" masSi warmoebul sikeTeTa
RirebulebiTi masStabiT izomeba, magram amas mosdevs mesame
da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT cxadia, umniSvnelovanesi
kriteriumi: kerZomeurneobrivi "momgebianoba" 233). vinaidan,
is RmerTi, visi xeli puritanisTvis cxovrebis yvela
garemoebaSi urevia, rodesac erT-erT misians mogebis Sanss
aZlevs, mas am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari zraxvebi aqvs. da
amrigad, morwmune qristiani am mowodebas unda gahyves da
sasikeTod unda gamoiyenos micemuli SesaZlebloba 234).
"vinZlo RmerTi Tqven im gzaze migiTiTebT, romlis
meSveobiTac
Tqven
sakuTari
sulis
an
sxvebisaTvis
yovelgvari zianis gareSe, kanonieri wesiT, imaze mets
moipovebT, vidre sxva gziT, Tqven ki amas uarhyofT da
naklebad momgebian
gzas daadgebiT, amiT Tqven Tqveni
mowodebis (calling) erT-erT mizans eRobebiT. Tqven uars
ambobT gaxdeT RvTis mouravi (stewart) da miiRoT misi
ZRveni, raTa amis gamoyeneba misTvisve SeZloT, Tuki igi amas
moiTxovs. cxadia, ara xorcieli gancxromisa da codvis
Cadenis mizniT, aramed mxolod RmerTisTvis SegiZliaT

153

iSromoT da gamdidrdeT" 235). saZraxia simdidre, rogorc

mxolod usaqmuri dasvenebisa da codviani gancxromis
sacduri da misken mxolod imisaTvis swrafva, raTa
mogvianebiT kacma uzrunvelad da mxiarulad icxovros.
magram, rogorc profesiuli movaleobis aRsruleba is ara
mxolod zneobrivad aris nebadarTuli, aramed ganCinebulic
kia 236). im monis araki, romelic gankicxuli iqna imis
gamo, rom man mindobil qonebas sargeblis sargebeli ar
Sehmata, TiTqos pirdapir laparakobs amis Sesaxeb 237).
Raribad
yofnis
survili,
rogorc
xSirad
iyo
argumentirebuli, avad yofnis survilis tolfasi unda
yofiliyo 238), is gmobis Rirsia, rogorc sinergizmi da
sazianoa RvTis didebisTvis. dabolos, Sromisunariani
adamianis maTxovroba codvaa ara mxolod rogorc sizarmace,
aramed
mociqulis
sityvis
Tanaxmad,
moyvasisadmi
siyvarulsac ewinaaRmdegeba 239).
iseve,
rogorc
myari
profesiis
asketuri
mniSvnelobis aqcentireba eTikurad aidealebs Tanamedrove
profesionalur specializacias, iseve aidealebs mogebis
Sansebis providencialuri gaazreba saqmian adamians 240).
askezisaTvis erTnairad saZulvelia rogorc senioris
didgvarovnuli udardeloba, ise gaaznaurebuli mdabioris
yoyloCinoba. amis sapirispirod, srul eTikur mowonebas
imsaxurebs fxizeli burJua selfmademan (kaci, romelmac
yvelafers Tavad miaRwia) 241): "God blesseth his trade" _
"RmerTma akurTxos misi saqme", ucvlel mimarTvad im
wmindanTaTvis iqca 242), romlebic didi warmatebiT
dahyvnen RvTis gangebas; da ZvelaRTqmiseuli RmerTis mTeli
Zlevamosileba,
romelic
mis
rCeulT
maTi
RvTismosaobisaTvis swored saaqaoSi miuzRavs 243), amave
mimarTulebiT
unda
yofiliyo
warmarTuli
puritanisTvisTvisac, romelic baqsteris rCeviT, sakuTar
madlmosilebas bibliuri gmirebis sulier mdgomareobasTan
SepirispirebiT akontrolebda 244) da amasTan bibliiseul
gamonaTqvamebs
"samarTlis
wignis
paragrafebiviT"
ganmartavda. TavisTavad Zveli aRTqmiseuli gamonaTqvamebi ki
mTlad erTmniSvnelovani namdvilad ar iyo. ukve vnaxeT, rom
enobrivad pirvelad luTerma gamoiyena saero gagebiT cneba
"Beruf" ieso ziraqis Zis wignis erTi monakveTis Targmanisas.

154

ieso ziraqis Zis wigni ki im ganwyobis gamo, romliTac is

aris
gaJRenTili,
gancdili
elinisturi
zegavlenis
miuxedavad,
mainc
(gafarToebuli)
Zveli
aRTqmis
tradicionalisturi
Seferilobis
Semadgenel
nawils
warmoadgens. niSandoblivia, rom germanel luTeran glexebSi
es wigni xSirad dRemde gamorCeuli siyvaruliT sargeblobs
245), iseve, rogorc germanuli pietizmis farTo dinebaTa
luTeranobiT Sekruli xasiaTic ieso ziraqis Zis wignisTvis
upiratesobis miniWebaSi vlindeboda 246). puritanebi
apokrifebs uaryofdnen, rogorc araRvTivSTagonebulT, maT
mier RvTiurisa da xelTqmnilis alternatiulobis gadaWriT
aRiarebis safuZvelze 247). miT ufro Zlieri iyo kanonikur
wignTa Soris iobis wignis zemoqmedeba misi, erTi mxriv,
uflis
absoluturad
suverenuli,
adamianuri
masStabebisTvis
miuwvdomeli
sidiadis
brwyinvale
gandidebiT, kalvinistur msoflxedvas esoden kongenialurad
rom exmianeboda, da, meore mxriv, wignis dasasruls
gaJRerebuli, kalvinistisTvis imdenadve meorexarisxovani,
ramdenadac
puritanisTvis
umniSvnelovanesi,
darwmunebulobiT, rom RmerTi Tavis rCeulT saaqao
cxovrebaSic da swored _ iobis wignis Tanaxmad: mxolod! _
aq uboZebs
materialuri TvalsazrisiTac wyalobas 248).
aRmosavluri kvietizmi, romelic fsalmunebis aRmafreniT
aRsavse striqonebsa da solomonis arakebSi gamosWvivis,
iseve ugulvebelyofili iqna, rogorc baqsteris mier
mowodebis_ "Beruf"_ cnebisTvis ganmsazRvreli, korinTelTa
mimarT I epistoles erTi pasaJis tradicionalisturi
Seferiloba. amis sanacvlod, miT ufro meti aqcenti
keTdeboda Zveli aRTqmis im adgilebze, romlebic formalur
patiosnebas asxamdnen xotbas, rogorc RvTisTvis sasurveli
qcevis maxasiaTebel niSans. Teoriam, romlis Tanaxmad,
TiTqos moses rjulma, axali kavSiris gamo, Zala mxolod
imdenad dakarga, ramdenadac is ebraeli xalxisTvis
saritualo adaT-wesebiTa da istoriulad ganpirobebul
danawesebs Seicavda, sxva mxriv ki, rogorc "lex naturae"
(bunebrivi kanonis) gamoxatulebas, mniSvneloba yovelTvis
hqonda da inarCunebda kidec mas 249), SesaZlebeli gaxada,
erTi mxriv, imgvar danawesTa gabaTileba, romlebic
Tanamedrove yofa-cxovrebasTan sruliad SeuTavsebelni

155

iyvnen
da,
amasTanave,
ZvelaRTqmiseuli
zneobriobis
mravalricxovani monaTesave niSnis meSveobiT gza gauxsna
sakuTar
marTebulobaSi
darwmunebuli
da
fxizeli
legalurobis im suliskveTebis Zalumad zrdas, romelic
protestantizmis saero askezisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli
250). amrigad, roca Tanamedroveni Tu ufro gviandeli
avtorebi, saxeldobr, inglisel puritanTa Zireul zneobriv
ganwyobas mravalgzis "english hebraism" (inglisur ebraizmad)
moixseniebdnen 251), es, sworad gagebis SemTxvevaSi,
sinamdviles Seefereba. oRond, mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT
ara Zveli aRTqmis teqstebis warmoSobis periodis
palestinuri iudaizmi, aramed is iudaizmi, radac igi
mravalsaukunovani formalistur-kanonikuri da Talmudis
zegavlenis wyalobiT TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda, Tumca am
SemTxvevaSic ukiduresi sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT
paralelebs. Zveli iudaizmis, mTlianobaSi sicocxlis,
rogorc aseTis, SeuzRudav dafasebaze mimarTuli ganwyoba
metad
daSorebuli
iyo
puritanizmis
specifikuri
Taviseburebisgan. aseve gansxvavdeboda misgan _ arc es ar
unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan _ Sua saukuneebisa da
Tanamedrove iudaizmis sameurneo eTika im niSnebiT,
romlebic gadamwyveti iyo orive maTganis adgilis
gansazRvrisaTvis
kapitalisturi
eTosis
Camoyalibebis
procesSi. iudaizmi politikurad Tu spekulatiurad
orientirebuli "avanturistTa"-kapitalizmis mxareze idga:
misi eTosi, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, pariaTa _
kapitalizmis
iyo,
puritanizmi
ki
_
racionaluri
burJuaziuli
warmoebisa
da
Sromis
racionaluri
organizebis eTosis matarebeli. man iudaizmis eTikidan aiRo
mxolod is, rac am farglebSi eteoda.
cxovrebis ZvelaRTqmiseuli normebiT gamsWvalvis
qaraqterologiuri Sedegebis warmoCena _ mimzidveli
amocana, romelic
sabolood jer, sakuTriv, iudaizmTan
dakavSirebiTac ki ar gadaWrila 252), am narkvevis CarCoebSi
SeuZlebeli iqneboda. dasaxelebuli urTierTkavSirebis
gverdiT,
puritanizmis
erTian
Sinagan
habitusTan
mimarTebaSi, pirvel yovlisa, mxdvelobaSi misaRebia is, rom
masSi grandiozuli formiT ganicadaAaRorZineba RmerTis
rCeuli eris rwmenam 153). ise, rogorc TviT zomieri
baqsteric ki ufals madlobas swiravda, inglisSi da

156

WeSmarit eklesiaSi rom gaaCina da ara sadme sxvagan,

sakuTari, RvTis madliT gamowveuli uzadobisTvis, amgvarive
madlierebiT iyo gamsWvaluli puritanuli burJuaziis
sasicocxlo
ganwyobac
254)
da
ganapirobebda
formalisturad koreqtul mtkice xasiaTs, rogoric
kapitalizmis im heroikuli epoqis warmomadgenelTaTvis iyo
niSandoblivi.
Cven im gansakuTrebuli punqtebis garkvevasac
SevecdebiT, romlebTan SexebaSic mowodebis puritanul
gaazrebasa da cxovrebis asketurad warmarTvis moTxovnas
uSualo zegavlena unda moexdina kapitalisturi cxovrebis
stilis Camoyalibebaze. rogorc vnaxeT, askeza mTeli ZaliTa
da RoniT, pirvel rigSi, upirispirdeba cxovrebiT SeuboWav
tkbobas da yvela im siames rac mas Tan sdevs. yvelaze
niSandoblivad es momenti "Book of sports" 255) garTobebis
Sesaxeb wignis gamo amtydar brZolaSi gamovlinda, romelic
iakob pirvelma da Carlz pirvelma sruliad gamiznulad
puritanizmis dasaZlevad kanonis rangSi aiyvanes da romlis
wakiTxva am ukanasknelma yvela eklesiis kaTedridan brZana.
roca puritanebi gaSmagebiT ewinaaRmdegebodnen mefis
gankargulebas,
rom
kviraobiT,
arasaeklesio
dros,
garkveuli
saxalxo
garTobebi
kanoniT
SeiZleboda
nebadarTuli yofiliyo, maTi gaafTrebis mizezi marto
SabaTis simSvidis darRveva ki ara, wmindanis mowesrigebuli
cxovrebis wesidan gadaxvevac iyo. da rodesac mefe am
garTobaTa kanonierebis nebismier xelyofas mZime sasjeliT
emuqreboda, amis mizani swored saxelmwifosaTvis saSiSi anu
antiavtoritaruli asketuri mimarTulebis mospoba iyo.
feodalur-monarqiuli sazogadoeba "garTobis moyvarulT"
burJuaziis, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi moralisa da
avtoritetebis moZule asketuri religiuri Temebisgan iseve
icavda, rogorc dRes icavs kapitalisturi sazogadoeba
"Sromis mosurneT" muSaTa klasobrivi moralisa da
avtoritetebis moZule profkavSirebisagan. puritanebi amis
sapirispirod
Tavis
arsebiT
Taviseburebas
icavdnen:
cxovrebis
asketurad
warmarTvis
princips.
vinaidan
sportisadmi puritanTa antipaTia TviT kvekerebTanac ki
sulac ar iyo principuli. oRond igi erTaderT
racionalur
mizans
unda
momsaxureboda:
fizikuri
Sromisunarianobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro dasvenebas. magram

157

rogorc dauokebeli Zalis moWarbebisagan ganmuxtvis

SeuzRudavi
saSualeba,
igi
puritanizmisTvis
saeWvo
xdeboda, xolo Tu wminda tkbobis saSualebad iqceoda da
sulac agonalur pativmoyvareobas, uxeS instinqtebsa da
niZlavis iracionalur wadils aRviZebda, maSin is, cxadia,
ubralod
gmobas
imsaxurebda.
amrigad,
cxovrebiT
instinqturi tkboba, romelic profesiuli saqmianobisgan
iseve
momcdenia, rogorc religiuri movaleobisgan,
warmoadgenda swored racionaluri askezis mosisxle mters,
da sul erTia, igi "seniorTa" sportuli TamaSobebis saxiT
mogvevlineboda Tu ubralo kacis sacekvao moednebze da
samikitnoebSi dros tarebis saxiT 256).
aqedan gamomdinare, undoblobiT aRsavse da yovlad
mtrulia Sesabamisad damokidebulebac uSualo religiuri
Rorebulebis armqone kulturuli faseulobebis mimarT.
oRond es ise ki ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos puritanizmis
cxovrebiseuli
ideali
Savbnel,
kulturis
moZule,
umecrebas gulisxmobda.
WeSmariteba umal sruliad
sapirispiroa
_
yovel
SemTxvevaSi,
saZulveli
sqolastikosebis gamoklebiT, mecnierebasTan mimarTebaSi
mainc.
garda
amisa,
puritanuli
moZraobis
yvelaze
TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi Rrmad arian renesansul
ganaTlebaSi Caflulni: moZraobis presbiterianuli frTis
qadagebebi aWrelebulia klasicizmebiT 257) da TviT
radikalebic ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom swored maT misces
amgvar mimarTulebas biZgi, ar ugulvebelyofdnen msgavs
ganswavlulobas Teologiur polemikaSi. albaT arc erTi
qveyana ar iyo ise gadaZeZgili "graduates" (umaRlesi
ganaTlebis mqone xalxiT), rogorc axali inglisi Tavisi
arsebobis pirvel TaobaSi. mowinaaRmdegeTa satiris amosaval
wertilad, rogorc mag., batleris "hudibrasSi", swored
puritanTa
kabineturi
ganswavluloba
da
gawafuli
dialeqtikaa qceuli: es nawilobriv dakavSirebulia codnis
religiur dafasebasTan, rac kaTolikuri "fides implicita"
(faruli codnis) mimarT damokidebulebidan gamomdinareobda.
_
ukve
sruliad
sxvagvaradaa
saqme,
rogorc
ki
arasamecniero literaturisa 258) da saxviTi xelovnebis
sferoSi gadavinacvlebT. aq askeza, cxadia, saltesaviT
SemoeWdo mxiarul beber ingliss. da es ara marto saero

158

dResaswaulebs Seexo. puritanTa mZvinvare siZulvili

yvelafris
mimarT,
rasac
odnav
mainc
"superstition"
(crurwmenis) suni udioda, magiuri Tu eklesiuri wesiT
madlis gardmosvlis yovelgvari reminiscenciis winaaRmdeg
amxedrebuli, igi qristianul Sobis zeimsac iseve devnida,
rogorc maisis xes 259) daDSeuboWav saeklesio xelovnebiT
tkbobas. is, rom holandiaSi adgili darCa diadi, xSir
SemTxvevaSi,
mourideblad
realisturi
xelovnebis
ganviTarebisaTvis 260), mxolod imas adasturebs, Tu raoden
nakleb efeqturi iyo iqauri avtoritaruli wesiT
ganxorcielebuli zneobrivi reglamentacia samefo karisa da
regentTa wodebis (rantieTa fenis) gavlenasTan SedarebiT,
magram,
amavdroulad,
gamdidrebul
wvrilburJuaTa
sicocxlis
xalisTan
SedarebiT,
mas
Semdeg,
rac
kalvinisturi
Teokratiis
xanmokle
batonoba
gawonasworebul saxelmwifoebriv eklesiurobad gardaiqmna
da amiT kalvinizms asketuri mimzidvelobis Zala SesamCnevad
gamoecala 261). puritanisTvis Teatri saZulveli iyo 262),
xolo SesaZleblis yovelgvari farglebidan erotikisa da
siSiSvlis ganuxrelad amoZirkviT literaturaSi, iseve
rogorc xelovnebaSi radikalur Sexedulebebs adgili aRar
darCa. iseT cnebebs, rogorc "idle talk" (fuWi ybedoba),
"superfluities" (zedmetobebi) 263), "vain ostentation" (amao
pativmoyvareoba)
_
iracionaluri,
umizno,
amdenad
araasketuri da Sesabamisad ara RvTis sadidebeli, aramed
adamianis samsaxurisTvis gamiznuli qmedebebis gansazRvrebebs
rom
warmoadgenen
_
wamdauwum
iSveliebdnen,
raTa
xelovnebis motivTa nebismier gamoyenebasTan SedarebiT,
fxizeli
mizanSewonilobisTvis
mieniWebinaT
calsaxa
upiratesoba. sabolood, es pirovnebis uSualo morTulobas,
magaliTad, mis Cacmulobasac Seexo 264). cxovrebis stilis
unificirebis im mZlavr tendencias, romelsac dRes
produqciis "standartizaciis" kapitalisturi interesi
265) udgas mxarSi, idealuri safuZveli "xelTqmnilis
gaRmerTebis" uaryofaSi eZebneba 266). amasTanave cxadia, ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom puritanizmi Tavis TavSi uzarmazar
winaaRmdegobebs moicavda, rom xelovnebaSi zedrouli
sidiadisadmi
instinqturi swrafviT misi winamZRolni
ufro Zlier iyvnen gaJRenTilni, vidre "kavalerTa" sulieri

159

ganwyoba 267), da rom iseTi ganumeorebeli geniosi, rogorc

rembrandti iyo, romlis "yofaqceva" puritanuli RmerTis
TvalSi namdvilad madls ar imsaxurebda, Semoqmedebis
mimarTulebis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad sakuTari seqtanturi
garemocviT beWeddasmuli aRmoCnda 268). magram saerTo
suraTs es aranairad ar cvlis, ramdenadac pirovnebis
Zalumi TviTCaRrmavebuloba, romelic puritanizmis sulieri
atmosferodan moberil niavs SeiZleboda Tan moetana da
sinamdvileSi
mohyva
kidec,
upiratesad
mxolod
literaturas da isic mxolod Semdgom TaobaSi waadga
sasikeTod.
puritanizmis mier yvela am mimarTulebiT moxdenili
zegavlenis ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilvis gareSe unda
gavacnobieroT, rom wminda esTetikuri Tu sportuli
siamovnebisaTvis gamiznuli kulturuli RirebulebebiT
gamowveuli sixarulis nebadarTuloba yovelTvis erT
niSandobliv zRudes awydeba: isini ufaso unda iyos.
adamiani xom mxolod RvTis wyalobiT mibarebuli dovlaTis
ganmgebelia, amitomac bibliuri monis msgavsad, yovel
mindobil kapikze angariSvaldebulia 269) da uTuod saeWvo
iqneboda, aqedan raimes im mizniT daxarjva, rac RvTis
didebisTvis
ki
ara,
sakuTari
siamovnebisTvisaa
gansazRvruli 270). nuTu mas, visac Tvalebi aqvs, am
mosazrebis damcvelni Cvens droSic ar Sexvedria? 271)
adamianis movaleobis gancda mindobili qonebis mimarT,
romelsac is ganmgebeliviT an sulac morCili "mogebis
momtani manqanasaviT" unda emsaxuros, sulis gamyinavi
simZimiT awveba cxovrebas. rac ufro matulobs qoneba, miT
ufro mZimea _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki asketuri sulieri
ganwyoba gamocdas gauZlebs _ pasuxismgebloba imaze, rom is
RvTis gansadideblad iqnes uklebliv SenarCunebuli da
Tavdauzogavi SromiT gazrdili. cxovrebis amgvari stilis
genezisis, iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove kapitalisturi
suliskveTebis mravali Semadgeneli elementis, calkeuli
fesvebic, Sua saukuneebSia saZiebeli 272), magram mxolod
asketuri protestantizmis eTikaSi hpova man Tavisi
Tanamimdevruli zneobrivi safuZveli. misi mniSvneloba
kapitalizmis ganviTarebisaTvis dResaviT naTelia 273).
sabolood, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
saero protestantuli eTika mTeli ZaliTa da RoniT

160

ewinaaRmdegeboda qonebiT udardel tkbobas, man SezRuda

moxmareba, metadre ki fufunebis saganTa moxmareba. amis
sanacvlod, man fsiqologiurad gaaTavisufla momxveWeloba
tradicionalisturi eTikis zewolisagan, borkilebi axsna
mogebisaken ltolvas, radgan ara mxolod misi legalizeba
moaxdina, aramed (ganxiluli mniSvnelobiT) uSualod
RvTisTvis sasurvelad gamoacxada. rogorc, puritanTa
kvalad, kvekerobis didi apologeti, berklic, dabejiTebiT
amtkicebs, brZola xorciel siameTa da garegnul sikeTeTa
winaaRmdeg warmoadgenda brZolas ara qonebis racionaluri
dagrovebis, aramed qonebis iracionaluri gamoyenebis
winaaRmdeg. amis arsi ki, uwinares yovlisa, xelTqmnilis
gaRmerTebad 274) SeCvenebuli fufunebis Tvalis momWreli
formebis RirebulebiT SefasebaSi mdgomareobs, rac esoden
axlos iyo feodalur suliskveTebasTan, qonebis, calkeuli
adamianisa da mTeli sazogadoebis sasicocxlo miznebisaTvis,
RvTisaTvis sasurveli racionaluri da utilitaristuli
wesiT gamoyenebas rom upirispirdeba. askeza SeZlebulTagan
xorcis mokvdinebas 275) ki ara, saWiro da praqtikulad
sasargeblo
sagnebisaTvis
iTxovda
sakuTari
qonebis
moxmarebas. cneba "comfort" metad niSandoblivad moicavs
qonebis gamoyenebis eTikurad dasaSveb mizanTa wres da,
bunebrivia, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom cxovrebis imgvari
stilis Camoyalibeba, romelic xsenebul cnebas ukavSirdeba,
yvelaze
adre
da
yvelaze
naTlad
swored
am
msoflmxedvelobis yvelaze Tanamimdevrul momxreebTan:
kvekerebTan, SeimCneva. aramyar ekonomikur safuZvelze mdgari
raindobis, zomier sisadaves gacveTil eleganturobas rom
anacvalebs,
yalbi
brwyinvalebis
moCvenebiTobasa
da
elvarebas, maT burJuaziuli "home" (saxlis) sufTa da
soliduri myudroebis ideali daupirispires 276).
kerZomeurneobrivi dovlaTis warmoebis damcveli
askeza, arakeTilsindisierebasac iseve ebrZoda, rogorc
instinqtur sixarbes, _ vinaidan swored amas gmobda igi,
rogorc "covetousness", rogorc "mamonizms" da a.S. anu
gamdidrebis saboloo mizniT simdidrisaken swrafvas. radgan
qoneba, rogorc aseTi, cTunebas warmoadgenda. magram aq ki
askeza ukve im Zalad gardaiqmneboda, "romelsac mudam
sikeTe unda da mudam borotebas iqms" _ yovel SemTxvevaSi

161

misi gagebiT borotebas anu qonebas da mis cTunebebs.

vinaidan saqme marto is ki ar iyo, rom igi, Zvel aRTqmasTan
da "keTil saqmeTa" eTikur SefasebasTan srul TanxmobaSi,
simdidrisaken, rogorc miznisken, swrafvaSi saZraxisi
qmedebis mwvervals xedavda, xolo simdidris mopovebaSi ki,
rogorc
profesiuli
saqmianobis
nayofSi
_
RvTis
kurTxevas; aramed kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rom:
dauRalavi, gamudmebuli, sistematuri, saero profesiuli
saqmianobis, rogorc umaRlesi asketuri saSualebis da,
amavdroulad, adamianis aRorZinebulobisa da misi rwmenis
WeSmaritebis, yvelaze utyuari da xiluli mtkicebulebis
religiuri Sefaseba amgvari msoflxedvis gavrcelebisTvis
is umZlavresi berketi unda yofiliyo, rasac Cven
kapitalizmis "suliskveTeba" vuwodeT 277). da Tuki
moxmarebis
SezRudvas
momxveWelobisaken
swrafvis
gaTavisuflebasTan gavaerTianebT, maSin amis obieqturi
Sedegi iZulebiTi asketuri xelmomWirneobis meSveobiT
kapitalis Seqmna iqneba 278). dabrkolebebi, romlebic
dovlaTis
momxmareblur
xarjvas
eRobeboda,
kapitaldabandebis saxiT mis mwarmoeblur gamoyenebas unda
wasdgomoda sasikeTod. Tu ra siZlieris iyo es zemoqmedeba,
cxadia, aranair zust ricxvobriv gansazRvrebas ar
eqvemdebareba. axal inglisSi xsenebuli urTierTkavSiri
imdenad xelSesaxebad ikveTeba, rom es iseTi SesaniSnavi
istorikosis Tvals, rogoric doili iyo, ar gamohparvia
279). arada, holandiaSic, sadac mkacri kalvinizmis
batonobam sinamdvileSi mxolod Svid wels gastana,
WeSmaritad religiurad ganwyobil wreebSi gamefebulma
yofis sisadavem uzarmazari simdidris fonze kapitalis
dagrovebisadmi gadametebuli ltolva gamoiwvia 280). garda
amisa, dResaviT naTelia, rom yvelgan da yovelTvis arsebul
da CvenTan dRemde SemorCenil burJuaziuli qonebis
"gaaznaurebis" tendencias feodaluri cxovrebis formebis
mimarT, puritanizmis antipaTiis, gamo sagrZnobi winaRoba
unda Seqmnoda. XVII saukunis ingliseli merkantilistiavtorebi inglisur kapitalze holandiuris upiratesobas
imiT asabuTebdnen, rom holandiaSi, inglisisgan gansxvavebiT,
nakleb eswrafvodnen, rom axlad SeZenili qoneba, rogorc
wesi, miwaSi daebandebinaT da igi _ esaa aq umTavresi da ara
mxolod miwis Sesyidva TavisTavad _ feodalur cxovrebis

162

wesze gadayvaniT gaeaznaurebinaT da am gziT kapitalisturi

gamoyenebis sferosTvis CamoecilebinaT 281). soflis
meurneobis,
rogorc
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani,
RvTismosaobisTvis aseve gamorCeulad xelSemwyobi dargis,
puritanTa mierac gaziarebuli maRali Sefaseba (mag.,
baqsterTan), lendlordebs ki ar exeboda, aramed iomenebsa
da fermerebs, XVIII saukuneSi ki ara _ iunkrebs, aramed
"racionalur" soflis meurnes 282). XVII saukunidan
inglisis sazogadoebaSi Cndeba ganxeTqileba
"mxiaruli
beberi inglisis" warmomadgenlebs, "skvairebsa" da metad
aramyari sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis matarebel puritanul
wreebs Soris 283).
erTi mxriv, Seuryeveli alali
sicocxlis xalisisa da, meore mxriv ki, mkacrad
mowesrigebuli da gawonasworebuli TavdaWerilobis da
miRebuli eTikuri normebisadmi upirobo morCilebis es
orive niSan-Tviseba dRemde inglisur "erovnul xasiaTSi"
erTmaneTis gverdigverd dgas 284). da aseve mkveTri
dapirispirebuloba Cans Crdiloamerikuli kolonizaciis
uZveles istoriaSi _ "adventurers"
(avantiuristebs),
romlebic "indented servants" (eqspluatirebul monaTa)
Sromis xarjze plantaciebis gaSenebas da batonkacurad
cxovrebas
eltvodnen,
da
puritanTa
specifikurad
burJuaziul ganwyobas Soris 285).
sadamdec
ki
puritanuli
msoflmxedvelobis
Zalaufleba swvdeboda, is nebismier SemTxvevaSi _ da
bunebrivia, es imaze ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre kapitalis
SeqmnisaTvis ubralo xelSewyoba _ sasikeTod adgeboda
cxovrebis
warmarTvis
burJuaziuli,
ekonomikurad
racionaluri wesis damkvidrebis tendencias; is iyo misi
umTavresi
da,
pirvel
yovlisa,
misi
erTaderTi
Tanamimdevruli gamtarebeli. man daarwia Tanamedrove
"ekonomikuri adamianis" akvani. cxadia, cxovrebis es
puritanuli idealebi ver umklavdeboda puritanTaTvisac
esoden kargad nacnob simdidris moZalebul "cTunebaTa"
mZime
gamocdas.
gamudmebiT
vawydebiT
puritanuli
suliskveTebis yvelaze WeSmarit mimdevarT aRzevebis gzaze
axlad Semdgari wvrilburJuaziisa da fermerTa fenis
rigebSi 286) da TviT kvekerTa Sorisac ki "beati possedentes"
(qonebiT netarT), romlebic mzad arian xeli aiRon Zvel

163

idealebze 287). aq kvlav igive xvedri iyo, romelsac saero

askezis winamorbedi Sua saukuneebis samonastro askeza,
gamudmebiT ewireboda, rogorc ki meurneobis racionaluri
marTva
am
mkacrad
mowesrigebuli
cxovrebisa
da
momWirneobis savaneSi srulad gaifurCqneboda, mopovebuli
qonebis an uSualod _ rogorc rwmenis gaxleCamde periodSi
_ feodalizeba xdeboda an samonastro disciplinas sruli
daqceva emuqreboda da maSin saqmeSi mravalricxovan
"reformaTagan" erT-erTis Carevis dro dgeboda. ordenTa
danawesebis mTeli istoriac xom garkveuli azriT, qonebis
masekularizebel zegavlenasTan mudmiv ganaxlebad Widils
warmoadgens.
igive
iTqmis
grandiozuli
masStabiT
puritanizmis saero askezazec. meTodizmis Zalumi "revival",
romelic win uswrebs XVIII saukunis miwurulisTvis
inglisuri industriis ayvavebas, savsebiT SesaZlebelia
amgvar samonastro reformasTan iqnas Sedarebuli. aq
marTebuli iqneboda adgili migveCina jon ueslis erTi
pasaJisTvis 288), romelic yovelive aqamde naTqvamisTvis
epigrafad gamodgeboda. vinaidan mowmobs imas, Tu raoden
absoluturad
naTlad
hqondaT
gaazrebuli
asketur
mimdinareobaTa mesveurT aq ganxiluli, erTi SexedviT,
esoden paradoqsuli urTierTmimarTebebi da Tanac savsebiT
Cvenebur yaidaze 289). igi wers:
"vSiSob, rom yvelgan, sadac ki simdidrem imata, iq im
wiladve iklo religiurma SemarTebam. amdenad, saganTa
arsidan gamomdinare, Znelad mesaxeba, Tu rogor SeiZleba
gaxdes SesaZlebeli WeSmariti religiurobis xangrZlivi
droiT aRorZineba. vinaidan religiam aucileblad unda
warmoSvas
rogorc
Sromismoyvareoba
(industry),
ise
momWirneoba (frugality), amas ki sxva araferi mosdevs, Tu ara
simdidris warmoqmna. magram, roca simdidre matulobs,
maSinve matulobs ampartavnoba, vneba da amqveyniur siameTa
mimarT siyvarulic mTeli maTi mravalferovnebiT. mainc
rogor unda gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli, rom meTodizmi, es
gulis religia, Tundac am momentisaTvis amwvanebul xesaviT
ayvavebuli, am dReSi aRmoCeniliyo? meTodistebi yvelgan
muyaiTobasa da momWirneobas iCenen; Sedegad matulobs maTi
baraqac. amasTanave izrdeba maTi siamaye, xorciel da
amqveyniur siameTa mimarT maTi miswrafebac da qedmaRloba.

164

amrigad, marTalia, religiis forma SenarCunebulia, magram

suli TandaTan qreba. nuTu ar arsebobs am wminda religiis
ganuxreli dacemis SeCerebis gza? adamianebs xeli ar unda
SevuSaloT, gamrjeni da momWirneni rom iynen. Cven yvela
qristians unda SevagonoT, moipovon is, risi mopovebac
SeuZliaT da dazogon is, risi dazogvac SeuZliaT, saboloo
jamSi es niSnavs: gamdidrdnen." (Semdeg amas mosdevs Segoneba,
rom maT, vinc "yvelafers moipoveben, rac SeuZliaT da,
yvelafers dazogaven, rac SeuZliaT" aseve "rac SeuZliaT,
yvelaferi unda gascen", raTa imatos maTma madlmosilebam
da caTa Sina saunje daagrovon). _ rogorc vxedavT, aq
calkeul wvrilmanebSic ki Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs
Cvens mier ganxiluli urTierTmimarTebebi 290).
Tavisi sruli ekonomikuri zegavlena (zustad ise,
rogorc amas uesli ambobs), im mZlavrma religiurma
moZraobebma,
romelTa
mniSvneloba
sameurneo
ganviTarebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, maT asketur aRmzrdelobiT
unarSi mdgomareobda, rogorc wesi, mxolod mas Semdeg
gaavrcela, rac wminda religiuri enTuziazmis mwvervali
ukve gadalaxuli iqna, rac RvTis sauflos Ziebis krunCxva
TandaTanobiT
fxizel
profesiul
siqveled
iwyebda
gardaqmnas da utilitaristul amqveyniurobas uTmobda
adgils, _ anu rodesac, doudenis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
xalxur fantaziaSi "robinzon kruzom", izolirebulma
ekonomikurma adamianma, romelic garkveulwilad misionerul
saqmianobasac eweva 291), "amaoebis bazridan" zeciuri
sauflosaken
Sinaganad
euli
miswrafebiT
devnili
benianiseuli "piligrimis" adgili daikava. Tuki amis Semdeg
fexi: "to make the best of both worlds" _ "orive samyaros
SesaZleblobebis saukeTesod gamoyenebis" principma moikida,
maSin, aseve doudenis SeniSvnis Tanaxmad, mSvidi sindisi
komfortuli burJuaziuli cxovrebis saSualebaTa mwkrivSi
unda moqceuliyo, rac aseve moxdeniladaa gamoxatuli
germanul andazaSi "rbili sasTumalis" Sesaxeb. is, rac
XVII saukunis religiuri TvalsazrisiT boboqarma epoqam
Tavis utilitaristul memkvidres mziTevSi gaatana, iyo
araCveulebrivad mSvidi _ Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT,
farisevlurad mSvidi _ sindisi sarfiani saqmianobisas,
oRond Tu mas kanonieri forma hqonda. "Deo placere vix potest"

165

_ "es RmerTisTvis sasurveli rodi iqneba" _ amis kvalic ki

gamqrali iyo 292). warmoiSva specifikurad burJuaziuli
profesiuli eTosi. imis sruli SegnebiT, rom RvTis
absoluturi madli hfaravda da misgan xilulad iyo
kurTxeuli,
burJua-mewarmes,
Tuki
is
formaluri
koreqtulobis farglebSi rCeboda, misi zneobrivi saqcieli
uzado iyo, xolo mis mier sakuTari simdidris gamoyeneba
gakicxvas ar imsaxurebda, SeeZlo da valdebulic ki iyo
sakuTari mogebis interesebis sasargeblod emoqmeda. amas
garda, religiuri askezis wyalobiT
mis gankargulebaSi
aRmoCndnen
fxizeli,
keTilsindisieri,
uCveulod
Sromisunariani da Sromaze rogorc RvTisTvis sasurvel
cxovrebis mizanze mijaWvuli mSromelebi 293). amasTanave,
askezam mas imaSi guldaarxeinebuli darwmunebulobac uboZa,
rom amqveyniur sikeTeTa araTanabari gadanawileba RvTis
gangebis gansakuTrebul namoqmedars warmoadgens, romelic am
gansxvavebebiT iseve, rogorc SerCeviTi madlis gardmofeniT
RvTis idumal, CvenTvis miuwvdomel miznebs axorcielebs
294). jer kidev kalvins ekuTvnis is xSirad citirebuli
gamonaTqvami, rom mxolod siRaribeSi darCenis SemTxvevaSi
iqneba "xalxi" anu mSromelTa da xelosanTa masa RvTis
morCili 295). niderlandelebma (piter de la kurma da
sxvebma)
amis
"sekularizeba"
Semdegnairad
moaxdines:
adamianTa masa Sromobs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas
gaWirveba
ubiZgebs
da
amgvarad
formulirebuli
kapitalisturi meurneobis laitmotivi sabolood dabali
xelfasebis
"mwarmoebelunarianobis"
Teoriis
nakads
SeuerTda. aqac, ganviTarebis im sqemis Sesabamisad, romelsac
mudmivad vawydebodiT, ideas, misi religiuri fesvebis
kvdomasTan erTad, sruliad SeumCnevlad utilitaruli
elferi eZleoda. Sua saukuneebis eTika maTxovrobas ara
marto iTmenda, aramed mas meroWike berTa ordenebSi
ganadidebda kidec. saero maTxovrebic, romlebic SeZlebul
adamians mowyalebis meSveobiT keTil saqmeTa qmnis
saSualebas aZlevdnen, zogjer "wodebadac" ki iyvnen
moxseniebulni da Sefasebulni. jer kidev stuartTa
anglikanuri socialuri eTika iyo am poziciasTan Zalze
daaxloebuli. da mxolod puritanul askezas ewera
gadamwyveti
roli
eTamaSa
RaribTaTvis
im
sastiki
inglisuri kanonmdeblobis SeqmnaSi, romelmac safuZvlianad

166

Secvala saqmis viTareba. da man es kidec SeZlo, radgan

protestantuli seqtebi da mkacrad puritanuli erTobebi
sakuTar garemocvaSi maTxovrobas marTlac ar icnobdnen
296).
meore mxriv ki, sakiTxs mSromelTa poziciidan Tu
mivudgebiT, mag., pietizmis cincendorfiseuli saxesxvaoba
sakuTari xelobis erTgul im muSaks aidealebda, romelic
sargebels ki ar eswrafvis, aramed mociqulTa magaliTis
mibaZviT cxovrobs da, maSasadame, qristes mowafeTa qarizma
aqvs 297). Tavdapirvelad kidev ufro radikaluri formiT
iyo baptistebTan msgavsi Tvalsazrisi gavrcelebuli.
marTlac,
TiTqmis
yvela
aRmsareblobis
asketuri
literatura erTianad im azriTaa gamsWvaluli, rom
patiosani Sroma dabali anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSic ki imis
mxridan, visac cxovrebam sxvafriv aranairi sxva Sansebi ar
arguna, uflisaTvis ukiduresad saamur saqmes warmoadgens.
amaSi protestantul askezas sakuTriv aranairi siaxle ar
Seutania. magram man ara marto usazRvrod gaaRrmava es
Tvalsazrisi, aramed Sehmata arsebul normas is, rac
saboloo jamSi mis gavlenas gansazRvravda: fsiqologiuri
impulsi, romelic Cndeboda am Sromis, rogorc mowodebis,
rogorc
sakuTar
madlmosilebaSi
darwmunebulobis
saukeTeso da sabolood erTaderTi saSualebis gaazrebis
wyalobiT 298). meore mxriv ki, man moaxdina Sromis amgvari
specifikuri
mosurneobis
eqspluataciis
legalizeba,
ramdenadac mewarmis fulis Sovnis miswrafebac "mowodebad"
gamoacxada 299). dResaviT naTelia, Tu raoden Zlierad
unda Seewyo xeli Sromis "produqtiulobisTvis" sityvis
kapitalisturi gagebiT, RvTis sasufevlisken erTaderT
swrafvas
mowodebad
gagebuli
SromiTi
movaleobis
aRsrulebis gziT da mkacr askezas, romelsac eklesiuri
disciplina,
bunebrivia,
swored
upovarTa
klass
uqvemdebarebda. Sromisadmi, rogorc "mowodebisadmi", midgoma
Tanamedrove mSromelisTvis iseve damaxasiaTebeli iyo,
rogorc mewarmesaTvis qonebis dagrovebis Sesabamisad
gaazreba. es maSindeli saqmis axleburi viTarebis asaxvas
warmoadgenda, rodesac iseTi gamWriaxi damkvirvebeli,
rogoric ser uiliam petti iyo, XVII saukunis holandiis
ekonomikur siZlieres imiT xsnida, rom iq metad didia
"dissenterTa" (kalvinistebisa da baptistebis) ricxvi,

167

romlebic "Sromasa da samewarmeo muyaiTobas RvTis winaSe

TavianT
movaleobad"
miiCneven.
"organul"
socialur
mowyobas
misi
im
fiskalur-monopolisturi
formiT,
romelic man anglikanizmSi stuartebis xanaSi, kerZod ki
lodis
koncefciaSi,
SeiZina:
_
"monopolistebTan"
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis qristianul-socialur niadagze
damyarebul
amgvar
kavSirs
puritanizmi,
romlis
warmomadgenelnic
saxelmwifos
mier
privilegirebuli,
vaWarTa, SemsyidvelTa da kolonialistTa am saxis
kapitalizmis mgznebare mowinaaRmdegeni iyvnen, upirispirebda
sakuTar fxianobaze da inciativaze dafuZnebul qonebis
racionaluri
legaluri
dagrovebis
individualur
impulsebs,
romlebic
_
maSin,
rodesac
inglisSi
saxelmwifos
mier
privilegirebuli
monopolisturi
industriebi male mTlianad gaqra _ gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobda axlad warmoqmnili industriuli dargebis
CamoyalibebaSi saxelmwifo xelisufalTa gareSe, nawilobriv
maT miuxedavad an sulac sawinaaRmdegod 300). puritanebi
(prini, parkeri), uars acxadebdnen msxvilkapitalisturi
yaidis
"kariskacebTan
da
proJektiorebTan"
rogorc
eTikurad saeWvo klasTan yovelgvar TanamSromlobaze da
amayobdnen sakuTari burJuaziuli saqmosnobis moralis
upiratesobiT, rasac im devnis WeSmarit mizezad miiCnevdnen,
romelsac isini xsenebuli wreebisagan ganicdidnen. jer
kidev
defo
ayenebda
winadadebas,
rom
dissenterTa
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi warmatebisaTvis sabanko Tamasuqebis
boikotisa da anabarTa denonsaciis gziT mieRwiaT. am orive
saxis
kapitalisturi
saqmianobis
dapirispirebuloba
didwilad Seesatyviseboda maT Soris arsebul religiur
dapirispirebulobas. nonkonformistTa mowinaaRmdegeni maT
XVIII saukuneSic ki kvlav dacinviT "spirit of shopkeepers"
(meduqnis suliskveTebis) matareblebad moixseniebdnen da
devnidnen rogorc Zvelinglisuri idealebis damRupvelT.
amaze iyo agreTve dafuZnebuli puritanuli da iudaisturi
sameurneo
eTosis
dapirispirebulobac
da
ukve
Tanamedroveebma (prini) icodnen, rom maTgan pirveli da ara
meore, warmoadgenda burJuaziul saneurneo eToss 301).
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi suliskveTebis da ara
mxolod misi, aramed Tanamedrove kulturis erT-erTi
konstitutiuri Semadgeneli nawili: profesiuli mowodebis

168

ideaze dafuZnebuli cxovrebis racionalurad warmarTva

warmoSobilia _ es unda daemtkicebina winamdebare
gamokvlevas _ qristianuli askezis suliskveTebidan.
sakmarisia,
am
naSromis
dasawyisSi
citirebuli
frankliniseuli traqtatis xelaxla gadakiTxva imaSi
dasarwmunrblad, rom iq "kapitalizmis suliskveTebad"
moxsniebuli azrovnebis wesis umniSvnelovanesi elementebi
swored isaa, rac Cven zeviT gamovavlineT, rogorc
puritanuli profesiuli askezis Sinaarsi 302), oRond
religiuri fundamentirebis gareSe, rac franklinis dros
ukve dromoWmuli iyo. _ axali araa arc is mosazreba, rom
Tanamedrove profesiul saqmianobas asketizmis beWedi azis.
sakuTari dargobrivi saqmianobiT Semofargvla, faustiseul
adamianur
yovelmxrivobaze
(rac
am
SemofargvliTaa
ganpirobebuli) uaris TqmasTan erTad Tanamedrove samyaroSi
rom sazogadod Rirebuli qmedebis winapirobas warmoadgens
anu is, rom "saqme" da "TviTaRkveTa" dReisaTvis uciloblad
urTierTs ganapirobeben: burJuaziuli cxovrebis stilis es
Zireuli motivi _ Tuki mas surs iyos stili da ara
stilisgan daclili ram _ undoda CvenTvis ganemarta
goeTes
Tavisi
cxovrebiseuli
sibrZnis
mwvervalze,
"mogzaurobis wlebSi" da sicocxlis im dasasrulSi,
romelic man Tavis fausts arguna 303). goeTesaTvis amis
Secnoba niSnavda srulyofili da mSvenieri adamianurobis im
epoqasTan rezignirebul gamomSvidobebas, romelic Cveni
kulturuli ganviTarebis procesSi iseve veRar ganmeordeba,
rogorc antikurobaSi aTenis gafurCqvnis periodi. puritans
surda profesionali yofiliyo, _ Cven unda viyoT
profesionalebi. vinaidan ramdenadac askezam monastris
senakidan profesiul saqmianobaSi gadmoinacvla da saero
zneobas daepatrona, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo meqanikurmanqanuri produqciis Tanamedrove teqnikur da ekonomikur
winapirobebze mijaWvuli sameurneo wesrigis grandiozuli
kosmosis agebas, romelic dRes am mamoZravebel meqanizmSi
dabadebidanve momwyvdeuli nebismieri calkeuli adamianis _
da ara mxolod uSualod ekonomikurad dasaqmebulis _
cxovrebis stils gausaZlisi zewoliT gansazRvravs da
albaT manamde iqneba amis ganmsazRvreli, vidre ar
Caiferfleba
sawvavis
ukanaskneli
centneri.
mxolod
rogorc "msubuqi mosasxami, romelic nebismier wams

169

SeiZleba moviciloT", unda yofiliyo garegnul sikeTeebze

zrunva, baqsteris azriT, mis wmindanTa mxrebze mogdebuli
304). oRond bedisweram mosasxami foladisebr javSnad
aqcia. ramdenadac askeza samyaros gardaqmnas da masze
zemoqmedebas Seudga, amqveyniurma garegnulma sikeTeebma
adamianze sul ufro meti da, sabolood, imgvari
TavdauRweveli Zalaufleba moipova, rogoric manamde ar
axsovs istorias. dRes misi suli _ vin icis sabolood Tu
ara? _ am garsidan gaqra. yovel SemTxvevaSi, gamarjvebul
kapitalizms mas Semdeg, rac is meqanikur safuZvelze
damkvidrda, es sayrdeni aRar esaWiroeba. misi mocinari
memkvidris:
ganmanaTleblobis,
vardisferi
ocnebebic
sabolood gafermkrdalda da, rogorc odindel religiur
rwmenaTa
Sinaarsi,
"profesiuli
movaleobis"
idea,
moCvenebasaviT daexeteba Cvens cxovrebaSi. iq, sadac
"profesiuli movaleobis aRsruleba" kulturis umaRles
sulier RirebulebebTan uSualo kavSirSi ver modis _ an
Tu piriqiT, subieqturad ubralod ekonomikur zewolad ar
unda iqnes aRqmuli _, aseT SemTxvevaSi dRevandeli adamiani,
umeteswilad, saerTod xels iRebs mis arsSi Cawvdomaze.
misi absoluturi gaTavisuflebis sivrceSi, amerikis
SeerTebul
StatebSi,
sakuTari
religiur-eTikuri
sazrisisagan daclili qonebis dagrovebisken swrafva dRes
iqeTkenaa midrekili, rom wminda agonalur vnebebTan iyos
asocirebuli, rac mas arcTu iSviaTad sportul xasiaTs
sZens 305). jer aravin icis, Tu vin dasaxldeba im
samyofelSi an gamoCndebian Tu ara am gasaocari ganviTarebis
gzis dasaruls sruliad axali winaswarmetyvelebi da
mosalodnelia Tu ara Zveli ideebisa da idealebis Zalumi
aRorZineba, xolo Tu msgavsi araferi moxdeba, xom ar
daisadgurebs
erTgvarad
piradi
mniSvnelobis
TviTdamkvidrebis konvulsiuri mcdelobiT Selamazebuli
meqanizirebuli gaqvavebuloba. maSin ki am kulturuli
evoluciis "ukanaskneli adamianebis" mimarT WeSmaritebad
iqceva sityvebi: "profesionalebi sulis gareSe, tkbobis
moyvarulni gulis gareSe: da es araraoba Tavis Tavze iqmnis
warmodgenas, rom miaRwia adamianobis dRemde miuwvdomel
safexurs". _
oRond am gziT Cven RirebulebiTi da religiuri
Sefasebebis sferoSi gadaviWrebiT, riTic winamdebare wminda

170

istoriuli saxis gamokvleva ar unda iqnes gadatvirTuli.

Cveni uwinaresi amocanaa: warmovaCinoT social-politikuri
eTikis SinaarsisTvisac, Sesabamisad, organizaciis saxisa da
socialur erTobaTa funqciisaTvis, moyolebuli religiuri
Temidan, vidre saxelmwifomde, asketuri racionalizmis,
winamdebare narkvevSi mxolod zedapirulad moxazuli,
mniSvneloba. Semdeg gaanalizebuli unda iqnas humanisturi
racionalizmis 306) da misi sasicocxlo idealebisa da
kulturuli zegavlenebis mimarT asketuri racionalizmis
damokidebuleba, mogvianebiT ki filosofiuri da samecniero
empirizmis
ganviTarebis,
teqnikuri
ganviTarebisa
da
kulturis sulieri faseulobebis mimarT. dabolos, Tvali
unda migvedevnebina racionaluri askezis istoriuli
qmnadobisaTvis, moyolebuli saero askezis Suasaukuneobrivi
Canasaxebidan, vidre misi wminda wylis utilitarizmad
Camoyalibebamde
asketuri
religiurobis
gavrcelebis
calkeul regionebSi. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba dadgindes
asketuri
protestantizmis
kulturuli
mniSvneloba
Tanamedrove kulturis sxva plastikur elementebTan
SedarebiT. aq ki jerjerobiT SevecadeT misi zegavlenis
faqti da forma erTaderT, TumcaRa mniSvnelovan punqtSi
mis motivebamde dagveyvana. Semdeg unda warmoCeniliyo, Tu
ra saxiT ganicada, Tavis mxriv, protestantulma askezam
misi qmnadobisa da sakuTari Taviseburebis formirebis
procesSi,
sazogadoebrivi
kulturuli
faqtorebis
erTobliobis, metadre ki ekonomikuris, mxridan gavlena
307). vinaidan, Tumca Tanamedrove adamians didi survilis
miuxedavad, mTlianobaSi arafriT ar Seswevs unari, srulad
warmoidginos is mniSvneloba, rac religiur ideaTa Sinaarss
cxovrebis
wesze,
kulturaze
da
erovnul
sulze
sinamdvileSi hqonda, _ Cveni mizani mainc ver iqneboda,
calmxrivad
"materialisturi"
interpretacia
aseve
calmxrivad spiritualisturi da kauzaluri kulturulistoriuli interpretaciiT Cagvenaclebina. orive Tanabrad
dasaSvebia 308), magram orive maTgani naklebad emsaxureba
istoriul WeSmaritebas, Tuki isini wina mosamzadebel
samuSaos
ki
ar
warmoadgenen,
aramed
gamokvlevis
dagvirgvinebad moaqvT Tavi 309).

171

1) cvinglianizms sagangebod ar SevexebiT, vinaidan man

xanmokle
Zlevamosilebis
Semdeg
swrafad
dakarga
mniSvneloba.
_
"arminianizmi",
romlis
dogmaturi
Tavisebureba predestinaciis dogmis mZafrad formulirebul
uaryofaSi mdgomareobda da romelic "saero askezas"
ugulvebelyofda, rogorc seqta, mxolod holandiaSi (da
SeerTebul StatebSi) iqna konstituirebuli da am TavSi igi
CvenTvis interess moklebulia an mxolod negatiur
interess aRZravs, radganac is holandiaSi savaWro
patriciatis konfesias warmoadgenda (amis Sesaxeb ix.
mogvianebiT). mis dogmatikas scnobda anglikanuri eklesia
da umetesi meTodisturi denominaciebi. mis "erastianul"
(anu saxelmwifo suverenitetis saeklesio saqmeebzec
gavrcelebis
mxardamWer)
pozicias
iziarebda
yvela
politikurad dainteresebuli instancia, rogorc grZeli
parlamenti da elisabedi inglisSi, aseve niderlandebis
SeerTebuli Statebi, gansakuTrebiT ki, oldenbarneveldti.
2) "puritanizmis" cnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb uwinares
yovlisa ix: Sanford, Studies and Reflections of the Great
Rebellion, S. 65 f.
yvelgan, sadac ki am gamoTqmiT
vsargeblobT, mas mudam im mniSvnelobiT viyenebT, romelic
man XVII saukunis yoveldRiur enaSi SeiZina: man moicva
asketuri mimarTulebis religiuri moZraobebi holandiasa
da inglisSi, ganurCevlad maTi saeklesio mowyobis
programebisa da dogmebisa, maSasadame "intependentebis",
kongregacionalistebis,
baptistebis,
menonitebisa
da
kvekerebis CaTvliT.
3) es sruliad mcdarad iqna gagebuli mocemuli sakiTxebis
gaSuqebisas.
gansakuTrebiT
zombarti,
magram
agreTve
brentanoc sistematurad imowmeben eTikosi avtorebis
(umetesad ki maTi, visac Cemi meSveobiT gaecvnen) nawerebs,
rogorc cxovrebiseuli wesebis kodifikaciebs, ise rom arc
ki kiTxuloben, Tu romeli maTganisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili

172

fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, erTaderTi qmediTunariani

sulis xsnis jildo.
4) imis gansakuTrebuli xazgasma albaT arc unda
mWirdebodes, rom es narkvevi, yvelgan, sadac ki mas
dogmatikis sferosTan Sexeba uxdeba, eyrdnoba literaturas
eklesiisa da dogmaTa istoriis Sesaxeb anu masalas "meore
xelidan" da, amdenad, araviTar pretenzias ar acxadebs
"originalurobaze". TavisTavad cxadia, rom SeZlebisdagvarad
Sevecade CavRrmavebodi reformaciis istoriis wyaroebs.
magram amasTan erTad, TeologTa mravali aTeuli wlis
intensiuri da gawafuli Sromis ignorireba, nacvlad imisa,
rom wyaroebis Seswavlisas swored amiT mexelmZRvanela _
rac isedac sruliad garduvali Seiqna _ Cemis mxriv,
metismeti Tavdajerebuloba iqneboda. imedi unda viqonio,
rom narkvevis iZulebiT simcires formulirebaTa uzustoba
ar gamouwvevia da rom, sagnobrivi TvalsazrisiT mainc,
Tavidan avicile seriozuli gaugebrobani. nebismierisTvis,
vinc naziarebia umniSvnelovanes Teologiur literaturas,
raime "axals" es gamokvleva imdenad Seicavs, ramdenadac
yvelaferi, CvenTvis sagulisxmo aspeqtebzea dayvanili,
romelTagan zogierTi CvenTvis sruliad gadamwyveti, _
rogorc magaliTad, askezis racionaluri xasiaTi da misi
mniSvneloba Tanamedrove "cxovrebis stilisTvis", _ savsebiT
bunebrivad scildeba RvTismetyvelTa interesebs. mas Semdeg,
rac es statia gamoqveynda, sakiTxis am da sazogadod
sociologiur mxareebs sistematurad ikvlevs e. trolCi
zemoT citirebul naSromSi _ romlis "gerhardi da
melanxtoni" iseve, rogorc mravalricxovani recenziebi
gamocemaSi: "Gttinger gelehrte Anzeigen" ,_ misi didi Sromis
garkveul wanamZRvrebs Seicaven. ukve TavisTavad adgilis
simciris gamo citirebulia ara yvelaferi, rac ki
gamoyenebuli iqna, aramed mxolod is Sromebi, romelTac
Sesabamisi teqstis nawili eyrdnoba an exmianeba. es arc Tu
iSviaTad Zvel avtorTa Sromebia, Tuki CvenTvis saintereso
aspeqtebi maTTvisac ucxo araa. germanuli biblioTekebis
sruliad aradamakmayofilebel finansur uzrunvelyofas
mosdevs is, rom "provinciaSi" umniSvnelovanesi wyaroebisa
da Sromebis mokle droiT gamoTxovna mxolod berlinidan
an sxva didi biblioTekebidan SeiZleba. mxedvelobaSi myavs
foeti, baqsteri, taiermans uesli, yvela meTodisti,

173

baptisti da kvekeri avtori da, saerTodac, pirveli

periodis bevri mwerali, vinc ver moxvda "Corpus
Reformatorum"- Si. safuZvliani kvlevisaTvis yovelmxriv
aucilebelia
inglisur
da
gansakuTrebiT
amerikul
biblioTekebSi muSaoba. warmodgenili narkvevisaTvis, cxadia,
saWiro (da SesaZloc) iyo mTlianobaSi imas davjerebodiT,
risi mopovebac germaniaSi gaxda SesaZlebeli. _ amerikaSi
bolo periodis manZilze universitetebis mier sakuTari
"seqtanturi" warsulis niSandoblivad gamiznuli uaryofa
iwvevs imas, rom biblioTekebi am saxis literaturidan
cotas an xSirad sulac arafers axals aRar iZenen _ esaa
amerikuli
cxovrebis
"sekularizaciis"
im
sazogado
tendenciis erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic sul mokle xanSi
istoriulad Camoyalibebul erovnul xasiaTs mospobs da
qveynis ZiriTadi instituciebis azrs sruliad da sabolood
Secvlis. amitomac, upriania, soflis mcire orTodoqsuli
seqtebis kolejebs mivaSuroT.
5) SemdgomSi Cven pirvel yovlisa asketuri mimarTulebebis
warmomavlobiT, winapirobebiTa da ganviTarebis istoriiT ki
ar davinteresdebiT, aramed maT ideur Sinaarss miviRebT ise,
rogorc is srulad iqna Camoyalibebuli, anu rogorc
mocemul sidides.
6)kalvinisa da kalvinizmis Sesaxeb zogadad yvelaze mets
kampSultes fundamenturi naSromis garda erix marksis
gamokvlevidan ("Coligny") SevityobT. kempbeli (Campbell, The
Puritans in Holland, England and Amerika, 2 Bde.) yvelgan
kritikuli
da
aratendenciuri
rodia.
mZafrad
antikalvinisturi ganwyobisaa pirsonis naSromi ix.: Pierson,
Studien over Johan Calvijn. holandiis istoriisaTvis motlis
gverdiT Sdr. niderlandeli klasikosebi, pirvel rigSi,
Greon van Prinsterer, Handboek der geschiedenis van het vaderland;
misive: La Hollande et l` influence de Calvin (1864); _ Le parti
antirvolutionnaire et confessionnel dans l`glise des Paays- Bas
(1860 Tanamedrove holandiasTan dakavSirebiT); _ Semdeg,
pirvel yovlisa, Sdr.: Fruin, Tien jaren uit den tachtigjarigen
oorlog da, gansakuTrebiT, Naber, Calvinist of Libertijnsch ; amas
garda: W. J. F. Nuyens, Geschiedenis van de kerkelyke an politieke
geschillen in de Republiek der Vereenigde Provincien (Amsterdam,

174

1886). XIX saukunisTvis Sdr.: A. Khler, Die niederlndische

reformierte Kirche, Erlangen , 1856. safrangeTisTvis polencis
gverdiT aseve Baird, Rise of the Huguenots; inglisisaTvis
karlailis, makoleis, masonisa da _ last not least _ rankes
gverdiT, pirvel rigSi, gardinerisa da firTis saxvadasxva
naSromebi, romelTa citirebas mogvianebiT movaxdenT da
agreTve mag., Taylor, A retrospect of the religious life in England
(1854) da vaingartenis SesaniSnavi wigni Weingarten, "Die
englischen Revolutions-Kirchen", amasTan erTad e. trolCis
statia
inglisel
"moralistebze"
gamocemaSi:
Realenzyklopdie fr Protestantische Theologie und Kirche, 3. Aufl.,
Semdeg, raRa Tqma unda, misive "Soziallehren der christlichen
Kirchen und Gruppen" da ed. bernStainis brwyinvale esse
gamocemaSi: "Geschichte des Sozialismus" (Stuttgart 1895, Bd. I S.
506 f.). saukeTeso bibliografia (7000-ze meti dasaxeleba)
deqsterTan: Dexter, Congregationalism of the last 300 years
(cxadia, upiratesad _ magram ara mTlianad _ saeklesio
mowyobis sakiTxebze). es wigni mTeli TaviT maRla dgas
praisis (Price, History of Nonconformism), skitis da sxva
mkvlevarTa Sromebze. SotlandiisTvis Sdr. mag., Sack, Die
Kirche von Schottland (1844) da literatura jon noksis
Sesaxeb. amerikuli koloniebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani
calkeuli gamokvlevebidan gamoirCeva
doilis naSromi:
Doyle, The English in Amerika. Semdeg: Daniel Wait Howe, The
Puritan Republic (Indianapolis, The Bowen-Merrill-Cy publishers);
J. Brown, The piligrim fathers of New England and their Puritan
successors (3d ed. Revell.). Semdegi citatebi miTiTebul
adgilze.
moZRvrebaTa
gansxvavebulobis
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT,
winamdebare
gamokvleva
gansakuTrebiTaa
davalebuli Snekenburgeris adre citirebuli saleqcio
kursisgan. _ riClis saetapo naSromi: Ritschl, Die christliche
Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und Vershnung (3 Bde. aq
citirebulia
mesame
gamocemis
mixedviT)
istoriuli
kvlevisa da SefasebiTi gansjis Zlier urTierTSerwymaSi
avlens avtoris gamokveTil Taviseburebas, romelic mTeli
misi gonebrivi gamWriaxobis brwyinvalebis miuxedavad
mkiTxvels yovelTvis sruli "obieqturobis" garantias ar

175

aZlevs. magaliTad, roca is Snekenburgeris gamokvlevas

uarhyofs, CemTvis amis marTebuloba xSirad saTuo rCeba,
Tumc ise ar gavkadnierdebi, rom Tavad vikisro saboloo
gansja. garda amisa, rac mas, vTqvaT, religiur ideaTa da
ganwyobilebaTa
uzarmazari
mravalferovnebidan
Tavad
luTerTanac ki "luTeriseul" moZRvrebad miaCnia, rogorc
Cans, xSirad misive SefasebiTi gansjiTaa ganpirobebuli anu
esaa is, rac riClisaTvis luTeranobaSi mudmivad Rirebuls
warmoadgens. esaa luTeranoba, rogoric is unda yofiliyo
(riClis Tanaxmad) da ara is, rogoric igi iyo sinamdvileSi.
is, rom yvelgan viyenebT karl miuleris, zeebergis da sxv.
naSromebs, gansakuTrebul aRniSvnas ar saWiroebs. _ Tuki me,
mkiTxvelsac da sakuTar Tavsac ganmartebaTa avbediTi
simsivne movuvline sasjelad, es iZulebis wesi imiT iyo
nakarnaxevi, raTa SesaZlebeli gamexada am narkvevSi
gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa Tundac zedapiruli gadasinjva,
zogierTi masTan dakavSirebuli Tvalsazrisis miTiTebiT,
pirvel
rigSi,
RvTismetyvelebaSi
gauTviTcnobierebel
mkiTxvelTaTvis.
7)
winamdebare
narkvevTan
dakavSirebiT,
imTaviTve
dabejiTebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven aq kalvinis pirad
mosazrebebs ki ar ganvixilavT, aramed kalvinizms da Tanac
mxolod mis im formas, romelic man XVI saukunis bolosa
da XVII saukunis manZilze SeiZina misi yovlismomcveli
gavlenis regionebSi, romlebic amavdroulad kapitalisturi
kulturis sayrdens warmoadgendnen. germania Tavdapirvelad
sruliad ganze rCeba, vinaidan kalvinizms wminda saxiT aq
arsad
ar
moucavs
didi
regionebi.
bunebrivia,
"reformirebuli"
araviTar
SemTxvevaSi
ar
aris
"kalvinisturis" identuri.
8) ukve kembrijis universitetis mier kenterberis
arqiepiskoposTan SeTanxmebuli anglikanuri aRmsareblobis
XVII statiis deklaracia, 1595 wlis e.w. lambeTis
statiebi,
(oficialuri
koncefciisagan
gansxvavebiT)
sruliad
gamokveTilad
sikvdilisaTvis
winaswarganwirulobasac rom qadagebdnen, ar iqna dedoflis
mier ratificirebuli. swored gamokveTilad sikvdilisaTvis
winaswarganwirulobas (da ara mxolod, ufro lmobieri
moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, maradiuli sasjelis "daSvebas")

176

aniWebdnen radikalebi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas (rogorc

vTqvaT, Hanserd Knollys Confession).
9)sityvasityviT aq da SemdgomSi citirebuli kalvinisturi
simboloebis teqsti ix.: Karl Mller, Die Bekenntnisschriften
der reformierten Kirche. Leipzig 1903. Semdgomi citatebi
miTiTebul adgilze.
10) Sdr. Savoy da (amerikuli) Hanserd Knollys Confession.
hugenotTa predestinacionizmis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve polenci
I, gv. 545.
11) miltonis Teologiis Sesaxeb ix. aibaxis statia
gamocemaSi: Theologische Studien und Kritiken , 1879
(am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, 1823 wels xelaxla aRmoCenili
"Doctrina Christiania"-s, Tauchnitz Ed. 185 S. 1 f. samneriseuli
Targmanis gamo dawerili, makoleiseuli esse zedapirulia),
ufro dawvrilebiTi monacemebisaTvis ix., marTalia, cota
zedmetad sqematurad agebuli masonis mTavari eqvstomiani
inglisuri naSromi da masze dafuZnebuli miltonis
Sterniseuli
germanuli biografia. _ miltonma sakmaod
adre daiwyo ormagi dekretis formiT predestinaciis
moZRvrebis daZleva, vidre sabolood, xandazmulobaSi
qristes moZRvrebis sruliad Tavisufal rwmenas ar miaRwia.
sakuTar drosTan yovelgvari kavSirisagan Tavis daRwevisaken
misi swrafvis gamo igi, garkveuli azriT, sebastian franks
SegviZlia SevadaroT. oRond miltoni praqtikul-pozitiuri,
xolo franki ki arsebiTad kritikuli bunebis pirovnebaa.
miltoni "puritania" saero cxovrebis farglebSi RvTiur
nebaze sicocxlis racionaluri orientirebis mxolod im
farTo gagebiT, romelic STamomavlobisTvis kalvinizmis
maradiul
memkvidreobas
warmoadgens.
zustad
imave
mniSvnelobiT
frankisTvisac
"puritani"
SegveZlo
gvewodebina. orive "caluRela" Cveni ganxilvis farglebs
miRma rCeba.
12)"Hic est fidei summus gradus: credere Deum esse clementem, qui
tam paucos salvat, _ justum, qui sua voluntate nos damnabiles facit"
_ "rwmenis umaRlesi xarisxi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: gwamdes,
rom RmerTi mowyalea, imdenad mcirericxovanTa mxsneli, rom
samarTliania, Tavisi nebiT Cveni imdagvarad Semqmneli, rom
Cven SeiZleba maradiuli sasjelisTvis viyoT ganwirulni" _
ase gvauwyebs cnobili adgili Sromidan: "De servo arbitrio"

177

13) oriveni, luTeri da kalvini, principSi _ ix. riClis

SeniSvnebi "pietizmis istoriaSi" da kiostlinis statia
"RmerTi" gamocemaSi: Realenzyklopdie fr Protestantische
Theologie und Kirche, 3. Aufl., _ orgvar RmerTs icnobdnen:
axali aRTqmis gamocxadebul mowyale da keTil mamas, _
vinaidan mas uWiravs gabatonebuli adgili Institutio
Christiana-s pirvel wignebSi, _ da mis miRma "Deus
absconditus" Tavis
neba-survilze
ganmkargav
despots.
luTerTan mTlianad axali aRTqmis RmerTma imZlavra, radgan
is sul ufro gaurboda metafizikur refleqsias, rogorc
raRac
usargeblosa
da
saxifaTos,
kalvinTan
ki
transcendentuli RvTaebis ideam moipova cxovrebaze
Zalaufleba. popularobis gziT maval kalvinizmSi, cxadia,
veRar moxerxdeboda misi SenarCuneba, magram ara axali
aRTqmis zeciurma mamam, aramed Zveli aRTqmis iahvem daikava
transcendetuli RvTaebis adgili.
14) Semdgom msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr.: Scheibe, Calvins
Prdestinationslehre, Halle, 1897.
zogadad kalvinistur
TeologiasTan dakavSirebiT ix: Heppe, Dogmatik der
evangelisch-reformierten Kirche. Elberfeld 1861.
15) Corpus Refornatorum Vol. 77 p. 186 ff.
16)
kalvinisturi
moZRvrebis
cnebis
winamdebare
gansazRvrebis sakmaod msgavsi formulirebis amokiTxva
SeiZleba hoornbeekis wgnSi: Hoornbeek, Theologia practica
(Utrecht, 1663) L. II c.1: de praedestinatione _ niSandoblivia,
rom es monakveTi uSualod mosdevs saTaurs:
De Deo.
teqstobriv safuZvels hoornbeekisTvis efeselTa mimarT
epistoles pirveli Tavi warmoadgens. _ aq ar gvWirdeba
gavaanalizoT predestinaciasa da RvTiur gangebasTan
individis pasuxismgeblobis kombinirebisa da nebis empiriuli
"Tavisuflebis" gadarCenis mTeli rigi araTanamimdevruli
mcdelobebi rac, jer kidev avgustinesTan, moZRvrebis
pirvelad CamoyalibebisTanave, daiwyo.
17) "The deepest community (RmerTTan) is found not in
institutions or corporations or churches, but in the secrets of a
solitary heart", "yvelaze mWidro urTierToba (RmerTTan)
myardeba ara instituciebSi an korporaciebSi an eklesiebSi,
aramed martoxela gulis idumal siRrmeebSi", ase ayalibebs

178

doudeni Tavis mSvenier wignSi: Dowden, Puritan and Anglican

(S. 234), arsebiT punqts. calkeuli adamianis amgvari Rrma
Sinagani simartove zustad asevea damaxasiaTebeli porroialis iansenistebisTvisac, romlebic predestinianelebi
iyvnen.
18) Contra qui hujusmodi coetum contemnunt ... salutis sue certi
esse non possunt; et qui in illo contemtu perseverat electus non est.
Olevian, de subst. foed. p. 222. vinc, amgvarad ugulebelyofs
eklesias (kerZod eklesias, sadac wminda moZRvreba,
sakramentebi da saeklesio disciplina sufevs _ m.v.), ver
iqneba darwmunebuli Tavis xsnaSi, xolo is, vinc amas
daiJinebs, ar aris rCeuli (oleviani).
19)"marTalia amboben, rom RmerTma Tavisi Ze moavlina kacTa
modgmis saxsnelad, _ magram es ar iyo misi mizani, mas
dacemisagan mxolod ramdenimes gadarCena undoda ..... da me
geubnebiT Tqven, rom RmerTi mxolod rCeulTaTvis mokvda..."
(qadageba,
warmoTqmuli
1609
wels
brokSi
roges
maxloblad, ix.: Wtenbogaert II p. 9.; Sdr.: Nuyens a. a. O. II S.
232) qristes Suamavlobis dasabuTeba aseve daxlarTulia
Hanserd Knollys Confession-Si. is, rom RmerTs SeiZleboda
amgvari saSualeba sulac ar dasWirveboda, principSi,
yvelgan winaswar aris daSvebuli.
20) am procesis Sesaxeb ix. statiebi "msoflio religiaTa
sameurneo eTikis" ("Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen")
Sesaxeb. ukve Zvelisraeluri eTikis gamorCeuli mdgomareoba
Sinaarsobrivad masTan axlo mdgom egviptur da babilonur
eTikasTan mimarTebaSi da misi ganviTareba, moyolebuli
winaswarmetyvelTa epoqidan, efuZneboda, rogorc xsenebul
statiebSi kidec gamoCndeba, Tavidan bolomde erT Zireul
garemoebas, kerZod ki, sakramentur magiaze, rogorc xsnis
gzaze, uaris Tqmas.
21)
yvelaze
Tanamimdevruli
Tvalsazrisis
Tanaxmad,
naTlobac aseve mxolod pozitiuri ganawesis wyalobiT iyo
aucilebeli,
magram
sulis
xsnisaTvis
araviTar
aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda. amitomac moaxerxes mkacrma
puritanebma _ Sotlandielma da ingliselma independentebma
_ im principis gatareba, rom aSkarad gankveTilTa Svilebi
ar yofiliyvnen monaTlulni (mag., loTebis Svilebi).
zrdasrul adamians, romelsac monaTvla ewada, magram

179

ziarebisTvis jer kidev ar iyo "momwifebuli", 1586 wlis

edamis sinodi (muxli, 32, I) mxolod maSin miiCnevda
monaTvlis Rirsad, Tuki misi yofaqceva unaklo iqneboda da
naTlobis survili crurwmeniT ar iyo ganpirobebuli
("sonder superstitie").
22)"grZnobiTi kulturis" mimarT amgvari uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba, rogorc mSvenivrad gaaSuqa doudenma
miTiTebul naSromSi, udaod, puritanizmis konstitutiur
elements warmoadgens.
23)
gamoTqma
"individualizmi"
moicavs
sruliad
heterogenul movlenebs. Tu ra moiazreba amiT Cvens
SemTxvevaSi, imedia, momdevno miniSnebebis meSveobiT gaxdeba
naTeli.
sityvis
sxva
mniSvnelobiT,
luTeranobas
"individualisturi" uwodes, radgan is ar icnobs cxovrebis
asketur reglamentirebas. sul sxva mniSvnelobiT iyenebs
magaliTad, ditrix Seferi am sityvas, roca Tavis naSromSi
"Zur Beurteilung des Wormser Konkordats" (Abh. d. Berl. Akad.
1905) Sua saukuneebs "gamokveTili individualobis" epoqas
uwodebs, radgan istorikosisaTvis relevanturi xdomilebis
iracionalur momentebs maSin imgvari mniSvneloba hqondaT,
rogoric dRes aRar gaaCniaT. igi marTalia, magram albaT
marTlebi arian isinic, visac is Tavisi mosazrebebiT
upirispirdeba, radgan orive mxare sruliad gansxvavebul
rames
gulisxmobs,
roca
"individualobasa"
da
"individualizmze"
saubrobs.
_
iakob
burkhardtis
genialuri formulirebebi dRes nawilobriv moZvelebulia
da cnebis safuZvliani, istoriulad orientirebuli analizi
swored axla mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT metad Rirebuli
iqneboda. bunebrivia, swored amis sruliad sapirispiro
movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca enobrivi TamaSebiT gataceba
garkveul istorikosebs imisken ubiZgebs, rom es cneba
plakatur stilSi "gansazRvron", mxolod imisaTvis, raTa is
iarliyad daakran romelime istoriul epoqas.
24) da aseve dapirispirebulia, oRond naklebi simwvaviT,
ufro gviandel kaTolikur moZRvrebasTan. amis sanacvlod,
agreTve madlis rCeulobis moZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli,
paskaliseuli Rrma pesimizmi iansenisturi warmomavlobisaa
da swored aqedan gamomdinare, saero cxovrebas garidebuli,
miseuli individualizmi arafriT ar emTxveva kaTolicizmis

180

oficialur pozicias. amis Sesaxeb ix. ukve citirebuli

honigshaimis naSromi frangi iansenistebis Sesaxeb.
25) zustad asevea iansenistebTanac.
26) Bailey, Praxis pietatis (deutsche Ausg., Leipzig 1724, S. 187).
agreTve Speneric (ix. me-3-e gamocemis mixedviT citirebuli:
Ph. J. Spener, "Theologische Bedenken" Halle 1712) imave
Tvalsazrisze dgas: megobari iSviaTad iZleva rCevas RvTis
gandidebis ganzraxviT, aramed umetesad xorcieli (ara
uTuod egoisturi) miznebiT xelmZRvanelobs. _ "He" _ the
"knowing man" _ "is blind in no man`s cause, but best sighted in his
own. He confines himself to the circle of his own affairs, and thrusts
not his fingers in needless fires ... He sees the falseness of it and
therefore learns to trust himself ever, others so far, as not to be
damaged by their disappointment" _ "Caxeduli kaci" sxvis
saqmeebSi erkveva, magram yvelaze ukeT mainc sakuTarSi. is
Tavisi saqmeebiT Semoifargleba da xels tyuilubralod
cecxlSi ar Cayofs ... is xedavs mis (qveynierebis _ m.v.)
siyalbes da amitomac mxolod sakuTar Tavs endoba, xolo
sxvebs ki mxolod imdenad, rom maT sakuTari guliswyromis
gamo mas ziani ar miayenon" _ ase filosofosobs T. adamsi:
Th. Adams (Works of the Puritan Divines p. LI) _ beili _ Bailey
(Praxis pietatis, a.a.O. S.176) ki iZleva rCevas, rom yovel
diliT, sanam xalxSi gavereodeT, sjobs warmovidginoT,
TiTqos faTerakebiT savse uRran tyeSi mivdivarT da RmerTs
SevTxovoT,
raTa
"sifrTxiliTa
da
samarTlianobiT
Segvmosos". _ esaa udaod yvela asketuri denominaciis
gamsWvalavi ganwyoba da man pirdapir eriskacobaSi aqcia ara
erTi pietisti gandegilad. TviT Spanbergi (herrnhutenul)
Idea fidei fratrum (p. 382) -Si dabejiTebiT Segvaxsenebs ieremia
winaswarmetyvelis (17, 5) sityvebs: "dawyevlilia kaci,
romelsac adamianis imedi aqvs". _ am msoflmxedvelobis
Taviseburi
kacTmoZuleoba
rom
srulad
gaviazroT,
gaTvaliswinebeli
unda
iqnas
agreTve
hoornbeekis
ganmartebebi (Theologia practica I gv. 882) mtris siyvarulis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb: "Denique hoc magis nos ulciscimur, quo
proximum, inultum nobis, tradimus ultori Deo ... Quo quis plus se
ulciscitur, eo minus id pro ipso agit Deus" _ "Cven miT ufro
mivuzRavT samagieros, Tu, moyvass Cveni SurisZiebis gareSe

181

gadavabarebT SurismaZiebel RmerTs ... rac ufro Zlieria

ganawyenebulis Surisgeba, miT ufro sustia RvTis
SurisZieba". aq imave "SurisZiebis sxvaze gadabarebas"
vawydebiT, rogorsac Zveli aRTqmis im wignebSi vxvdebiT,
babilonuri tyveobis Semdgom periods rom ganekuTvnebian:
esaa SurisZiebis grZnobis rafinirebuli gaZliereba da
gaRrmaveba ZvelTan, _ "Tvali Tvalis wil", _ SedarebiT.
"moyvasis siyvarulis" Sesaxeb ix. Semdgom qveviTac.
27) cxadia, aRsarebis daniSnuleba mxolod es ar iyo.
magaliTad, muTmanis formulirebebi (ix. Muthmann, in:
"Zeitschr. fr Religionspsychologie" I, Heft 2 S. 65) aRsarebis
metad rTuli fsiqologiuri problemis srul gamartivebas
warmoadgens.
28) kalvinisturi socialuri organizaciebis fsiqologiuri
safuZvlebis SefasebisTvis swored es kombinaciaa ase
mniSvnelovani. yvela isini Sinaganad "individualistur",
"miznobrivad" an "Rirebulebrivad racionalur" motivebs
efuZnebian. individi maTTan arasodes araa grZnobismierad
dakavSirebuli. "RvTis dideba" da sakuTari xsna mudam
"cnobierebis zRurblze" rCeba. es dResac ki asvams
puritanuli warsulis mqone xalxebis Taviseburebas
garkveuli damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis beWeds.
29) moZRvrebis ZiriTadi antiavtoritaruli maxasiaTebeli,
romelic eTikisaTvis yovelgvar saeklesio da saxelmwifo
zrunvas aufasurebs, rogorc umiznos, mudmivad am
moZRvrebis akrZalvas iwvevda, saxeldobr, niderlanduri
SeerTebuli Statebis mier. Sedegi yovelTvis seqtebis Seqmna
iyo (rogorc 1614 wlis Semdeg).
30) benianis Sesaxeb Sdr. fraudis mier dawerili biografia
morliseul krebulSi: Morley, English men of letters; aseve
makoleiseuli (zedapiruli) narkvevi: Macaulay, Miscell.
Works II p. 227. _
beniani
kalvinizmis
SigniT
denominacionaluri
gansxvavebulobebis
mimarT
indeferentulia, TumcaRa Tavad mkacrad kalvinisturi
baptistia.
31) savsebiT marTebulia reformirebuli qristianobis
socialuri xasiaTisTvis kalvinisturi ideis udaod did
mniSvnelobaze miniSneba, romlis Tanaxmad, "qristes xorcis
Tanaziarobis" (Calvin. Institutio christianae religionis, III, 11, 10)

182

moTxovnidan momdinare sulis xsnis aucilebloba RvTiuri

ganawesis Sesatyvisi erTobliobis wevrobas gulisxmobs.
oRond Cveni gansakuTrebuli TvalsazrisisTvis problemis
aqcentireba cota sxvagvaria. nebismier dogmatur ideas
SesaZlebloba
hqonda
Camoyalibebuliyo
TviT
wminda
institucionaluri xasiaTis eklesiaSic ki, rasac, rogorc
cnobilia, kidevac hqonda sinamdvileSi adgili. TavisTavad
am ideas ar gaaCnda fsiqologiuri Zala, gaeRviZebina
erTobliobis Semqmneli iniciativa da es iniciativa imgvari
energiiT aRevso, rogoric kalvinizms hqonda. erTobliobis
Semqmneli misi es tendencia iCenda Tavs swored RvTis mier
ganwesebuli saeklesio mrevlis sqemis farglebs gareT,
"saero cxovrebaSic". aq gadamwyvetia imis rwmena, rom
qristianma Tavisi madlismieri rCeuloba unda daamtkicos
(ix. qveviT) Tavisi qmedebis meSveobiT "in majorem Dei
gloriam" (RvTis didebis aRmatebis) gziT, xolo xelTqmnilis
gaRmerTebisa da adamianTa mimarT yovelgvari pirovnuli
mijaWvulobis winaSe mtanjvel Zrwolas es energia
SeumCnevlad
saqmiani
(yovelgvari
pirovnulobisgan
daclili)
moRvaweobis
kalapotSi
unda
waremarTa.
qristiani, visTvisac Zvirfasia misi madlismieri rCeulobis
damtkiceba, RvTis miznebisTvis iRwvis, romelnic yovelgvar
pirovnuls moklebulni arian. nebismieri, mxolod grZnobaze
da ara racionalur sawyisze damyarebuli, erTi adamianis
pirovnuli urTierToba meore adamianTan, sruliad iolad
aRZravs, rogorc puritanul, ise yovel sxva asketur
eTikaSi,
eWvs,
rom
es
xelTqmnilis
gaRmerTebaa.
megobrobasTan dakavSirebiT, garda imisa, rac adre ukve
iTqva, magaliTad, Semdegi gafrTxilebac bevr rames hfens
naTels: "It is an irrational act and not fit for a rational creature to
love any one farther than reason will allow us ... It very often taketh
up mens minds so as to hinder their love of God" (Baxter, Christian
Directory IV p. 253) "esaa iracionaluri aqti, vinaidan gonier
arsebas ar marTebs vinmesadmi imaze metad siyvaruli, vidre
es gonebis mieraa daSvebuli. es grZnoba imdenad ipyrobs
adamianTa gulebs, rom xels uSlis maT RvTis siyvarulSi".
amgvar argumentebs kidev araerTxel SevxvdebiT. kalvinists
aRafrTovanebs idea, rom RmerTs samyaros aseve socialuri
wesrigis Seqmnisas, obieqturi mizanSewoniloba misi saxelis

183

gansadidebel saSualebad unda sdomeboda: ara qmnileba

rogorc aseTi, aramed misi nebiT qmnilis wesrigi. amdenad,
qmedebebisaken madlismieri rCeulobis moZRvrebis mier
gaTavisuflebuli
wmindanTa ltolva mTlianad samyaros
racionalizebisaken
miswrafebis
kalapotSi
miedineba.
saxeldobr, ideac imis Sesaxeb, rom "sazogadoebrivi" sikeTe
anda "the good of many", (mravalTa sikeTe), rogorc amas
mTlianad gviandeli liberaluri racionalizmis yaidaze,
romaelTa mimarT epistoles (9, 3) erTgvarad ZaldatanebiTi
citirebis gziT ayalibebs baqsteri (ix.: Baxter, Christian
Directory IV p. 262) ,
calkeuli adamianis yovelgvar
"pirovnul"
da
"piradul"
keTildReobaze
maRlaa
dasayenebeli, _ puritanizmisTvis xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis
uaryofidan momdinareobs (TumcaRa TavisTavad es idea
sulac araa axali). _ piradi samsaxuris gawevis mimarT
tradiciuli amerikuli mtruli damokidebuleba, sxva
mniSvnelovani
mizezebis
gverdiT,
"demokratiuli"
ganwyobebidan
rom
momdinareobs,
garkveulwilad,
(arapirdapiri gziT) am tradiciasac ukavSirdeba.Easeve
dakavSirebulia masTan puritanuli warsulis mqone qveynebis
SedarebiT Zlieri imuniteti cezarianizmis mimarT, da,
saerTodac ingliselTa, Sinaganad ufro Tavisufali, erTi
mxriv, didi pirovnebebis umal "aRiarebisken" midrekili,
meore mxriv ki, maTi qveynis did saxelmwifo moRvaweTa
mimarT yovelgvari isteriuli Seyvarebulobisa da im
gulubryvilo azris uarmyofeli pozicia, rom TiTqos
"madlierebis" gamo SesaZlebelia vinmes mimarT politikuri
morCileba gvmarTebdes; _ raoden gansxvavebulia es imisagan,
rac Cven dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi TvalsazrisiT, 1878
wlidan ganvicadeT germaniaSi. avtoritetebis mimarT
rwmenis, _ romelic mxolod upirovno, wminda werilis
Sinaarsis mimarTaa dasaSvebi, _ da aseve, Tundac yvelaze
wminda da gamorCeuli adamianebis gadametebulad dafasebis
codvianobis Sesaxeb ix.: Baxter, Christian Directory (2.Aufl.
1678, I p.56).
Tu ras warmoadgenda politikuri
TvalsazrisiT "xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis" uaryofa da
principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, jer eklesiaSi, xolo
sabolood saerTod cxovrebaSi mxolod RmerTs unda

184

"ebatona", Cvens mier gansaxilvel sakiTxTa wres ar

ganekuTvneba.
32) dogmaturi da praqtikul-fsiqologiuri "Sedegebis"
urTierTmimarTebaTa Sesaxeb kidev xSirad gveqneba saubari.
faqti, rom isini identurni ar arian, albaT arc kia
aRniSvnis Rirsi.
33)
"socialuri",
cxadia,
am
sityvis
Tanamedrove
mniSvnelobasTan yovelgvari Sexebis gareSe, aramed mxolod
politikuri, saeklesio da sxva gaerTianeba-organizaciebSi
saqmianobis mniSvnelobiT.
34) keTili saqmeebi, romlebic Cadenilia raime sxva mizniT
da ara RvTisTvis pativis misagebad, codvas warmoadgens,
Hanserd Knollys Confession XVI.
35) Tu ras warmoadgens "moyvasisadmi siyvarulis" amgvari,
cxovrebis
mxolod
RmerTze
orientirebulobiT
"gansazRvruli
arapirovnuloba"
sakuTriv
religiuri
socialuri praqtikis sferoSi, sruliad naTlad SegviZlia
warmovidginoT "China Inland Mission" da "International
Missionaries` Alliance" magaliTze (amis Sesaxeb ix.: Warneck,
Geschichte der protestantischen Mission, 5. Aufl. S. 99, 111).
uzarmazari TanxebiT xdeboda misionerTa mTeli laSqris
dafinanseba, mag., mxolod CineTSi misi ricxvi daaxloebiT
1000 kacamde aRwevda, raTa moxetiale mqadagebelT yvela
warmarTisTvis, sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, "SeeZliaT"
saxareba, vinaidan es qristes mieraa nabrZanebi da misi
meored mosvlac amazea damokidebuli. warmoadgendnen Tu ara
amgvarad damoZRvril-naqadagebni qristianobisTvis garkveul
SenaZens da, Sesabamisad, eziarebodnen Tu ara isini netarebas
an, saerTod, misioneris ena mainc Tu esmodaT Tundac
gramatikulad, _ es principulad sruliad meorexarisxovani
da mxolod uflis saqme iyo, rasac erTaderTi is ganagebda.
hiuZon teilori Tvlida (ix.: Warneck, a.a.O. ), rom CineTSi
50 milionamde ojaxi cxovrobda. 1000 misioners SeeZlo
dReSi (!) 50 ojaxs "miswvdomoda" da amgvarad SesaZlebeli
gaxdeboda 1000 dReSi anu sam Tveze naklebi drois
manZilze, saxarebis yvela CinelisaTvis "miwodeba". _ es
zustad
is sqemaa, romlis mixedviTac warmarTavda
kalvinizmi Tavis saeklesio wrTobas: ara sawvrTnelTa
sulis xsna, rac mxolod RvTis (da in praxi _ Tavad maTi)

185

saqme iyo da amdenad veranairi saeklesio disciplinis

saSualebebiT ver moxerxdeboda masze zemoqmedebis moxdena,
aramed RvTis didebis aRmateba iyo mizani. vinaidan
Tanamedrove misioneruli saqmianoba interdenominacionalur
safuZvels emyareba, kalvinizmi masze pasuxismgebeli ar aris.
(Tavad
kalvini
warmarTTa
mosaqcevad
misionerul
moRvaweobas uarhyofda, radgan eklesiis Semdgomi ganvrcoba
"unius Dei opus" _ mxolod RvTis saqmed _ miaCnda.) magram is
udavod puritanuli eTikis warmodgenaTa im wridanaa
warmomdgari, romlis Tanaxmadac, moyvasisadmi siyvaruls
jerovnad maSin miegeba, roca RvTis mcnebebi aRsruldeba
misi saxelis sadideblad. amiT moyvass mivagebT mis
kuTvnils, xolo sxva danarCeni mxolod RvTis saqmea. _
"moyvasisadmi" damokidebulebis "adamianuroba" ase vTqvaT,
Caklulia. es sruliad gansxvavebul urTierTobebSi iCens
Tavs.
Tundac
im
cxovrebiseuli
atmosferos
erTi
gadmonaSTi rom moviSvelioT, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
savsebiT
samarTlianad
saxelganTqmuli
reformatuli
gulmowyalebis (charitas) sferodan: amsterdameli oblebi,
TavianT XX saukuneSic ki Sav-wiTel an wiTel-mwvane
vertikalur zolebad Seferil kabebsa da SarvlebSi _
erTgvar jambazur samoselSi _ gamowyobilni da sazeimo
mwyobrSi
eklesiisaken
mimavalni,
warsulis
ganwyobilebisaTvis udavod sruliad amaRlebul sanaxaobad
aRiqmebodnen da albaT RvTis saxelis gandidebas im
xarisxiT emsaxurebodnen, ramdenadac nebismieri pirovnul"adamianuri" grZnobisTvis es Seuracxmyofelad aRsaqmeli
unda yofiliyo. da asea, rogorc kidev davinaxavT, piradi
profesiuli saqmianobis TviT calkeul wvrilmanebSic ki.
cxadia, es mxolod garkveul tendencias gamokveTavs da
mogvianebiT Tavad mogviwevs erTgvari SezRudvebis gakeTeba.
magram igi, rogorc am asketuri religiurobis erT-erTi da
Tanac metad mniSvnelovani tendencia, aq aucileblad unda
dadgeniliyo.
36) yvela TvalsazrisiT sruliad sxva saxisaa por
ruaialis predestinaciulad determinirebuli eTika misi
mistikuri da arasaero, amdenad kaTolikuri orientaciis
wyalobiT (ix.: Honigsheim a.a.O.)

186

37)
hundeshageni
(Hundeshagen,
Beitrge
zur
Kirchenverfassungsgeschichte und Kirchenpolitik 1864 I S. 37) dgas
im _ SemdgomSi xSirad gaziarebul _ Tvalsazrisze, rom
predestinaciis dogma iyo moZRvreba TeologTaTvis da ara
xalxisTvis. oRond es mxolod maSin aris swori, Tuki cneba
"xalxi" identificirebulia gaunaTlebeli dabali fenebis
masasTan. da am SemTxvevaSic ki metad SezRuldulia misi
Sesabamisoba. kioleri (a.a.O.) XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi
swored "masebs" (igulisxmeba holandiis wvrili burJuazia)
miiCnevda mkacrad predestinaciulad ganwyobilad. nebismieri,
vinc ormag dekrets uarhyofda, maTTvis eretikosi da
gankicxuli iyo. mas Tavad dausves (predestinaciuli
gagebiT) misi xelaxali dabadebis TariRis Sesaxeb kiTxva.
aseve da kostas xvedri da de kokiseuli separacionizmic
amiT iyo ganpirobebuli. ara mxolod kromvelma, _ romelic
jer kidev celerma (Das theologische System Zwinglis S. 17)
dogmis zegavlenis gaTvalsaCinoebisTvis erTgvar paradigmad
aqcia, _ aramed misma wmindanebmac mSvenivrad icodnen, Tu
ras exeboda saqme, xolo moZRvrebis Sesaxeb dordrextisa
da vestminsteris sinodTa kanonebi udidesi masStabis
nacionalur movlenad iqca. kromveliseuli tryers da ejectors
mier mxolod predestinacionistebi iyvnen daSvebulni
Tanamdebobebze, xolo baqsteri (Life I p. 72), miuxedavad imisa,
rom maTi mowinaaRmdege iyo, miiCnevs, rom klerusis
xarisxobrivi donis amaRlebaSi maT udidesi gavlena
moaxdines. is, rom reformist pietistebs, inglisur da
holandiur saidumlo religiur SekrebaTa monawileebs,
moZRvrebis Sesaxeb warmodgena ar hqondaT, sruliad
gamoricxulia. gana swored es moZRvreba ar iyo maTi Tavis
momyreli, raTa certitudo salutis (sakuTar gadarCenaSi
darwmunebuloba) eZebnaT erToblivad. Tu ras niSnavda
moZRvreba predestinaciis Sesaxeb an ar niSnavda iq, sadac is
mxolod TeologTaTvis gankuTvnil moZRvrebas warmoadgenda,
amis warmoCena eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT metad koreqtul
kaTolicizms
SeuZlia,
romlisTvisac
is,
rogorc
ezoTeruli moZRvreba erTgvarad gaurkveveli formiT
sulac ar yofila ucxo. (aq gadamwyveti iyo is, rom
mosazreba, TiTqos calkeul adamians SeuZlia Tavi rCeulad
CaTvalos
da
am
rCeulobis
Rirsad
gamoavlinos,

187

kaTolicizmis mier mudam uaryofili iyo. kaTolikuri

moZRvrebis Sesaxeb ix. magaliTad: Ad. van Wyck, Tract. de
praedestinatione Cln 1708. aq imis ganxilvas ar SevudgebiT,
Tu ramdenad swori iyo paskalis predestinaciuli rwmena.)
_ hundeshageni, visTvisac es moZRvreba mTlad misaRebi ar
aris, STabeWdilebas aSkarad umetesad germaniis viTarebidan
iqmnis. misi es antipaTia efuZneba wminda deduqciis gziT
Camoyalibebul
Tvalsazriss,
TiTqos
am
moZRvrebas
zneobriv fatalizmamde da antinomizmamde mivyavdeT. es
mosazreba jer kidev celerma uarhyo zemoxsenebul
naSromSi. meore mxriv ki, verc imas uarvyofT, rom
movlenaTa amgvari ganviTareba savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo,
amis Sesaxeb jer kidev melanxtoni da uesli saubroben:
magram niSandoblivia, rom orive SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda
am dogmatis kombinacias grZnobamoWarbebul
"rwmenis"religiurobasTan. imgvari religiurobisTvis, romelsac
Rirsad TviTgamovlenis racionaluri idea ar gaaCnda,
msgavsi Sedegi imTaviTve iyo missave arsSi Cadebuli. _
aseTi fatalisturi Sedegebi Tavs iCens islamSi. magram
ratom? imitom, rom islamuri winaswarganwesebuloba
predeterministulia
(winaswargansazRvrulia)
da
ara
predestinatuli (winaswargamiznuli), mimarTulia saaqao
xvedrze da ara saiqio cxonebaze. aqedan gamomdinare,
vinaidan eTikurad gadamwyveti momenti: predestinirebulis
(winaswargamiznulis) mier "Rirsad TviTgamovlena" islamSi
araviTar rols ar TamaSobs, Sesabamisad, mas mxolod
religiur "jildos" moklebuli meomruli guladoba
(rogorc
"moiras"
SemTxvevaSi)
da
ara
sicocxlis
meTodurad ganmsazRvreli Sedegebi SeiZleboda mohyoloda.
ix. F. Ullrich, Die Vorherbestimmungslehre im Islam und
Christentum. Heidelberg, 1912 (Theol. Diss.) _ am moZRvrebis
Sesusteba, rac cxovrebiseulma praqtikam _ mag. baqsterTan
_ gamoiwvia, mis arss imdenad axlo ar Sexebia, rom
ucvleli darCa RvTis gadawyvetilebiT, konkretuli
calkeuli individis rCeulobisa da misi gamocdis idea. _
da bolos, puritanizmis (sityvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT)
yvela didi moRvawe im moZRvrebidan amodioda, romlis
pirquSma
TavSekavebulobam
axalgazrdobaSi
maT
Camoyalibebaze iqonia gavlena: igi Seexo miltons, iseve

188

rogorc _ marTalia, sul ufro Sesustebuli ZaliT _

baqsters da TviT mogvianebiT metad Tavisuflad moazrovne
franklins. maTi Semdgomi emansipacia am moZRvrebis
sworxazovnad mkacri interpretaciisagan yovel calkeul
SemTxvevaSi sruliad Seesabameba ganviTarebis im gzas,
romelic zustad imave mimarTulebiT gaiara religiurma
moZraobam, rogorc mTlianobam. eklesiis aRorZinebis
(revivals) yvela didi mcdeloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi
holandiaSi, xolo umetes SemTxvevebSi ki inglisSic,
yovelTvis kvlav am moZRvrebas ukavSirdeboda.
38) rac, Tavis mxriv, benianis "piligrimis mogzaurobis"
yovlismomcvel Zireul ganwyobas qmnis.
39)es sakiTxi ukve epigonTa epoqis luTerans bevrad
naklebad
aRelvebda,
vidre
kalvinists,
Tundac
predestinaciis dogma rom ar miviRoT mxedvelobaSi, oRond
ara imitom, rom mas sakuTari sulis xsna nakleb
ainteresebda, aramed, radgan ganviTarebis im gzaze,
romelsac luTeriseuli eklesiuroba daadga, eklesiis,
rogorc institucionalurad sulis mxsneli dawesebulebis,
arsma wamoiwia wina planze anu calkeuli adamiani Tavs misi
saqmianobis
obieqtad
da
masSi
daculad
grZnobda.
niSandoblivia,
rom
mxolod
pietizmma
gaacocxla
luTeranobaSi es problema. TavisTavad certitudo salutis
sakiTxi
centraluria
yoveli
codvis
gamosyidvis
arasakramentuli religiisTvis _ iqneba es budizmi, jainizmi
Tu nebimieri sxva. amis ugulvebelyofa ar SeiZleba. swored
aqedan
iRebs
saTaves
religiuri
xasiaTis
yvela
fsiqologiuri impulsi.
40)amis Sesaxeb dabejiTebiTaa naTqvami bucerisadmi werilSi
(Corpus Reformatorum, 29, 883 f.) amasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr.
agreTve: Scheibe a.a.O. S.30.
41)vestminsteris aRsareba (XVIII, 2) rCeuls sakuTari
madlmosilebis utyuarad dadgenis perspeqtivas usaxavs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli Cveni saqmianobiT "umaqnisi
monebi" vrCebiT (XVI, 2) da borotebis winaaRmdeg brZola
mTeli
sicocxlis
manZilze
grZeldeba
(XVIII,
3).
rCeulsac xom xSirad didxans uwevs Widili certitudo-s
mosapoveblad, romelsac mas
aRsrulebuli movaleobis

189

Segneba aZlevs, rasac morwmune arasodes ar kargavs

mTlianad.
42)ix. mag. Olevian, De substatia foederis gratuiti inter Deum et
electos (1585) 257. -- Heidegger, Corpus Theologiae XXIV, 87 f.
ix. agreTve sxva teqstebi: Heppe, Dogmatik der ev. reform.
Kirche. 1861, S.425.
43)WeSmariti kalvinisturi moZRvreba miuTiTebda rwmenaze
da sakramentebis meSveobiT RmerTTan Tanaziarobis Segnebaze,
xolo "sulis sxva nayofT" mxolod gakvriT moixseniebda.
ix. Sesabamisi adgilebi hepesTan: Heppe, Dogmatik der ev.
reform. Kirche, S.425. Tavad kalvinma sruliad dabejiTebiT
uarhyo keTili saqmeni, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
misTvisac, iseve rogorc luTeranebisTvis, rwmenis nayofni
arian, rogorc RvTis winaSe Tavis Rirsad gamosaCeni niSnebi
(Instit. III, 2, 37, 38). rwmenis saqmeebiT gamocdisken
praqtikuli
Semobruneba,
romelic
swored
askezas
axasiaTebs, paralelurad mimdinareobs kalvinis moZRvrebis
TandaTanobiT cvlilebebTan erTad, romlis Tanaxmad (iseve
rogorc luTerTan) WeSmarit eklesias, pirvel yovlisa,
wminda moZRvreba da sakramentebi gamoarCeven, am orives ki
uTanabrdeba "disciplina", rogorc niSan-Tviseba. ganviTarebis
am process SegviZlia davakvirdeT hepeseul zemoxsenebul
teqstSi gv. 194/195, iseve rogorc im wesSi, romlis
mixedviTac xdeboda niderlandebSi XVI saukunis miwuruls
mrevlSi gawevrianeba (umTavres pirobas warmoadgenda
disciplinisadmi xelSekrulebiT gamoxatuli morCileba).
44)amis Sesaxeb aseve ix. Snekenburgeris SeniSvnebi ( a.a.O. S.
48).
45)amrigad, baqsterTan sruliad kaTolikur yaidaze iCens
Tavs gansxvaveba "mortal" (momakvdinebel) da "venial sin"
(misatevebel codvas) Soris. pirveli madlis uqonlobaze an
mis aqtualur naklulobaze mianiSnebs da mxolod adamianis
mTlian "conversion" (moqcevas) SeuZlia, misi mopoveba
xelmisawvdomi
gaxados.
meore
ki
madlmosilebasTan
SeuTavsebeli ar aris.
46)es mravalgvar variantebSi iCens Tavs baqsterTan,
beilisTan, sejvikTan, hoornbekTan. ix. agreTve magaliTebi
SnekenburgerTan gv. 262.

190

47)"madliT mosileba" xSirad moiazreba, rogorc erTgvari

wodebrivi xarisxi (iseve rogorc, vTqvaT, asketTa wodeba
Zvel eklesiaSi). ix. mag. (generaluri Statebis mier
akrZaluli!) naSromi: Schortinghuis. Het innige Christendom
1740.
48)amazea
saubari,
rogorc
mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT,
baqsteriseuli Christian Directory -s uTvalav pasaJSi da mis
daskvniT nawilSi. sakuTari zneobrivi arasrulfasovnebis
SiSis gasafantad profesiuli saqmianobis gamoyenebis rCeva
mogvagonebs fulisadmi ltolvisa da profesiuli askezis,
rogorc sakuTari zneobrivi ususurebis Tvalis asaxvevad
gamogonil
saSualebaTa
paskaliseul
fsiqologiur
interpretacias. masTan predestinaciis rwmena yovelgvari
xelTqmnilis
codvis
Tanamdev
araraobaSi
darwmunebulobasTan kavSirSi erTianad saero cxovrebis
uaryofasa da mWvretelobas, rogorc codvis wnexisagan
gaTavisuflebisa da sakuTar xsnaSi
guldajerebulobis
misaRwev erTaderT saSualebas, emsaxureba. mowodebis cnebis
marTlmorwmune kaTolikuri da iansenisturi gaazrebis
Sesaxeb doqt. paul honigshaimma zemoT citirebul
disertaciaSi (ufro didi naSromis nawili, romelic imedia
gagrZelebuli
iqneba)
sagulisxmo
SeniSvnebi
gaakeTa.
iansenistebTan sakuTar xsnaSi darwmunebulobasa da saero
saqmianobas Soris kavSiris kvalic ki ar arsebobs.
"mowodebis" maTeuli koncefciis sazrisi kidev ufro metad,
vidre luTeriseuli da TviT WeSmaritad kaTolikuri
koncefciisa,
mocemul
cxovrebiseul
mdgomareobasTan
SerigebaSi mdgomareobs, romelic nakarnaxevia, rogorc,
vTqvaT, kaTolicizmSi ara mxolod socialuri wesrigiT,
aramed sakuTari sindisis ZaxiliT (Honigsheim a.a.O. S. 139f.).
49)mis Tvalsazriss exmianeba agreTve didi sicxadiT
gamorCeuli,
h.
holcmanisadmi
miZRvnil
gamocemaSi
gamoqveynebuli
lobStainiseuli
narkvevic,
romelic
Semdgomi msjelobisas aseve Sedarebuli unda iqnes. mas
xSirad certitudo salutis-is laitmotivis zedmetad mkveTr
aqcentirebas
sayvedurobdnen.
magram
aq
uTuod
urTierTgasamijnia kalvinis Teologia kalvinizmisgan da
Teologiuri sistema sulis xsnis praqtikis moTxovnebisgan.
kiTxva: "rogor SemiZlia Cems netarebaSi viyo dajerebuli?"

191

iqceoda
amosaval
wertilad
yvela
religiuri
moZraobisTvis, romlebic ufro farTo masebs moicavda. igi,
rogorc ukve iTqva, centralur rols TamaSobda ara
mxolod
am
SemTxvevaSi,
aramed
saerTod
religiis
istoriaSi, mag., induizmSi. an ki rogor SeiZleboda
sxvagvarad yofiliyo?
50)namdvilad ar iqneba imis uaryofa, rom am cnebis srulad
Camoyalibeba
mxolod
gvian
luTeranul
epoqaSi
(pretoriusi, nikolai, maisneri) moxda. (mas iohanes
gerhardTanac vxvdebiT da Tanac mTlianad aq ganxiluli
mniSvnelobiT). amis safuZvelze, riCli Tavisi "pietizmis
istoriis" meoTxe wignSi (Bd. II S. 3 f.) luTeriseul
religiurobaSi am cnebis Setanas miiCnevs kaTolikuri
RvTismosaobis aRorZinebad da gadmoRebad. igi ar davobs
(gv.10) imis Sesaxeb, rom sakuTar xsnaSi individualuri
darwmunebulobis
problema
luTerTan
da
kaTolike
mistikosebTan igive iyo, magram sjera, rom orive mxaris
mier
misi
gadawyveta
iyo
swored
sruliad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego. me cxadia, ver gavbedav amis Taobaze
sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmas. sio, romelic "qristianis
TavisuflebaSi" qris, rom sruliad gansxvavebulia, erTi
mxriv, gviandel literaturaSi "sayvarel iezulainTan"
daSaqruli laqucisagan, xolo, meore mxriv ki, tauleris
religiuri ganwyobisagan, bunebrivia, nebismieri adamianisTvis
iolad SesagrZnebia. da Sesabamisad, luTeriseul ziarebis
moZRvrebaSi magiur-mistikuri elementis SenarCunebas sxva
religiuri
motivebi
aqvs,
vidre
"bernardinul"
RvTismosaobas _ solomonis "qebaTa-qebis" ganwyobas _ rasac
riCli isev da isev ubrundeba qristesTan rogorc "siZesTan"
urTierTobis mowesrigebis wyaros. da mainc, gana sxva
faqtorebTan erTad, ziarebis am moZRvrebamac ar Seuwyo
xeli
mistikuri
ganwyobilebis
religiurobis
gamococxlebas? _ Semdeg, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ar aris
marTali, TiTqos (a.a.O. S. 11) mistikosis Tavisufleba
ubralod cxovrebisgan gandgomaSi mdgomareobdes. taulerma
religiur-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT metad saintereso
msjelobaSi Rameuli kontemplaciebis praqtikul efeqtze,
riskenac igi sxvaTa Soris, uZilobisas mogviwodebs,
sagangebod miuTiTa im wesrigze, romelic am gziT saero

192

profesiuli saqmianobisaken mimarTul azrebSic myardeba:

"mxolod am gziT (RamiT Zilis win RmerTTan mistikuri
SerwymiT) ixveweba goneba da Zlierdeba tvini da adamianic
mTeli dRis manZilze am Sinagani varjiSis wyalobiT, miT
ufro mSvidobianad da RvTisnieradaa guldajerebuli, rom
WeSmaritad RmerTTan SekavSirda: amis Semdeg mowesrigdeba
misi yvela saqme. amitomac, Tuki adamiani Tavs saqmisTvis
winaswar ganawyobs (= winaswar Seamzadebs) da, maSasadame,
saTnoebas daefuZneba, _ mas Semdeg, rac igi sinamdviles
miubrundeba, misi saqmeebi znekeTili da RvTisnieri
aRmoCndeba" (Tauler. Predigten, Fol. 318). aqedan naTlad Cans da
amas mogvianebiT kvlav mivubrundebiT, rom mistikuri
mWvreteloba
da
mowodebis
racionaluri
gaazreba
urTierTgamomricxavi araa. sapirispiro movlena Tavs iCens
mxolod iq, sadac religiuroba pirdapir isteriul xasiaTs
iZens, rasac arc yvela mistikosTan da, miT umetes, arc
yvela pietistTan hqonia adgili.
51)amis Sesaxeb ix. Semdegi statiebi "msoflio religiebis
sameurneo eTikis" Sesaxeb, Sesavali.
52)amis winaswar daSvebiT kalvinizmi SexebaSi modis
oficialur kaTolicizmTan. oRond kaTolikesTvis amas
Sedegad mosdevda aRsarebis saidumlos aucilebloba,
reformirebulisTvis ki
saero
cxovrebis farglebSi
moRvaweobis gziT praqtikulad Rirsad TviTgamovlena.
53)ix. mag. ukve beza: (Beza, De praedestinationis doctrina et vero
uso tratatio (...) ex (...) praelectionibus in nonum Epistolae ad
Romanus caput, a Raphael Eglino (...) excepta. Genevae, 1584, p.
133) : ... "sicut ex operibus vere bonis ad sanctifationis donum, a
sanctifatione ad fidem ... ascendimus: ita ex certis illis effectis non
quamvis vocationen, sed efficacem illam, et ex hac vocatione
electionem et ex electione donum praedestinationis in Christo tam
firmam quam immotus est Dei thronus certissima connexione
effectorum et causarum colligimus ...") "msgavsad imisa, rogorc
Cven keTili saqmeebiT vmsjelobT wmindanobaze, xolo
wmindanobiT ki rwmenaze ... ase Cven mizezisa da Sedegis
mWidro kavSiris SemecnebiT miRebuli SedegebiT vmsjelobT
mowodebaze, Tanac am mowodebis nayofierebaze, mowodebis
safuZvelze _ rCeulobaze, xolo rCeulobis safuZvelze ki
qristeSi xsnisTvis winaswargansazRvrulobaze _ iseve

193

myarze, rogorc uryevia uflis taxti". sifrTxile ki

mxolod gankicxulobis niSnebis mimarT gvmarTebs, vinaidan
aq saqme ukve saboloo mdgomareobas exeba. (amis Taobaze
sxvagvarad mxolod puritanizmma daiwyo fiqri.) _ amis
Sesaxeb Semdeg ix. Snekenburgeriseuli safuZvliani analizi
mis zemoxsenebul naSromSi, romelic, cxadia, mxolod
SezRuduli kategoriis literaturas uTiTebs. mTel
puritanul literaturaSi es niSan-Tviseba isev da isev
iCens Tavs. "It will not be said: did jou believe? --- but: were jou
Doers, or Talkers only?"-- "imas ki ar gkiTxaven: gwamdaT Tu
ara Tqven? _ aramed: Tqven saqmis gamkeTeblebi iyaviT Tu
molaybeni?" _ ambobs beniani. baqsteris (The saints` everlasting
rest Kap. XII`) Tanaxmad, romelic predestinaciis moZRvrebis
yvelaze lmobier formas qadagebs, rwmena aris qristesadmi
morCileba guliTa da saqmiT. "Do what you are able first, and
then complain of God for denying jou grace if you have cause" -"jer gaakeTe yvelaferi, risi unaric Segwevs, da Semdeg
daiwye Civili, rom RmerTma madli ar gaRirsa, Tuki amis
safuZveli geqneba" _ aseTi pasuxi gasca man wuxilze, rom
neba araa Tavisufali da mxolod ufalia, vinc wmindanad
qcevis unars zRudavs. (Works of the Puritan Divines IV. p. 155).
fuleris
(eklesiis
istorikosis)
gamokvleva
Semoifargleboda erTaderTi sakiTxiT: praqtikulad Rirsad
TviTgamovlenisa
da
qceviT
sakuTari
madlmosilebis
dadasturebis Sesaxeb. asevea housTanac mis, sxvagan ukve
citirebuli teqstis pasaJSi. naSromis _ Works of the Puritan
Divines _
gadasinjvisas imTaviTve yovel fexis nabijze
vawydebiT dasabuTebebs. arc Tu iSviaTad es uSualod
kaTolikur-asketuri nawerebi iyo, puritanizmze "moqcevas"
rom iwvevdnen, _ aseTi aRmoCnda baqsterisTvis iezuituri
traqtati.
es
koncefciebi
sakuTriv
kalviniseul
moZRvrebasTan SedarebiT,Works of the Puritan Divines raRac
Zireul siaxles ar warmoadgendnen (cf. Inst. Christ. c. I, Orig.
Ausg. v. 1536 p. 97, 112). oRond kalvinTan sakuTar
madlmosilebaSi sruli guldajerebuloba TviT am gziTac
ki ar miiRweoda (gv. 147, iqve). Cveulebisamebr, imowmebdnen
ioanes saxarebas (I. 3, 5) da msgavs adgilebs. aqve
mivuTiTebT, rom fides efficax (qmediTi rwmenis) moTxovna

194

viwro
gagebiT,
kalvinistebiT,
ar
Semoifargleba.
baptisturi aRmsareblobebi predestinaciis Sesaxeb statiaSi
zustad aseve ganixilaven rwmenis nayofT ("and that its ...
proper evidence appears in the holy fruits of repentance and faith and
newness of life": -- "... misi (aRorZinebis) WeSmariti niSnebi
vlindeba wminda monaniebis, rwmenisa da ganaxlebuli
sicocxlis nayofSi." ix. aRmsareblobis st.7, gamoqveynebuli
gamocemaSi:. The Baptist Church Manual by J.N. Brown .
Philadelphia, Am. Bapt. Publ. Soc.). zustad aseve pirvel
gverdze dasmuli kiTxviT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
Seicnobian RvTis Svilni, iwyeba
1648 wels harlemis
sinodis mier miRebuli, menonituri gavleniT dawerili
traqtatic "Olijf-Tacxken": Nu al is`t dat dasdanigh vruchtbare
ghelove allene zii het seker fonamentale kennteeken ... om de
conscientien der gelovigen in het nieuwe verbondt der genade Gods
te versekeren; razec pasuxia (gv. 10), rom axla nayofieri
rwmena warmoadgens im Zireul niSan-Tvisebas, romelic axal
kavSirSi morwmuneTa keTilsindisierebas uzrunvelyofs
RvTis wyalobiT.
54)socialuri eTikis materialuri SinaarsisTvis misi
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ukve zeviT iqna zogi ram miniSnebuli.
am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs ara Sinaarsi, aramed is,
rac zneobrivi qcevisaTvis biZgis mimcemia.
55)Tu raoden Seuwyo xeli am warmodgenam puritanizmSi
Zveli aRTqmiseuli iudeveluri suliskveTebis SeRwevas,
dResaviT naTelia.
56)savois deklaraciaSi "members ecclesiae purae" (WeSmariti
eklesiis wevrTa) Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom isini arian ("saints
by effectual calling, visibly manifested by their profession and
walking" ) _ "wmindanebi maTi mowodebis qmediTobis gamo, rac
naTlad dasturdeba maTi profesiuli saqmianobiTa da
qceviT".
57)ix.: A principle of goodness gamocemaSi: Works of the Puritan
Divines, p. 175.
58)moqceva, sejvikiseuli gansazRvrebiT, aris "madlismieri
rCeulobis dekretis sityvasityviT gadmowera". _ xolo,
vinc rCeulia, is morCilebisTvisacaa mowodebuli da mas
amis unaric aqvs miniWebuli, gvaswavlis beili. _ mxolod

195

isini, vinc RmerTma (maT qcevaSi gamoxatuli) rwmenisTvis

ixmo, arian WeSmariti morwmuneni da ara "temporary believers"
(droebiT morwmuneni) gvaswavlis (baptisturi) Hansred
Knollys confession .
59)Sdr. mag. baqsteris Christian Directory-s daskvniTi nawili.
60)ase magaliTad, CernokTan Self-examination p. 183
(TviTSemowmeba)
kaTolikuri
"dubitatio"
(daeWvebis)
uarsayofad.
61)am argumentacias magaliTad, isev da isev vxvdebiT
naSromSi: Joh. Hoornbeek, Theologia practica, II p. 70, 72, 182 I p.
160.
62)magaliTad, teqstSi Confession Helvet. 16, naTqvamia: "et
improprie his salus adtribuitur" - "nu miawerT maT (saqmeebs)
xsnas".
63)yovelive zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Schneckenburger
S. 80 f.
64)"Si non es praedestinatus fac ut praedestineris"- "Tuki xsnisTvis
winaswar ar xar ganCinebuli, moiqeci ise, rom amisaTvis iqne
ganwesebuli" _ TiTqos es jer kidev netar avgustines
uTqvams.
65)uneblied gvaxsendeba Tavisi arsiT imave mniSvnelobis
goeTeseuli gamonaTqvami: "rogor SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis
Secnoba? dakvirvebiT _ arasodes, qmedebiT ki namdvilad.
Seecade aRasrulo Seni movaleoba da maSinve mixvdebi, Tu
ras warmoadgen. _ da mainc ra aris Seni movaleoba? dRis
moTxovna".
66)marTalia, Tavad kalvinTan ukve dadgenilia, rom
"wmindanoba" garegnul gamovlinebaSic mJRavndeba, magram
sazRvari siwmindesa da uwmindurobas Soris adamianuri
codnisTvis gamoucnobi rCeba. unda virwmunoT, rom
rCeulnic, Tundac CvenTvis Seucnobelni, iq arian, sadac
RvTis sityva misi kanonis mixedviT mowyobil da marTul
eklesiaSi Tavisi wminda arsiT gacxaddeba.
67)kalvinisturi
RvTismosavoba,
praqtikul-religiur
saqcielTan garkveuli religiuri ideebis logikurad da
fsiqologiurad gaSualebul SedegTa mimarTebis is erTi
magaliTTagania, ase uxvad rom moiZebneba religiis
istoriaSi. bunebrivia, logikuri iqneboda fatalizmis,

196

rogorc predestinaciis Sedegis, deducireba. magram "Rirsad

TviTgamovlenis"
ideis
CarTvam
swored
sapirispiro
fsiqologiuri
Sedegi
gamoiRo.
(rogorc
cnobilia,
principulad imave mizezTa safuZvelze miaweren nicSes
mimdevrebi maradiuli kvlavdabrunebis ideas zneobrivad
dadebiT mniSvnelobas. oRond aq saqme exeba pasuxismgeblobas
samomavlo cxovrebis mimarT, romelic moqmed pirTan
aranairi cnobierebis kontinuumiT araa dakavSirebuli, _
maSin, rodesac puritani ambobs: Tua res agitur -- Sens magivrad
Seni saqmeebi metyveleben). madlismieri rCeulobisa da
rCeulis saqmianobis urTierTmimarTeba mSvenivrad aqvs
ganxiluli _ epoqis Sesatyvisi eniT _ ukve hoornbeeks
(Theol. pract. Vol. I p. 159): electi (rCeulni) maTi rCeulobis
wyalobiT fatalizmisTvis miuwvdomelni arian, swored
fatalisturi Sedegebis uaryofiT axerxeben isini Rirsad
TviTgamovlenas, ("quos ipsa electio sollicitos reddit et diligentes
officiorum") "Tavad rCeuloba ubiZgebs maT aqtiuri
qmedebisaken
maTi
profesiis
farglebSi".
praqtikul
interesTa gadajaWvuloba spobs logikis gziT gasaazrebel
(sxvaTa
Soris,
miuxedavad
yvelafrisa,
drodadro
faqtobrivadac ganxorcielebul) fatalistur Sedegebs. _
meore mxriv ki, religiis ideuri Sinaarsi, rogorc
kalvinizmmac aCvena, gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvnelobisaa,
vidre vTqvaT, viliam jeimsi avlens amis aRiarebis survils
(ix.: William James, The varieties of religious experience, 1902, p.
444 f.). religiur metafizikaSi swored racionaluri
sawyisis mniSvneloba avlens Tavs klasikuri formiT im
grandiozul
zegavlenaSi,
romelic
sakuTriv
RvTis
kalvinisturi
cnebis
ideurma
struqturam
moaxdina
cxovrebaze. Tuki puritanTa RmerTi istoriaSi moqmedebda
ise, rogorc sxva aravin an mis win an mis Semdeg, es mas
upiratesad im atributebma SeaZlebina, romliTac igi ideis
Zalam aRWurva. (cxovrebaSi TviTdamkvidrebis masStabis
mixedviT religiur ideaTa mniSvnelobis jeimsiseuli
"pragmatuli" Sefaseba, sxvaTa Soris, Tavadvea am SesaniSnavi
swavlulis
puritanuli
samSoblos
ideaTa
samyaros
WeSmariti nayofi) religiuri gancda, TavisTavad cxadia,
iracionaluria, rogorc nebismieri gancda. Tavis umaRles,
mistikur formaSi is aris gancda (upiratesad),

197

da rogorc jeimsma mSvenivrad warmoaCina, gamoirCeva Tavisi

absoluturi arakomunikabelurobiT: mas specifikuri xasiaTi
aqvs da warmogvidgeba rogorc Semecneba, Tumca Cveni
enobrivi da cnebiTi aparatis saSualebebiT adekvaturad misi
reproducireba ver xerxdeba. sworia isic, rom nebismieri
religiuri gancda racionaluri formulirebis mcdelobisas
imTaviTve Sinaarss hkargavs da miT ufro metad, rac ufro
daxvewili xdeba cnebiTi formulireba. amaSi Zevs yvela
racionaluri Teologiis tragikuli konfliqtis safuZveli,
ris Sesaxebac jer kidev XVII saukuneSi icodnen
baptisturma seqtebma. _ oRond es iracionaloba, _
romelic sxvaTa Soris araviTar SemTxvevaSi araa mxolod
religiuri
"gancdisTvis"
damaxasiaTebeli,
aramed
(gansxvavebuli azriT da doziT) sxva nebismierisTvisac, _
ar amcirebs imis, swored praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT udides
mniSvnelobas, Tu ra saxisaa ideaTa sistema, romelic
sakuTari TavisTvis religiurad uSualod "gancdilis", ase
vTqvaT, konfiskacias axdens da mas Tavis kalapotSi
warmarTavs;
vinaidan
amis
mixedviT
Camoyalibda
cxovrebazeEeklesiis
intensiuri
gavlenisa
da
masSi
dogmaturi interesebis moWarbebulad ganviTarebis epoqaSi
is umetesi, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ase mniSvnelovani
eTikur
SedegTa
gansxvavebebi,
romlebic
dedamiwaze
sxvadasxva religiebs Soris arsebobs. Tu ra daujereblad
intensiuri iyo, dRevandeli masStabiT Tu mivudgebiT,
dogmatTa mimarT interesi TviT eriskacisac ki diadi
religiuri brZolebis epoqaSi, icis nebismierma, vinc
istoriul wyaroebs icnobs. amis paralelur movlenad
mxolod dRevandeli proletariatis arsebiTad crumorwmune
warmodgena SegviZlia ganvixiloT imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi
gakeTeba da damtkiceba ZaluZs "mecnierebas".
68) Wether to make salvation our end be not mercenary or legal ? -It is properly mercenary when we expect it as wages for work done
... Otherwise it is only such a mercenarism as Christ commandeth ...
and if seeking Christ be mercenary, I desire to be so mercenary ...
kiTxvaze: "xom ar warmoadgens Cveni xsnis mopovebisaken
ltolva angarebas an sinergizms?" _ baqsteri naSromSi: The
Saints` Everlasting rest I, 6, _ Semdegnairad pasuxobs: "es
marTlac angarebaa, Tuki masSi jildos vxedavT gaweuli

198

SromisTvis ... winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es iseTive angarebaa,

rogorc is, rasac qriste gviwesebs, xolo Tuki qristes
Zieba angarebas niSnavs, maSin me minda angarebiani viyo."
sxvaTa Soris, orTodoqsad aRiarebulma bevrma kalvinistma
Tavi ver aarida ukidures sinergizmSi gadavardnas. beilis
Tanaxmad (Praxis pietatis p.262) mowyalebis gaReba warmoadgens
droebiTi sasjelis Tavidan asacilebel saSualebas. sxva
RvTismetyvelni gankicxulebs keTili saqmeebisken im motiviT
mouwodebdnen, rom maradiuli sasjeli amis Semdeg egeb
ufro asatani gamxdariyo, rCeulT ki imitom, rom amis
Semdeg RmerTs isini umizezod ki ara, aramed (ob causam)
(dasabuTebulad) eyvareboda, risTvisac jildo rogorRac
namdvilad moiZebneboda. netarebis xarisxisTvis keTil
saqmeTa mniSvnelobis mimarT garkveul daTmobebze sruliad
uxmaurod apologiac wavida (Schneckenburger a. a. O. S. 101).
69)imisaTvis, raTa damaxasiaTebeli gansxvavebebi iqnas
gamovlenili, aqac iZulebis wesiT
"idealur-tipiur"
cnebaTa eniT saubaria saWiro, rac istoriul realobaze
garkveulwilad Zaldatanebas
niSnavs, magram amis gareSe
dausrulebeli Sesworebebis gamo sruliad gamoricxuli
iqneboda
formulirebaTa
garkveviT
Camoyalibeba.
Tu
ramdenad
SedarebiTia
aq
SeZlebisdagvarad
mkveTrad
daxatuli winaaRmdegobebi, calke ganxilvas saWiroebs.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom oficialuri kaTolikuri moZRvreba
jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi, Tavis mxriv, mTeli cxovrebis
sistematuri ganwmendis ideals saxavda. magram aseve
ueWvelia isic, rom I. saeklesio yoveldRiurobis praqtika,
swored misi yvelaze qmediTi mosarjulebeli saSualebiT:
aRsarebiT teqstSi "arasistematurad" wodebul cxovrebis
wess aiolebda, agreTve isic, rom 2. safuZvelSi Cadebuli
rigoristulad civi ganwyoba da mTlianad sakuTari Tavis
anabara darCenili kalvinistis Sinagani izolireba eriskacTa
Suasaukuneobrivi kaTolicizmisTvis sruliad ucxo unda
yofiliyo.
70)am momentis absoluturad centraluri mniSvneloba,
rogorc erTxel ukve aRiniSna, mxolod "msoflio
religiaTa
sameurneo
eTikis"
Sesaxeb
statiebSi
gamomJRavndeba TandaTan.

199

71)da garkveulwilad luTeransac. luTers ar undoda

sakramentaluri magiis am ukanaskneli naSTis amoZirkva.
72)Sdr. mag.: Sedgwick, Bu- und Gnadenlehre (germanulad
Targm. roSerma 1689): sinanuliT aRvsils "mtkice wesi"
aqvs, romelsac is zustad icavs da ris mixedviTac is mTel
Tavis cxovrebas moawyobs da warmarTavs (gv.591). is
cxovrobs Wkvianurad, fxizlad da frTxilad, _ kanonis
Sesabamisad (596). amis miRweva mxolod mTeli adamianis
mudmivi
gardaqmniTaa
SesaZlebeli,
rac
madlismieri
rCeulobis Sedegia (gv. 852). WeSmariti monanieba mudam
saqcielSi gamoixateba (gv. 361). martooden "moralurad"
keTil saqmeebsa da "opera spiritualia" (sulier saqmeebs) Soris
gansxvaveba, rogorc hoornbeekma warmoaCina (Hoornbeek, a.a.O.
1. IX c), swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini aRorZinebuli
sicocxlis Sedegia, rom (a.a.O. Vol. I S. 160) maTSi mudmivi
winsvla SeiniSneba, romelic mxolod RvTis madlis (a.a.O.
S.150) zebunebrivi CareviT SeiZleba iqnas miRweuli.
wmindanoba aris RvTis madlis SewevniT adamianis sruli
gardaqmna (das. S. 190 f.), _ esaa azrebi, romlebic saerToa
mTeli
protestantizmisaTvis
da,
bunebrivia,
isini
kaTolicizmis umaRles idealebSic moiZebneba; magram
qveynierebisaTvis maTi Sedegebi mxolod saero askezaze
mimarTul puritanul mimdinareobebSi avlens Tavs da, rac
mTavaria, mxolod iq moipoveba maTTvis sakmaod maRali
fsiqologiuri jildo.
73)es
ukanaskneli
saxelwodeba holandiaSi
marTlac
specialurad "spetakTa" mier zustad (przis) bibliis
miTiTebebis Sesabamisad warmarTuli cxovrebis wesidan iqna
gamoyvanili (asea mag. foetTan). sxvaTa Soris, XVII
saukunis puritanebic calkeul SemTxvevebSi "meTodistebis"
saxeliT moixseniebian.
74)vinaidan, rogorc amas puritani mqadageblebi xazgasmiT
aRniSnaven (mag. Bunyan, "The Phaisee and the Publican, W. of.
Pur. Div. S. 126): _ yoveli calkeuli codva anadgurebs
yvelafers, rac mTeli cxovrebis manZilze "keTili
saqmeebis" meSveobiT "damsaxurebad" SeiZleboda yofiliyo
dagrovili, Tundac rom davuSvaT _ rac warmoudgenelia _
TiTqos adamians SeiZleboda hqonoda imis unari, Caedina is,

200

rac RmerTs misTvis damsaxurebad unda CaeTvala an sulac

mudmivad srulyofilad ecxovra. aq iseve, rogorc
kaTolicizmSi saldos daangariSebiT erTgvar kontokorents
ki ara aqvs adgili, _ xati, romelic jer kidev
antikurobaSi
iyo
gavrcelebuli,
_
aramed
mTeli
cxovrebisaTvis ZalaSia sastiki an-an: madlmosileba an
gankicxuloba. _ miniSnebebi kontokorentuli mosazrebis
Taobaze ix. SeniSv. 103.
75)amaSi
mdgomareobs
gansxvaveba
ubralod
"Legality"
(kanonierebasa) da "Civility" (Tavazianobas) Soris, romlebic
benianTan,
rogorc
mister
"Wordly-Wiseman"
(brZeni
eriskacis) megobrebi, saxloben qalaqSi saxelad "Morality"
(moraluroba).
76)ix.: Charnock, Self-examination (Works of the Pur. Div. S. 172):
Reflection and knowledge of self is a prerogative of a rational nature.
"refleqsia da sakuTari Tavis Secnoba _ racionalur
bunebaTa prerogativaa". da amasTan dakavSirebiT SeniSvna:
"Cogito, ergo sum, is the first principle of the new philosopy" -"vazrovneb, maSasadame, varsebob _ axali filosofiis
pirveli principia".
77)aq jer kidev naadrevia asketuri protestantizmis
garkveul ideaTa siaxlovis ganxilva duns skotusis
TeologiasTan, romelsac arasodes moupovebia gabatonebuli
mdgomareoba, mas mxolod iTmendnen, drodadro ki eresad
acxadebdnen. aristoteles filosofiis mimarT pietistebis
Semdgom specifikur antipaTias iziarebdnen rogorc luTeri
(cota sxva azriT), ise kalvini kaTolicizmTan sruliad
Segnebul dapirispirebulobaSi (cf. Inst. Chr. II c. 2, s. 4, IV c.
17, s. 24). "nebis primati", rogorc amas kaalma uwoda, yvela
am mimdinareobas erTnairad axasiaTebs.
78)zustad ase, misi gamovlinebis umaRles istoriul
formebTan
sruli
TanxvdomiT,
gansazRvravs
mis
mniSvnelobas,
magaliTad,
kaTolikuri
"saeklesio
leqsikonis" statia "askeza". amasve vxvdebiT zeebergTan (ix.:
Religionsenzyklopdie fr prot. Theologie und Kirche). vfiqrobT,
nebadarTuli
unda
iyos
winamdebare
gamokvlevis
miznebisaTvis es cneba ise iqnas gamoyenebula, rogorc amas
Cvens SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili.

201

79)"hudibrasSi"
puritanebi
(I:
simRera
18.
19)
franciskanelebTan arian Sedarebulni. genueli despanis
fieSis saangariSo moxsenebaSi kromvelis laSqari "berebis"
Tavyrilobadaa moxseniebuli.
80)arasaero bermonazvnur askezasa da saero profesiul
askezas Soris Sinagani kavSiris arsebobis Cems mier
dabejiTebiT mtkicebis fonze gancvifrebuli var, roca
brentanosTan (a.a.O. S. 134 da SemdgomSic) Sromis berul
askezas da masze yuradRebis miqcevis rCevas Cems
sawinaaRmdegod gamoyenebuli argumentis saxiT vxvdebi!
amaSia Cems winaaRmdeg momarTuli mTeli misi "eqskursis"
kulminacia. rogorc yvelas SeuZlia dainaxos, mTeli Cemi
gamokvlevis umTavres winapirobas xom swored es Sinagani
kavSiri warmoadgens: reformaciam racionaluri qristianuli
askeza da cxovrebis meTodika monastrebidan saero
profesiul
cxovrebaSi
gadaitana.
Sdr.
Semdgomi
Seucvlelad darCenili msjelobani.
81)asea puritan eretikosTa dakiTxvis mravalricxovan
oqmebSi neilsTan da krosbisTan (ix.: Neal, History of the
Puritans; Crosby, English Baptists).
82)ukve sanfordi (miTiTebul naSromSi) _ iseve rogorc
manamdec da mis Semdegac, mravali sxva _ "reserve"
(TavSekavebulobis) idealis warmomavlobas puritanizms
ukavSireben. am idealTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. agreTve jeims
braisis komentarebi amerikuli kolejis Sesaxeb misi
"American Commonwealth"-is II tomSi. "TavdaWerilobis"
asketurma principma puritanizmi Tanamedrove samxedro
disciplinis Semoqmedad aqcia. (ix. moric oranielis,
rogorc Tanamedrove samxedro instituciaTa Semqmnelis
Sesaxeb: Roloff, Preu. Jafrb. 1903 Bd. III
S. 255)
kromveliseuli "ironsides" (rkinisgverdani), SemarTuli
dambaCiT xelSi, tyviis gausrolelad, mterze Setevis
misatanad cxenebs Seupovrad rom miagelvebdnen, TavianTi
derviSisebri mgznebarebiT ki ara, piriqiT, fxizeli
TavdaWerilobiT, rac maT mudam winamZRolisadmi srul
morCilebaSi amyofebda, sjabnidnen "kavalrebs", romelTa
raindulad-Semtevi ieriSebi sakuTar razms yovelTvis
atomebad aqucmacebda. zogi ram amis Sesaxeb ix.: Firth,
Cromwells Army.

202

83) amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT ix.: Windelband, Ueber

Willensfreiheit, S. 77 f.
84)magram ara ase sruliad Seurevlad. mWvreteloba,
xandaxan mgrZnobelobasTan Serwymuli, am racionalur
elementebTan xSirad gadaikveTeba. samagierod, Tavis mxriv,
mWvretelobac meTodurad reglamentirebulia.
85)riCard baqsteris Tanaxmad, codviania yvelaferi, rac
RvTis mier CvenTvis boZebuli normis ganmsazRvreli "reason"
(gonierebis) winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli: igulisxmeba, vTqvaT,
ara mxolod Sinaarsobrivad codviani vnebebi, aramed
yovelgvari uazro da uzomo afeqtebi, rogorc aseTi,
vinaidan isini "countenance" (TavdaWerilobas) spoben da,
rogorc wminda wylis xelTqmnili movlenebi, RvTisadmi
mimarTuli
yovelgvari
racionaluri
qmedebisa
da
SegrZnebisagan gvaSoreben da RmerTs Seuracxyofen. Sdr.
magaliTad, rac sibrazis codvianobis Sesaxebaa naTqvami
(Christian Directory 2. Aufl. 1678 I S. 285. amasTan dakavSirebiT
xdeba tauleris S. 287 citireba). SiSis codvianobis
Sesaxeb iqvea saubari S. 287 Sp. 2. da sruliad dabejiTebiT
da mravalgzis (S. 310, 316 Sp. I) aRiniSneba, rom
xelTqmnilis (idolatry) gaRmerTebaa, roca Cveni mada " rule or
measure of eating" (Wamis normad da zomad) iqceva. amgvari
msjelobisas
yvelgan
pirvel
rigSi
moxseniebul
solomoniseul igavTa gverdiT drodadro citirebulia
agreTve plutarqeseuli "De tranquilitate animi" ("sulis
simSvidis Sesaxeb"), arcTu iSviaTad aseve wm. bernhardis,
bonaventuras da sxvaTa Sua saukuneebis asketuri nawerebi _
"visac ar uyvars Rvino, qali da simRera ..." namdvilad
Zneli iqneboda amis sapirispiro principis ufro mkveTrad
formulireba, vidre es idolatry (xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis)
cnebis yvela cxovrebiseul grZnobad siameTa mimarT
ganvrcobiT moxda, imaT garda, romlebic higienuri
TvalsazrisiTaa gamarTlebuli, am SemTxvevaSi (rogorc es
miTiTebul farglebSi sports an sxva "recreations" exeba)
isini dasaSvebia (amis Sesaxeb qveviT kidev iqneba msjeloba).
yuradsaRebia, rom aq da sxvaganac damowmebuli wyaroebi
dogmaturi an Wkuis damrigebluri nawarmoebebi ki araa,
aramed isini sulze zrunvis praqtikidan warmodgebian da

203

amdenad imis saukeTeso TvalsaCinoebas warmoadgenen, Tu ra

mimarTulebiT iRwvoda es praqtika.
86)sxvaTa Soris, unda iTqvas, rom CemTvis metad dasanani
iqneboda, Tuki am gamokvlevidan vinme ama Tu im formis
religiurobis Rirebulebriv Sefasebas amoikiTxavda. amisgan
is metad dacilebulia. saqme exeba garkveuli, SesaZloa,
wminda religiuri TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT meorexarisxovan,
praqtikuli qcevisTvis ki metad mniSvnelovan niSan-TvisebaTa
gamovlinebas.
87)amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. saxeldobr e. trolCis statia
"ingliseli moralistebi" gamocemaSi "Realenz. fr prot. Th. u.
K." 3. Aufl.
88)Tu raoden Zlieri iyo im sruliad konkretuli
cnobierebis religiur SinaarsTa da situaciaTa gavlena,
"istoriul SemTxveviTobad" rom gveCvenebian, gansakuTrebiT
aSkarad imaSi mJRavndeba, rom reformirebul safuZvelze
aRmocenebuli pietizmis wreebSi, magaliTad, monastrebis
ararsebobas xandaxan pirdapir nanobdnen da imaSic, rom
labadies da sxvaTa "komunisturi" eqsperimentebi mxolod
samonastro cxovrebis surogats warmoadgendnen.
89)da, kerZod, ukve TviT reformaciis epoqis zogierT
aRmsareblobaSi. riClic (Pietismus I S. 258 f.), miuxedavad
imisa, rom Semdgom ganviTarebas igi reformatoruli ideis
gadagvarebad miiCnevs, ar daobs imis Taobaze, rom Conf. Gall.
25, 26, Conf. Belg. 29, Conf. Helv. post. 17
"reformirebul
partikularul eklesias sruliad empiriul maxasiaTebel
niSnebs udgenen da rom am WeSmarit eklesiaSi morwmuneTa
daSveba zneobrivi aqtivobis niSnis gareSe ar xdeba" (amasTan
dakavSirebiT ix. SeniSv. 43).
90)Bless God that we are not of the many (Th. Adams, W. of the
Pur. Div. p. 138) " madloba RmerTs, rom umravlesobas ar
mivekuTvnebiT".
91)amrigad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT esoden mniSvnelovanma
"birthright" (pirvelSobilobis uflebis) ideam inglisSi
mZlavri mxardaWera hpova: "The first born which are written in
heaven ... As the first born is not be defeated in his inheritance and
the enrolled names are never to be oblitterated, so certainly shall they
inherit eternal life" (Th. Adams, W. of the Pur. Div. p. XIV)

204

"pirmSoni, romlebic caSi arian Cawerilni ... vinaidan

rogorc pirvelSobilni ar dakargaven TavianT memkvidreobas
da
sjulis
ficarze
Cawerili
saxelebi
arasodes
amoiSlebian iqidan, isini udaod memkvidreobiT miiReben
maradiul sicocxles".
92)luTeriseuli
monaniebisTvis
mzadmyofi
sinanulis
grZnoba asketurad ganviTarebuli kalvinizmisTvis, marTalia,
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT naklebad, magram praqtikaSi ki
Sinaganad namdvilad ucxoa: es misTvis aranair eTikur
Rirebulebas ar warmoadgens, gankicxuls araferSi adgia,
xolo Tavis rCeulobaSi darwmunebulisTvis ki sakuTari
codva, romelsac igi aRiarebs, ganviTarebis ukusvlisa da
arasrulyofili ganspetakebis simptomia, romelic mas sZuls
da nacvlad imisa, rom is moinanios, igi mis daZlevas RvTis
sadideblad saqmiT cdilobs. Sdr. hous (kromvelis
kapelanis 1656-58) mosazrebani naSromSi: "Of men`s enmity
against God and of reconciliation between God and Man", Works of
the English Puritan Divines p. 237: "The carnal mind is enemity
against God. It is the mind, therefore, not as speculative merely, but
as practical and active, that must be renewed." (eod. p.246):
"Reconciliation ... must begin in 1) a deep conviction ... of your
former enemity ... I have been alienated from God ... 2) (p. 251) a
clear and lively apprehension ... of the monstrous iniquity and
wickedness thereof." ("xorcieli goni RvTis mteria. amitomac
Sesacvlelia ara mxolod spekulatiuri goni, aramed aseve
praqtikuli
da
aqtiuric".
"Serigeba
unda
daiwyos
1)RvTisadmi Tqvens mtrobaSi Rrmad darwmunebulobiT ... me
ganvudeqi RmerTs ... 2)amis Semzaravi mankierebisa da
biwirebis ... cxadad da cocxlad gaazrebiT"). aq saubaria
mxolod codvis da ara codvilis mimarT siZulvilze.
magram ukve hercogis qalis, renata d` estes (goeTeseuli
"torkvato tasodan" /mTargmn./ "leonoras" dedis) cnobili
werili kalvinisadmi, romelSic is im "siZulvilze"
saubrobs, romliTac igi mamisa da meuRlis mimarT
aRivseboda,
Tuki
imaSi
darwmundeboda,
rom
isini
gankveTilni
arian,
naTlad
metyvelebs
siZulvilis
pirovnebaze gadatanis Sesaxeb da amavdroulad warmoadgens
imis
magaliTs,
rac
zeviT
madlismieri
rCeulobis
moZRvrebis
mier
"bunebrivi"
grZnobiT
SeduRabebuli

205

erTianobis marwuxebidan individis Sinagani gaTavisuflebis

Sesaxeb iTqva.
93)"None but those who give evidence of being regenerated or holy
persons, ought to be received or counted fit members of visible
churches. Where this is wanting, the very essence of a church is lost"
(xilul eklesiaSi miRebuli an mis wevrebad miCneuli unda
iqnan mxolod isini, vinc yvela niSniT aRorZinebulni an
wmidanni arian. sadac es wesi ar aris daculi, ikargeba
Tavad eklesiis arsi" _ amgvaradaa Camoyalibebuli es
principi ouenis, kromvelis mmarTvelobisas oqsfordis
independistur-kalvinisturi vicekancleris mier (Inv. into the
origin of Ev. Ch.) . ix. Semdegi statia.
94)ix. Semdegi statia.
95)ix. Cat. Genev. 149. Bailey, Praxis pietatis S. 125: "cxovrebaSi
ise unda viqceodeT, TiTqos moses garda Cvenze sxva veravin
batonobdes".
96)"reformirebulebs kanoni idealur normad warmoesaxebaT,
luTerans ki igi Trgunavs, rogorc miuRweveli norma".
luTeranul katexizmoSi is saxarebis win dgas, raTa
jerovani morCileba gaaRvivos, reformirebul katexizmoebSi
ki
saxarebis
Semdeg.
reformirebulni
luTeranebs
sayvedurobdnen, rom maT "wmindanad qcevis namdvili ridi
aqvT" (mioleri), luTeranebi ki reformirebulebs "monur
kanonmorCilebasa" da qedmaRlobas ukiJinebdnen.
97)Studies and reflections of the Great Rebellion p. 79 f.
98)msgavsTa Soris, pirvel yovlisa, ar unda dagvaviwydes
puritanTa mier metwilad ubralod ugulvebelyofili
"qebaTa qeba", romlis aRmosavlurma erotikam ganapiroba,
magaliTad, wminda bernhardiseuli RvTismosaobis tipis
Camoyalibeba.
99) amgvari TviTkontrolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb ix.,
magaliTad,
adre
citirebuli
Cernokiseuli
qadageba
korinTelTa mimarT meore epistoles Temaze 13, 5 (Works of
the Pur. Div. p. 161 f.)
100)moralist TeologTa umravlesoba gvirCevs amas. maT
Soris baqsteric (Christ. Directory II, p. 77 ff.), oRond is ar
Cqmalavs amasTan dakavSirebul "safrTxes".
101)zneobrivi angariSwarmoeba, cxadia, sxvaganac sakmaod
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. oRond ar xdeboda misi, rogorc

206

odiTganve
dadgenili
rCeulobisa
Tu
gankicxulobis
Sesacnob erTaderT maxasiaTebel niSnad aqcentireba da
amdenad
ar
arsebobda
amgvari
saguldagulo
da
keTilsindisieri
"kalkulaciisaTvis"
umniSvnelovanesi
fsiqologiuri jildo.
102)es iyo arsebiTi gansxvaveba sxva, garegnulad msgavs
qcevis wesTan mimarTebaSi.
103)baqsteric (Saints` everlasting rest c. XII) RvTis uxilavobas
ganmartavs SeniSvniT: rogorc miwer-moweris gziT manamde
unaxav ucnobTan momgebiani vaWrobis gaCaReba iqneboda
SesaZlebeli, iseve SesaZlebeli iqneboda uxilav RmerTTan
"netari vaWrobis" gziT "Zvirfasi margalitis" mopoveba. _
amgvari
komerciuli
Sedarebebi,
adreuli
periodis
moralistebisa da luTerisaTvis Cveuli samarTlebrivi
Sedarebebis
nacvlad,
friad
damaxasiaTebelia
puritanizmisTvis, romelic saboloo jamSi swored adamians
miandobs sakuTari netarebis "vaWrobiT mogebas". _ Sdr.
vTqvaT, Semdegi adgili qadagebidan: We reckon the value of a
thing by that which a wise man will give for it, who is not ignorant of
it nor under necessity. Christ, the Wisdom of God, gave himself, his
own precious blood, to redeem souls and he knew what they were
and had no need of them (Matthew Henty, The worth of the soul,
Works of the Pur. Div. p. 313). "sagnis Rirebuleba CvenTvis
ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdens iZleva masSi gonieri
adamiani,
romelmac
icis
misi
fasi
da
moqmedebs
aucileblobis gamo. qristem, uflis sibrZnem, gaiRo Tavi,
sakuTari uZvirfasesi sisxli, raTa exsna sulebi; man icoda,
Tu ras warmoadgendnen isini da igi maT ar saWiroebda".
104)sawinaaRmdegos ambobda ukve Tavad luTeri: "tirili win
uswrebs
qmedebas
da
tanjva
Crdilavs
yovelgvar
saqmianobas".
105)luTeranobis eTikuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSic mJRavndeba
es sruliad mkafiod. amis Sesaxeb ix. Hoennicke, Studien zur
altprotestantischen Ethik, Berlin 1902
da misi metad
yuradsaRebi e. trolCiseuli ganxilva (Gtt. Gel. Anz. 1902
Nr. 8). luTeriseuli doqtrinis daaxloeba, saxeldobr,
ufro Zvel orTodoqsul kalvinisturTan Tavisi garegnuli
formiT metad Sors midioda. magram sxvagvari religiuri
orientacia mainc ganuxrelad ikvalavda gzas. melanxtonis

207

mier monaniebis cneba wina planze aRmoCnda dayenebuli, raTa

zneobriobis kavSiri rwmenasTan xelCasaWidi gamxdariyo.
kanonis mier ganpirobebuli monanieba rwmenas win unda
uswrebdes, keTili saqmeebi ki mas ukan unda sdevdes,
winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi,
es
_
TiTqmis
puritanuli
formulirebiT _ ar iqneba WeSmariti, gamamarTlebeli
rwmena. SedarebiTi srulyofilebis garkveulwilad miRweva
mas
dedamiwazec
dasaSvebad
miaCnda,
ufro
metic,
Tavdapirvelad melanxtoni imasac ki amtkicebda, rom
gamarTleba imisTvis xdeboda, raTa adamianebi keTili
saqmeebisaTvis Seegulianebina, xolo mzard srulqmnaSi unda
yofiliyo Cadebuli ukve saaqao netarebis is wili, risi
boZebac rwmenas SeeZleboda. da ufro gviandeli periodis
luTerani dogmatikosebis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
keTili saqmeebi rwmenis aucilebeli nayofia, rom rwmena
axali cxovrebis Semoqmedia, garegnulad zustad iseve iyo
Camoyalibebuli, rogorc reformatebTan. kiTxvas, Tu ras
warmoadgenen "keTili saqmeebi", ukve melanxtonma gasca
pasuxi, magram kidev ufro zustad gviandelma luTeranebma,
kanonze
miTiTebiT.
luTeriseuli
odindeli
ideebis
reminiscenciad mxolod is naklebi seriozuloba SemorCa,
romliTac bibliokratias, kerZod, Zveli aRTqmis calkeul
normebze
orientirebulobas,
ekidebodnen.
arsebiTad
dekalogi,
rogorc
zneobis
bunebrivi
kanonis
umniSvnelovanes principTa kodifikacia, rCeboda adamianuri
qcevis
normad.
magram
ar
iyo
aranairi
saimedo
SemakavSirebeli xidi gadebuli mis statutarul aRiarebasa
da gamarTlebis rwmenis sul ufro mZafrad mzard
mniSvnelobas Soris, ukve Tundac swored imitom, rom am
rwmenas (ix. zeviT) sul sxva fsiqologiuri safuZveli
hqonda, vidre kalvinisturs. eklesiis mier, romelic Tavs
sulis mxsnel dawesebulebad miiCnevda, ugulvebelyofili
iqna da kidevac unda yofiliyo ugulvebelyofili adreuli
periodis luTeriseuli pirvandeli Tvalsazrisi, axlis
SemuSaveba ki ar momxdara. kerZod, SeuZlebeli iyo, ukve
Tundac dogmaturi safuZvlis ("sola fide!") dakargvis SiSiT,
mTeli cxovrebis asketur racionalizebamde, rogorc
calkeuli adamianis zneobriv amocanamde, misvla. vinaidan ar
arsebobda
swored
stimuli,
romelic
Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis ideas im mniSvnelobas SesZenda, rogoric man

208

kalvinizmSi madlismieri rCeulobis moZRvrebiT moipova.

aseve eklesiis saidumloTa magiur interpretacias, am
moZRvrebis amoZirkvas rom emTxveva, saxeldobr, regeneratio
(aRorZinebis) an Tundac misi dasawyisis gadatanas
naTlobaSi, madlis universalobis aRiarebisas, zneobriobis
meToduri ganviTarebis sawinaaRmdegod unda emoqmeda, radgan
igi adamianis SegrZnebisTvis asustebda distancias "status
naturalis" (bunebriv mdgomareobasa) da madlmosilebas Soris,
miT ufro, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT luTeris mier pirveli
codvis
mniSvnelobis
esoden
aqcentirebas.
aranakleb
asustebda mas rwmenismieri gamarTlebis aqtis sruliad
garegnuli interpretacia, romelic RvTis gadawyvetilebaTa
Secvladobis winapirobad swor gzaze moqceuli codvilis
monaniebis aqts ganixilavda. swored amas usvamda sul ufro
dabejiTebiT xazs melanxtoni. misi moZRvrebis sruli
gardaqmna, romelic monaniebisaTvis sul ufro mzardi
mniSvnelobis miniWebaSi gamoixata, Sinaganad dakavSirebuli
iyo mis mier "nebis Tavisuflebis" aRiarebasTan. yovelive
aman gansazRvra cxovrebis warmarTvis luTeriseuli wesis
arameToduri xasiaTi. konkretuli codvebisTvis konkretuli
mitevebis aqtebi rigiTi luTeranis warmosaxvaSi _ ukve
Tundac aRsarebis SenarCunebis wyalobiT _ xsnis Sinaarss
ganapirobeben da ara sakuTar xsnaSi darwmunebulobis
Tavadve mompovebel wmindanTa aristokratiis Camoyalibebas.
amrigad, ver moxerxda verc kanonisagan Tavisufal
zneobriobamde da verc kanonze orientirebul racionalur
askezamde miRweva, aramed kanoni ganagrZobda sruliad
araorganulad
"rwmenis"
gverdiT
arsebobas,
rogorc
statusi da idealuri moTxovna da ufro metic, vinaidan
sworxazovan
bibliokratias,
rogorc
sinergizms,
ufrTxodnen. Tavisi konkretuli SinaarsiT kanoni sakmaod
meryevi da dauzustebeli da rac mTavaria, usistemo
rCeboda. _ cxovreba ki zustad iseve, rogorc es trolCma
(miTiTebul naSromSi) eTikuri Teoriis Sesaxeb aRniSna,
"mxolod bolomde mudam ganuxorcielebel mcdelobaTa
nakrebad" rCeboda, romelic "calkeul aramyar miTiTebaTa
danawevrebulobaSi iyo SenarCunebuli" da "cxovrebiseul
urTierTmimarTebaTa erTobliobis farglebSi zemoqmedebaze"
ki ar iyo mimarTuli, aramed, arsebiTad, ganviTarebis im

209

gzis Sesabamisad, romelic ukve Tavad luTerma gaiara (ix.

zeviT), mocemul
cxovrebiseul
situaciaze, rogorc
wvrilmanebSi
ise
Zireul
sakiTxebSi,
morgebulobas
ganasaxierebda. _ sxva kulturaTa mimarT germanelTa es
ybadaRebuli "Semguebloba", erovnebis swrafad Secvlisadmi
maTi
midrekileba,
am
eris
garkveuli
politikuri
bedisweris garda, mniSvnelovanwilad am ganviTarebasac unda
mieweros, Cvens cxovrebiseul urTierTobebSi dRemde rom
hpovebs Tavis gamoZaxils. kulturis subieqturi aTviseba
susti rCeboda, vinaidan igi ZiriTadad "avtoritarulad"
SemoTavazebulis pasiurad SeTvisebis gziT xorcieldeboda.
106)amis Sesaxeb ix. Tolukis salaRobo wigni: Tholuck,
Vorgeschichte des Rationalismus.
107)islamuri
predestinaciis
(ufro
sworad
predeterminaciis) moZRvrebisa da misi safuZvlebis sruliad
sxvagvari zegavlenis Sesaxeb ix. adre citirebuli ulrixis
(haidelbergis Teologiuri) disertacia: F. Ulrich, Die
Vorherbestimmungslehre im Islam und Christentum, 1912 .
iansenistTa predestinaciis moZRvrebis Sesaxeb ix.:
P.
Honigsheim a. a. O.
108)amis Sesaxeb ix. winamdebare krebulis Semdegi statia.
109)riCli (Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus I S. 152 ) maT im
periodisTvis, labadies moRvaweobas rom uswrebda win
(sxvaTa Soris mxolod niderlandur _ specimina _
magaliTebze dayrdnobiT) imaSi eZebs, rom pietistebTan I.
religiuri sakrebuloebi iqmneboda, II. "qmnilebiseuli
yofierebis araraobis" idea "saxarebiseuli sulis xsnis
interesis
sawinaaRmdego
formiT"
ganivrcoboda,
III.
"madlmosilebaSi darwmunebuloba Cvens ufal iesosTan
alersiani
urTierTobis"
arareformatoruli
formiT
miiRweoda. ukanaskneli maxasiaTebeli niSani am adreuli
epoqisTvis mis mier ganxilul warmomadgenelTagan mxolod
erTs Seesatyviseba. "qmnilebis araraobis" idea TavisTavad
kalvinisturi suliskveTebis pirmSo iyo da mxolod iq,
sadac mas samyarodan praqtikuli gaqceva mosdevda,
vardeboda igi normaluri protestantizmis kalapotidan.
religiuri sakrebuloebis garkveuli moculobiT daarseba
(gansakuTrebiT ki katexizmos Seswavlis mizniT), sabolood,
Tavad dordrextis sinodma daadgina. riClis zemoxsenebul

210

gamokvlevaSi
gaanalizebul
pietisturi
RvTismosaobis
niSanTagan albaT yuradsaRebia: 1. "precizizmi", bibliuri
sityvisadmi monuri morCilebis mniSvnelobiT cxovrebis
yvela
garegnul
gamovlinebaSi,
romelsac
garkveul
SemTxvevebSi gisbert foeti iziarebs; 2. rwmenismieri
gamarTlebisa da RmerTTan Serigebis ara TviTmiznad, aramed
mxolod cxovrebis asketurad SeubRalavad warmarTvis
saSualebad
gaazreba,
ra
formiTac
amas,
vTqvaT,
lodenStainTan vxvdebiT, magram, rac melanxtonTanac aseve
miniSnebulia, mag. (S. 125 A. 2); 3. "monaniebisTvis
Sesamzadebeli Sinagani brZolis" maRali Sefaseba, rogorc
aRorZinebis niSani, rasac pirvelad v. teelinki aswavlida;
4. ziarebaze uaris Tqma masSi auRorZinebel pirTa
monawileobis SemTxvevaSi (razec sxva konteqstSi kidev
iqneba saubari) da amasTan dakavSirebuli dordrextis
canones
(dadgenilebaTa)
darRveviT
religiuri
sakrebuloebis
daarseba,
rasac
mosdevda
"winaswarmetyvelebis" aRorZineba anu wminda werilis
interpretacia araRvTismetyvelTa, TviT qalebis (ana maria
Siureri) mierac ki. es yovelive warmoadgens nawilobriv
arsebiTi xasiaTis gadaxrebs reformatorTa moZRvrebidan da
praqtikidan. magram im mimarTulebebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki
inglisel puritanebTan SedarebiT, riClis gamokvlevis miRma
rom aRmoCndnen, yvela CamoTvlili punqti, mesamis garda,
mainc im tendenciaTa gaZlierebas warmoadgens, romlebic am
RvTismosaobis mTel ganviTarebas axasiaTebda. riClis
gamokvleva bolomde miukerZoebeli araa, rac imaSi vlindeba,
rom am did swavluls sakuTari eklesiurad an, ukeT rom
vTqvaT, religiur-politikurad orientirebuli Sefasebebi
Seaqvs masSi da yovelgvari specifikurad asketuri
religiurobis mimarT misi antipaTiidan gamomdinare, yvelgan,
sadac ki am mimarTulebiT msgavsi Semobruneba xdeba, igi
amas "kaTolicizmisken" ukan dabrunebad moiazrebs. oRond
kaTolicizmis msgavsad Zveli protestantizmic Tavis
rigebSi aerTianebs "all sorts and conditions of men" (yvela
jurisa da wodebis adamianebs) da mainc saero iansenizmis
saxiT gamovlenili saero askezis rigorizmi kaTolikurma
eklesiam iseve uarhyo, rogorc pietizmma XVII saukunis
specifikurad kaTolikuri kvietizmi. _ Cveni specialuri

211

gamokvlevisTvis pietizmi ara Tanamimdevrulad, aramed

xarisxobrivad sxva movlenad iq gardaiqmneba, sadac
"samyarosadmi" mzard SiSs kerZomeurneobrivi profesiuli
cxovrebidan gaqceva anu samonastro-komunistur safuZvelze
(labadie)
religiur
sakrebuloTa
daarseba
anda
mWvretelobis sasargeblod saero profesiuli saqmianobis
Segnebuli
ugulvebelyofa
mohyveba,
rasac
calkeul
eqstremistulad ganwyobil pietistebs ukiJinebdnen maTi
Tanamedroveni. bunebrivia, msgavsi Sedegi gansakuTrebiT
xSirad iq iCenda Tavs, sadac mWvreteloba (kontemplacia) im
saxes iZenda, rasac riCli "bernhardinizms" uwodebs,
vinaidan es pirvelad "qebaTa qebis" wminda bernhardiseul
interpretaciaSi gamomJRavnda: esaa mistikuri ganwyobilebis
religiuroba, romelic kripto-seqsualurad Seferil "unio
mystica" (RmerTTan mistikur TanaSerwymas) eswrafvis. igi
ukve wminda religiur-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT udaod
"aliud"
(sxvas)
warmoadgens,
rogorc
reformirebul
RvTismosaobasTan
mimarTebaSi,
aseve
mis
asketur
gamoxatulebasTan (iseT pirovnebebTan, rogoric foetia)
mimarTebaSi. riCli ki lamobs es kvietizmi yvelgan
pietistur
askezasTan
Seawyvilos
da,
amrigad,
es
ukanasknelic aseve SeaCvenos da xelze ixvevs nebismier
citatas kaTolikuri mistikidan an askezidan, rasac ki
pietistur literaturaSi poulobs. magram sruliad
"eWvmiutaneli" ingliseli da niderlandeli moralistiRvTismetyvelebic xom imowmebdnen bernhards, bonaventuras,
Tomas
kempiels.
_
kaTolikuri
warsulisadmi
damokidebuleba yovel reformirebul eklesiaSi metad
araerTgvarovani iyo da im aspeqtis Sesabamisad, romelic
wina planze iqneboda dayenebuli, erTgan erTi, meoregan
meore mimarTuleba gamoCndeboda kaTolicizmTan anu mis
garkveul mxareebTan daaxloebuli.
110)Realenz. f. Prot. Theol. u. K.
mesame gamocemaSi
gamoqveynebul,
mirbtis
metad
sayuradRebo
statiaSi
"pietizmi",
pietizmis
warmoSoba
reformatorul
wanamZRvarTa sruli ugulvebelyofiT daiyvaneba mxolod
speneriseul pirovnul religiur gancdamde, rac, cota ar
iyos, ucnaurad gamoiyureba. _ pietizmis SesavalTan
dakavSirebiT dRemde namdvilad wakiTvis Rirsia gustav

212

fraitagis naSromi gamocemaSi "Bilder aus der deutschen

Vergangenheit".
inglisuri
pietizmis
sawyisebTan
dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove literaturidan ix., vTqvaT: W.
Whitaker, Prima institutio disciplinaque pietatis (1570).
111)amgvarma TvalTaxedvam, rogorc cnobilia, pietizms
SesZina unari, gamxdariyo tolerantobis ideis mTavari
matarebeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT upriania zogi ram iqnas
CarTuli xsenebuli ideis Sesaxeb. istoriulad is
dasavleTSi, Tuki amjerad gverdze gadavdebT humanisturganmanaTleblur indiferentulobas, rasac calke aRebuls,
TavisTavad arsad didi praqtikuli zegavlena ar mouxdenia,
Semdegi ZiriTadi wyaroebidan momdinareobs: 1. wminda
politikuri saxelmwifoebrivi mizanSewoniloba (arqetipi:
vilhelm oraneli) _ 2. merkantilizmi (ase gansakuTrebiT
aSkarad gamovlenili, magaliTad, qalaq amsterdamisa da
mTeli rigi qalaqebis, memamuleTa da Zalauflebis
mflobelTa SemTxvevaSi, romlebic seqtantebs iRebdnen,
rogorc ekonomikuri progresis pativsadeb matareblebs) _
3. kalvinisturi RvTismosaobis radikaluri mimarTuleba.
predestinacia xom Tavisi arsiT gamoricxavda saxelmwifos
mier aratolerantulobis gziT religiis mxardaWeras. mas
xom amiT sulTa xsna ar ZaluZda; mxolod RvTisTvis
pativis migebis mosazreba ubiZgebda eklesias miemarTa misi
daxmarebisaTvis eresis dasaTrgunad. da rac ufro didi
wona edeboda mqadageblis da yvela ziarebulis rCeulTa
wrisadmi kuTvnilebas, miT ufro gausaZlisi xdeboda
yovelgvari
saxelmwifoebrivi
Careva
sasuliero
Tanamdebobebis dakavebisas da universitetis auRorZinebel
aRzrdilTaTvis, mxolod imis gamo, rom isini Teologiurad
ganswavlulni iyvnen, mrevlis winamZRvarTa adgilebis
darigebisas da, saerTodac, uaryofili iyo xSirad arcTu
uzado yofaqceviT gamorCeul politikuri Zalauflebis
mpyrobelTa
nebismieri
Careva
mrevlis
saqmeebSi.
reformirebuli pietizmi am Tvalsazriss aZlierebda
dogmaturi marTlmorwmuneobis Rirebulebis gaufasurebiT
da debulebis _ "Extra ecclesiam nulla salus" (eklesiis gareT
ar aris xsna) _ TandaTanobiTi dacxavebiT. kalvins RvTis
mier
wesdebuli
eklesiisadmi
agreTve
gankicxulTa
daqvemdebareba
mxolod
uflis
sadideblad
miaCnda

213

dasaSvebad; axal inglisSi eswrafodnen moexdinaT eklesiis,

rogorc Rirsad TviTgamovlenil wmindanTa aristokratiis,
konstruireba;
magram
ukve
radikali
independentebi
uarhyofdnen, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise nebismieri ierarqiuli
xelisuflebis
mxridan
mxolod
calkeuli
mrevlis
farglebSi SesaZlebel "Rirsad TviTgamovlenis" gamocdaSi
yovelgvar Carevas. mosazreba, TiTqos RvTis dideba agreTve
gankveTilTa saeklesio disciplinisadmi daqvemdebarebas
iTxovdes,
idevneboda
imTaviTve
arsebuli,
magram
TandaTanobiT sul ufro gznebiT xazgasmuli mosazrebiT,
rom
RvTis
didebis
Seuracxmyofelia,
uflis
mier
gankicxulTan erTad ziarebis miReba. amas voluntarizmamde
unda mieyvana saqme, vinaidan mas "believers` Church"
(morwmuneTa eklesiis) anu mxolod aRorZinebulTagan
Semdgari religiuri gaerTianebis Seqmnamde miyavda saqme.
ideaTa
am
wridan
yvelaze
radikaluri
daskvnebi
kalvinisturma
baptizmma
gamoitana,
romelsac,
mag.,
"wmindanTa parlamentis" mesveuri, praizegod barberone,
miekuTvneboda. kromvelis jari sindisis Tavisuflebas
uWerda mxars, xolo "wmindanTa" parlamenti _ TviT
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis dacalkavebasac ki, vinaidan misi
wevrebi RvTismosavi pietistebi iyvnen anu pozitiurreligiuri
motivebis
safuZvelze.
_
4.
SemdgomSi
gansaxilveli baptisturi seqtebi da agreTve yvelaze
uryevad
da
siRrmiseulad
Tanamimdevrulni,
TavianTi
arsebobis dasabamidanve mudam im principze idgnen, rom
mxolod pirovnulad aRorZinebulTa daSvebaa SesaZlebeli
eklesiis TemSi da amdenad hgmobdnen eklesiis yovelgvar
"institucionalur" xasiaTs da saero xelisuflebis
yovelgvar Carevas. amrigad, aqac is pozitiur-religiuri
motivi
iyo,
rac
ucilobeli
rjulSemwynareblobis
moTxovnas ganapirobebda. _ pirveli, vinc am motivebiT
baptistebamde
TiTqmis
erTi
TaobiT
adre,
rojer
uiliamsamde
ki
ori
TaobiT
adre,
upirobo
rjulSemwynareblobas
da
saxelmwifosa
da
eklesiis
dacalkavebas uWerda mxars, albaT jon brauni iyo. am
TvalsazrisiT saeklesio Temis pirvel ganacxads, rogorc
Cans, amsterdamSi 1612 Tu 1613 wlis ingliseli baptistebis
rezolucia unda warmoadgendes: "the magistrate is not middle

214

with religion or matters of conscience ... because Christ is the King

and lawgiver of the Church and conscience" (magistrati ar unda
Caerios religiis an sindisis saqmeebSi ... radgan qristea
eklesiisa da sindisis mefe da kanonmdebeli). saeklesio
Temis
pirveli
oficialuri
dokumenti,
romelic
saxelmwifos mier sindisis Tavisuflebis, rogorc uflebis,
pozitiur dacvas iTxovda, albaT 1644 wlis (particular kerZo) baptistebis aRmsareblobis 44-e muxli iyo. _ kidev
erTxel dabejiTebiT unda iqnas aRniSnuli, rom drodadro
gamoTqmuli mosazreba, TiTqos Semwynarebloba, rogorc
aseTi, kapitalizms sasikeTod waadga, bunebrivia, sruliad
mcdaria. religiuri Semwynarebloba arafers specifikurad
Tanamedroves an dasavlurs ar warmoadgens. igi CineTSi,
indoeTSi, elinizmis epoqis winaaziis did saxelmwifoebSi,
romis
imperiaSi,
islamur
imperiebSi,
mxolod
saxelmwifoebrivi mizanSewonilobis motivebiT (dResac ki
garkveul barierebs rom qmnian!) SezRuduli, xangrZlivi
periodebis ganmavlobaSi ise ukideganod iyo gabatonebuli,
rogorc arsad mTel msoflioSi XVI da XVII saukuneebis
manZilze, yvelaze naklebad ki im regionebSi, sadac
puritanizmi batonobda, rogorc magaliTad, holandiasa da
zelandiaSi politikur-ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodSi
anda
kidev
puritanul
Zvel
Tu
axal
inglisSi.
dasavleTisTvis _ rogorc reformaciamde ise mas Semdeg _
iseve, rogorc vTqvaT, sasanidebis imperiisaTvis umal
aRmsareblobiTi Seuwynarebloba iyo damaxasiaTebeli, rac
calkeuli
epoqebis
manZilze,
oRond
umeteswilad
politikuri mizezebis gamo, aseve sufevda CineTSi,
iaponiaSi, indoeTSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Semwynareblobas,
rogorc aseTs, kapitalizmTan marTlac araferi esaqmeba.
yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu vis waadga igi
sasikeTod. _ "morwmuneTa" eklesiis ("believers" Church)
moTxovniT gamowveuli Sedegebis Sesaxeb saubari momdevno
statiaSi gagrZeldeba.
112)Tavis praqtikul gamoyenebas es idea poulobs,
magaliTad, kromveliseuli "tryers", moZRvaris Tanamdebobaze
kandidatTa gamomcdelebis SemTxvevaSi. isini eswrafodnen
ara imdenad sagnobriv-Teologiuri ganswavlulobis, aramed

215

ufro kandidatis subieqturi madlmosilebis mdgomareobis

dadgenas. ix. agreTve momdevno statia.
113)aristoteles da, saerTod, klasikuri filosofiis
mimarT pietizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli undoblobis povna
sawyisi formiT ukve kalvinTanaa SesaZlebeli (Sdr. Instit.
IIc. 2 S. 4; III c. 23 S.5; IV c. 17 S. 24). rogorc cnobilia,
Tavdapirvelad es undobloba aranakleb iyo gamovlenili
luTerTanac,
magram
SemdgomSi
is
gandevnil
iqna
humanisturi gavlenis (pirvel yovlisa, melanxtonis),
codnis SeZenisa da apologetikis gardauvali moTxovnebis
wyalobiT. protestantuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, cxadia,
vestminsteris aRmsareblobac (c. I, 7) imas aswavlida, rom
sulis
xsnisaTvis
yovelive
aucilebeli
TviT
uswavlelTaTvisac ki sakmaod gasagebad saRvTo werilSia
mocemuli.
114)amis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli oficialuri eklesiebis
protesti. magaliTad, jer kidev 1648 wlis Sotlandiis
presbiterianuli eklesiis (mokle) katexizmo (gv. VII)
gmobda, rogorc Tanamdebobriv uflebamosilebaSi Carevas,
saSinao RvTismsaxurebaSi im pirTa monawileobas, vinc imave
ojaxis wevrebi ar iyvnen. pietizmic, iseve rogorc
nebismieri asketuri erToblioba, individs aTavisuflebda
sasuliero
Tanamdebobrivi
prestiJis
interesebTan
gadaxlarTuli ojaxuri patriarqalizmis marwuxebidan.
115)angariSgasawevi mizezebis gamo aq Segnebulad vikavebT
Tavs,
SevexoT
religiuri
cnobierebis
Sinaarsis
"fsiqologiur" _ sityvis dargobriv-mecnieruli gagebiT _
mimarTebebs da TviT Sesabamisi terminologiis gamoyenebasac
ki, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tavs varidebT. fsiqologiis cnebaTa
danamdvilebiT dadgenili maragi, fsiqiatriis CaTvliT,
jerjerobiT sakmarisi ar aris, raTa Cveni problemis
sferoSi istoriuli kvlevis miznebisaTvis uSualod
gamoyenebuli
iqnas
ise,
rom
istoriuli
gansjis
obieqturoba ar dairRves. maTi terminologiis gamoyeneba
mxolod cTunebas aRZravda sruliad gasagebi da xSirad
ubralod trivialuri movlenebisTvis ucxo sityvebSi
diletanturi ganswavlulobis pirbade agvefarebina da am
gziT cnebebis zedmiwevniTi sizustis yalbi moCvenebiToba
Segveqmna, rac samwuxarod tipiuri gaxldaT magaliTad,

216

lamprextisaTvis. _ garkveuli istoriuli masobrivi

movlenebis interpretaciisaTvis fsiqopaTologiuri cnebebis
gamoyenebis ufro yuradsaRebi mcdelobebi ix. v. helpaxTan
(W. Hellpach, Grundlinien zu einer Psychologie der Hysterie, 12.
Kapitel)aseve misi "Nervositt und Kultur". me aq imis ganxilvas
ar Sevecdebi, rom Cemi azriT, am metad mravalmxrivad
orientirebul avtors lamprextis garkveuli Teoriebis
gavlenam avno. _ Tu raoden moklebulia yovelgvar
Rirebulebas ufro adrindel literaturasTan SedarebiT
lamprextiseuli sqematuri SeniSvnebi pietizmis Sesaxeb
(germaniis istoriis VII tomSi), icis nebismierma, vinc
Tundac mxolod yvelaze gavrcelebul literaturas icnobs.
116)rac daemarTa sqorTingheisis "Sinagani qristianobis"
mimdevrebs. _ religiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT amis Zirebi
RvTis monis Sesaxeb meore esaiaseul igavsa da 22-e
fsalmunSia saZiebeli.
117)es Tavs iCenda calkeuli movlenebis saxiT holandiel
pietistebTan, xolo Semdeg spinozas gavleniT.
118)labadie, tersteegeni da sxvebi.
119)es gansakuTrebiT mkafiod albaT maSin iCens Tavs, roca
igi _ erTi Speners damixedeT! _ sadavos xdis xelisufalTa
uflebamosilebas, areulobebisa da umarTebulo qmedebebis
garda, akontrolon religiur sakrebuloTa saqmianoba imis
safuZvelze, rom aq saqme exeba mociqulTa
saeklesio
wesrigiT garantirebul qristianTa ZiriTad uflebas (ix.:
Spener, Theologische Bedenken II S. 81 f.). es principulad
zustad
igive
puritanuli
Tvalsazrisia
calkeuli
individis ex jure divino (RvTiuri wesrigidan) momdinare da,
amdenad, xelSeuvali uflebebis mimarTebaTa da qmedebis
sferosTan dakavSirebiT. riCls arc es (pietizmi II) da arc
Semdgom teqstSi moxseniebuli eresi (ix gv.115) gamohparvia.
rac
ar
unda
araistoriuli
iyos
riCliseuli
pozitivisturi (rom ara vTqvaT filisteruli) kritika,
mimarTuli "ZiriTadi uflebis" ideis winaaRmdeg, romelsac
Cven saboloo jamSi, arc meti arc naklebi,
y v e l af e r s
vumadliT, rac dRes TviT ukidures
"reaqcionersac" ki misi individualuri Tavisuflebis
sferos minimumad esaxeba, erTSi mainc sruliad unda

217

daveTanxmoT, rom orive SemTxvevaSi gvaklia Speneriseul

luTeranul TvalsazrisSi misi organuli CarTva.
Tavad religiuri sakrebuloebi (collegia pietatis),
romlTa Teoriul dasabuTebas Speneriseuli cnobili "Pia
desideria" warmoadgenda da romlebic praqtikulad man Seqmna,
Tavisi arsiT Seesabamebodnen inglisur "prophesyings"
(winaswarmetyvelurs), rac pirvelad ian laskos londonur
bibliur koloqviumebSi (1547) iCens Tavs da aqedan
moyolebuli,
ucvlelad
ikavebs
adgils
eklesiis
avtoritetis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTul
puritanuli
RvTismosaobis saprotesto formebis arsenalSi. Jenevis
saeklesio disciplinis uaryofa, rogorc cnobilia, mis mier
imiT sabuTdeba, rom misi mowodebis matarebeli, "mesame
wodeba"
(status
oeconomicus:
qristiani
eriskacebi),
luTeranul eklesiaSi araa saeklesio organizaciaSi
CarTuli. meore mxriv, nakleb luTeranulia _ eklesiidan
gankveTis ganxilvisas _ saero xelisuflebis mier
delegirebul konsistoriumis eriskac wevrTa "mesame
wodebis" warmomadgenlebad aRiareba.
120)ukve
Tavad
pirvelad
luTeranul
regionebSi
warmomdgari saxewodeba "pietizmi" gulisxmobs, rom im
epoqis TanamedroveTa Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, uarsebiTesi iyo
"pietas" (RvTismosavobis) meTodur saqmianobad gardaqmna.
121)cxadia, unda vaRiaroT, rom amgvari motivacia, marTalia,
upiratesad kalvinizmisTvis, magram ara mxolod misTvisaa
niSandoblivi. swored uZveles luTeranul saeklesio
wesdebebSi vpoulobT maT gansakuTrebiT xSirad.
122)ebraelTa mimarT epistoles (5, 13. 14) gagebiT. Sdr.
Spener, Theol. Bedenken I 306.
123)beilisa da baqsteris gverdiT (ix. Consilia theologica III,
6, 1, dist. I, 47, das. dist. 3,6) Speneri gamorCeulad afasebda
Tomas kemps, metadre ki taulers (romelTanac misTvis
yvelaferi gasagebi ar iyo: Consilia theologica III, 6, 1 dist. 1,1).
am
ukanasknelis
Sesaxeb
ufro
dawvrilebiT
ix.
gansakuTrebiT Consilia theologica I, 1, 1 Nr. 7. luTeri misi
gagebiT tauleridan momdinareobs.
124)ix. Ritschl, a.a.O. II, S. 113. gviandeli pietistebisa da
(luTeris) "monaniebasTan dakavSirebul brZolas" igi

218

rogorc WeSmariti moqcevis ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTebels

uarhyofda (Theolog. Bedenken III S. 476). ufalTan Serigebis
rwmenidan warmomdgari ganspetakebis, rogorc madlierebis
nayofis
_ specifikurad luTeriseuli (ix. SeniSvna 58)
formulireba _ Sesaxeb ix. riClTan
115-e gverdze
damowmebuli adgilebi. erTi mxriv, Certitudo salutis Sesaxeb
ix. Theolog. Bedenken I S. 324: WeSmariti rwmena imdenad
grZnobiTad ar aRiqmeba, ramdenadac mis nayofTa (RvTisadmi
siyvaruli da morCileba) safuZvelze, _ meore mxriv, ix.:
Theolog. Bedenken I S. 335 f.: "xolo rac Seexeba zrunvas
imis Sesaxeb, rom darwmunebuli iyoT sakuTar xsnasa da
madlmosilebaSi, amas umal "Cveni" _ luTeranuli _
"wignebidan miiRebT", vidre "ingliseli mjRabnelebisgan".
xolo ganspetakebis arsis Taobaze ki igi ingliselebs
eTanxmeboda.
125)religiuri dRiurebi, romelTac a. h. franke urCevda,
aqac amis garegnul niSans warmoadgenda. _ ganspetakebis
misaRwevad meTodur varjiSsa da mis Cvevad qcevas am
ukanasknelis zrda da keTilisa da borotis gacalkeveba
unda gamoewvia: _ daaxloebiT esaa frankeseuli wignis
("Von des Christen Vollkommenheit") ZiriTadi Tema.
126)gangebis rwmenaSi orTodoqsuli poziciidan amgvari
racionalur-pietisturi
gadaxra
metad
niSandoblivi
formiT gamovlinda halel pietistebsa da luTeranuli
orTodoqsiis warmomadgenels, loSers, Soris gamarTul
cnobil kamaTSi. Tavis wignSi "Timotheus Verinus" loSeri
iqamdec ki midis, rom yovelive, rac adamianuri saqmianobiT
miiRweva, daupirispiros gangebis nebas. franke ki ucvlelad
im Tvalsazrisze rCeboda, rom imaSi, rac mosaxdenia,
garkveulobis yoveli gamonaTeba, mSvidad gadawyvetilebis
molodinis Sedegs rom warmoadgens, "uflis niSnad"
yofiliyo miCneuli: _ es savsebiT kvekeruli fsiqologiis
analogiuria da im sazogado asketur Sexedulebas
Seesabameba,
rom
racionaluri
meTodikaa
RmerTTan
daaxloebis gza. _ cincendorfi, romelmac umniSvnelovanesi
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas sakuTari mrevlis bedi wilisyras
miando, udaod Sors dgas gangebis rwmenis frankeseuli
formisgan. _ Speneri (Theolog. Bedenken I S. 314) ki
qristianuli "uSfoTvelobis" daxasiaTebisas, romliTac Tavi

219

RvTiur gangebas unda miando da mas naCqarevi TviTneburi

qmedebebiT ar gadaeRobo, _ didwilad aseTivea frakeseuli
Tvalsazrisic _ taulers eyrdnoboda. puritanizmTan
SedarebiT
mniSvnelovanwilad
Sesustebuli
(saaqao)
mSvidobis maZiebeli pietisturi RvTismosaobis aqtivoba
yvelgan gamokveTilad iCens Tavs. "First righteousness, then
peace" (jer umwikvloba, Semdeg mSvidoba), amis sapirispirod
amgvarad ayalibebs jer kidev 1904 wels erT-erTi wamyvani
baptisti (j. uaiti Tavis erT-erT ustarSi, romelsac kidev
araerTxel movixmobT) misi aRmsareblobis eTikur programas
(Baptist Handbook 1904 p. 107).
127)(Lect. paraenet. IV. S. 271.)
128)ZiriTadad am erTTavad ganmeorebadi warmodgenis
winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli riCliseuli kritika. _ ix. 125
komentarSi citirebuli frankeseuli naSromi, romelic am
moZRvrebas Seicavs.
129)mas
vpoulobT
agreTve
inglisel
arapredestinacionistul pietistebTanac, mag., gudvinTan.
mis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb Sdr.: Heppe, Geschichte des Pietismus in
der reformierten Kirche, Leiden 1879, wigni, romelic
riCliseuli nimuSad qceuli naSromis Semdegac ki
inglisisTvis da aqa-iq niderlandebisTvisac jer kidev
Seucvleli rCeba. jer kidev XIX saukuneSi kolers (misi
wignis Tanaxmad, romelsac Semdgom statiaSi davimowmebT)
niderlandebSi xSirad usvamdnen kiTxvas misi aRorZinebis
Sesaxeb.
130)am gziT cdilobdnen daeZliaT madlis xelaxla
mopovebadobis
Sesaxeb
luTeriseuli
moZRvrebis
(gansakuTrebiT ki gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba "moqcevis"
Sesaxeb in extremis _ sikvdilis momentSi) aradamajerebeli
daskvna.
131)amasTan dakavSirebuli aucileblobis winaaRmdeg, rom
scodnodaT "moqcevis" dRe da saaTi, rogorc misi
WeSmaritebis savaldebulo niSan-Tvisebisa, ix.: Spener,
Theolog. Bed. II, 6, 1 p. 197. misTvis "monaniebrivi brZola"
iseve ucxo iyo, rogorc melanxtonisTvis luTeriseuli
terrores conscientiae (sindisis mtanjveli qenjna).
132)amasTan erTad, cxadia, agreTve garkveul rols
TamaSobda yoveli askezisaTvis niSandoblivi, "sazogado

220

mRvdelmsaxurebis"
antiavtoritaruli
gaazrebac.
_
garkveul
SemTxvevebSi
moZRvars
codvaTa
mitevebis
gadavadebas urCevdnen, vidre ar "dadasturdeboda" WeSmariti
monanieba, rasac riCli sruliad marTebulad kalvinisturad
miiCnevs.
133)CvenTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis punqtebis povna yvelaze
mosaxerxebelia plitTan Plitt, Zinzendorfs Theologie (Bd. I-III ,
Gotha 1869 f.) Bd. I S 325, 345, 381, 412, 429, 433 f., 444, 448, Bd.
II S. 372, 381, 385, 409 f., Bd. III S. 131, 167, 176. Sdr agreTve:
Bernh. Becker, Zinzendorf und sein Christentum (Leipzig 1900) 3.
Buch, Kap. III.
134)cxadia, igi augsburgis aRmsareblobas luTeranulqristianuli rwmenis utyuar dokumentad mxolod mas
Semdeg ganixilavda, rac masze _ rogorc is Tavisi
amazrzeni terminologiiT ambobs _ "Wrilobebis naxarSi"
iqneboda gadasxmuli. cincendorfis kiTxva mkacri sasjelia,
radgan misi ena, undili azrebis simyifiT, imaze mZimed
aRsaqmelia, vidre is "qristoterpuli SarbaTi", rac S.T.
fiSerisTvis
(miunxenel
"qristoterpesTan"
misi
polemikisas) esoden Semzaravi iyo.
135)"Cven verc erT religiaSi ver miviCnevT maT Cvens Zmebad,
vinc ar ganbanilan qristes sisxlis pkurebiT da sruliad
gardaqmnilni,
ar
agrZeleben
sulis
ganspetakebisken
swrafvas. Cven gacxadebul (=xilul) qristianul mrevlad
mxolod imas miviCnevT, sadac uflis sityva spetakad da
Seuryvnelad iqadageba da mis Sesatyvisad mrevlis wevrebic,
rogorc uflis Svilebi, wminda cxovrebas ewevian". _
ukanaskneli winadadeba, marTalia, luTeris katexizmodanaa
aRebuli, magram iq, rogorc ukve riCli aRniSnavs, igi im
kiTxvaze pasuxs emsaxureba, Tu rogor iqneba kurTxeuli
uflis saxeli, aq ki wmindanTa eklesiis gamomijvnas.
136)ix.: Plitt I p. 346. _ es kidev ufro gamokveTiladaa adre
citirebul plitiseul pasuxSi kiTxvaze: "aris Tu ara
keTili saqmeebi saWiro xsnisaTvis?" _ "usargeblo da
mavnebelia xsnis misaRwevad, oRond xsnis miRwevis Semdeg
imdenadaa saWiro, rom vinc maT ar iqms, is verc iqneba
daxsnili". maSasadame, aqac ara realuri safuZveli, aramed _
mxolod da mxolod! _ Semecnebis safuZveli.

221

137)magaliTad,
"qristianuli
Tavisuflebis"
im
karikaturebis meSveobiT, romelTac riCli (a.a.O. III S. 381)
amaTraxebs.
138)pirvel yovlisa, xsnis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi sasjelis
meSveobiT dakmayofilebis ideis gamZafrebulad aqcentirebis
gziT, romelic man, mas Semdeg, rac amerikuli seqtebis
mxridan
misi
misioneruli
daaxloebis
mcdelobebi
ukugdebuli iqna, kurTxevis meTodis safuZvlad aqcia.
amieridan,
mis
mier
herrnhutuli
askezis
miznad
bavSvurobisa da qeddaxrili TviTmoTokvis saTnoebaTa
miRweva aRmoCndeba wina planze dayenebuli, saZmos savsebiT
puritanuli askezis analogiuri tendenciebis mkveTrad
sapirispirod.
139)oRond masac aqvs sakuTari sazRvrebi. ukve Tundac amis
gamo iqneboda mcdari, ganviTarebis "socialur-fsiqologiur"
safexurze mogveqcia cincendorfis religiuroba, rogorc
amas adgili aqvs lamprextTan. amasTan erTad mis
religiurobaze arafers ar mouxdenia imaze Zlieri
zegavlena, vidre im garemoebas, rom igi iyo grafi _
arsebiTad
feodaluri
instinqtebiT.
"socialfsiqologiurad" swored misi religiurobis grZnobiTi
mxare iqneboda iseve Sesaferisi raindobis sentimentaluri
dekadansis droisa, rogorc "mgrZnobiarobis" epoqisa. Tu
maincdamainc
"social-fsiqologiurad"
unda
moxdes
dasavleTevropul racionalizmTan dapirispirebulobaSi misi
gaazreba, maSin es umal aRmosavleT germaniis patriarqalur
kavSirurTierTobaTa simyaris meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli.
140)es dipelTan cincendorfiseuli kontroversidan iseve
gamomdinareobs, rogorc _ misi sikvdilis Semdeg _ mkafiod
vlindeba 1764 wlis sinodis gamonaTqvamebSi herrnhutuli
religiuri
sazogadoebis,
rogorc
sulis
mxsnelis,
institucionaluri xasiaTi. amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.:
riCliseuli kritika (a.a.O. III S. 443 f.).
141)Sdr. mag., $ 151, 153, 160. is, rom kurTxeva SesaZloa ar
iyos boZebuli, miuxedavad WeSmariti monaniebisa da codvaTa
mitevebisa, gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTeli xdeba SeniSvnebidan
311 gverdze da luTeriseul xsnis moZRvrebas imdenad
Seesatyviseba, ramdenadac ewinaaRmdegeba kalvinistursa (da
meTodisturs).

222

142)Sdr.
plitTan
(II)
345-e
gverdze
citirebuli
gamonaTqvamebi. aseve: Spangenberg, Idea fidei p. 325.
143)Sdr. mag., plitTan (III) 131-e gverdze citirebuli maTes
saxarebis 20, 28 cincendorfiseuli ganmarteba: "rodesac
vxedav adamians, romelsac ufalma uzado niWi uboZa, mixaria
da siamovnebiT vsargeblob am niWiT. oRond Tuki vamCnev,
rom igi ar kmayofildeba am ZRveniT, aramed misi kidev
ufro daxvewisTvis iRwvis, me amas msgavsi pirovnebis
daqcevis sawyisad miviCnev". _ cincendorfi marTlac
uaryofda _ gansakuTrebiT 1743 wels Tavis saubarSi jon
ueslisTan _ winsvlas ganspetakebaSi, vinaidan igi am
ukanasknels Tavis marTlebasTan aigivebda da mas mxolod
qristes mimarT oden grZnobismierad damyarebul kavSirSi
poulobda. pliti I gv. 413. "iaraRad yofnis" SegrZnebis
adgils ikavebs RvTiuris "floba": mistika da ara askeza (im
gagebiT, rogorc es ganmartebulia momdevno statiebisTvis
gankuTvnil SesavalSi). _ bunebrivia (rogorc es iqve
ganvixileT), puritanisTvisac arsebuli, saaqao habitus aris
is, rasac is sinamdvileSi eswrafvis. oRond es, rogorc
certitudo salutis aRqmuli habitus warmoadgens masTan qmediT
iaraRad yofnis SegrZnebas.
144)rac swored amgvari gadaxvevis gamo ver iqna
Tanamimdevrulad eTikurad dasabuTebuli. cincendorfi
uarhyofs profesiis farglebSi "RvTisadmi msaxurebis",
rogorc
profesiuli
erTgulebisaTvis
ganmsazRvreli
faqtoris, luTeriseul ideas. es masTan umal "macxovris
xelobis erTgulebisaTvis" sazRaurad moiazreba. (Plitt II S.
411).
145)cnobilia misi gamonaTqvami: "gonieri adamiani ar unda
iyos urwmuno da morwmune adamiani ki ugunuri" mis wignSi
"Sokrates, d. i. Aufrichtige Anzeige nicht sowohl unbekannter als
vielmehr in Abfall geratener Hauptwahrheiten" (1725), aseve misi
siyvaruli imgvari avtorebisadmi, rogoric beilia.
146)maTematikuri
dasabuTebis
gziT
racionalizebuli
empirizmisadmi protestantuli askezis mkveTrad gamoxatuli
midrekileba cnobilia da ufro dawvrilebiT misi aq
ganxilva jer ar moxdeba. maTematikurad racionalizebuli
"zusti" kvlevisaken mecnierebaTa Semobrunebis, saamiso
filosofiuri motivebisa da bekonis mosazrebaTa mimarT

223

maTi dapirispirebis Sesaxeb Sdr.: Windelband, Geschichte der

Philosophie, S. 305-307, gansakuTrebiT ki, SeniSvna 305-e
gverdze qvemoT, romelic marTebulad uarhyofs mosazrebas
imis
Sesaxeb,
TiTqos
Tanamedrove
sabunebismetyvelo
mecniereba gaazrebuli unda iqnas, rogorc materialurteqnologiuri interesebis nayofi. maT Soris, cxadia, metad
mniSvnelovani urTierTmimarTebebi arsebobs, magram isini
gacilebiT ufro rTulia. ix. agreTve: Windelband, Neuere
Philosophie, I S. 40 f. _ protestantuli askezis
poziciisaTvis gadamwyveti Tvalsazrisi, romelic yvelaze
naTlad SpenerTan (Spener, Theologische Bedenken I S. 232, III S.
260) ikveTeba, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: rogorc qristiani
Seicnoba misi rwmenis nayofTa mixedviT, ise RvTisa da mis
ganzraxvaTa Semecnebaa mxolod uflis saqmeTa Semecnebis
gziT SesaZlebeli. amis Sesabamisad, dargi, romelsac
upiratesobas aniWebda yovelgvari puritanuli, baptisturi
da pietisturi qristianoba, gaxldaT fizika da masTan
erTad msgavs meTodebze damyarebuli sxva maTematikursabunebismetyvelo dargebi. maT swamdaT, rom bunebaSi
RvTiur kanonTa empiriuli gaazrebiT, isini samyaros
"sazrisis"
codnamde
amaRldebodnen,
rac
cnebiTi
spekulaciebis gziT RvTiuri gamocxadebis fragmentuli
xasiaTis gamo _ es kalvinisturi mosazrebaa _ verasodes
ver
iqneboda
Secnobili.
XVII
saukunis
empirizmi
askezisaTvis warmoadgenda saSualebas, eZiaT "RmerTi
bunebaSi". savaraudod, empirizmi aaxloebda RmerTTan,
filosofiuri spekulacia ki RmerTisgan aSorebda. Speneris
Tanaxmad, upiratesad aristoteleseulma filosofiam miayena
qristianobas ZiriTadi ziani. mas sjobia nebismieri sxva
filosofia, gansakuTrebiT ki "platoniseuli" (ix.: Cons.
Theol. III, 6, 1, Dist. 2, Nr. 13). Sdr. agreTve Semdegi
niSandoblivi monakveTi: "Unde pro Cartesio quid dicam non
habeo, semper tamen optavi et opto, ut Deus viros excitet, qui veram
philosophiam vel tandem oculis sisterent, in qua nullius hominis
attenderetur auctoritas, sed sana tantum magistri nescia ratio"
(Spener, Cons. Theol. II, 5 Nr.2) - "rasac me vityvi, es ar
Seexeba dekartes (Speners igi ar waukiTxavs), magram me
yovelTvis mimaCnda da mimaCnia, rom RmerTi adamianebs

224

iqeTken ubiZgebs, raTa sakuTari TvalebiT Seimecnon utyuari

filosofiuri WeSmariteba, ise, rom raRac avtoritetebiT
ki ar xelmZRvanelobdnen, aramed mxolod da mxolod saRi
gonebiT, maswavlebelTa codnaze dayrdnobis gareSe". _ Tu
ra mniSvneloba hqonda asketuri protestantizmis am
mosazrebebs aRzrdis, kerZod ki, realuri swavlebis
ganviTarebisaTvis,
kargadaa
cnobili.
maT,
"Sinagani
rwmenisadmi" ("fides implicita") damokidebulebasTan kavSirSi,
Seqmnes protestantizmis pedagogiuri programa.
147)"es im yaidis xalxia, vinc TavianT bednierebas
daaxloebiT oTx rameSi xedavs: 1. gaxdnen ... .dakninebuli,
damcirebuli, abuCad agdebuli ... 2. ugulebelhyon yvela
grZnoba, rac RvTis samsaxurisTvis ar esaWiroebaT ... 3. an
araferi iqonion anda kvlav gascen yvelaferi, rasac ki
miiReben
...
4.
mojamagireebiviT
imuSaon,
ara
anazRaurebisTvis, aramed mowodebisa da RvTis saqmisaTvis
da moyvasisaTvis ... " (Rel. Reden II, S. 180, Plitt I S. 445).
yvelas rodi ZaluZs gaxdnen "mowafeebi", aramed mxolod
maT, visac ufali mouxmobs, magram Tavad cincendorfis
aRiarebiT (Plitt I S. 449), mainc rCeba sirTuleebi, vinaidan
samTo qadageba formalurad yvelasadmia mimarTuli. TvalSi
sacemia adreul baptistur idealebTan am "siyvarulis
Tavisufali akosmizmis" naTesaoba.
148)vinaidan
RvTismosaobis
grZnobadi
gaSinaganeba
aramcdaaramc ar iyo epigonTa epoqis luTeranobisaTvisac
ase
martivad
ucxo.
aq
konstitutiur
gansxvavebas
warmoadgenda
umal
asketoba
anu
cxovrebis
wesis
reglamentireba,
romelsac
luTeranebis
TvalSi
"sinergizmis" gemo dahkravs.
149)"gulis SemZvreli SiSi" madlmosilebis ufro utyuari
niSania, vidre "darwmunebuloba", miiCnevs Speneri (ix.:
Spener, Theologische Bedenken I S. 324). bunebrivia, puritan
avtorebTanac vawydebiT "yalbi darwmunebulobis" Sesaxeb
dabejiTebiT
gafrTxilebebs,
magram
sxva
Tu
ara,
predestinaciis moZRvreba mainc, ramdenadac misi gavlena
sulis xsnas gansazRvravda, mudam sapirispiro mimarTulebiT
moqmedebda.
150)vinaidan aRsarebis SenarCunebis fsiqologiur efeqts
yvelgan
sakuTari
saqcielisTvis
subieqtis
piradi

225

pasuxismgeblobisagan (amitomac iswrafvodnen misken) da amiT

asketuri wesebis rigoristuli moTxovnebisgan Tavis
daRweva warmoadgenda.
151)Tu raoden intensiurad iyo amaSi _ pietisturi
RvTismosaobis tipis Camoyalibebis drosac _ wminda
politikuri momentebi CarTuli, amaze jer kidev riCli
miuTiTebda Tavis viurtemberguli pietizmis gamokvlevaSi
(xSirad citirebuli naSromis III tomi).
152)ix.
142-e
SeniSvnaSi
citirebuli
cincendorfis
gamonaTqvami.
153)TavisTavad cxadia, rom "patriarqaluria" kalvinizmic,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi pirvandeli saxiT. magaliTad,
baqsteris moRvaweobis warmatebis kavSiri kiderminsterSi
mrewvelobis Sinaurul-industriul xasiaTTan TvalnaTliv
Cans misi avtobiografiidan. ix. mis wignSi "Works of the Pur.
Divines p. XXXVIII" citirebuli adgili: "The town liveth upon
the weaving of Kidderminster stuffs, and as they stand in their loom,
they can set a book before them, or edify each other ..." (qalaqi
kiderminsterSi mopovebuli nedleulis darTviT cxovrobs;
safeiqro dazgasTan dgomisas, mcxovreblebs SeuZliaT win
wigni daidon an erTmaneTs aswavlon). amavdroulad
patriarqalizmi
reformatoruli
da,
miT
umetes,
baptisturi eTikis wiaRSi sxvagvar yaidaze Camoyalibda,
vidre pietizmis wiaRSi. oRond am problemis ganxilva sxva
konteqstSia SesaZlebeli.
154)"Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und Vershnung", 3. Aufl., I S.
598. _ rodesac fridrix vilhelm I pietizms sazogadod
rentieebisTvis xelsayrel saqmed moixseniebda, es, cxadia,
umal am mefis Taviseburebas ufro axasiaTebda, vidre
Spenerisa da frankes pietizms, da mefemac xom mSvenivrad
uwyoda, Tu ratom uxsnida am aRmsareblobas Tavisi
rjulSemwynareblobiTi ediqtiT sakuTari saxelmwifoebis
kars.
155)meTodizmis SeswavlisaTvis damakvalianebel Sesavlad
gansakuTrebiT
gamosadegia
lufis
mSvenieri
statia
"meTodizmi" gamocemaSi: Real-Encykl. f. Prot. Theol. u. Kirche , 3.
Aufl. aseve ivargebs iakobis (kerZod: "Handbuch des
Methodismus"), koldes, iungstis, souTis naSromebi. ueslis
Sesaxeb ix.: Tyerman. Life and times of John Wesley. London,

226

1870. popularobiT sargeblobs uotsonis wigni (Watson,

Life of Wesley, arsebobs misi Targmanic). meTodizmis
istoriasTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT saukeTeso biblioTekas
flobs
Northwestern
University
evanstonSi,
Cikagos
maxloblad.
klasikuri
puritanizmidan
medodizmze
gardamaval erTgvar rgols warmoadgens religiuri poeti
isaak uotsi, oliver kromvelis, Semdeg riCard kromvelis
kapelanis (hous) megobari, romlsac savaraudod rCevas
ekiTxeboda uaitfeldi (cf. Skeats p. 254).
156)es naTesaoba _ Tuki mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT piradad
uesliseul gavlenas _ istoriulad ganpirobebulia, erTi
mxriv, predestinaciis dogmis kvdomiT, meore mxriv ki,
meTodizmis damaarseblebTan "sola fide"-s Zalumi gamoRviZebiT,
pirvel yovlisa ki, motivirebulia misi specifikurad
misioneruli xasiaTiT, romelmac "gamoRviZebis" qadagebis
garkveuli Suasaukuneobrivi meTodebis (gardaqmnili saxiT)
aRdgena gamoiwvia da igi pietistur formebTan Seajvara.
"subieqtivizmis" mimarTulebiT saerTo ganviTarebis xazs es
movlena, romelic am TvalsazrisiT ara mxolod pietizms,
aramed Sua saukuneebis bernrardiniseul RvTismosaobasac
CamorCeba, namdvilad ar ganekuTvneba.
157)drodadro ase axasiaTebda meTodisturi sarwmunoebis
efeqts Tavad uesli. saxezea naTesaoba cincendorfiseul
"netarebasTan".
158)ix. igive mag. uotsoniseul ueslis cxovrebaSi (germ.
gamocema) gv. 331.
159)ix.: J. Schneckenburger, Vorlesungen ber die Lehrbegriffe der
kleinen protestantischen Kirchenparteien. Herausgeg. von
Hundeshagen. Frankfurt 1863, S. 147.
160)uaitfildi, predestinatTa jgufis beladi, romelic
misi
gardacvalebis
Semdeg
araorganizebulobis
gamo
daiSala, uaryofda uesliseul "srulyofilebis" moZRvrebas.
marTlac, is xom kalvinistTa Rirsad TviTgamovlenis ideis
mxolod surogats warmoadgens.
161)ix.: Schneckenburger a. a. O. S. 145. cota sxvagvaradaa
loofsTan. orive daskvna tipiuria yvela msgavsi saxis
religiurobisaTvis.
162)asea 1770 wlis konferenciaze. ukve 1744 wlis
konferenciam aRiara, rom bibliis sityvebi "misxal-misxal"

227

exeba, erTi mxriv, kalvinizms, meore mxriv ki, antinomizms.

am
sityvebis
Znelad
gaazrebadobis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
doqtrinaluri gansxvavebebis gamo erTmaneTisgan gayra ar
aris marTebuli, vinem bibliis, rogorc praqtikuli normis,
Rirebuleba SenarCunebuli darCeba.
163)herrnhutelebisagan
meTodistebs
aSorebda
maTi
moZRvreba ucodveli srulyofilebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb,
romelsac kerZod cincendorfic uarhyofda, maSin, rodesac
meores
mxriv
uesli
herrnhuteruli
religiurobis
grZnobismierobas "mistikad" aRiqvamda da "kanonis" Sesaxeb
luTeriseul Sexedulebebs "mkrexelobad" moixseniebda. aq
Tavs iCens is gammijnavi xazi, romelic uciloblad
arsebobda
nebismieri
formis
racionalur
religiur
cxovrebis wessa da luTeranobas Soris.
164)garkveul SemTxvevebSi jon uesli aRniSnavs, rom
yvelgan: kvekerebTan, presbiterielebTan Tu anglikanelebTan,
savaldebuloa dogmebis rwmena, gamonakliss mxolod
meTodistebi warmoadgenen. _ zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT
Sdr. agreTve erTgvarad Semajamebeli ganxilva skitsTan:
Skeats, History of the free churches of England 1688-1851.
165)Sdr. mag.: Dexter, Congregationalism, p.455 f.
166)bunebrivia, mas xelis SeSla SeuZlia, rogorc es dRes
amerikel zangebTan xdeba. _ sxvaTa Soris meTodisturi
emociebis xSirad gamokveTilad paTologiuri xasiaTi
pietizmis SedarebiT lmobieri mgrZnobiarobis sapirispirod
_ wminda istoriuli mizezebisa da ritualis sajaroobis
garda _ albaT kidev ufro mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
cxovrebis moWarbebulad asketur gamsWvalvasTan meTodizmis
gavrcelebis regionebSi. oRond amis gadaWra mxolod
nevrologebis saqmea.
167)loofsi (iqve, gv. 750) dabejiTebiT aRniSnavs, rom
meTodizmi
sxva
asketuri
mimdinareobebisagan
imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom igi inglisuri ganmanaTleblobis epoqis
Semdeg warmoiSva da adarebs mas CvenTan am saukunis pirvel
mesamedSi pietizmis (cxadia, bevrad ufro sust) renesansTan.
_ rac ar unda iyos, riClze dayrdnobiT (Ritschl, Lehre von
der Rechtfertigung und Vershnung, Bd. I S.568 f), mainc
dasaSvebia paralelis gavleba pietizmis cincendorfiseul
saxesxvaobasTan, romelic _ Spenerisa da frankeseuli

228

pietizmis sapirispirod _ ukve aseve reaqcias warmoadgenda

ganmanaTleblobaze.
oRond,
rogorc
ukve
davinaxeT,
meTodizmSi swored es reaqcia iRebs sruliad sxva
mimarTulebas, vidre herrnhutelobaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
imdenad, ramdenadac masze cincendorfiseuli gavlena
vrceldeboda.
168)romelic man, rogorc amas jon uesliseuli nawyvetic
(qvemoT, gv. 196) adasturebs, zustad imgvaradve da zustad
imave
SedegebiT
ganaviTara,
rogorc
sxva
asketuri
denominaciebi.
169)da, rogorc gamoCnda, puritanizmis Tanamimdevruli
asketuri eTikis SesustebiT, maSin, rodesac Tuki, am
religiur koncefciebs Cveuli wesisamebr ganvixilavdiT,
rogorc kapitalisturi ganviTarebis mxolod "maCveneblebsa"
da "anareklebs", xom swored sruliad sapirispiro ram unda
momxdariyo.
170)baptistTagan mxolod egreT wodebuli " General Baptists"
(sazogado
baptistebi)
ukavSirdebian
TavianTi
warmomavlobiT Zvel anabaptistebs. "Partikular Baptists" (kerZo
baptistebi), rogorc ukve adrec iTqva, kalvinistebi iyvnen,
romlebic eklesiisadmi kuTvnilebas principulad mxolod
aRorZinebulTaTvis an, sul cota, piradad aRmsarebelTaTvis
Semofarglavdnen, amdenad principul voluntaristebad da
nebismieri saxelmwifoebrivi eklesiis mowinaaRmdegeebad
rCebodnen, cxadia, praqtikaSi kromvelis mmarTvelobisas
yovelTvis Tanamimdevrulni ar iyvnen. isini iseve, rogorc
"General Baptists", rac ar unda mniSvnelovanni iyvnen
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc baptisturi tradiciis
warmomadgenelni,
CvenTvis
gansakuTrebuli
dogmaturi
analizisTvis aranair sababs ar warmoadgenen. eWvgareSea, rom
kvekerebi, formalurad jorj foqsisa da mis TanamoazreTa
mier Seqmnili axali seqta Tavisi Zireuli ideebiT mxolod
anabaptistTa
tradiciis
gamgrZelebelni
iyvnen.
maT
istoriaSi saukeTeso Sesavals, amavdroulad baptistebTan
da menonitebTan maTi urTierTobis gaTvalsaCinoebiT,
gvTavazobs berkli (Barclay, The inner life of the religious
societies of the Commonwealth, 1876). baptistebis istoriasTan
dakavSirebiT Sdr. agreTve: H.M. Dexter, The true story of John
Smyth, the Se-Baptist, as told by himself and his contemporaries,

229

Boston 1881; (aseve J. C. Lang in Bapt. Quart. R. 1883, p. 1 f.). J.

Murch, A hist. of the Presb. and Gen. Bapt. Ch. in the W. of Engl.,
London 1835. A.H. Newman, Hist. of the Bapt. Ch. in the U. S.,
New York 1894 (Am. Church Hist. Ser. Vol. 2); Vedder, A short
hist. of the Baptists, London 1897; E. B. Bax, Rise and fall of the
Anabaptists, New York 1902; G. Lorrimer, Baptists in history, 1902;
J. A. Seiss, Baptist system examined Luth. Publ. S. 1902; Semdgomi
masalebi ix. gamocemebSi: Baptist Handbook, London 1896 ff.;
Baptist Manuals, Paris 1891/3; Baptist. Quart. Review; Bibliotheca
sacra (Oberlin 1900). saukeTeso baptisturi biblioTeka
savaraudod daculi unda iyos Colgate College-Si niu-iorkis
maxloblad. kvekerobis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT saukeTeso
koleqciad iTvleba fondi Devonshire House londonSi (me
ar misargeblia). orTodoqsiis Tanamedrove oficialuri
organoa prof. Jonsis mier gamocemuli "American Friend",
kvekerobis saukeTeso istoria ekuTvnis rauntris. garda
amisa: Rufus B. Jones, George Fox, an autobiography, Phil. 1903;
Alton C. Thomas, A Hist. of the S. of Friends in America, Phil.
1895; Eduard Grubb, Social Aspects of Quaker Faith, London 1899.
aseve didi da metad sayuradRebo biografiuli literatura.
_
171)karl miuleris eklesiis istoriis mraval RirsebaTagan
erT-erTs warmoadgens is, rom
TavisTavad SesaniSnav,
TumcaRa garegnulad naklebSesamCnev anabaptistur moZraobas
damsaxurebuli adgili daeTmo mis gamokvlevaSi. am
mimdinareobam, ise, rogorc arc erTma sxvam, ganicada
umowyalo devna yvela eklesiis mxridan, _ vinaidan mas
surda yofiliyo swored seqta sityvis specifikuri
mniSvnelobiT.
igi
miunsterSi
misgan
warmomdgari
esqatologiuri mimdinareobis katastrofis gamo xuTi
Taobis Semdegac ki diskreditirebuli iyo mTel msoflioSi
(mag. inglisSi). da man, araerTgzis gaTelilma da kuTxeSi
mimwyvdeulma, Tavisi warmoSobidan mxolod didi xnis
Semdeg
miaRwia
sakuTari
religiur-ideuri
Sinaarsis
mwyobrad
Camoyalibebas.
amdenad,
man
imaze
naklebi
"Teologia" Seqmna, vidre es SeiZleboda Tavsebadi yofiliyo
RvTis rwmenis, rogorc "mecnierebis", mimarT profesiuli
midgomisadmi mis arsebiTad mtruli damokidebulebis

230

principebTan. es naklebi simpaTiiT ganawyobda adreul _

ukve misive epoqis _ dargobriv Teologias da aseve
naklebad iwvevda mis pativiscemas. magram arc bevr, ufro
axali drois TeologTan ar aris didad gansxvavebulad
saqme. magaliTad, riCli (ix.: Ritschl, Pietismus I S. 22 f.,)
"anabaptistebs" naklebad obieqturad, umal agdebiTac ki
ekideba: Znelia gauZlo cTunebas, rom mis Teologiur
"burJuas
poziciaze"
ar
alaparakde.
arada,
ukve
aTwleulebis win Seiqmna korneliusis mSvenieri naSromi
(ix.: Cornelius, Geschichte des Mnsterschen Aufruhrs). riClma,
misi Tvalsazrisis safuZvelze, aqac yvelgan "kaTolicimSi"
gadavardna warmosaxa da spiritualTa da franciskanelTa
ordenebis pirdapiri zegavlena iazra. amgvari gavlenis
calkeuli SemTxvevebis dadgena SesaZlebelic rom iyos, es
SemakavSirebeli Zafebi mainc metismetad susti iqneboda.
pirvel yovlisa ki, istoriuli saqmis viTareba mainc isaa,
rom oficialuri kaTolikuri eklesia eriskacTa saero
askezas, yvelgan, sadac ki is religiur sakrebuloTa Seqmnas
axerxebda, ukiduresi undoblobiT ekideboda da mis ordenTa
Camoyalibebis gzaze dayenebas _ anu saero cxovrebidan
gamoyvanas _ cdilobda, anda gulmodgined eswrafvoda misi,
rogorc
meorexarisxovani
askezis
srulyofili
ordenebisaTvis daqvemdebarebas da maTi kontrolis qveS
moqcevas. sadac es ver xerxdeboda, igi alRoTi iseve
grZnobda imis safrTxes, rom subieqtivistur asketur
zneobriobas avtoritetis uaryofamde da eresamde mihyavda
saqme, rogorc amas _ imave safuZvlze _ iazrebda
elisabediseuli eklesia "prophesyings" (winaswarmetyvelur),
naxevradpietistur bibliur TemebTan dakavSirebiT im
SemTxvevebSic ki, roca isini "konformizmTan" mimarTebaSi
sruliad koreqtulni iyvnen anda rogorc es stuartebma
aRweres TavianT wignSi "Book of sports", romlis Sesaxebac
mogvianebiT
visaubrebT.
mravalricxovan
eretikul
mimdinareobaTa istoria, aseve magaliTad, humiliatTa da
beginTa, agreTve wminda franciskis bedi amis dadasturebas
warmoadgens. mokalmase berTa,
metadre franciskanelTa,
qadagebam didwilad Seuwyo xeli reformirebul-baptisturi
protestantizmis saero asketuri zneobriobisTvis niadagis
Semzadebas. oRond dasavleTis bermonaznobis askezasa da

231

protestantizmis asketuri cxovrebis wess Soris naTesaobis

mravalricxovani niSnebis _ romlebic Cveni Txrobis
manZilze araerTgzis iqneba moxseniebuli, rogorc uaRresad
yuradsaRebi, _ saboloo safuZveli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
nebismier, bibliuri qristianobis niadagze mdgom askezas
bunebrivia,
aucileblad
unda
hqondes
garkveuli
mniSvnelovani saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi, _ da agreTve imaSi,
rom sazogadod ragindara aRmsareblobis nebismier askezas
xorcis "mokvdinebis" garkveuli nacadi xerxebi esaWiroeba.
_ winamdebare narkvevTan dakavSirebiT isic gvinda SevniSnoT,
rom misi simcire im garemoebas unda mieweros, rom am
naSromSi specialurad ganxiluli problemisaTvis anu
mowodebis "burJuaziuli" ideis religiuri safuZvlebis
ganviTarebisaTvis anabaptistur eTikas mxolod metad
SezRuduli mniSvneloba aqvs. misTvis amas araferi
gansakuTrebiT axali ar Seumatebia. am mimdinareobis
gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovan socialur mxares aq
jerjerobiT ar vexebiT. problemis dasmis mimarTulebis
gamo
adreuli
anabaptisturi
moZraobis
istoriuli
Sinaarsidan mxolod is hpovebs asaxvas, ramac SemdgomSi
zegavlena iqonia Cveni yuradRebis centrSi mdgomi seqtebis:
baptistebis,
kvekerebisa
da
(naklebad)
menonitebis,
Taviseburebaze.
172)ix. zeviT, SeniSv. 93
173)am terminologiis warmoSobasa da formacvlasTan
dakavSirebiT ix.: A. Ritschl. Gesammelte Aufstze, S. 69 f.
174)cxadia anabaptistebi mudam uarhyofdnen "seqtis"
saxelwodebas. isini warmoadgenen eklesias efeselTa mimarT
werilis (5, 27) gagebiT. magram isini Cveni terminologiiT
arian "seqta"
ara mxolod imitom, rom maT aranairi
kavSiri ar aqvT saxelmwifosTan. qristianobis adreul
epoqaSi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba,
cxadia, jer kidev kvekerebTan (berkli) maT ideals
warmoadgenda, vinaidan maTTvis, iseve, rogorc zogierTi
pietistisTvis (tersteegeni), mxolod jvris qveS moqceuli
eklesiis siwminde ar iwvevda eWvs. magram urwmuno
saxelmwifos Zalauflebis qveS an Tundac jvris qveS,
kalvinistebic iZulebulni iyvnen, faute de mieux (ukeTesis
ar qonis gamo) _ iseve, rogorc msgavs SemTxvevaSi TviT

232

kaTolikuri eklesiac ki _ mxari daeWiraT saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis gamijvnisaTvis. da arc imitom arian isini "seqta",
rom eklesiis wevrad gaxdoma de facto
mrevlsa da
gawevrianebis
msurvels
Soris
wevrad
Caricxvis
xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze
xdeboda;
vinaidan
amas
formalurad adreuli saeklesio mowyobis Sesabamisad,
magaliTad, niderlandul reformirebul TemebSic (rogorc
Tavdapirveli politikuri mdgomareobis Sedegs) hqonda
adgili (amis Sesaxeb ix.: Hoffmann, Kerchenverfassungsrecht
der niederl. Reformierten, Leipzig 1902). _ aramed isini seqtas
warmoadgendnen imitom, rom religiuri erToba saerTod
mxolod voluntaristulad, rogorc seqta, da ara
institucionalurad, rogorc eklesia, SeiZleboda yofiliyo
organizebuli, Tu mas ar undoda, rom Tavis wiaRSi mieRo
auRorZinebelni da amdenad gadaexvia adreqristianuli
misabaZi nimuSisTvis. anabaptistur TemebSi "eklesiis"
cnebaSi iyo Cadebuli is, rac reformirebulebTan faqtobriv
viTarebad
gvevlineba.
is,
rom
sruliad
garkveuli
religiuri motivebi maTac "believers` church" Camoyalibebisken
ubiZgebda, ukve aRniSnuli iqna. "eklesiisa" da "seqtis"
Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. momdevno statiaSi. "seqtis"
aq gamoyenebul cnebas TiTqmis CemTan erTdroulad da
vfiqrob, Cemgan damoukideblad iyenebs katenbuSic ix.:
(Kattenbusch. In: R. E. f. Pr. Th. u. K. statia "seqta"). trolCi
Tavis "qristianuli eklesiebis socialur moZRvrebaSi"
misaRebad miiCnevs am cnebas da ufro dawvrilebiT saubrobs
masze. ix. agreTve qveviT Sesavali "msoflio religiebis
sameurneo eTikis" Sesaxeb statiebisTvisac.
175)Tu raoden mniSvnelovani iyo es simbolo istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT eklesiebis erTobis SenarCunebisTvis, _
radgan man maTTvis araorazrovani da utyuari maxasiaTebeli
niSani Seqmna, _ sruliad naTlad warmoaCina korneliusma.
176)amasTan garkveuli miaxloeba menonitTa rwmenismieri
gamarTlebis moZRvrebaSi aq Cveni yuradRebis miRma SeiZleba
darCes.
177)albaT am ideas efuZneba religiuri interesi imgvari
sakiTxebis garkvevisas, rogoricaa qristes inkarnacia da
qalwuli mariamisadmi misi damokidebuleba, rac xSirad,
rogorc erTaderTi wminda dogmaturi elementi, ase

233

uCveulodaa gamokveTili jer kidev baptistebis (mag.

korneliusTan,
misi naSromis "aRsarebani" meore wignis
danarTSi) uZveles dokumentebSi (amis Sesaxeb ix.: K. Mller,
K. G. II, 1, S. 330). gansxvavebas reformatTa da luTeranTa
qristologiaSi (e.w. communicatio idiomatum _RvTaebrivi da
adamianuri
Tvisebebis
urTierTmimarTebis
moZRvrebaSi)
analogiuri interesebi edo safuZvlad.
178)igi, kerZod, eklesiisgan gankveTilebTan samoqalaqo
urTierTobebze mtkice uaris TqmaSic ki iyo Tavdapirvelad
gamoxatuli,
_
es
iyo
punqti,
romelSic
TviT
kalvinistebic ki seriozul daTmobebze wavidnen, idgnen ra
im Tvalsazrisze, rom samoqalaqo urTierTobebs sasuliero
cenzura principulad ar unda Sexeboda.
179)cnobilia, Tu rogor gamoixata es principi kvekerTa,
erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo garegnul qmedebebSi (uaris Tqma
qudis moxdaze, daCoqebaze, mowiwebiT misalmebaze da agreTve
mravlobiTSi zrdilobian mimarTvaze). magram es Zireuli
idea
TavisTavad
yoveli
askezisTvis
met-naklebad
niSandoblivia, romelic amis gamo Tavisi pirveladi arsiT
mudam "mtrulia avtoritetebis mimarT". kalvinizmma igi
gamoxata debulebaSi, rom eklesiaSi mxolod qristes unda
ebatona. rac Seexeba pietizms, gavixsenoT Speneris
Tavdauzogavi garja, bibliis safuZvelze gaemarTlebina
titulaturis arseboba. _ kaTolikurma askezam, ramdenadac
gasaTvaliswinebeli
iyo
saeklesio
xelisufleba,
am
tendencias morCilebis aRTqma daupirispira, radgan Tavad
morCileba asketurad moiazra. protestantul askezaSi am
principis "gadatrialeba" iqca puritanuli warsulis mqone
xalxebis dRevandeli demokratiis Taviseburebisa da
"laTinuri suliskveTebiT" gamsWvaluli erebisagan maTi
gansxvavebis istoriul safuZvlad. isaa agreTve amerikelTa
im "upativcemulobis" istoriuli safuZveli, rac imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogor aRiqmeba igi, zogs amazrzenad, zogs ki
mimzidvelad eCveneba.
180)cxadia, es baptistebisTvis imTaviTve am saxiT arsebiTad
mxolod axal da ara Zvel aRTqmaze vrceldeboda.
gansakuTrebiT mTis qadagebam hpova yvela denominaciaSi,
rogorc socialisturma programam, gamorCeuli dafaseba.

234

181)jer
kidev
Svenkfeldi
miiCnevda
saeklesio
saidumloebaTa
wesebis
aRsrulebas
adiaforonad
(umniSvnelo, zedmet saqmed _ mTargmn.), maSin, rodesac
"General Baptists" da mennonitebi naTlobas da ziarebas,
mennonitebi amasTan erTad fexis ganbanvis wessac mtkiced
icavdnen. metad aSkara iyo ziarebis gamoklebiT,
yvela
saklesio saidumlos ugulvebelyofa, SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi
saeWvod miCnevac ki, rogorc amas predestinacianelebis
SemTxvevaSi hqonda adgili. ix. momdevno statia.
182)amasTan
dakavSirebiT,
baptisturi
denominaciebi,
gansakuTrebiT ki kvekerebi (Barclay, Apology for the true
Christian Divinity, 4. Aufl. London 1701 _ CemTvis xelmisawvdomi
ed. bernStainis gulisxmierebis wyalobiT), kalvinis im
gamonaTqvams (ix.: Inst. Christ. Theol. III, 2) imowmeben, sadac
marTlac sruliad udao miaxlovebas vpoulobT baptistur
moZRvrebasTan. aseve ufro adrindeli "RvTis sityvis"
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis garCeva, rogorc imisa, rac
uflis
mier
patriarqTa,
winaswarmetyvelTa
da
mociqulTaTvis iqna gamocxadebuli da "wminda werilis"
sityvas Soris, rogorc imisa, rac maT mier iqna Cawerili,
istoriuli kavSiris ararsebobis miuxedavad, Sinaganad mainc
exmianeboda baptistTa mosazrebas gamocxadebis arsis
Sesaxeb. zeSTagonebis meqanikuri moZRvreba da amis
monaTesave kalvinistebiseuli mkacri bibliokratia iseve
warmoadgenda XVI saukunis manZilze dawyebuli ganviTarebis
procesis
nayofs,
rogorc
baptistur
safuZvelze
aRmocenebuli kvekerTa "Sinagani Suqis" moZRvreba gaxda
sruliad
sapirispiro
mimarTulebiT
warmarTuli
ganviTarebis rezultati. mkveTri gamijvna aq, nawilobriv,
ganuwyveteli kamaTis Sedegi iyo.
183)es mkveTrad iqna xazgasmuli socinianelTa garkveuli
tendenciebis sawinaaRmdegod. "bunebrivma" gonebam RvTis
Sesaxeb sruliad araferi icis (Barclay a.a.O. p. 102). amiT
kvlav
Seicvala
is
adgili,
romelic
Cveulebriv
protestantizmSi
"lex
naturae"-sTvisaa
gankuTvnili.
principulad ukve SeuZlebeli xdeboda "general rules"
(sazogado wesebis) da moraluri kodeqsis arseboba, vinaidan
"mowodeba", romelic yvelas aqvs da nebismierisTvis
individualuria, RvTis mier sindisis meSveobiT iyo

235

gacxadebuli.
ara
"sikeTe"
_
"bunebrivi"
gonebis
ganmazogadebeli gagebiT _, aramed RvTis neba unda
aRvasruloT, rogorc es axali kavSiriT Cvens gulebSia
Cawerili da sindisSia gamoxatuli (Barclay p. 73 f., 76). es
_ RvTaebrivisa da qmnilebis urTierTdapirispirebidan
gamomdinare _ zneobriobis iracionaloba poulobs Tavis
gamoxatulebas kvekerTa eTikis fuZemdeblur debulebebSi:
"is, rasac adamiani Tavisi rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod akeTebs, es
rwmena mcdaric rom iyos, arasodes sasurveli ar iqneba
uflisTvis ... es qmedebebi sxva adamianebis mimarT Tundac
rom loialuri iyos" (what a man does contrary to his faith,
though his faith may be wrong, is no ways acceptable to God ...
though the thing might have been lawful to another ) (Barclay p.
487). misi praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba, bunebrivia, SeuZlebeli
iyo. mudmivmoqmedi, yvela qristianis mier aRiarebuli
moralis kanonebi ("moral and perpetual statutes acknowledged by
all Christians"), magaliTad, berklis Tanaxmad, tolerantobis
zRvarsac ki warmoadgenen. praqtikulad Tanamedroveni
kvekerTa eTikas, garkveuli gamonaklisebiT, reformirebuli
pietistebis eTikis monaTesaved aRiqvamdnen. "yvelaferi kargi
eklesiaSi kvekerobadaa miCneuli", araerTgzis aRniSnavs
Speneri. amdenad, mas lamis SeSurdes kvekerebis maT Sesaxeb
amgvari sazogado Sexedulebis gamo. (Cas. Theol. III, 6, 1, Dist.
2 N. 64 ). _ ukve Tundac sabrZolo ficze uaris Tqma
bibliis erTi citatis gamo naTlad miuTiTebs imaze, Tu
raoden umniSvnelod waiwia win wminda werilis sityvisagan
WeSmaritma gaTavisuflebam. zogierTi kvekeris mier mTeli
qristianuli
eTikis
gansaxierebad
miCneuli
frazis:
"moeqeciT sxvebs mxolod ise, rogorc gsurT, rom Tqvenc
iseve mogeqcnen", socialeTikuri mniSvneloba Cven aq ar
gvainteresebs.
184)am SesaZleblobis aRiarebis aucileblobas berkli imiT
asabuTebs, rom mis gareSe "ar iqneboda adgili, sadac
wmindanebi
Tavisufalni
iqnebodnen
eWvisa
da
sasowarkveTisagan, rac udidesi absurdia" (there should never
be a place known by the Saints wherein they might be free of
doubting and despair, which ... is most absurd). rogorc vxedavT,

236

certitudo salutis amasTanaa dakavSirebuli. (ix. Barclay a.a.O. p.

20).
185)maSasadame, cxovrebis kalvinistur da kvekerul yaidaze
racionalizebis gansxvavebuloba tonalobaSia SemorCenili.
oRond, rodesac baqsteri amas imgvarad ayalibebs, TiTqos
kvekerebTan "suli" samSvinvelze ise moqmedebdes, rogorc
gvamze, maSin, rodesac (niSandoblivad formulirebuli)
reformirebulTa debulebis Tanaxmad, suli da samSvinveli
urTierTdakavSirebuli principebia, (Christ. Dir. II S. 76), es
miuTiTebs imaze, rom im epoqisTvis xsenebuli dapirispireba
am saxiT ukve ZalaSi aRar iyo.
186)ix. didi rudunebiT Sesrulebuli krameris statiebi
"menno" da "mennonitebi" (R. E. f. Pr. Th. u. K. gansakuTrebiT ki
gv. 604). ramdenadac kargia es dasaxelebuli statiebi,
imdenad
naklebi
siRmiTa
da,
nawilobriv,
pirdapir
uzustobiT
gamoirCeva
iqve
gamoqveynebuli
statia
"baptistebi". misi avtori, magaliTad, ar icnobs baptizmis
istoriisaTvis aucilebel publikaciebs: "Publications of the
Hansered Knollys Society".
187)amrigad, berkli (iqve, gv. 404) miiCnevs, rom Wama, sma da
qonebis dagroveba bunebriv (natural) da ara sulier aqtebs
(spiritual acts)
warmoadgens,
romlebic
RvTis
mier
gansakuTrebuli moxmobis gareSec SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.
_ es msjeloba pasuxia im (niSandobliv) Sedavebaze, rom
Tuki ar SeiZleba "sulis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobis"
(motion of the spirit) gareSe locva, rogorc amas kvekerebi
gvaswavlian, maSin RvTis amgvari gansakuTrebuli biZgis
gareSe xvnac ar unda iyos nebadarTuli. _ is, rom kvekerTa
sinodis Tanamedrove dadgenilebebSic ki vawydebiT rCevas,
sakmarisi qonebis dagrovebis Semdeg saqmiani cxovrebisagan
Camocilebis Sesaxeb, raTa amqveyniuri oromtrialisagan
gandgomiT mopovebul simSvideSi mTlianad RvTis saufloSi
dabinaveba gaxdes SesaZlebeli, es uTuod niSandoblivia,
TumcaRa
msgavs
ideebs
drodadro
vxvdebiT
sxva
denominaciebSic,
vTqvaT,
kalvinizmSi.
aqac
Tavis
gamoxatulebas poulobs is garemoeba, rom burJuaziuli
profesiuli eTikis aRiareba mis matarebelTa mier
Tavdapirvelad gandegilebrivi askezis saerod gardaqmnas
warmoadgenda.

237

188)aq kidev erTxel dabejiTebiT unda mivuTiToT e.

bernStainis SesaniSnav naSromze. anabaptisturi moZraobis
kauckiseul ukiduresad sqematur gamokvlevasa da saerTod
mis "eretikuli komunizmis" Teorias (imave naSromis pirvel
tomSi) sxva garemoebasTan dakavSirebiT odesme SevexebiT.
189)vebleni (Cikago) interesis aRmZvrel Tavis wignSi:
"Theory of business enterprise", gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom es
lozungi mxolod "adrekapitalistur" epoqaSi SeiZleboda
gaCeniliyo. oRond ekonomikuri sferos imgvari "zekacni",
romlebic dRevandel "industriis kapitanTa" msgavsad
keTilsa da borots miRma idgnen, yovelTvis arsebobdnen, da
amis qveS moqceul kapitalistur wesze moqmedTa farTo
fenaSi es debuleba dRemde ZalaSia.
190)magaliTad, T. adamsi (Works of the Pur. Div. p. 138)
amtkicebs,
rom:
"samoqalaqo
saqmeebSi
sasurvelia
umravlesobas vemsgavsoT, religiurSi ki saukeTesoebs" (In
civil actions it is good to be as the many, in religious, to be as the
best). _ es cxadia, ufro Rrmaazrovnad JRers, vidre
sinamdvileSia nagulisxmebi. es niSnavs imas, rom puritanuli
wesiereba
formalisturi
legalobaa,
iseve,
rogorc
puritanuli warsulis mqone xalxebis mier sakuTar
erovnul
Rirsebad
miCneuli
"alal-marTloba"
da
"uprightness" (pirdapiroba) Tavisi specifikuri arsiT, raRac
sxvas, formalisturad da refleqturad gadasxvaferebuls
warmoadgenen germanul "patiosnebasTan" SedarebiT. amis
Sesaxeb mSvenieri SeniSvnebi gaakeTa erTma pedagogma
gamocemaSi: Preu. Jahrb. Bd. 112 (1903) S. 226. puritanuli
eTikis formalizmi, Tavis mxriv, kanonze mijaWvulobis
sruliad adekvatur Sedegs warmoadgens.
191)zogi ram amis Sesaxeb ix. momdevno naSromSi.
192)amaSia (asketur)-protestantuli, da ara kaTolikuri
umciresobebis mZafri ekonomikuri zegavlenis mizezi.
193)is, rom dogmaturi fundamentirebis gansxvavebuloba
"Rirsad TviTgamovlenis" arsebiTad mniSvnelovani interesis
CamatebasTan SeTavsebadi iyo, amis saboloo, aq jerjerobiT
ganuxilavi
mizezi, saerTod qristianobis religiuristoriul TaviseburebaSia saZiebeli.
194)"rameTu RmerTma Segvyara erTian xalxad" ("Since God
hath gathered us to be a people") _ ambobs berkli (iqve, gv.

238

357) da me Tavad movismine kvekeris qadageba Haverford

College-Si,
romelic
mTel
aqcents
"saints"=separati
(wmindanTa
anu
amqveyniurobas
garidebulTa)
cnebis
interpretaciaze akeTebda.
195)ix. doudenis mSvenieri daxasiaTeba (iqve). _ baqsteris
Teologiis Sesaxeb mas Semdeg, rac is "ormagi dekretis"
mkacri rwmenidan TandaTanobiT gadaixara, saorientaciod
avad Tu kargad warmodgenas gviqmnis "Works of the Puritan
Divines"_Si gamoqveynebuli misi sxvadasxva nawerebisTvis
darTuli jenkiniseuli winasityvaoba. _ misma mcdelobam
erTmaneTisTvis moergo "universal redemtion"
(sayovelTao
xsna) da "personal election" (piradi rCeuloba), veravin
daakmayofila. CvenTvis arsebiTia is, rom igi maSinac
"personal election"-s anu predestinaciis moZRvrebis eTikuri
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze gadamwyvet punqts uWerda mxars.
meore mxriv, mniSvnelovania mis mier gamarTlebis garegnuli
gagebis
Sesusteba,
rogorc
baptistebTan
erTgvari
daaxloeba.
196)T. adamsis, jon hous, metiu henris, j. jenueis, st.
Cernokis, baqsteris, benianis traqtatebi da qadagebani xSir
SemTxvevaSi sakmaod ganurCevladaa Tavmoyrili "Works of the
Puritan Divines"(London 1845-48) aT tomSi. beilis, sejvikis,
hoornbekis
naSromTa
gamocemebi
ukve
pirveladve
citirebisasaa miTiTebuli.
197)iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleboda foetis an saero askezis
evropuli kontinentis sxva mimdevarTa moxmobac. brentanos
mosazreba,
rom
ganviTarebis
es
procesi
"mxolod
anglosaqsonuri" xasiaTis iyo, sruliad mcdaria. arCevani
efuZneba survils: sityva gveTqmevinebina ara mxolod, magram
SeZlebisdagvarad ZiriTadad mainc XVII saukunis meore
naxevris asketuri moZraobisTvis, uSualod vidre is
utilitarizmSi gadaizrdeboda. asketuri protestantizmis
cxovrebis stilis biografiuli literaturis meSveobiT
gaTvalsaCinoebis _ upriani iqneboda, saxeldobr, kvekeruli,
rogorc CvenSi SedarebiT ucnobi literaturis moxmoba _,
momxiblav amocanaze am narkvevis farglebSi samwuxarod
uari unda Tqmuliyo.
198)vinaidan aseve SeiZleboda gisbert foetis an hugenotTa
sinodis
masalebis
anda
holandiuri
baptisturi

239

literaturis
moSveliebac.
zombartma
da
brentanom
metismetad uiRblo formiT baqsteridan amoglijes swored
Cems mierve mkveTrad xazgasmuli "ebionituri" elementebi,
raTa misi moZRvrebis udaod (kapitalisturi TvalsazrisiT)
"CamorCeniloba" daepirispirebinaT CemTvis. arada saWioa: 1.
mTeli am literaturis marTlac safuZvliani codna,
imisaTvis, rom igi marTebulad iqnes gamoyenebuli, 2.ar unda
gamogveparos, rom swored imis dasabuTebas vlamob, Tu
rogor warmoSva am asketuri religiurobis suliskveTebam,
"antinomisturi"
moZRvrebis
miuxedavad,
ekonomikuri
racionalizmi, zustad iseve, rogorc es samonastro
meurneobebSi xdeboda, vinaidan is umTavress, asketizmiT
ganpirobebul racionalur impulsebs ajildovebda. mxolod
da mxolod amazea aq swored saubari da Cveni gamokvlevis
arsebiTi ideac xom zustad esaa.
199)asevea kalvinTanac, romelic burJuaziuli simdidris
moyvaruli namdvilad ar iyo (ix. misi mkveTri Tavdasxmebi
veneciasa da antverpenze _ Comm. in Jes. Opp. III 140 a, 308 a).
200)ix.: Saint`s everlasting rest, cap. X, XII; Sdr.: Bailey. Praxis
pietatis an Henry M. The worth of the soul (Writings of Pur. div., p.
319): (Those that are eager in pursuit of worldly wealth despise their
soul, not only because the soul is neglected and the body prefered
before it, but because it is employed in these pursuits: Psalm 127, 2)
"isini, vinc xarbad iswrafian amqveyniuri simdidrisaken,
ugulvebelyofen TavianT suls da ara marto imitom, rom
isini suls arad agdeben, xolo sxeuls ki upiratesobas
aniWeben, aramed imitomac, rom TavianT suls am miswrafebaSi
deben". (imave gverdze vpoulobT SeniSvnebs yovelgvari saxis
drois gaflangvis codvianobis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki
recreations (garTobis) mizniT, rac mogvianebiT iqneba
citirebuli.) asevea anglo-holandiuri puritanizmis mTel
religiur literaturaSic. ix. mag., hoornbekis (a.a.O. 1. X c.
18 u. 18) filipikebi avaritia (siZunwis) winaaRmdeg. (am
avtorTan sxvaTa Soris, agreTve sentimentalur-pietisturi
zegavlenebic igrZnoba: ix. RvTisTvis saamuri tranquillitas
animi (sulieri simSvidisTvis) xotbis Sesxma amqveyniuri
"sollicitudo" (vnebaTaRelvis) sapirispirod. "mdidari kaci
iolad ver cxondeba", acxadebs, bibliis erT-erT pasaJze

240

dayrdnobiT,
beilic
(iqve,
gv.
182).
meTodisturi
katexizmoebic Segvagoneben, ar "vagrovoT saunje amqveyniur
cxovrebaSi". pietizmis SemTxvevaSi es TavisTavad cxadia.
arc kvekerebTan iyo saqme sxvagvarad. Sdr.: Barclay a.a.O.
p.517: "... amitomac erideT cTunebas, gasamdidreblad
gamoiyenoT Tqveni mowodeba" (... and therefore beware of such
temptation as to use their callings and engine to be richer).
201)vinaidan ara mxolod simdidre, aramed qonebis
dagrovebisken dauokebeli ltolvac (an is, rac amad
miiCneoda)
analogiurad
mkacrad
iyo
dagmobili.
niderlandebSi,
dasmul
SekiTxvaze
1574
wlis
samxreTholandiuri sinodis mier pasuxad gacxadebuli iqna:
"lombardielebi",
ar
unda
yofiliyvnen
ziarebaze
daSvebulni, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi saqmianoba kanoniT
nebadarTuli iyo; deventeris 1598 wlis provinciulma
sinodma
(stat.
24)
es
"lombardebis" moxeleebzec
gaavrcela, 1606 wlis gorixemis sinodma daakanona mkacri
da damamcirebeli pirobebi "mevaxSeTa" colebis ziarebaze
dasaSvebad da jer kidev 1644 da 1657 wlebSi ganixileboda,
SeiZleboda Tu ara lombardielebis ziarebaze daSveba (es
saxeldobr, brentanos sapasuxod unda iTqvas, romelic
argumentaciisas Tavis kaTolike winaprebs iSveliebs _
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTel evropul-aziatur samyaroSi
saukuneebis manZilze ucxo warmomavlobis vaWrebi da
bankirebi arsebobdnen) da jer kidev gizbert foeti (Disp.
theol. IV Anst. 1667 de usuris S. 665) iTxovda "trapezitTa"
(lombardelebis, piemontelebis) ziarebisagan mokveTas. arc
hugenotTa sinodebSi iyo saqme sxvagvarad. am saxis
kapitalisturi fenebi sruliadac ar warmoadgendnen im
azrovnebisa da cxovrebis wesis tipiur matareblebs, razec
aq aris saubari. antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebTan
mimarTebaSic, isini arafers axals ar warmoadgendnen.
202)dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli "Saint`s everlasting rest" meaTe
TavSi: visac, uflis mier qonebis saxiT boZebul "savaneSi"
usasrulod
mosveneba
surs,
mas
RmerTi
amqveyniur
cxovrebaSic sjis. moxveWil qonebaze gamaZRari mosveneba
TiTqmis yovelTvis daqcevis sawindaria. _ Tuki yvelafers
movipovebdiT, risi mopovebac amqveynad SeiZleboda, nuTu es
iqneboda yvelaferi, risi mopovebis imedic gvqonda?

241

uSfoTveloba amqveyniur cxovrebaSi miuRwevelia, radgan is

swored uflis nebiT ar unda arsebobdes.
203)ix.: "Christ. Dir. I S. 375/6: It is for action that God maintaineth
us and our activities: work is the moral as well as the natural end of
power ... It is action that God is most served and honoured by ... The
public welfare or the good of many is to be valued above our own"
(RmerTi gvexmareba da gvinarCunebs energias, raTa Cveni
saqmianoba ganvaxorcieloT, Sroma _ Zalauflebis zneobrivi
da bunebrivi mizania ... yvelaze metad swored Cveni saqmeebiT
vaamebT da mivagebT pativs RmerTs.... sazogado keTildReoba
an umravlesobis sikeTe Cvens sakuTarze maRla unda
davayenoT). aq iCens Tavs RvTis nebidan ufro gviandeli
Teologiis
wminda
utilitaristul
Tvalsazrisze
gadasvlis Semobrunebis wertili. utilitarizmis religiur
wyaroebTan dakavSirebiT ix. qveviT winamdebare teqstSi da
aseve SeniSv. 146.
204)dumilis mcnebad dadeba _ "yoveli usargeblo
sityvisTvis" sasjelis bibliuri muqaridan gamomdinare _
metadre klunielTa moZraobis Semdeg, TviTkontrolis
gamomuSavebis nacad asketur saSualebad iqca. baqsteric
dawvrilebiT msjelobs usargeblo laparakis codvianobis
Sesaxeb.
amis
qaraqterologiur
mniSvnelobaze
ukve
sanfordmac
gaamaxvila
yuradReba
(iqve,
gv.
90).
TanamedroveTa mier egzom mZafrad aRqmuli puritanTa
"melancholy" da "moroseness" (pirquSoba) swored "status
naturalis" (bunebrivi mdgomareobis) uSualobis darRvevis
Sedegi iyo da amave mizans emsaxureboda uazro laparakis
gakicxvac. _ rodesac vaSington irvingi ("Bracebridge Hall"
cap. XXX) mizezs nawilobriv kapitalizmis "calculating
spirit"
(angariSian
suliskveTebaSi),
nawilobriv
ki
politikuri Tavisuflebis zegavlenaSi eZebs, rasac sakuTar
pasuxismgeblobamde mivyavarT, amaze sapasuxod unda iTqvas,
rom romanul erebTan imave Sedegs ver vxedavT, xolo
inglisis SemTxvevaSi ki saqmis viTareba amgvari iyo: 1.
puritanizmi mis aRmsareblebs sZenda unars, SeeqmnaT
Tavisufali institutebi da amavdroulad sakuTari qveyana
saero saxelmwifod eqciaT da 2. igi im "angariSianobas"
(rogorc zombarti xsenebul "spirit"-s uwodebs), marTlac
kapitalizmis arsebiT Semadgenel nawils rom warmoadgens,

242

meurneobis
marTvis
saSualebidan
mTeli
cxovrebis
warmmarTvel principad aqcevda.
205)A.a. O. I S. 111
206)A. a. O. I S. 383 f.
207)Zvirfasi drois Sesaxeb amgvaradve msjeloba ix.: Barclay
a.a.O. p. 14.
208)Baxter a. a. O. S.79: "Keep up a high esteem of time and be
every day more careful that you lose none of your time, then you are
that you lose none of your gold and silver. And if vain recreation,
dressings, feastings, idle talk, unprofitable company, or sleep, be any
of them temptations to rob you of any your time, accordingly
heighten your watchfulness." (daafase dro da yoveldRiurad
imaze ufro izrune, rom ar dakargo dro, vidre imaze, rom
ar dagekargos oqro-vercxli. da Tuki Sen fuWi garToba,
morTuloba, qeifi, carieli layboba, usargeblo nacnoboba
an Zili gacTunebs da dros gaflangvinebs, maSin sakuTari
Tavis mimarT meti sifxizle gmarTebs). "Those that are
prodigal of their time despise their own souls" (Worth of the soul, W.
of Pur. Div. p. 315) (vinc dros flangavs _ is sulis xsnas
ugulvebelyofs) _ fiqrobs metiu henri. protestantuli
askeza aqac Zveli nacadi gziT midis. Cven miveCvieT, rom
Tanamedrove profesionalis specifikur maxasiaTebel niSnad
miviCnioT is, rom mas "dro ara aqvs" da kapitalisturi
ganviTarebis dones imiTi vsazRvravT, rogorc ukve goeTem
Tqva Tavis "mogzaurobis wlebSi", rom saaTebi yovel
TxuTmet wuTSi erTxel Camohkraven (aseve Tvlis zombartic
Tavis "kapitalizmSi"). _ oRond ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
pirveli adamiani, romelic (Sua saukuneebSi) danawevrebul
droSi cxovrobda, beri iyo da rom eklesiis zarebi pirvel
rigSi
drois
danawevrebis
miseul
moTxovnilebas
emsaxureboda.
209)Sdr. baqsteris msjeloba mowodebis Sesaxeb (Baxter a. a.
O. I p. 108 f.) kerZod Semdegi adgili: "Question: But may I not
cast off the world that I may only think of my salvation? -- Answer:
You may cast off all such excess of worldly cares or business as
unnecessarily hinder you in spiritual things. But you may not cast off
all bodily employment and mental labour in which you may serve the
common good. Every one as a member of Church or Commonwealth

243

must employ their parts to the utmost for the good of the Church and
the Commonwealth. To neglect this and say: I will pray and
meditate, is as if your servant should refuse your greatest work and
tye himself to some lesser easier part. And God hath commandeth
you some way or other to labour for your daily bread and not live as
drones of the sweat of others only." (kiTxva: gana me ufleba ara
maqvs ganverido qveynierebas da mxolod sulis xsnaze
vifiqro? pasuxi: Sen SegiZlia amqveyniur sazrunavsa da
saqmianobaSi ganerido yovelives, rac, rogorc usargeblo,
gabrkolebs sulier sferoSi. oRond Sen mTlianad uari ar
unda Tqva fizikur Sromasa da sulier saqmianobaze,
romelTa meSveobiTac Sen SegiZlia xeli Seuwyo sazogado
sikeTes. yvelam, vinc eklesias an saxelmwifos miekuTvneba,
Tavisi Zalisxmeva eklesiis an saxelmwifos sasikeTod unda
warmarTos. amis ugulvebelyofa da gamocxadeba: me viloceb
da meditacias mivecemi, imis tolfasi iqneboda, Tuki Seni
msaxuri uars getyoda SenTvis yvelaze aucilebel saqmeze
da Seasrulebda sxvas, gacilebiT naklebad mniSvnelovans.
RvTis mier nabrZanebi gaqvs, rom iSromo ama Tu im wesiT,
raTa moipovo puri Seni arsobisa da muqTaxorasaviT ar
icxovro sxvaTa oflis xarjze.) aqvea moxmobili adamisadmi
uflis brZaneba: "ofliTa SeniTa" ... da mociqul pavles
miTiTeba: "vinc ar muSaobs, man arc unda Wamos". kvekerebis
Sesaxeb imTaviTve cnobilia, rom maT yvelaze SeZlebulTa
wreebSic ki vaJebs xelobis Seswavlas aiZulebdnen (eTikuri
da ara utilitaristuli mosazrebebiT, rogorc amas
alberti gvirCevs).
210)aqaa is punqtebi, sadac xdeba pietizmis gadaxra, misi
emocionaluri xasiaTis gamo. SpenerisTvis (ix.: Theologische
Bedenken III p. 445), miuxedavad imisa, rom igi savsebiT
luTeriseuli gagebiT amtkicebs, rom profesiuli saqmianoba
RvTis samsaxurs warmoadgens, mainc calsaxad naTelia (da
esec luTeriseulia), rom profesiuli saqmianobis foriaqi
RmerTs gvaSorebs, _ es puritanizmis sapirispiro metad
niSandoblivi antiTezaa.
211)A. a. O. p. 242: "It is they that are lazy in their callings that can
find no time for holy duties." (swored isini, vinc zarmacoben
TavianT profesiul mowodebaSi, ver pouloben dros
wmidaTawminda
movaleobebisaTvis).
aqedan
momdinareobs

244

mosazreba, rom upiratesad qalaqebia, rogorc qonebis

racionalur
dagrovebaze
orientirebuli
biurgerobis
adgilsamyofeli, aseve asketuri siqvelis adgilsamyofelic.
Tavisi avtobiografiis erT nawyvetSi baqsteri, misi
kiderminstereli feiqrebis Sesaxeb, ase ambobs: "And their
constant converse and traffik with London doth much to promote
civility and piety among tradesmen " (W. of the Pur. Div. p.
XXXVIII) . (xolo londonTan maTma mudmivma urTierTobam
da mimosvlam didad Seuwyo xeli mewarmeebs Soris
Tavazianobisa
da
RvTismosaobis
zrdas).
dedaqalaqis
siaxlove rom saTnoebisTvis sasikeTod moiazreba, es faqti
dRevandel _ yovel SemTxvevaSi germanel _ sasuliero
pirebs friad ganacvifrebda. magram pietizmic amJRavnebs
msgavs TvalTaxedvas. Speneri ase wers Tavis erT-erT
axalgazrda Tanamosaqmes: "sul cota is mainc gamoCndeba,
rom qalaqebis mravalricxovan mosaxleobaSi, romlis
umravlesoba marTalia, mTlad wawymedilia, aqa iq jer kidev
mainc SeiZleba, TiTo-orola keTilSobili sulis povna,
sikeTis aRqma rom ZaluZs; vinaidan Semzaravia, rom soflad
mTel mrevlSi erTi WeSmaritad saTno adamianic ki Znelad
moiZebneba". (Theologische Bedenken I, 66 p. 303) _ glexi
naklebadaa midrekili cxovrebis asketur-racionalurad
warmarTvisadmi. misi zneobrivi gandideba metad Tanamedrove
tendenciaa. am da msgavs mosazrebaTa mniSvlelobas askezis
klasobrivi ganpirobebulobis sakiTxisaTvis aq ar SevexebiT.
212)aviRoT, Tundac Semdegi nawyvetebi (a. a. O. p. 336 f.): "Be
wholly taken up in diligent business of your lawful callings when
you are not exercised in the more immediate service of God." -"Labour hard in your callings" -- "See that you have a calling which
will find you emplyment for all the time which Gods immediate
service spareth." ("mTeli Tqveni dro dauTmeT Tqveni
kanonieri mowodebis farglebSi saqmianobas, im saaTebis
gamoklebiT, roca uSualod uflisadmi msaxurebiT xarT
dakavebuli" _ "iSromeT Tavdauzogavad, Tqveni mowodebis
kvaldakval" _ "ecadeT, gqondeT iseTi mowodeba, romelic
mTlianad Seavsebs Tqvens dros, imis gamoklebiT, rasac
Tqven uflisadmi samsaxurs uTmobT").
213)Sromisa da misi "Rirsebis" wminda eTikuri Sefaseba rom
ar
warmoadgenda
qristianobisaTvis
pirvandel

245

damaxasiaTebel an sulac specifikur ideas, am faqts cota

xnis win harnakma kidev erTxel dabejiTebiT gausva xazi
(Mitt. des Ev.-Soz. Kongr. 14. Folge, 1905, Nr. 3/4, S. 48).
214)Tu ras efuZneba es mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba,
romelic uTuod benediqtelTa wesdebis droidan arsebobs,
amis garkveva mxolod bevrad ufro vrcel gamokvlevas
SeuZlia.
215)asevea pietizmSic (Spener a. a. O. III p. 429, 430).
niSandobliv pietistur Semobrunebas warmoadgens is, rom
mowodebisadmi erTguleba, rac Cven, codviT dacemis gamo
mogvesaja, sakuTari nebis Cakvlas emsaxureba. profesiuli
saqmianoba, rogorc moyvasisadmi siyvarulis gamomxatveli
samsaxuri, aris RvTis wyalobisadmi madlierebis movaleoba
(luTeriseuli idea!) da amdenad uflisaTvis ar aris
mosawoni, roca mas uxalisod da ZalisZalad asruleben (a.
a. O. III p. 272). amdenad, morwmune qristinma "Tavis SromiT
saqmianobaSi iseTive muyaiToba unda gamoiCinos, rogorc
rigiTma eriskacma" (III p. 278). es aSkarad ar Seesabameba
puritanuli azrovnebis wess.
216)baqsteris Tanaxmad, amis mizania: "A sober procreation of
children"
(Svilosnoba).
amis
analogiuria
Speneris
msjelobac, oRond garkveuli daTmobebiT luTeriseuli
uxeSi mosazrebis mimarT, romlis Tanaxmad, meorad mizans
warmoadgens _ sxvafriv dauZleveli _ uzneobis Tavidan
acileba. sqesobrivi ltolva, rogorc ganayofierebis aqtis
Tanmdevi movlena, qorwinebaSic codvaa da mag., Speneris
azriT, mxolod codviT dacemis Sedegia, rac aseT bunebriv
da RvTisTvis sasurvel movlenas raRac uciloblad codvian
SegrZnebebTan
dakavSirebul
da
amdenad
pudendum
(samarcxvino) fenomenad aqcevs. zogierTi pietisturi
mimdinareobac qristianuli qorwinebis umaRles formad
ganixilavs iseTs, sadac daculia ubiwoba, Semdeg modis
imgvari, sadac sqesobrivi kavSiri martooden Svilosnobas
emsaxureba da ase Semdeg, vidre ojaxebis im formebamde,
romlebic wminda erotikuli an wminda garegnuli mizezebis
safuZvelze iqmneba da eTikuri TvalsazrisiT konkubinatad
(qorwinebis gareSe Tanacxovreba _ mTargmn.) iTvleba.
amasTan,
am
ukanaskneli
safexuris
qorwinebaTagan
upiratesoba eniWeba wminda garegnul motivebze damyarebul

246

colqmrobas, (rogorc mainc racionalur mosazrebebze

dafuZnebuls),
erotikul
safuZvelze
damyarebul
colqmrobasTan
SedarebiT.
herrnhutelTa
Teoria
da
praqtika aq yuradRebis miRma unda darCes. racionalisturma
filosofiam (qr. volfi) asketuri Teoria imgvari versiiT
aRiqva, rom is, rac miznis misaRwev saSualebadaa
dawesebuli anu sqesobrivi ltolva da misi dakmayofileba,
TviTmiznad ar unda iqnes qceuli. _ wminda higienur
Tvalsazrisze orientirebul utilitarizmze gadasvla ukve
franklinTan moxda, romelic daaxloebiT Tanamedrove
eqimebis eTikur Tvalsazrisze dgas, roca "umankoebas"
gaiazrebs, rogorc janmrTelobisaTvis sasurvel sqesobrivi
urTierTobebis SezRudvas da imis Sesaxeb, Tu ranairad? man,
rogorc cnobilia, Teoriuli mosazrebebic gamoTqva. rawams
es sakiTxebi saerTod wminda racionaluri gansjis sagani
gaxda, dauyovnebliv yvelgan dasabami mieca ganviTarebis am
procesebs. seqsualobis puritanuli da higienuri yaidis
racionalisti sul sxvadasxva gzebiT midian da mxolod am
SemTxvevaSi "esmiT maT myisve erTmaneTis": "higienuri
prostituciis"
erTi
Tavgamodebuli
damcveli
Tavis
moxsenebaSi _ laparaki iyo saroskipoebsa da maT
mareglamentirebel
institutebze
_
(higienuri
TvalsazrisiT sasargeblod miCneul) "qorwinebis gare
sqesobrivi urTierTobis" zneobriv misaRebobas asabuTebda,
faustisa da gretxenis, misi cnoberebisaTvis poeturad
Suqis momfeni saxeebis, moSveliebiT. gretxenis meZavad aRqma
da
moZalebuli
adamianuri
vnebaaSlilobis
janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebel sqesobriv kavSirTan gaigiveba,
_ es orive momenti savsebiT Seesatyviseba puritanul
Tvalsazriss, iseve, rogorc mag., zogjer marTlac
saukeTeso
eqimebis
mier
gaziarebuli
WeSmaritad
profesionaluri mosazreba, rom iseTi ufaqizes pirovnul
da
kulturul
problemebSi
fesvgadgmuli
sakiTxi,
rogoricaa sqesobrivi TavSekaveba, "mxolod da mxolod"
eqimis
(rogorc
specialistis)
kompetenciis
sferos
ganekuTvneba: puritanebTan "specialisti" moralisturi, aq
ki higienuri Teoretikosia; amasTan, "kompetenturobis"
principi, odnav obivatelurad rom gveCveneba, am sakiTxis
gadaWrisas igivea _ oRond, cxadia, Sebrunebuli niSniT.
arada, puritanuli msoflxedvis mZlavr idealizms, mTeli

247

misi metismetad civi TavdaWerilobiT, rasobrivi siwmindis

SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT da wminda "higienuri" kuTxiT,
dadebiTi Sedegebis warmoCenac SeuZlia, maSin, rodesac
Tanamedrove
seqsualur
higienas
"crurwmenebisgan
gaTavisuflebisaken" garduvali moTxovnis gamo safrTxe
emuqreba, yvela daSvebul zRvars gadascdes. _ Tu mainc
rogor moxda
puritanuli warsulis mqone xalxebTan
sqesobriv urTierTobaTa amgvari racionaluri gaazrebisas,
saboloo
jamSi,
colqmruli
urTierTobebis
imgvari
sifaqiziT eTikurad da sulierad gamsWvalva da rogor
aRmocenda
am
urTierTobebidan
raindobis
WeSmariti
ylortebi _ im patriarqaluri atmosferos sapirispirod,
romelic CvenSi TviT sulieri aristokratiis wreebSic ki
jer kidev sakmaod sagrZnobladaa SemorCenili _, amis
ganxilvas
aq,
bunebrivia,
ar
SevudgebiT.
(qalTa
"emansipaciis" sakiTxSi baptisturma gavlenam garkveuli
roli iTamaSa; qalTa sindisis Tavisuflebis dacva da
"sazogado mRvdelmsaxurebis" ideis maTzec aseve gavrceleba
iqca patriarqalizmSi pirvel garRveevad.)
217)es mudmivad gvxvdeba baqsterTan. bibliuri dasabuTeba,
rogorc wesi, CvenTvis cnobilia an franklinis mier
moxmobili solomonis igavebidan (22, 29) an Sromis qebadidebiT solomonis igavebSi (31, 16). (Cf. a.a.O. I S. 382, S.
377 usw.)
218)TviT cincendorfic ki ambobs: "Sromoben ara mxolod
imisTvis, rom icxovron, aramed SromisaTvis cocxloben, da
Tuki aRara aqvT saSromi an itanjebian an miiZineben" (Plitt I
S. 428)
219)mormonTa rwmenis erT-erTi simboloc mTavrdeba
(citatebis Tanaxmad) sityvebiT: "oRond mconara da zarmaci
ver iqneba qristiani da arc cxoneba uweria. misi xvedria,
iqnes gangmiruli da futkrebis skidan gamogdebuli".
amasTan, upiratesad mainc is STambeWdavi, monastersa da
manufaqturas Soris SuagulSi moqceuli, disciplina iyo,
romelic ayenebda calkeul adamians arCevanis winaSe: Sroma
Tu ganadgureba, da romelmac religiur enTuziazmTan
SerwymiT da mxolod misi wyalobiT SesaZlebeli gaxada am
seqtis gasaocari ekonomikuri miRwevebi.

248

220)amitomacaa is, Tavis simptomebianad, esoden guldasmiT

gaanalizebuli ( a.a.O. I S. 380). _ "Sloth" (sizarmace) da
"idleness" (usaqmuroba) imis gamocaa ase gamorCeulad mZime
codvebi, rom isini ganuwyvetlobiT xasiaTdebian. baqsteri
maT pirdapir "madlmosilebis damangrevladac" ki miiCnevs
(a.a.O. I S. 279/80). swored isini warmoadgenen meToduri
cxovrebis wesis antiTezas.
221)ix. zeviT, naw. I, SeniSv. 57.
222)ix.: Baxter a. a. O. I p. 108 ff. gansakuTrebiT TvalSi
sacemia Semdegi adgilebi: "Question: But will not wealth excuse
us? -- Answer: It may excuse you from some sordid sort of work, by
making you more serviceable to another, but you are no more
excused from service of work ... then the poorest man ..." (kiTxva:
gana simdidre ar warmoadgens CvenTvis gamarTlebas? _
pasuxi: is Tqven nebas gaZlevT, uari TqvaT damamcirebel
samuSaoze, Tuki Tqven ufro meti sargeblobis motana
SegiZliaT sxva saqmianobiT, oRond saerTod, Sromisagan
Tqven imaze metad ar TavisufldebiT, vidre uRatakesi
adamiani ...) ix. aseve a. a. O. I p. 376: "Though they have no
outward want to urge them, they have as great a necessity to obey
God ... God had strictly commandeth it to all" (Tumca, maT
(mdidrebs) gasaWiri amas ar aiZulebs isini, iseve rogorc
sxvebi unda daemorCilon RvTis nebas ... RmerTma ki yvelas
Sroma ubrZana) ix. zeviT SeniSv. 48.
223)asevea SpenerTanac (a.a.O. III, S. 338, 425), romelic am
mizeziT gansakuTrebiT pensiaze naadrevad gasvlisaken
swrafvas zneobrivad saeWvod miiCnevs da SeniSvnaze, vaxSis
akrefis
aramarTlzomierebis
Sesaxeb,
radgan
vaxSis
procentebiT cxovreba TiTqosda sizarmaces uwyobdes xels,
pasuxad amtkicebs, rom visac Tavisi kapitalis procentebiT
cxovreba
SeuZlia, RvTis
brZanebis
Tanaxmad,
mainc
valdebulia iSromos.
224)pietizmis CaTvliT. yovelTvis, roca saqme profesiis
Secvlas exeba, Speneri argumentad mudam imas iSveliebs, rom
mas Semdeg, rac erTi romelime xeloba iqna arCeuli, masSi
darCena da masTan Segueba RvTiuri gangebisadmi morCilebis
movaleobas warmoadgens.

249

225)Tu rogori amaRlebuli, mTeli cxovrebis wesis

gamsWvalavi paTetikiT akavSirebs sulis xsnis induri
moZRvreba
profesiuli
saqmianobis
tradicionalizms
xelaxali
dabadebis
SesaZleblobebTan,
ganxilulia
statiebSi "msoflio religiaTa sameurneo eTikis" Sesaxeb.
swored amis meSveobiT SeiZleba moZRvrebis mxolod eTikur
cnebebsa da religiis mier garkveuli saxis fsiqologiuri
impulsebis Seqmnas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis Secnoba.
RvTismosav hinduss xelaxla dabadebis saxarbielo Sansi
mxolod
sakuTari
kastis
movaleobaTa
mkacrad
tradicionalisturad
aRsrulebiT
eZleoda,
rac
religiurad
tradicionalizmis umyaresad damkvidrebas
gulisxmobs. induri eTika am punqtSi puritanuli eTikis
marTlac yvelaze Tanamimdevrul antiTezas warmoadgens,
iseve
rogorc
sxva
TvalsazrisiT
(wodebrivi
tradicionalizmi) igi iudaizmis yvelaze Tanamimdevruli
antiTezaa.
226)Baxter a. a. O. I p. 377.
227)oRond es ar gulisxmobs, TiTqos istoriulad is
maTgan gamoiyvanebodes. masSi ufro wminda kalvinisturi
warmodgena aisaxa imis Sesaxeb, rom "amqveyniurobis" kosmosi
RvTis didebas, mis TviTgandidebas unda emsaxurebodes.
utulitaruli versia, rom ekonomikuri kosmosis mizania,
yvelas cxovrebiseul moTxovnilebebs (good of the many,
common good etc.) emsaxuros, im mosazrebis Sedegs
warmoadgenda,
romlis
Tanaxmad,
nebismieri
sxvagvari
interpretacia
qmnilebis
(aristokratul)
gaRmerTebas
gamoiwvevda da uflis didebas ki ara, aramed qmnilebiseul
"kulturul miznebs" emsaxureboda. RvTis neba ki, rogorc
is (ix. SeniSv. 35) ekonomikuri kosmosis mizanSewonilad
mowyobaSi gamovlinda, ramdenadac saaqao miznebi saerTod
gasaTvaliswinebelia,
SeiZleba
mxolod
"sayovelTao"
keTildReoba upiro "sargeblianoba" iyos. maSasadame,
rogorc adre iTqva, utilitarizmi Sedegia "moyvasisadmi
siyvarulis" upiro formisa da amqveyniurobis yovelgvari
gandidebis uaryofisa "in majorem Dei gloriam" (RvTis didebis
aRmatebis) puritanuli ideis gankerZoebulobis safuZvelze.
Tu raoden SeuzRudavi intensivobiT iyo gabatonebuli mTel
asketur protestantizmSi mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom

250

xelTqmnilis
yovelgvari
gandideba
RvTis
didebis
damakninebeli da amdenad dasagmobia, aSkarad gamovlinda im
eWvebsa da ZalisxmevaSi, rac arcTu mTlad "demokratiulad"
ganwyobilma Spenerma, mravalricxovani Tavdasxmebisagan
titulebis, rogorc gamoyenebis SenarCunebas
moaxmara. sabolood, igi Tavs imiT imSvidebs, rom TviT
bibliaSi pretori festusi mociqulis mier wodebulia
rogorc . _ sakiTxis politikuri mxare aq
kavSirSi ar aris.
228)"The inconstant man is a stranger in his own house" (adamiani,
myari saqmianobis gareSe, ucxoa sakuTar saxlSi) ambobs T.
adamsic (Works of the Pur. Div. p. 77).
229)amis Sesaxeb kerZod ix. jorj foqsis gamonaTqvamebi
(The Friends`s Library; Ed. W&Th. Evans Philadelphia 1837 ff.)
230)sabolood, cxadia, ar SeiZleba religiuri eTikis am
Taviseburebis
WeSmariti
ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis
arekvlad miCneva. profesiuli specializacia Sua saukuneebis
italiaSi, bunebrivia, ufro Sors iyo wasuli, vidre imave
periodis inglisSi.
231)vinaidan, rogorc es xSiradaa aRniSnuli puritanul
literaturaSi, RvTis mier arsad araa nabrZanebi, rom
adamians moyvasi sakuTar Tavze metad uyvardes, aramed
mxolod rogorc sakuTari Tavi. amrigad, adamians sakuTari
Tavis siyvarulis movaleobac aqvs. vinc vTqvaT, icis, rom
is Tavis qonebas ufro mizanSewonilad anu RvTisTvis meti
pativis misagebad iyenebs, vidre es mis moyvass xelewifeba,
moyvasisadmi siyvarulis gamo ar aris valdebuli, mas
sakuTari qonebidan rame uwilados.
232)am Tvalsazriss Speneric uaxlovdeba. oRond maSin,
roca saubaria vaWris profesiidan (zneobrivi gagebiT metad
saxifaTo) gadasvlaze Teologiis sferoSi, is ukiduresad
frTxil da umal uaryofiT damokidebulebas amJRavnebs (III
gv. 435, 443, I gv. 524). sxvaTa Soris SevniSnavT, rom
swored am SekiTxvaze (profesiis gamocvlis nebadarTulobis
Sesaxeb) araerTgzis gameorebuli pasuxebi Speneris mier
udaod SerCeviT gakeTebul SefasebebSi TvalnaTliv aCvenebs,
Tu
raoden
didi
praqtikuli
mniSvneloba
hqonda
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi korinTelTa mimarT pirveli
werilis (1. kor. 7) sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartebas.

251

233)yovel SemTxvevaSi, kontinentaluri evropis wamyvan

pietistTa nawerebSi mainc msgavss verafers vipoviT.
Speneris damokidebuleba "mogebis" mimarT meryeobs (a.a.O. III,
S.
426,
427,
429,
434)
luTeranobasa
("kvebis"_Tvalsazrisi) da merkantilistur argumentacias
Soris "vaWrobis ayvavebis" momgebianobis da a.S. Sesaxeb
(a.a.O. III, S. 330, 332, Sdr. S. 418: Tambaqos moSenebas fuli
moaqvs qveyanaSi da, amdenad, sasargebloa, maSasadame, araa
codviani!). magram xelidan ar uSvebs SemTxvevas miuTiTos
imaze, rom, rogorc kvekerebisa da mennonitebis magaliTi
cxadhyofs, SeiZleba mogebac naxo da mainc RvTismosavi
darCe, da rom gansakuTrebiT didi mogeba, razec mogvianebiT
kidev
gveqneba
laparaki,
SeiZleba
RvTismosavi
keTilsindisierebis uSualo nayofs warmoadgendes (a.a.O. III,
S. 435).
234)baqsterTan es Sexedulebebi im ekonomikuri garemos
anarekls rodi warmoadgens, sadac is cxovrobda. piriqiT,
mis avtobiografiaSi sagangebod xazgasmulia, rom misi
Sinagani misioneruli saqmianobis warmatebisTvis gadamwyveti
Seiqna is garemoeba, rom vaWrebi, romlebic kiderminsterSi
saxlobdnen, mdidrebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed mxolod "food and
raiment" (sarCosa da samoselis) sazRaurs Soulobdnen da
rom ostati xelosnebi TavianT muSebze ukeT ar
cxovrobdnen da "from hand to mouth" (mxolod yoveldRiur
moTxovnilebebs ikmayofilebdnen). "It is the poor that receive the
glad tidings of the Gospel" (oTxTavis samaxaroblo uwyeba
RatakisTvisaa gankuTvnili). mogebisaken ltolvis Sesaxeb T.
adamsi SeniSnavs: "He (the knoming man) knows ... that money may
make a man richer, not better, and thereupon chooseth rather to sleep
with a good conscience than a full pure ...therefore desires no more
wealth than an honest man may bear away" (mas (mcodne kacs)
esmis ... rom fuli adamians ufro mdidars da ara ukeTess
xdis, amitomac sqel jibes mSvid Zilsa da sufTa sindiss
amjobinebs ... igi imaze mets ar eltvis, risi mopovebac
patiosani gziTaa SesaZlebeli) _ oRond amdenis mopoveba ki
namdvilad unda ( Th. Adams, Works of Pur. Div. LI.). es ki
niSnavs, rom nebismieri formalurad patiosani sazRauri
kanoniericaa.

252

235)ix.: Baxter a. a. O. I ch. X tit 1 Dis. 9 ( 24) Vol. I p. 378, II

sveti. solomonis igavni 23, 4: "iSrome ara imisTvis, rom
gamdidrde" unda niSnavdes: "riches for our fleshly ends must not
ultimately be intended" (simdidres ar unda veltvodeT,
rogorc Cveni xorcieli survilebis dasakmayofilebel
saSualebas). odiozuria qonebis feodalur-seniorialuri
formiT gamoyeneba (ix. SeniSvna a.a.O. III, p. 380 debauched part
of the gentry _ wres gadasuli Tavad-aznaurobis nawilis
Sesaxeb), da ara Tavad qoneba. _ miltonma pirvel "Defensio
pro populo Anglicano"-Si Camoayaliba cnobili Teoria, rom
mxolod "saSualo wodebas" SeuZlia iyos saTnoebis
matarebeli _ amasTan, "saSualo wodebad" moazrebulia
"aristokratiasTan" dapirispirebuli "burJuaziis klasi",
razec is dasabuTeba miuTiTebs, rom rogorc "fufuneba", ise
"gaWirveba" xels uSlis saTnoebaSi gamowafvas.
236)esaa gadamwyveti. _ amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTxel
zogadi SeniSvna: CvenTvis sagulisxmoa ara is, rac
Teologiurma eTikurma Teoriam cnebebis saxiT Camoayaliba,
aramed is, rac morwmuneTa praqtikul cxovrebaSi aRiarebul
morals warmoadgenda anu is, Tu rogor zemoqmedebda
profesiuli
eTikis
religiurad
orientireba
yoveldRiurobis
praqtikaze.
yovel
SemTxvevaSi,
kaTolicizmis kazuistur literaturaSi mainc, kerZod ki
iezuiturSi, SeiZleba imgvari ganmartebebis amokiTxva _
(mag., vaxSis nebadarTulobis Sesaxeb, rasac aq ar SevexebiT),
romlebic mravali protestantuli kazuisturi naweris
msgavsi JReradobisaa; xolo rac Seexeba "daSvebulobis" an
"SesaZleblis" (probabel ) zRvaris dadgenas, protestantebi
maTze ufro Sorsac ki midian (mogvianebiT puritanebs
sakmaod xSirad iezuitur eTikas, warudgendnen dayvedrebiT,
rogorc Tavisi arsiT mTlianad misi eTikis monaTesaves).
iseve, rogorc kalvinistebi imowmeben moralis kaTolike
Teologebs da ara marto Toma akvinels, bernar klervoels
an bonaventuras, aramed Tanamedroveebsac; iseve mudam
iTvaliswinebdnen kaTolike kazuistebic eretikul eTikas,
razec aq ar SevCerdebiT. Tuki sulac ar miviRebT
mxedvelobaSi asketuri cxovrebis gamo eriskacisTvis
dawesebuli religiuri jildos esoden gadamwyvet faqtors,
maSin ukve TeoriaSi arsebuli uzarmazari gansxvaveba

253

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kaTolicizmSi amgvari Tavisufali

azrebi eklesiis avtoritetis mier arasanqcionirebuli
specifikurad
aramyari
eTikuri
Teoriebis
nayofs
warmoadgendnen, romelTagan Tavi Sors eWira eklesiis
yvelaze seriozul da mkacr momxreebs, maSin, rodesac
protestantuli
mowodebis
idea,
piriqiT,
asketuri
cxovrebis
yvelaze
seriozul
mimdevrebs
ayenebda
kapitalisturi samewarmeo cxovrebis samsaxurSi. is, rac
kaTolicizmSi garkveuli pirobiT iyo nebadarTuli, aq,
protestantizmSi raRac sruliad dadebiTs, zneobrivad
saukeTesos warmoadgenda. orive moZRvrebis eTikas Soris
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani arsebiTi
gansxvavebebi axali droisTvisac sabolood ganisazRvra
iansenistebTan kamaTisa da bula "Unegenitus" gamocemis
Semdeg.
237)"You may labour in that manner as tendeth most your success
and lawful gain. You are bound to improve all your talents ..." (Sen
SegiZlia im saxis saqmianobas mohkido xeli, romelic
yvelaze did warmatebasa da kanonier mogebas mogitans. Sen
valdebuli xar ganaviTaro yvela Seni unari...) Semdeg
mosdevs zeviT teqstSi Targmnili adgili. _ RvTis
saufloSi simdidris dagrovebisaken swrafvasa da amqveyniur
profesiaSi
warmatebisaken
swrafvas
Soris
uSualo
paralels vxvdebiT, magaliTad, jenveisTan ix.: Janeway,
Heaven upon earth. In: Works of the Pur. Div. p. 275.
238)ukve hercog qristof viurtembergelis (luTeranul)
aRmsareblobaSi, romelic trientis saeklesio krebas
gadaeca, siRatakis aRTqmaze
naTqvamia:
vinc, Tavisi
mdgomareobiT aris Raribi, dae aitanos, magram Tuki is
aRTqmas dadebs, rom Raribad darCes, es igive iqneboda,
aRTqma daedo, rom marad avad yofiliyo an cudi reputacia
hqonoda.
239)asea
baqsterTan
da
mag.,
hercog
qristofis
aRmsareblobaSi. Sdr. Semdegi adgilebi rogoricaa: " ... The
vagrant rogues whose lives are nothing but an exorbitant cours: the
main begging" etc. (Th. Adams, W. of pur. div. p. 259) moxetiale
mawanwalebi, visi cxovrebac sxva araferia, garda umZimesi
wyevlisa: maTi umravlesoba maTxovrobs. a.S.) ukve kalvini
krZalavda umkacresad maTxovrobas, xolo holandiuri

254

sinodebi TavgamodebiT ibrZvian maTxovrobis nebis damrTveli

werilebisa da atestatebis winaaRmdeg. maSin, rodesac
stuartTa epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT lodis reJimma Carlz I-is
mefobisas
sistemis
saxiT
SeimuSava
RaribTa
institucionaluri daxmarebisa da umuSevarTa dasaqmebis
principi, puritanTa lozungi iyo: "Giving alms is no charity"
_ "mowyalebis gaReba araa gulmowyaleba" (mogvianebiT
defos cnobili wignis saTauri), xolo XVII saukunis
miwurulisTvis
daiwyo
umuSevarTaTvis
"workhouses"
(SromiTi saxlebis) SiSis- momgvreli sistemis Camoyalibeba
(Sdr.: Leonard. Earl history of English poor relief. Cambridge,
1900; Levy H. Die Grundlagen des konomischen Liberalismus in
der Geschichte der englischen Volkswirtschaft. Jena, 1912, S. 69 ff.)
240)didi britaneTisa da irlandiis baptistTa kavSiris
prezidentma j. uaitma 1903 wels Tavis londonis
asambleisadmi sazeimo mimarTvaSi dabejiTebiT ganacxada
(Baptist Handbook 1904 S. 104): "The best men on the roll of our
Puritan churches were men of affairs, who believed, that religion
should permeate the whole of life." (Cveni puritanuli
eklesiebis saukeTeso xalxi saqmis xalxi iyo, vinc Tvlida,
rom religiam cxovrebiseuli saqmianobis yvela sferoSi
unda SeaRwios).
241)swored
aqaa
arsebiTi
dapirispireba
nebismieri
feodaluri
Tvalsazrisis
mimarT,
romlis
Tanaxmad,
politikuri an socialuri parvenius warmateba da
gaaznaureba mxolod mis naSiers SeiZleba waadges sasikeTod.
(es niSandoblivi formiTaa gamoxatuli espanur sityvaSi
Hidalgo = hijo d`algo -- filius de aliquo: amasTan "aliquid"
wanaparTagan memkvidreobiT miRebul qonebas niSnavs).
ramdenadac dReisaTvis amerikuli "erovnuli xasiaTis"
swrafi saxecvlisa da evropeizaciis Sedegad es gansxvavebebi
sul ufro uferuldeba, iq dRemde jer kidev mainc
SemorCenilia
swored
sapirispiro
specifikurad
burJuaziuli TvalTaxedva, romelic saqmianobis Sedegad
mopovebul warmatebasa da qonebas sulieri miRwevebis
simptomad ganadidebs, mxolod (memkvidreobiT miRebul)
simdidres ki arafrad agdebs, maSin, rodesac evropaSi
(rogorc jeims braisma erTxel ukve aRniSna) fuliT
realurad TiTqmis nebismieri socialuri Rirsebis yidva

255

SeiZleba, _ Tuki mTlad Tavad mflobeli ar idga savaWro

daxlTan da Tuki man sakuTari qonebis yvela aucilebeli
metamorfoza moaxdina (fideikomisis dafuZneba da a.S.). _
sisxliT aristokratiis winaaRmdeg ix.: mag., (Th. Adams,
Works of Pur. Div. p. 216).
242)ase
amboben,
mag.,
ukve
familistebis
seqtis
damaarsebelze, hendrik niklasze, romelic vaWari iyo.
(Barclay, Inner life of the religiouse communities of the
Commonwealth p. 34)
243)es, mag., hoornbekisTvis calsaxad naTelia, radgan
saxarebaSi maT. 5: 5 da 1 tim. 4: 8 wmindanebs sruliad
amqveyniuri dapirebebi eZleva (a.a.O. Vol. I p. 193). yvelaferi
RvTiuri gangebis nayofia, oRond gangeba gansakuTrebiT mainc
Tavis rCeulebze zrunavs (a.a.O. p. 192 ):" Super alios autem
summa cura et modis singulatissimisversatur Dei providentia circa
fideles". amas mosdevs ganmarteba, Tu ra niSniTaa SesaZlebeli
imis amocnoba, rom iRbliani SemTxveva "communis providentia"
(sazogadod gangebis) ki ara, aramed im gamorCeuli RvTiuri
mzrunvelobis Sedegs warmoadgens. profesiul saqmianobaSi
warmatebas beilic (a.a.O. p. 191) RvTiuri gangebiT xsnis.
keTildReoba
(prosperity)
rom
"xSirad"
gasamrjeloa
RvTisnieri cxovrebisaTvis, es kvekerTa nawerebSic savsebiT
myaradaa Camoyalibebuli (ix. mag., jer kidev 1848 wliT
daTariRebuli am tipis gamonaTqvami gamocemaSi: Selection
from the Christian Advice issued by the general meeting of the S. of
Fr. in London VI th Ed. London 1851, S. 209). kvekerTa
eTikasTan kavSirs Cven kidev davubrundebiT.
244)bibliur patriarqebze amgvari orientaciis magaliTad,
rac amasTanave mTeli puritanuli msoflmxedvelobisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba iakobisa da esavis kamaTis Tomas
adamsiseuli analizi iyos miCneuli. (Works of the Pur. Div. p.
235): "His (Esaus) folly may be argued from the base estimation of
the birthright" _ (misi (esaviseuli)sisulele iqedanac Cans, Tu
raoden dabal Sefasebas aZlevda igi sakuTar pirmSoobas)
/es adgili aseve mniSvnelovania "birthright"-pirmSoobis ideis
ganviTarebisTvisac, razec mogvianebiT visaubrebT/, "that he
would so lightely pass from it and on so easy condition as a pottage"
(imdenad dabals, rom iolad Tqva masze uari iseTi

256

wvrilmanis gamo, rogoricaa ospis SeWamandi). oRond

gacurebad Seracxul garigebaze uaris Tqma, misi mxridan
ukve unamusoba iyo. is tipiuri "cunning hunter, a man of the
fields"
(marjve monadire, bunebis Svilia):
Tavad
iracionalurad mcxovrebi ukulturobaa, maSin, rodesac
iakobi "a plain man, dwelling in tents" (karavSi mcxovreb,
wesier adamians),
"man of grace" (madlmosil kacs)
ganasaxierebs. iudaizmTan Sinagani naTesaobis grZnoba,
rogorc es jer kidev ruzveltiseul cnobil nawerSi
gamoixata, kiolerma (iqve) sakmaod mkveTrad gamovlenili
formiT holandiel glexebTanac aRmoaCina. _ meore mxriv ki,
puritanizms savsebiT gacnobierebuli hqonda ebrauli eTikis
mTeli praqtikuli dogmatikis aSkara dapirispirebuloba
sakuTar
moZRvrebasTan,
razec
naTlad
metyvelebs
ebraelobis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli
prinis
naSromi
(kromvelis rjulSemwynareblur gegmebTan dakavSirebiT). ix.
qveviT SeniSv. 252.
245)ix.: Zur buerlichen Glaubens- und Sittenlehre . Von einem
thringischen Landpfarrer. 2. Aufl. Gotha 1890. S. 16. glexebi,
romlebic aqaa aRwerili, luTeranuli eklesiurobis
niSandobliv produqts warmoadgenen. me erTTavad miwevda
mimewera areebze "luTeranulia" yvela im SemTxvevasTan
dakavSirebiT, sadac am Rirseuli avtoris mier sazogadod
"glexuri" religiurobis arseboba ivaraudeboda.
246)Sdr. mag., citati riClTan (Ritschl, Pietismus II S. 158).
Speneric Tavis eWvebs profesiis SecvlasTan da mogebisadmi
swrafvasTan
dakavSirebiT
aseve
ieso
ziraqis
Zis
gamonaTqvamebiT asabuTebs (Theol. Bd. III S.426).
247)cxadia, beili mainc gvirCevs amis wakiTxvas da aqa-iq
mainc Cndeba citatebi apokrifebidan, oRond, bunebrivia,
iSviaTad. me msgavsi (egeb SemTxveviT) araferi maxsendeba
ieso ziraqis Zis pasaJidan.
248)im SemTxvevebSi, roca aSkarad gankicxulT garegnuli
warmateba xvdebaT wilad, kalvinisti (mag., hoornbeki) Tavs
"gaqvavebulobis Teoriis" Tanaxmad imis rwmeniT inugeSebs,
rom ufalma maT es warmateba imisaTvis arguna, raTa
gaesastikebina isini da am gziT miT ufro naRdad daeRupa.
249)am konteqstSi xsenebul punqts ufro dawvrilebiT ar
SevexebiT. aq "patiosnebis" mxolod formalisturi xasiaTia

257

saintereso. "lex naturae"-sTvis ZvelaRTqmiseuli eTikis

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. trolCis "Soziallehre".
250)wminda werilis eTikuri normebi baqsteris Tanaxmad
(Christian Directory III p. 173 f.) savaldebuloa imdenad,
ramdenadac isini 1. mxolod "transcript of the law of nature"
(bunebrivi samarTlis damtkicebas) warmoadgenen anda 2.
"express character of universality and perpetuity" (sayovelTaobisa
da maradiulobis aSkarad gamokveTil xasiaTs) atareben.
251)ix. mag., Dowden (benianis miTiTebiT) a.a.O. p. 39.
252)amis Sesaxeb ufro
dawvrilebiT ix. "msoflio
religiebis sameurneo eTikis" statiebSi. is uzarmazari
zegavlena, romelic gansakuTrebiT meore mcnebam ("ara
Seiqmna kerpi" da a.S) moaxdina iudaizmis qaraqterologiur
ganviTarebaze, mis racionalur, vnebiTi kulturisadmi
gaucxoebul xasiaTze, aq gaanalizebuli ver iqneba. rogorc
metad niSandoblivi momenti albaT mainc unda movixsenio is,
rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi "Educational Alliance"-is
anu organizaciis, romelic gasaocari warmatebiTa da
brwyinvale saSualebebiT axerxebs ebrael imigrantTa
amerikanizirebas, erT-erTma xelmZRvanelma CemTan saubrisas
adamianis kulturuli Camoyalibebis upirveles miznad,
romlis miRwevas yvela saxis mxatvruli Tu socialuri
aRmzrdelobiTi formebiT eswrafvian, swored "meore
mcnebisgan gaTavisufleba" daasaxela. _ israelianTa mier
RvTis yovelgvari gaadamianurebis (ix. zemoT) gmobas
puritanizmSi (marTalia, cota sxvagvarad, magram mainc imave
mimarTulebiT moqmedi) xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis akrZalva
Seesabamena. _ rac Seexeba Talmudiseul iudaizms, mas
uTuod
puritanuli
zneobriobis
principuli
mizandasaxulobebic enaTesaveba; roca vTqvaT, TalmudSi (ix.:
Wnsche, Babyl. Talmud II, S. 34) daJinebiT meordeba, rom
ukeTesia da uflis mier ufro guluxvadac dajildovdeba,
movaleobis gamo gakeTebuli sikeTe, vidre keTili saqme,
risi Cadena kanoniT araa savaldebulo, _ sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, movaleobis usiyvarulo aRsruleba zneobrivad
grZnobismier filantropiaze maRla dgas, es puritanuli
eTikisTvisac arsebiTad iseve misaRebi iqneboda, rogorc
kantisTvis, romelic warmoSobiT Sotlandieli iyo, vis
aRzrdazec pietizmma iqonia Zlieri zegavlena da romelic,

258

saboloo jamSi, am princips uaxlovdeba (iseve, rogorc

misi formulirebebis garkveuli nawili uSualod asketuri
protestantizmis ideebs exmianeba, rac aq ver iqneba
ganxiluli). oRond amasTanave Talmuduri eTika aRmosavlur
tradicionalizmSia Rrmad fesvgadgmuli: r. Tanxum ben
xanilaim Tqva: "adamianma arasodes ar unda Seicvalos adaTi"
(Gemara zu Mischna VII, 1 Fol. 86 b, Nr. 93 vunSesTan saubaria
medReur muSaTa sarCoze), mxolod ucxoebze ar vrceldeba
es kavSiri. _ TumcaRa, "kanonierebis", rogorc rCeulobis
Rirsad TviTgamovlenis, puritanulma gagebam dadebiTi
qmedebebisTvis aSkarad gacilebiT ufro Zlieri motivebi
Seqmna, vidre iudaizmis mier am "kanonierebis" ubralod
brZanebis aRsrulebad gaazrebam. idea, rom warmatebaSi
RvTis kurTxevaa gacxadebuli, cxadia, arc iudaizmisTvis
araa ucxo. oRond is Zireulad gansxvavebuli religiureTikuri mniSvneloba, romelic am ideam iudaizmis eTikis
ormagobis (Sinagani da garegani) gamo SeiZina, swored am
gadamwyvet punqtSi gamoricxavda orive moZRvrebas Soris
yovelgvari naTesaobis SesaZleblobas. "ucxos" mimarT
nebadarTuli iyo is, rac "moZmis" mimarT akrZaluli iyo.
ukve Tundac marto amitom ver gaxdeboda warmateba am ara
"nabrZaneb", aramed "nebadarTul" sferoSi religiuri
TviTdamkvidrebis
maxasiaTebeli
niSani
da
cxovrebis
meTodurad warmarTvis impulsi im gagebiT, rogoric is
puritanisTvis iyo. mTeli am, zombartis mier mis wignSi
"ebraelebi da sameurneo cxovreba" yovelmxriv arasworad
gagebuli problemis Sesaxeb ix. zemoT citirebuli
statiebi. am problemis calkeul mxareebs aq ar SevexebiT.
rac ar unda ucnaurad JRerdes, iudauri eTika mainc Zlier
tradicionalisturi rCeboda. aq arc im uzarmazar Zvrebs
SevexebiT,
romelic
amqveyniurobisadmi
Sinaganma
damokidebulebam ganicada "madlisa" da "xsnis" ideaTa
qristianuli gagebis meSveobiT, Tavis TavSi uCveulo
formiT mudam axali ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis Canasaxis
matarebeli romaa. ZvelaRTqmiseuli "kanonierebis" Sesaxeb
ix. mag.: Ritschl, Rechtfertigung und Vershnung, II, S. 265.
ingliseli puritanebisTvis maTi epoqis ebraelebi
omze, saxelmwifo dakveTebze, saxelmwifo monopoliebze,
damfuZneblur spekulaciebze da Tavad-aznaurTa samSeneblo

259

da safinanso proeqtebze orientirebuli kapitalizmis

warmomadgenelni iyvnen, rac Tavad maTTvis amazrzeni iyo.
marTlac,
am
dapirispirebulobas
mTlianobaSi
(Cveulebisamebr aseT SemTxvevaSi gardauvali SezRudvebiT),
mainc aseTi formulireba SeiZleba movuZebnoT: ebrauli
kapitalizmi pariaTa spekulaciur kapitalizms warmoadgenda,
puritanTa kapitalizmi ki SromiTi saqmianobis burJuaziul
organizacias.
253)wminda werilis WeSmariteba baqsterisTvis, saboloo
jamSi, "wonderful difference of the godly and ungodly"
(RvTisnierisa da uRvTos gasaocar sxvaobaSi), sxvebisagan
"renewed men"
(ganaxlebuli
adamianis)
absolutur
gansxvavebulobaSi da sakuTar rCeulTa sulis xsnisTvis
uflis sruliad TvalnaTliv gamovlenil sagangebo zrunvaSi
mdgomareobs
(rac
bunebrivia,
"gamocdaSic"
SeiZleba
gamoixatos). Christian Directory I p. 165, Sp. 2 marg.
254)amis dasaxasiaTeblad imis gaxsenebac kmara, Tu rogori
bundovania farisevelisa da mebaJis arakis mimarT (ix. misi
qadageba: The Pharisee and the Publican, a. a. O. p. 100 f), Tavad
beniaminis midgoma, visTanac drodadro uTuod mainc
sagrZnobia luTeris "qristianis Tavisuflebis" Sinagan
ganwyobasTan siaxlove (ix. mag., Of the Law and a Christian,
Works of the Pur. Div. p. 254). ratomaa fariseveli gakicxuli?
_ imitom, rom sinamdvileSi is ar icavs RvTis mcnebebs,
radgan aSkarad seqtantia, romlis yuradReba mxolod
garegnul wvrilmanebsa da ritualebzea gadarTuli (gv.107);
pirvel yovlisa ki, igi Tavad miiwers damsaxurebas da
mkrexelurad mainc uxdis madlobas RmerTs, "rogorc amas
kvekerebi
sCadian"
sakuTari
saTnoebisTvis,
ris
Rirebulebazec (gv. 126) is ase codvianad agebs mTel
imedebs da, amdenad, impliciturad RvTis madlismier
rCeulobas eWvqveS ayenebs (gv. 139). amrigad, misi locva
xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebaa da amaSia swored misi codvianoba.
_ amis sapirispirod mebaJe, rogorc misi aRiarebis
gulwrfeloba mowmobs, Sinaganad aRorZinebulia, vinaidan
luTeriseuli codvis gancdis niSandoblivad puritanul
yaidaze
Sesustebis
Tanaxmad,
"sakuTar
codvianobaSi
WeSmaritad gulwrfelad darwmunebulobisTvis aucilebelia
Sendobis SesaZleblobaSi darwmunebuloba" (to a right and

260

sincere conviction of sin there must be a conviction of the probability

of mercy /p. 209/).
255)daibeWda, mag., gardineris "Constitutional Documents"-Si.
SeiZleba erTgvari paralelis gavleba (avtoritetebis
mgmobeli) askezis winaaRmdeg am brZolasa da ludoviko
XIV mier por-roialisa da iansenistebis devnas Soris.
256)kalvinis Tvalsazrisi am sakiTxSi arsebiTad ufro
lmobieri
iyo,
yovel
SemTxvevaSi,
ramdenadac
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo cxovrebiT tkbobis ufro daxvewili,
aristokratuli
formebi.
zRvars
mxolod
biblia
warmoadgens; vinc mas eyrdnoba da sufTa sindiss inarCunebs,
ar aris iZulebuli, SiSmoreulma eWvis TvaliT Sexedos
sakuTar TavSi cxovrebiT datkbobis wadilis nebismier
gafaCunebas. miTiTebebs amis Taobaze X TavSi "Inst. christ. rel."
(magaliTad, "nec fugere ea quoque possum que videntur
oblectationi magis quam necessitati inservire" _ "Cven Tavidan
srulad verc imas aviridebT, rac gamowveulia ara imdenad
aucileblobiT, ramdenadac tkbobis surviliT") SeeZloT
TavisTavad metad Serbilebuli praqtikisaTvis xel-fexis
gaxsna. aq "certitudo salutis" dakargvis gamo epigonTa mzardi
SiSis garda garkveul rols TamaSobda is garemoebac,
(romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT), rom "ecclesia militans"-is
sferoSi
wvrili
burJuaziis
warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen
kalvinizmis eTikuri ganviTarebis matarebelni.
257)T. adamsi (Th. Adams. - Works of the Pur. Div. p.3), mag.,
Tavis erT-erT qadagebas "the three divine sisters" _ "sami
zeciuri dis" Sesaxeb ("romelTagan siyvarulia umTavresi")
iwyebs miTiTebiT imaze, rom parismac afrodites arguna
vaSli!
258)romanebi da misTanebi rogorc "wastetimes" (drois
gamflangveli) ar unda iqnes wakiTxuli (Baxter, Christian
Directory I p. 51, Sp.2). _ cnobilia Wknoba, romelic
elisabediseuli epoqis Semdgom inglisSi ara marto dramam,
aramed
lirikam
da
xalxurma
simReramac
ganicada.
mxatvrobaSi puritanizmma albaT bevri veraferi ipova
aRmosafxvreli.
TvalSisacemia
oRond
sakmaod
kargi
musikaluri
monacemebis
donidan
(musikis
istoriaSi
inglisis roli arcTu umniSvnelo iyo) aSkara TavqvedaSveba

261

im absoluturi araraobis mdgomareobamde, rasac Cven am

TvalsazrisiT anglosaqsonur erebTan mogvianebiT da dResac
vawydebiT.
zangebis
eklesiebsa
da
im
profesional
momReralTa gamosvlebis garda, romelTac axla eklesiebi
rogorc "attractions" _ "satyuaras" iwveven (Trinity Church
bostonSi 1904 wels 8000 dolars ixdida wliurad)
amerikaSic metwilad mxolod germanuli yurTasmenisTvis
sruliad autaneli "mrevlis galobad" wodebuli Wyivilis
mosmena SeiZleba. (nawilobriv analogiur movlenebs aqvs
adgili holandiaSic).
259)zustad
asevea
holandiaSi,
rogorc
sinodTa
gadawyvetilebebi cxadyofen. (ix. dadgenilebebi maisis xis
Sesaxeb raitsmasis krebulSi VI, 78. 139).
260)savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom "Zveli aRTqmis aRorZinebam" da
pietisturma orientirebulobam mSvenierebisadmi mtrul
qristianul ganwyobebze, rac saboloo jamSi meoreisaiasa da
22-e fsalmunis ideebidan iRebs dasabams, xelovnebaSi xeli
Seuwyo imas, rom simaxinjis xelovnebis obieqtad gadaqceva
gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli da rom amaSi garkveuli wvlili
xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis puritanul uaryofasac miuZRvis.
magram ufro dawvrilebiT es yovelive jer ar gamokvleula.
romis eklesiaSi sruliad sxva (demagogiurma) motivebma
gamoiwvia
garegnulad
monaTesave,
Tumc
xelovnebis
sferosaTvis absoluturad sxvagvari Sedegebis mqone
movlenebi.
vinc
rembrandtis
"saulisa da
daviTis"
(maurichuisSi) pirispir aRmoCndeba, uSualod SeigrZnobs
puritanuli msoflaRqmis zemoqmedebas. karl noimaniseul
"rembrandtSi" holandiuri kulturis zegavlenis daxvewil
analizs uTuod ZaluZs im farglebis gamovlena,
rac
dReisaTvis CvenTvis cnobili SeiZleba iyos imis Sesaxeb, Tu
sadamde SeiZleba mieweros asketur puritanizms dadebiTi,
xelovnebisaTvis nayofieri zegavlena.
261)holandiis yofiT praqtikaSi kalvinisturi eTikis
SedarebiT naklebad SeRwevisa da aq asketuri suliskveTebis
SesustebisaTvis ukve XVII saukunis damdegisaTvis (1608
wels
holandias
TavSefarebuli
ingliseli
kongregacionalistebisTvis miuRebeli iyo holandielTa
mxriv SabaTis simSvidis arasakmarisad dacva), sabolood ki
Statthalter fridrix hainrixis dros, da sazogadod
holandiuri puritanizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqspansiis

262

nakleb unarianobisaTvis sruliad sxvadasxvagvari mizezebi

Seiqna gadamwyveti, romelTa CamoTvla aq SeuZlebelia. isini
nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo qveynis politikuri wyobiTac
(calkeuli qalaqebisa da mxareebis kavSiris saxiT) da
bevrad naklebi TavdacvisunarianobiT (ganmaTavisuflebeli
omi sul male ZiriTadad amsterdamis fuliTa da
daqiravebuli jaris meSveobiT iqna warmoebuli: babilonis
godolis
enaTa
aRrevis
sailustraciod
ingliseli
mqadageblebi holandiuri jaris magaliTze miuTiTebdnen).
amis gamo religiuri omis mTeli simZime didwilad sxvebis
mxrebze gadavida, rasac politikuri Zalauflebis xelidan
gaSveba mohyva. amis sapirispirod, kromvelis jari, Tumc
nawilobriv
Seviwrovebuli,
Tavs
moqalaqeTa
jarad
aRiqvamda. (am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, miT ufro niSandoblivia,
rom
swored
am
jarma
Seitana
Tavis
programaSi
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris gauqmebis punqti, _
vinaidan brZola mxolod sindisis mier kargad Secnobili
RvTis sadidebeli saqmisTvis da ara TavadTa axirebebis
gamoa dasaSvebi. inglisuri jaris, tradiciuli germanuli
gagebiT, "uzneo" mowyobas Tavdapirvelad, istoriulad
metad "zneobrivi" motivebi hqonda da im jariskacTa
moTxovnas warmoadgenda, visac arasodes ganucdia damarcxeba
da romlebic mxolod restavraciis Semdeg iqnen samefo
gvirgvinis interesebis samsaxurSi Cayenebuli). holandieli
schutterijen, didi omis periodSi kalvinizmis burjebi,
dordrextis sinodis Semdeg ukve TiTqmis naxevari Taobis
mogvianebiT halsis naxatebze aSkarad naklebad "asketur"
saqciels avlenen. gamudmebiT vawydebiT sinodTa protestebs
maTi cxovrebis wesis winaaRmdeg. holandiuri cneba "deftigkeit"biurgerul-racionaluri "patiosnebisa" da
patriciuli wodebrivi TviTSegnebis nazavs warmoadgens.
holandiur eklesiebSi saeklesio adgilebis klasobrivsafexurebrivi danawileba dRemde miuTiTebs am eklesiurobis
aristokratul xasiaTze. saqalaqo meurneobis SenarCuneba
aferxebda
industrias.
aRmavlobas
is
martooden
ltolvilTa wyalobiT da, amdenad, mxolod drogamoSvebiT
ganicdida. oRond kalvinizmisa da pietizmis saero askeza
holandiaSic imave mimarTulebiT axdenda zemoqmedebas,
rogorc sxvagan (agreTve aqve mosaxseniebeli "momWirneobis

263

asketuri iZulebis" gagebiTac, rogorc amas groen van

prinstereris qvemoT moyvanili citati _ SeniSv. 280 _
cxadyofs.
kalvinistur
holandiaSi
mxatvruli
literaturis TiTqmis sruli ararseboba, bunebrivia,
SemTxveviTobas ar warmoadgens. holandiis Sesaxeb ix. mag.:
Busken-Huet, Het land van Rembrandt , gamocemulia
germanuladac).
holandiuri
religiurobis
rogorc
"momWirneobis asketuri iZulebis" mniSvneloba jer kidev
XVIII saukuneSi, mag., albertus halleris CanawerebSic,
garkveviT ikveTeba. xelovnebisa da misi motivebis Sesaxeb
holandielTa msjelobis niSandobliv TaviseburebebTan
dakavSirebiT
Sdr.
1891
wels
"Oud
Holland"-Si
gamoqveynebuli
(1629-31
wlebSi
dawerili)
konst.
huigensiseuli (Const.Huyghens) avtobiografiuli Canawerebi.
(groen van prinstereris ukve citirebuli naSromi: Groen
van Prinsterer, La Hollande et l`influence de Calvin, 1864, Cvens
problematikasTan dakavSirebiT
sagulisxmos arafers
gvTavazobs.) _ amerikaSi niiv-nederlandes kolonia (NieuwNederland ) socialurad "patronTa", kapitalis gamsesxebel
vaWarTa, naxevrad feodalur sabatonos warmoadgenda _ da
axali
inglisisagan
gansxvavebiT,
gaZnelebuli
iyo
"wvrilfexobis" iq gadasaxlebaze dayolieba.
262)saWiroa imis gaxseneba, Tu rogor daxura qalaqis
puritanulma mmarTvelobam Teatri stratford-on-eivonSi
jer kidev Seqspiris sicocxleSive da misi sicocxlis
bolo periodSi iq yofnisas. (puritanebisadmi Seqspiris
zizRi da upativcemuloba nebismier xelsayrel momentSi
mJRavndeba). jer kidev 1777 wels qalaq birminghemis
xelisuflebam ar dauSva Teatris, rogorc "sizarmacis"
xelSemwyobis da amdenad vaWrobisTvis xelSemSlelis, gaxsna
(ix.: Ashley. Birmingham. Industry and Commerce, 1913, p. 7, 8)
263)aqac gadamwyvetia is, rom puritanebisTvis mxolod
alternatiuli
an-an
arsebobda:
RvTiuri
neba
an
qmnilebiseuli pativmoyvareoba. amitomac maTTvis veranairi
"adiaphora" (indiferentuloba SefasebaSi) ver iarsebebda.
sxvagvari damokidebuleba hqonda, rogorc ukve vTqviT,
kalvins amasTan dakavSirebiT: sul erTia, Tu ras Wams, ras
icvams adamiani da a.S., Tuki amas wadilis Zalauflebis mier
sulis damoneba ar mohyveba. "amqveyniurobisgan" Tavisufleba

264

_ iseve, rogorc iezuitebTan _ indiferentulobiT unda

iqnes gamoxatuli, oRond kalvinTan es im sikeTeebis
ganurCevel, usurvilo moxmarebas gulisxmobs, rasac
miwieri cxovreba gviboZebs (ix.: Institutio Christianae Relig.
pirvelgamocemis p.409 ff.) _ Tvalsazrisi, romelic
saboloo jamSi aSkarad luTeris Sexedulebebs ufro
uaxlovdeboda, vidre epigonTa pedantizmi.
264)amisadmi kvekerTa damokidebuleba cnobilia. magram ukve
XVII saukunis damdegs amsterdamSi imigrantTa mrevlSi
mTeli
aTwleulis
manZilze
usaSinlesi
qariSxali
mZvinvarebda erT-erTi mRvdlis colis moduri qudebisa da
morTulobis gamo. (amis brwyinvale aRwera mocemulia
wignSi: Dexter. Congregationalism of the last 300 years). _ ukve
sanfordi miuTiTebda imaze, rom mamakacTa dRevandeli "Tmis
varcxniloba" gadaRebulia mravalgzis masxrad agdebuli
"roundheads" (mrgvalTavianebisagan) da puritanTa aseve
sasacilod agdebuli mamakacis Cacmuloba masSi Cadebuli
principiT arsebiTad dRevandeli mamakacuri Cacmulobis
msgavsia.
265)amis Sesaxeb ix. veblenis ukve citirebuli wigni:
(Veblen. The theory of business enterprise).
266)am Tvalsazriss ganuwyvetliv SevexebiT. misi meSveobiT
xdeba SesaZlebeli imgvari gamonaTqvamebis axsna, rogoricaa:
"Every penny, which is paid upon yourselves and children and
friends must be done as by Gods own appointment and to serve and
please him. Watch narrowly, or else that thievish carnal self will
leave God nothing" (Baxter a. a. O. I S. 108 qveviT marjvniv) _
"yoveli peni, romelsac Sen sakuTar Tavs, Svilebsa da
megobrebs axarjav, gacemuli unda iyos ise, viTom es
RvTiuri gankargulebiT xdeba, raTa Senma mzakvrulma
xorcma ar warstacos ufals yvelaferi, rac mas Sengan
ergeba". aq gadamwyvetia: is, rac pirad miznebs xmardeba,
RvTis sadidebel samsaxurs akldeba.
267)savsebiT marTebulia, roca ixseneben (ix. vTqvaT
doudeni), rom kromvelma ganadgurebisagan ixsna rafaelis
naxatebi da mantenis "cezaris triumfi", maSin, rodesac
Carlz II maT gayidvas cdilobda. inglisuri erovnuli
litertaturis mimarT restavraciis epoqis sazogadoeba,
rogorc cnobilia, aseve sakmaod gulgrilad an sulac

265

uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili. samefo karze versalis gavlena

batonobda. Tu ra gavlena iqonia puritanizmis saukeTeso
warmomadgenelTa da mis skolagamovlil adamianTa sulier
Camoyalibebaze yoveldRiuri cxovrebis gaucnobierebel
siameTagan
gandgomam,
amis
dawvrilebiT
gaanalizeba
warmoadgens amocanas, romelic, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am
narkvevis farglebSi mainc ver iqneba gadaWrili. vaSington
irvingi (Bracebridge Hall a.a.O.) am gavlenas, miRebuli
inglisuri terminologiiT, amgvar formulirebas uZebnis:
"is (politikuri Tavisufleba, ambobs igi, _ puritanizmi
vityviT Cven) gulisxmobs fantaziis nakleb TamaSs da met
warmosaxvis Zalas" (it evinces less play of the fancy, but more
power of imagination). sakmarisia gavixsenoT, Tu ra adgili
ukaviaT
Sotlandielebs
inglisis
mecnierebaSi,
literaturaSi, teqnikur gamogonebebsa da agreTve saqmian
cxovrebaSi, rom gaviazroT da SevigrZnoT, rom es, cota ar
iyos, sworxazovnad Camoyalibebuli SeniSvna simarTles
Seesabameba.
_
teqnikisa
da
empiriul
mecnierebebze
ganviTarebisaTvis maT gavlenaze Cven aq ar visaubrebT. es
urTierTkavSiri yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic iCens yvelgan
Tavs.
kvekerisTvis
vTqvaT,
nebadarTul
"recreations"
warmoadgens (berklis Tanaxmad): megobrebTan stumroba,
istoriuli nawarmoebebis kiTxva, maTematikuri da fizikuri
eqsperimentebi, mebaReoba, saqmiani problemebisa da sxva
amqveyniuri movlenebis ganxilva. _ mizezi adre iqna
gaanalizebuli.
268)es
SesaniSnavadaa
gaanalizebuli
karl
noimanis
"rembrandtSi", romelic saerTod zemoxsenebul SeniSvnebTan
unda iqnes Sedarebuli.
269)ix. magaliTad, baqsteris zeviT citirebuli nawyveti _
I gv. 108 qveviT.
270)Sdr. mag., polkovnik haCisonis daxasiaTeba (mag.,
sandorfTan xSirad citirebuli, iqve gv.57) misi qvrivis
mier
daweril
biografiaSi.
mTeli
misi
rainduli
Rirsebebisa da sicocxliT savse bunebis aRweris Semdeg
naTqvamia: "He was wonderfully neat, cleanly and genteel in his
habit, and had a very good fancy in it; but he left off very early the
wearing of anything that was costly"... (is araCveulebrivad
sufTa, mowesrigebuli da eleganturi iyo da SesaniSnavi

266

gemovneba hqonda. magram axalgazrdobaSive uari Tqva

fufunebaze). zustad aseTivea, baqsteris mier meri hameris
saflavTan warmoTqmul sityvaSi daxatuli sicocxlis
moyvaruli da ganaTlebuli puritani qalis ideali,
romelic or rameSi iCens xelmomWirneobas: 1.dro da
2.xarjebi, gamiznuli "pomp" (fufunebis sagnebisa) da
garTobisTvis (Works of the Pur. Div. p. 533).
271)sxva mravali magaliTis gverdiT me gansakuTrebiT
maxsendeba Tavis saqmianobaSi uCveulod warmatebuli da misi
asakisTvis metad SeZlebuli fabrikanti, romelsac kuWis
monelebis qronikul daavadebasTan dakavSirebiT eqimebis mier
yoveldRiurad xamanwkebis Wama daeniSna, razec misi
dayolieba usaSvelod gaZnelda. saqvelmoqmedo miznebiT
gaRebuli metad soliduri Semowirulebani, rasac is jer
kidev sicocxleSive akeTebda da, meore mxriv, misi
"xelgaSliloba" cxadyofda, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme
mxolod im "asketuri" aRzrdis gamoZaxils exeboda, rac
sakuTari qonebiT tkbobas zneobrivad saeWvod miiCnevs da
ara "siZunwis" monaTesave rames.
272)saamqros, kantoris, saerTod, "saqmis" da kerZo
sacxovreblis, firmisa da saxelis, saqmeSi Cadebuli
kapitalisa da kerZo sakuTrebis urTierTgamijvna, "saqmis"
(Tavdapirvelad Tundac sazogadoebrivi qonebis) "corpus
mysticum"-ad gadaqcevis tendencia _ es yvelaferi erTi
mimarTulebiT warmarTuli procesis mxareebia. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT ix. Cemi naSromi "Handelsgesellschaften im
Mittelalter".
273)jer kidev zombartma Tavis "kapitalizmSi" (I gamocema)
savsebiT marTebulad miuTiTa am niSandobliv fenomenze.
gasaTvaliswinebelia mxolod is, rom qonebis dagroveba ori
sruliad gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri wyarodan iRebs
dasabams. erTi saTaves uxsovar warsulSi iRebs da Semdeg
gamoxatulebas saqvelmoqmedo SemowirulebebSi, sagvareulo
qonebaSi, fideikomisebSi, zustad imgvarive an egeb bevrad
ufro wminda da gamokveTili formiT poulobs, rogorc
pirovnebis analogiur miswrafebaSi, odesme sikvdils
uzarmazari
sakuTari
materialuri
simdidriT
wonaSematebuli
daxvedroda
da,
rac
mTavaria,
"saqmis"
gagrZeleba uzrunveleyo, Tundac umetesi Tanamemkvidre

267

Svilebis piradi interesebis Selaxvis xarjze. yvela am

SemTxvevaSi sakuTar qmnilebaSi sikvdilis Semdegac ki
idealuri cxovrebis gagrZelebis da, amiT "splendor familiae"
(ojaxis sidiadis) SenarCunebis survilis gverdiT, saqme im
pativmoyvareobas exeba, risi obieqtic, Semomwiravis, ase
vTqvaT, ganvrcobili pirovneba xdeba. amrigad, nebismier
SemTxvevaSi saubaria Tavisi arsiT egocentrul miznebze.
sul sxvagvaria saqmis viTareba im "burJuaziul" motivTan
dakavSirebiT, romelsac Cven vikvlevT; aq askeziseuli
Segoneba: "TviTaRkveTa gmarTebs Sen, TviTaRkveTa", dadebiTi
kapitalisturi msoflaRqmis yaidaze gadasxvaferebuli:
"SeZena gmarTebs Sen, SeZena", mTeli Tavisi sada da
aumRvreveli
iracionalobiT
erTgvar
kategoriul
imperativad mogvevlineba. mxolod RvTis dideba da sakuTari
movaleoba da ara adamianis pativmoyvareoba warmoadgens aq
puritanisTvis motivs, dRes ki es mxolod sakuTari
"mowodebis" winaSe movaleobaa. visac exaliseba, romelime
mosazrebis
ukanasknel
zRvramde
misuli
SedegebiT
ilustrireba, gaixsenos Tundac zogierTi amerikeli
miliarderis Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom mopovebuli
miliardebis SvilebisaTvis datoveba ar Rirs, raTa am gziT
maT ar CamoerTvaT zneobrivi sikeTe, rom Tavadve imuSaon da
SeiZinon: cxadia, dReisaTvis es ukve mxolod da mxolod
"Teoriuli" sapnis buStia.E
274)esaa, razec ganuwyvetliv unda iqnes gamaxvilebuli
yuradReba, is ukanaskneli gadamwyveti religiuri motivi
(xorcis
mokvdinebis
wminda
asketuri
Tvalsazrisis
gverdiT), rac gasakuTrebiT naTlad kvekerebTan gamoikveTeba.
275)amas baqsteri (Saints` everl. rest 12) mTlianad
iezutebisaTvis Cveuli motivebiT uaryofs: xorcs unda
miegos is, rac mas ekuTvnis, Torem winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
adamiani mis monad iqceva.
276)rogorc jer kidev vaingartenma Tavisi "inglisis
revoluciis" umTavres debulebebSi Camoayaliba, es ideali
calsaxad arsebobda, kerZod, kvekeruli moZraobis ukve
pirvelsave
periodSi.
amis
gansakuTrebiT
naTel
gaTvalsaCinoebas berklis dauRalavi polemikac warmoadgens
(a.a.O. S. 519 ff., 533). unda veridoT: 1. qmnilebiseul
pativmoyvareobas anu yovelgvar yoyloCinobas, zizil-

268

pipilebs da imgvari sagnebis gamoyenebas, romelTac

araviTari praqtikuli daniSnuleba ar gaaCnia an mxolod
maTi iSviaTobis gamo anu pativmoyvareobis safuZvelzea
dafasebuli _ 2. qonebis upasuxismgeblo gamoyenebas, rac
aucilebel sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebTan da momavlze
zrunvasTan
SedarebiT,
naklebad
aucilebeli
moTxovnilebebisaTvis
Seufereblad
did
danaxarjebSi
mdgomareobs:
amrigad,
kvekeri,
ase
vTqvaT,
moarul
"moxmarebis sasazRvro kanonad" iqceoda. cxadia, savsebiT
nebadarTulia "moderate use of the creature"
(zomierad
sargebloba), gamorCeuli yuradReba ki, vTqvaT, masalis da
a.S xarisxsa da gamZleobas imdenad unda daeTmos, ramdenadac
amas ar mivyavarT "vanity" (pativmoyvareobamde). yovelive
amis Sesaxeb Sdr.: "Morgenblatt fr gebildete Leser", 1846 Nr. 216
ff. (gansakuTrebiT: Komfort und Soliditt der Stoffe bei den
Qukern, Sdr.: Schneckenburger, Vorlesungen S. 96 f.).
277)adre ukve iTqva, rom religiuri moZraobebis klasobrivi
ganpirobebulobis
sakiTxs
aq
ar
SevexebiT
(masTan
dakavSirebiT ix. statiebi "msoflio religiaTa sameurneo
eTikis" Sesaxeb). oRond imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom, mag.,
baqsteri, romelsac Cven aq upiratesad veyrdnobiT,
cxovrebas sruliadac ar ucqerda misi epoqis "burJuaziis"
saTvaleebiT, sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom masTanac xelobaTa
RvTivsasurvelobis ierarqiaSi swavlulTa profesiebis
Semdeg pirveli "husbandman" (miwaTmoqmedi) moixsenieba, da
mxolod mis Semdeg modis "mariners, clothers, booksellers,
tailors" (zRvaosnebis, memaudeebis, wigniTmovaWreTa, TerZebis
da a.S.) ucnaurad aWrelebuli CamonaTvali. da aseve
(sakmaod
niSandoblivad)
moxseniebul
"mariners"
(zRvaosnebSi) albaT mebadurebic isevea nagulisxmevi,
rogorc mezRvaurebi. am mimarTebiT
sxvagvari viTarebaa
Talmudur gamonaTqvamebSi. Sdr. mag., vunSesTan moyvanili
(Wnsche. Babyl. Talmud. II, I, S. 20, 21 ) rabi eliazaris
gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic, cxadia, upasuxod ar darCenila da
romelTa
dedaazri
erTia:
savaWro
saqme
sjobs
miwaTmoqmedebas.
(kapitalis
mizanSewonilad
dabandebis
Sesaxeb ufro TvalsaCino rekomendaciebi ix.: (a.a.O II, I, S.
68) 1/3 adgil-mamuli, 1/3 saqoneli, 1/3 naRdi fuli).

269

maTTvis,
visi
kauzalobis
moyvare
sindisi
ekonomikuri
(anu
"materialisturi",
rogorc
amas
samwuxarod jerac amboben) analizis gareSe simSvides ver
hpovebs, SevniSnavT, rom me religiuri ideebis Camoyalibebis
bedze
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
zegavlena
metad
mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia da mogvianebiT imis ganxilvas vapireb,
Tu
rogori
formiT
warimarTa
orive
maTganis
urTierTSeguebisa da urTierTobebis procesebi. oRond saqme
isaa, rom am religiuri ideebis Sinaarsis ubralod
xelaRebiT "ekonomikaze" dayvana SeuZlebelia; isini Tavis
mxriv warmoadgenen _ da amas versad ver gaveqceviT _
"erovnuli xasiaTis" umZlavres plastikur elementebs da
Tavis
TavSive
atareben
sakuTar
kanonierebasa
da
mamoZravebel Zalas. xolo luTeranobasa da kalvinizms
Soris
arsebuli
umniSvnelovanesi
gansxvavebebi,
umeteswilad,
politikiTaa
ganpirobebuli,
ramdenadac
saerTod arareligiur momentebs amaSi Carevis saSualeba
mieca.
278)amas gulisxmobs ed. bernStaini, rodesac Tavis, zemoT
ukve moxseniebul statiaSi (681-e da 625-e gv-ze) ambobs:
"askeza burJuaziuli siqvelea". pirvelad mis SeniSvnebSi
gakeTda am umniSvnelovanes urTierTmimarTebebze saerTod
miTiTeba. oRond es urTierTmimarTebebi gacilebiT ufro
metis momcvelia, vidre is varaudobs. vinaidan gadamwyveti
iyo ara ubralod kapitalis dagroveba, aramed mTeli
profesionaluri saqmianobis racionalizeba. _ amerikul
koloniebSi dapirispireba samxreTis mdgomareobasa da
puritanul CrdiloeTs Soris, sadac "asketuri momWirneobis
iZulebis" Sedegad dasabandeblad gamiznuli kapitali mudam
arsebobda, ukve doilis mier iqna sakmaod naTlad
warmoCenili.
279)Doyle, The English in America. Vol. II ch. -- axal-inglisSi
koloniis
daarsebidan
erTi
Taobis
Semdeg
rkinis
mompovebel-gadamamuSavebeli
sazogadoebebis
(1643),
bazrisaTvis maudis warmoebis (1659) arseboba (da sxvaTa
Soris
xelosnobis
ayvavebac),
wminda
ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT, anaqronizmebia da umwvaves winaaRmdegobaSi
modis, rogorc samxreTis mdgomareobasTan, ise ara
kalvinistur, aramed sindisis sruli Tavisuflebis momxre
rod ailendTan, sadac, SesaniSnavi navsadguris arsebobis

270

miuxedavad, jer kidev gubernatorisa da qalaqis sabWos

1686 wlis angariSSi naTqvamia, rom: "siZneleebi, rasac
vaWroba ganicdis, aixsneba imiT, rom Cven gvaklia vaWrebi da
sakmarisi qonebis mflobeli xalxi" (The great obstruction
concerning trade is the want of merchants and men of considerable
Estates amongst us) (Arnold, Hist. of the State of R. I. p. 490). is,
rom puritanTa mier moxmarebis sferos SezRudva garkveul
rols TamaSobda iZulebis wesiT dazogili kapitalis
gamudmebiT dabandebaSi, marTlac, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. amas
miemata Cvens mier jer isev ganuxilavi saeklesio
disciplinis roli.
280)xsenebuli
wreebis
swrafi
kleba
niderlandebSi
naCvenebia busken-huetis naSromSi (Busken-Huet, a.a.O. Bd. II,
K. III und IV). miuxedavad amisa, grun van prinstereri
(Handb. d. Gesch. v. h. V. 3. Aufl., 303 Anm., S. 254 )
vestfaliis zavis Semdgom periodze ambobs: "holandielebi
yidian bevrs, magram moixmaren cotas" _ (De Nederlanders
verkoopen veel en verbruiken wenig).
281)rac Seexeba ingliss, rankes mier "inglisis istoriaSi"
(IV, gv.187) citirebuli erT-erTi aristokrati roialistis
peticia
Carlz
II-is
londonSi
Sesvlis
Semdeg
Suamdgomlobda burJuaziis kapitalis meSveobiT adgilmamulebis Sesyidvis akrZalvis Taobaze, romelic am gziT
iZulebuli
Seiqneboda
mxolod
vaWrobiT
yofiliyo
dasaqmebuli. _ holandiel "regentTa" wodeba qalaqebis
burJuaziul patriciats, rogorc "wodeba" swored Zveli
saraindo adgil-mamulebis Sesyidvis meSveobiT gamoeyo. (amis
Sesaxeb ix. fruinTan /Fruin, Tien jaren uit den tachtigjarigen
oorlog / citirebuli 1652 wlis saCivari imis Sesaxeb, rom
regentebi vaWrebi ki aRar arian, aramed rantieebad iqcnen).
cxadia, es wreebi Sinaganad arasodes yofilan WeSmaritad
kalvinisturad ganwyobilni. da XVII saukunis meore
naxevarSi
holandiuri
burJuaziis
farTo
wreebSi
fexmokidebuli gaaznaurebisa da titulebisadmi ybadaRebuli
ltolvac sakmarisia imis naTelsayofad, rom am periodTan
dakavSirebiT mainc, didi sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT
inglisis pirobebis Sepirispirebas holandiis pirobebTan.
memkvidreobiT miRebuli fuladi qonebis yovlismomcvelma
Zlevamosilebam aq asketuri suli gatexa.

271

282)burJuaziis kapitalis meSveobiT inglisuri sagvareulo

adgil-mamulebis intensiurad Sesyidvis periods mohyva
inglisis soflis meurneobis ayvavebis diadi epoqa.
283)anglikani lendlordebi lamis XIX saukunemde arcTu
iSviaTad ambobdnen uars meijareebad nonkonformistebis
ayvanaze. (am droisaTvis orive saeklesio partia TiTqmis
Tanabarricxovania, uwin nonkonformistebi mudam umciresobas
warmoadgendnen).
284)h. levi (sul axlaxan "Archiv f. Sozialwiss." /46 S. 605 f./
-Si gamoqveynebul statiaSi) sruliad marTebulad miuTiTebs
imaze,
rom
Tavisi,
mravali
maxasiaTebeli
niSniT
gamovlenili "xasiaTis Tvisebebis" mixedviT, ingliseli eri
sxva erebTan SedarebiT umal naklebad iyo midrekili
asketuri eTosisa da burJuaJiuli siqvelis gasaTaviseblad:
uxeSi da gauTleli xalisianoba iyo (da aris) am eris znis
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani. puritanuli askezis
Zlevamosileba misi batonobis epoqaSi mis mimdevarTa Soris
xasiaTis swored am xsenebuli Tvisebis gasaocar ganelebaSi
gamomJRavnda.
285)amas gamudmebiT vawydebiT doilis naSromSi. puritanTa
poziciis gansazRvrisas religiuri motivebi iyo yovelTvis
gadamwyveti (bunebrivia, oRond ara erTaderTi gadamwyveti).
masaCusetsis kolonias (uintropis mmarTvelobis periodSi)
TviT zeda palatas Tavisi modgmiT aristokratiiTurT
jentlmenTa masaCusetSi gadasaxleba dasaSvebad miaCnda,
oRond im pirobiT, TukiKjentlmenebi eklesiis wevrebi
gaxdebodnen. religiuri disciplinis gamo cdilobdnen
Caketili dasaxleba SeenarCunebinaT. (niu-hempSirisa da menis
kolonizacia anglikan didvaWarTa mier xorcieldeboda,
romlebic mecxoveleobis uzarmazar meurneobebs aSenebdnen.
oRond aq socialuri kavSiri metad umniSvnelo iyo). axal
ingliselTa dauokebel "momxveWelobis Jinze" ukve 1632
wels Ciodnen (ix. mag.: Weedens Economic and social history of
New England I p. 125).
286)amas ukve pettic aRniSnavs da yvela imdroindeli
wyaro,
gamonaklisis
gareSe,
puritan
seqtantebze:
baptistebze, kvekerebze, menonitebze, saubrobs rogorc
nawilobriv usaxsro, nawilobriv ki wvrilkapitalistur
fenaze
da
upirispirebs
maT,
rogorc
didvaWarTa

272

aristokratias, ise finansur avantiuristebs. magram swored

am wvrilkapitalisturi fenidan da ara msxvil finansistTa:
monopolistebis, saxelmwifo momwodeblebis, saxelmwifo
kreditorebis, kolonizatorebisa da "promoters" _ wridan
warmosdga is, rac dasavleTis kapitalizmisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli:
samrewvelo
Sromis
burJuaziulkerZomesakuTreobrivi organizacia. (ix.: Unwin, Industrial
Organization in the 16th and 17th centuries, London 1914 S. 196 ff.)
es dapirispireba TanamedroveTaTvisac rom kargad cnobili
iyo, amis Sesaxeb ix. parkeris "Discourse concerning Puritans"
(1641), sadac aseve aqcentirebulia proJeqtiorTa da
didgvarovan
kariskacTa
mimarT
puritanTa
dapirispirebuloba.
287)imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aisaxa es XVIII saukuneSi
pensilvaniis politikaSi, kerZod ki, damoukideblobisTvis
omSi ix: Sharpless, A Quaker experiment in Goverment
Philadelphia 1902.
288)igive ix.: Southey, Leben Wesleys Kap. 29. es miTiTeba _
am nawyvets ar vicnobdi _ me prof. eSlis werilidan miviRe
(1913). e. trolCma (romelsac es werili am mizniT gavacani)
xsenebuli citati ukve moiSvelia.
289)am monakveTis wakiTxvas vurCevdi yvelas, vinc dRes
Tavs xsenebul sakiTxebSi sakuTriv
moZraobis im
winamZRolebze
da
Tanamedroveebze
ufro
gaTviTcnobierebulad da Wkvianad miiCnevs, romelTac,
rogorc vxedavT, sul zustad icodnen, Tu ras sCadiodnen
da ra safrTxes qmnidnen. marTlac dauSvebelia, zogierTi
Cemi kritikosis msgavsad, sruliad ueWveli da am dromde
kidevac sruliad eWvmiutaneli, Cems mier ki mxolod maTi
Sinagani mamoZravebeli Zalebis gamo gamokvleuli faqtebis,
ise haiharad eWvqveS dayeneba, rogorc amas samwuxarod
hqonda adgili. XVII saukuneSi am urTierTobebSi arc erT
adamians eWvi ar Seutania (Sdr. agreTve: Manley, Usurry of
6% examined 1669 S. 137). ukve citirebul Tanamedrove
avtorTa garda, xsenebul urTierTkavSirebs, rogorc raRac
TavisTavad cxads, aRiqvamdnen iseTi poetebi, rogorc h.
haine da kitsi, mecnierebi, rogorc makolei, keningemi,
rojersi an mweralebi, rogorc metiu arnoldi. uaxlesi
literaturidan ix. eSlis naSromi: Ashley, Bimingham

273

Industry and Commerce (1913), vinc Tavis droze aseve Tavisi

sruli
Tanxmoba
ganmicxada
werilobiT.
Sdr.
imave
problemasTan
dakavSirebiT
axlaxan
284-e
SeniSvnaSi
moxseniebuli h.levis statia.
290)igive
urTierTkavSirebi
klasikuri
periodis
puritanebisTvisac rom TavisTavad cxadi iyo, albaT
verafriT ise naTlad ver dasabuTdeba, rogorc benianiseuli
"Mr. Money-Love"
_
"batoni
fulis
moyvarulis"
argumentaciiT: "religiuri SeiZleba kaci imisTvisac gaxdes,
raTa gamdidrdes, vTqvaT, muStrebi rom gaimravlos",
vinaidan: sul erTia, ratom gaxda adamiani religiuri (S.114
Tauchnitz Ed. ).
291)defo Tavgamodebuli nonkonformisti iyo.
292)Speneric (Theol. Bedenken a.a.O. S. 426 f., 429 f., 432 ff.)
marTalia, vaWris profesias cTunebebiTa da maxeebiT
aRsavsed miiCnevs, magram misTvis dasmul SekiTxvaze mainc
ase pasuxobs: "msiamovnebs, roca vxedav, rom Zvirfasi
megobari, sakuTriv vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiT, sindisis
qenjnas ki ar ganicdis, aramed mas cxovrebis imgvar wesad
aRiqvams, rogoric is sinamdvileSia da risi meSveobiTac
adamianTa modgmisTvis didi sargeblobis motana anu RvTis
nebiT siyvarulis aRsruleba SeiZleba." es mosazreba
sxvadasxva adgilebze merkantilisturi argumentebiT kidev
ufro
saguldagulodaa
motivirebuli.
Tuki
Speneri
gamdidrebis wyurvils, drodadro sruliad luTeriseulad,
_ 1 tim 6: 8 da 9, agreTve ieso ziraqis Zis moxmobiT, ix.
zeviT! _ umTavres maxed da uTuod Tavidan asarideblad
miiCnevs da "sarCos sakmarobis
Tvalsazriss" iziarebs
(Theol. Bedenken III S. 435), meore mxriv, am pozicias
ayvavebul
keTildReobaSi
da,
amavdroulad,
mainc
RvTisnierad mcxovreb seqtantebze miTiTebiT kvlav asustebs
(ix. gv. 175). simdidre, rogorc gamrje Sromis nayofi,
misTvisac eWvs gareSea. Tumc luTeris ideebis CarTvis
Sedegad misi pozicia nakleb Tanamimdevrulia, vidre
baqsteris.
293)baqsteri gvafrTxilebs Tavi SevikavoT (a.a.O. II S. 16)
"heavy, flegmatik, sluggish, fleshly, slothfulpersons" _ "mouqneli,
flegmaturi,
dondlo,
avxorci,
zanti
adamianebis",
msaxurebad
("servants")
daqiravebisagan
da
gvirCevs

274

upiratesoba mivaniWoT "godly" (RvTismosav) msaxurebs, ara

marto imis gamo, rom "ungodly" (uRmerTo) msaxurebi
mxolod "eye-servants" "meTvalyureobis qveS muSaoben",
aramed pirvel rigSi imitom, rom "a truly godly servant will do
all your service in obedience to God, as if God himself had bid him
do it" _
"WeSmaritad
RvTismosavi
msaxuri
Tavis
valdebulebebs
ise
aRasrulebs,
rogorc
RvTisadmi
morCilebis movaleobas, ise, TiTqos Tavad RmerTi iTxovdes
misgan samuSaos Sesrulebas". sxvebi ki iqeTken ixrebian, rom
"to make no great matter of conscience of it" _ "es sindisis
saqmed ar aqcion". da piriqiT, miiCneven, rom mSromelisaTvis
religiis garegnuli aRiareba ki ara, "conscience to do their
duty" _ "sakuTari movaleobis patiosnad Sesrulebaa"
wmindanobis niSani. rogorc vxedavT, aq RvTisa da
damsaqmeblis
interesebi
saTuodaa
erTmaneTSi
gadaxlarTuli: Speneric (Theol. Bedenken III S. 272),
romelic Cveulebriv daJinebiT Segvagonebs, rom RmerTze
fiqrisTvis movicaloT, imTaviTve uSvebs rogorc TavisTavad
cxads, rom mSromeli ukiduresad mcire Tavisufal dros
(kviraobiTac ki) unda dasjerdes. _ sruliad marTebulad
uwodebdnen ingliseli avtorebi protestant imigrantebs
"kvalificirebuli Sromis pionerebs". ix. agreTve levisTan
amis dasabuTeba: H. Levy, Die Grundl. des kon. Liberalismus S.
53.
294)mxolod erTeulebis wilxvedr, adamianuri masStabiT
"usamarTlo" predestinaciasa da aseve usamarTlo, magram
aseve RvTisTvis sasurvel materialur sikeTeTa ganawilebas
Soris aSkara analogiis Sesaxeb ix. mag., hoornbekTan (a.a.O.
Vol. I S. 153). amasTan, siRaribe Zalze xSirad, vTqvaT,
baqsterTan (a.a.O. I S. 380) ganixileba, rogorc codviani
sizarmacis simptomi.
295)RmerTi, fiqrobs T. adamsi (Works of the Pur. Div. p. 158),
amden adamians savaraudod imitom tovebs siRatakeSi,
vinaidan icis, rom es adamianebi ver gauZleben im cTunebebs,
simdidres rom mosdevs Tan. radgan simdidre Zalze xSirad
adamianis bunebidan gamodevnis religias.

275

296)ix. zeviT SeniSv. 239 da iqve citirebuli h.levis

naSromi. zustad imaves aRniSnavs yvela danarCeni mkvlevric
(aseve manlic hugenotebTan dakavSirebiT).
297)msgavs movlenebs inglisSic vawydebiT. aqve igulisxmeba,
mag., is pietizmic, romelic lous (ix.: Laws, "Serious call";
1728) Tanaxmad, siRaribes, ubiwobasa da _ Tavdapirvalad _
amqveyniurobisagan gandgomasac qadagebda.
298)baqsteris moRvaweoba misi Casvlis momentisaTvis
absoluturad gaveranebul kiderminsteris TemSi miRweuli
warmatebis doniT TiTqmis umagaliToa sulis xsnis
praqtikis istoriaSi da, amavdroulad, imis tipiuri
magaliTia, Tu rogor moaxerxa askezam masebisaTvis Sromis
unar-Cvevebis Canergva, marqsistulad rom vTqvaT, maTi
"zedmeti Rirebulebis" warmoebisaTvis aRzrda da am gziT,
saerTod
SesaZlebeli
gaxada
kapitalistur
SromiT
urTierTobebSi
maTi
gamoyeneba
(ojaxuri
industria,
safeiqro warmoeba). aseTia sruliad zogadad kauzaluri
kavSiri.
_
baqsteris
poziciidan
gamomdinare,
misi
mfarvelobis qveS myofTa kapitalistur saqmianobaSi
CarTviT, igi maT sakuTari religiur-eTikuri interesebis
samsaxurSi ayenebda. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis poziciidan
gamomdinare, es ukanasknelni kapitalisturi "suliskveTebis"
ganviTarebis samsaxurSi Cayenebulni aRmoCdnen.
299)da kidev erTi: cxadia, SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT imaSi,
aris Tu ara gasaTvaliswinebeli, rogorc fsiqologiurad
qmediTi faqtori, Suasaukuneebis ostatis, "mis mierve
Seqmnili" nakeTobiT gamowveuli "sixaruli", razec amdens
msjeloben. raRac amdagvars albaT mainc uTod hqonda
adgili. yovel SemTxvevaSi, askezam Sromas SemoaZarcva,
dReisaTvis kapitalizmma ki samudamod mouspo saaqao xibli
da is mTlianad saiqioze mimarTa. profesiuli saqmianoba
rogorc aseTi, RvTisTvis sasurvelia. dRevandeli Sromis
pirovnulobisgan dacliloba: misi, calkeuli adamianis
poziciidan aRqmuli, usixarulo uazroba, im epoqaSi jer
kidev religiiTaa gansxivosnebuli. Tavisi Camoyalibebis
periodSi kapitalizms esaWiroeboda mSromelebi, romlebic
sindisis
xaTriT
ekonomikur
eqspluatacias
daeqvemdebarebodnen. dReisaTvis kapitalizmi myarad dgas

276

fexze da unari Seswevs yovelgvari saiqio jildoebis

gareSe maTi SromisaTvis mzaoba uzrunvelyos.
300)am winaaRmdegobebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ix. h.
levis
adre
citirebul
wignSi.
inglisisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
sazogadoebrivi
azris
mZlavrad
antimonopolisturi ganwyoba, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
XVII saukuneSi iqidan iRebs dasabams, rom samefo gvirgvinis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli
ZalauflebisaTvis
politikuri
brZola
_
grZelma
parlamentma
monopolistebi
parlamentidan
gaaZeva
_
dakavSirebuli
aRmoCnda
puritanzmis zneobriv motivebTan da finansur magnatTa
winaaRmdeg burJuaziis wvrili da saSualo kapitalis
interesebTan. 1652 wlis 2 agvistos Declaration of the Army
da aseve 1653 wlis 28 ianvris levelerTa peticia
aqcizebis,
sabaJo
gadasaxadebis,
iribi
gadasaxadebis
gauqmebasTan da estates (qonebaze) single tax (erTiani
gadasaxadis) SemoRebasTan erTad, pirvel rigSi, free trade
(Tavisufal vaWrobas) anu vaWrobaSi yovelgvari, rogorc
qveynis
SigniT,
iseve
mis
gareT,
monopolisturi
SezRudvebis, rogorc adamianis uflebebis darRvevis,
gauqmebas
iTxoven.
raRac
amis
msgavss
ukve
"did
remonstranciaSic" vpoulobT.
301)amasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. H. Levy, Oekon. Liberal. S. 51 f.
302)Cvens
mier
jerjerobiT
religiuri
Zirebis
TvalsazrisiT ganuxilavi gamonaTqvami, rogorc, mag.:
"honesty is the best policy" _ "patiosneba saikeTeso politikaa"
(frankliniseuli
msjeloba
kreditis
Sesaxeb)
rom
puritanuli warmoSobisaa, sxva konteqstSi unda iqnes
ganmartebuli. (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. momdevno statia).
amis Sesaxeb aq mxolod j. a. rauntris (J.A. Rowntree,
Quakerism, past and present p. 95/6) SeniSvnas gadmovcemT,
romelzec ed. bernStainma mimiTiTa: "Is it merely acoincidence,
or is it a consequence, that the lofty profession of spirituality made
by the Friends has gone hand in hand with shrewdness and tact in the
transaction of mundane affairs? Real piety favours the success of a
trader by insuring his integrity, and fostering habits of prudence and
forethought: _ importent items in obtaining that standing and credit
in the commercial world, which are requisite for the steady

277

accumulation of wealth." _ "es ubralo damTxvevaa Tu

kanonzomiereba, rom kvekerTa maRali suliereba saero
saqmeebSi maT daxvewilobasa da taqtTanaa Sexamebuli?
marTlac, WeSmariti RvTismosaoba xels uwyobs vaWrobaSi
warmatebas, vinaidan patiosnebis garantad gvevlineba,
adamianSi zrdis sifrTxilesa da windaxedulebas, esoden
mniSvnelovans sazogadoebaSi wonisa da kreditisaTvis, rac
simdidris aucilebel winapirobas
warmoadgens". (ix.
momdevno statia). "hugenotiviT patiosani" _ es XVII
saukuneSi iseve andazad iyo qceuli, rogorc holandielTa
wesiereba, visiTac ase aRfrTovanebuli iyo ser v. templi _
xolo erTi saukunis Semdeg ki kontinentis erebTan
SedarebiT,
romelTac
msgavsi
eTikuri
aRzrda
ar
gamouvliaT, saarako ingliselTa patiosneba gaxda.
303)es
kargadaa
gaanalizebuli
bielSovskisTan:
Bielschowsky, Goethe, Bd. II Kap. 18 _ samecniero "kosmosis"
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT msgavsi azri aqvs, mag.,
vindelbandsac misi wignis Windelband, Bltezeit der deutschen
Philosophie (II Bd. der "Gesch. d. neueren Philosophie ")
dasaruls gamoTqmuli.
304)Saints` everlasting rest. cap. XII.
305)"gana moxucs Tavisi 75 000 dolariT weliwadSi
saqmisTvis Tavis danebeba ar SeuZlia? _ ara! maRaziis
fasadi 400 futiT unda gafarTovdes. ratom? _ misi azriT,
amiT is yvelas daCrdilavs (That beats everything). _
saRamoobiT, roca coli da qaliSvilebi erTobliv kiTxvas
awyobdnen, mas erTi suli aqvs loginSi Cawves, kviraobiT ki
yovel xuT wuTSi erTxel saaTze iyureba, imis molodinSi,
dRe rodis gava: _ mainc ra ubadruki yofaa!" _ ase
daaskvnis (germaniidan imigrirebuli) ohaios erT-erTi
qalaqis wamyvani dry-good-man (galantereuli saqonliT
movaWris) siZe Tavisi simamris Sesaxeb, _ esaa msjeloba,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, "moxucs", srul gaugebrobad da
germanuli uniaTobis gamovlinebad moeCveneboda.
306)ukve
am
(ucvlelad
datovebul)
SeniSvnas
brentanosaTvis unda daenaxvebina, rom me misi (humanizmis)
damoukidebeli mniSvneloba arasodes eWvqveS ar damiyenebia.
humanizmi rom wminda "racionalizms" ar warmoadgenda, es

278

axlaxan kidev erTxel dabejiTebiT aRniSna borinskim (ix.:

Borinski; In: Abhandl. der Mnchener Ak. der Wiss. 1919).
307)fon belovis akademiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva Seexeba ara
am problemas, aramed sazogadod reformacias, gansakuTrebiT
ki, luTers: (ix.: v. Below; Die Ursachen der Reformation,
Freiburg, 1916). aq ganxilul TemasTan, gansakuTrebiT ki, im
kontroversebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic Cems gamokvlevas
mohyva, miTiTebuli unda iqnes hermelinkis naSromze (ix.:
Hermelink; Reformation und Gegenreformation), romelic sxvaTa
Soris upiratesad sxva problemebs exeba.
308)vinaidan winamorbed narkvevSi is urTierTkavSirebi iqna
Segnebulad gaTvaliswinebuli, romelebic udaod adasturebs
religiuri cnobierebis Sinaarsis zegavlenas kulturuli
cxovrebis "materialur" mxareze. sruliad ioli iqneboda,
mis farglebs gareT im formaluri "konstruqciebis"
agebamde
mivsuliyaviT,
romlebic
Tanamedrove
kulturisaTvis
yovelive
"niSandoblivis"
logikur
deducirebas protestantuli racionalizmidan moaxdendnen.
magram msgavsi saqmianoba diletantTa im kategorias
mivandoT, romlebsac "socialuri fsiqikis" "erTianoba" da
amis erT formulaze dayvanis SesaZlebloba swamT. _
mxolod erTi ram gvinda kidev aRvniSnoT, rom, bunebrivia,
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis is periodi, romelic win uswrebs
ganviTarebis Cvens mier ganxilul stadias, yvelgan rogorc
xelSemSleli, ise xelSemwyobi qristianuli zegavlenebiT
iyo ganpirobebuli. Tu ra saxis iyo isini, amaze Semdeg
TavSi visaubrebT. sakiTxavia, gaxdeba Tu ara saerTod
SesaZlebeli zeviT moxazul problemaTagan romelimes am
Jurnalis
farglebSive
ganxilva,
misi
redaqciis
gansazRvrul
mizanmimarTulebaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT.
sqeltaniani wignebis weris perspeqtiva ki, rac Cemgan
sakuTari naazrevis umeteswilad sxvis (Teologiur Tu
istoriul) naSromebze dafuZnebas moiTxovda, didad ar
mizidavs.
(am
frazebs
aq
ucvlelad
vtoveb)
_
reformaciamdel "adrekapitalistur" epoqaSi cxovrebis
idealsa da realobas Soris arsebuli daZabulobis Sesaxeb
ix.:
Strieder,
Studien zur Geschichte der kapitalist.
Organisationsformen 1914, Buch II. (es wignic aseve

279

upirispirdeba zemomoyvanil zombartis mier gamoyenebul

keleriseul naSroms.)
309)vfiqrob, rom es sityvebi da uSualod winamorbedi
miniSnebebi da SeniSvnebi sruliad sakmarisi unda iyos, raTa
gamoricxuli iqnas yvela gaugebroba imasTan dakavSirebiT,
Tu ras visaxavdi miznad am gamokvleviT da raimes damatebis
aucileblobas veRar vxedav. Tavdapirvelad gamiznuli,
zemoT dasaxuli programis uSualod gagrZelebis nacvlad
me nawilobriv uneblied, metadre e. trolCis "qristianuli
eklesiebis socialuri moZRvrebis" (romelic Cems mier
gansaxilvel zogierT moments naTels imgvarad hfens, rac
CemTvis, rogorc ara-TeologisTvis miuwvdomeli iqneboda)
gamoqveynebis gamo, nawilobriv ki im mizniT, rom Cemi
ganazrebani izolaciisagan mexsna da isini kulturis
ganviTarebis erTian konteqstSi momeqcia, Tavis droze
miviRe gadawyvetileba, pirvel rigSi, religiisa da
sazogadoebis
msoflio-istoriuli
urTierTkavSirebis
SedarebiTi gamokvlevis Sedegebi aRmewera. swored esaa aq
warmodgenili. amas win daerTvis mxolod mokle umniSvnelo
statia zeviT gamoyenebuli "seqtebis" cnebis ganmartebisa
da, amavdroulad, Tanamedrove epoqis kapitalisturi
suliskveTebisaTvis
eklesiis
puritanuli
koncefciis
mniSvnelobis warmoCenis mizniT.

280