18

INTRODUCTION TO MONOl'ULSE

bears a close resemblance to the type of pattern desired for trans-

mission. The transmitter may then be connected to the sum

line during transmission by use of a transmit-receive (TR) switch

as was done here. The sum-and-difference signals were formed

by a hybrid ring, then amplified, and finally compared in a phase

comparator. The video output of the phase comparator was

proportional to the product of the sum-and-difference ampli-

tudes. This product, 2 A, was then added to an A-scope time-

base signal and compared on the A-scope with the square-law

rectified output S2 of the sum channel. The result was a pip

that leaned to the right or to the left, depending on whether the

angle of arrival was on one side or the other of the boresight

direction. Precisely on the boresight the pip was vertical. The

Indicator

Fig. 1.9 An early sum-and-difference comparison monopulse radar with

duplexing. (After Page.)

magnitude of the pip varied with the strength of the received

signal, but its slope, tan-1 (2/A), was independent of absolute

signal strength. Thus the slope of the pip indicated angle of

arrival independently of the absolute level through the ratio

A/S.

Bell Telephone Laboratories pioneered independently in the

use of the sum-and-difference method. Their development and

testing of sum-and-difference monopulse radar to improve track-

ing accuracy paralleled that of NRL's but was about a year later.

Neither laboratory was aware of the work being done at the other

until the earliest successful tests at NRL were disclosed by Dr.

Page to Mr. W. C. Tinus of BTL. At that time the Bell Tele-

phone Laboratories were in the process of construction of their

first experimental model.* BTL conducted an analytical and

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* Private communication from Dr. R. M. Page.