Problem Solutions

For
POWER GENERATION OPERATION
AND CONTROL

Allen J. Wood
Bruce F. Wollenberg
Gerald B. Shebl

August 2013

Solutions to homeworks problems

Chapter 7

Preface

We trust that these homework problem solutions will prove

helpful in teaching a course with our text. If you find
typographical errors please send us corrections via John Wiley.

Allen J. Wood
Bruce f. Wollenberg
Gerald B. Shebl

Solution Problem 7.1

See problem 6.7 for introduction to this problem
a) Calculate the PTDF factors for an outage of line 1 to 3.
To calculate the PTDF factors we must remember the definition

So to calculate the PTDF factor Line 1,2 from Gen on Bus 1 to Load at bus 3, then:
Change _ in _ Line1,2
P12

P13 Power _ Transfer _ from _ Bus1 _ to _ Bus3

P12 (( X 11 X 13) ( X 21 X 23))

P13
x12
(0.14737 0.042105) (0.10526 0.030075)

0.1504
0.2

We can then proceed to fill out the matrix below with the appropriate factors

Line

Gen at Bus 1 to
Load at Bus 3

Gen at Bus 2 to
Load at Bus 3

Gen at Bus 4 to
Load at Bus 3

1,2
1,3
1,4
2,4
3,4

0.1504
0.586476
0.263163
0.15037
-0.41354

-0.6241
0.466156
0.157888
0.37595
-0.53384

-0.06015
0.165416
-0.10526
-0.06015
-0.83459

b) Calculate the line outage distribution factors for an outage of line 1 to 3.

We can use the following formula

1
LODF , k PTDFn ,m ,
1 PTDF
n ,m ,k

Where
= line where the power flow is being calculated
k = line being dropped
n,m = busses at the end of the line being dropped
PTDFn ,m , = power transfer distribution factor to calculate effect on line from
injection of power into bus n and extraction from bus m

1 of 2

Problem 7.1 continued

PTDFn ,m ,k = power transfer distribution factor to calculate effect on line k from injection
of power into bus n and extraction from bus m

Let us calculate the power flow on line 1,2 when there is an outage on Line 1,3.
Therefore
1
k 2
then

LODF1,2 PTDF1,3,1 (
LODF1,2 0,1504(

1
)
1 PTDF1,3,2

1
) 0.36364
1 0.586476

From the above example, we can proceed to fill out the following matrix:
Line
1,2
1,3
1,4
2,4
3,4

Line outage at 1,3

0.36364
1.4182
0.63636
0.36364
-1

2 of 2

Problem 7.2 Solution

A)
Dropping lone 1-3 results in an overload on line 1-4
0
0
f1new
4 f1 4 LODF1 4,13 * f13

23.66 0.4167 *15.21

30 MW which is beyond the line 1-4 limit of 25 MW
Dropping Line 1-4 results in an overload on line 3-4
0
0
f 3new
4 f 3 4 LODF3 4,1 4 * f1 4

6.34 1.0 * 32.66

30 MW which is beyond the line 3-4 limit of 25 MW
B)
For line 1-4 overload calculate the flow after the transaction

f1aftertrans
f104 PTDF14,14 * P14
4
Then

f1final
f104 PTDF14,14 * P14 LODF14,13 * ( f103 PTDF13,14 * P14 )
4
(23.66 0.662 * P14 ) 0.4167 * (15.21 0.2113* P14 )
We now set this final flow to line 1-4 limit of 25 MW
25 30 0.75* P14
P1 4 6.666
For line 3-4 overload calculate the flow after transaction
0
0
f 3final
4 f 3 4 PTDF3 4,1 4 * P1 4 LODF3 4,1 4 * ( f1 4 PTDF1 4,1 4 * P1 4 )

(6.34 0.338* P14 ) 1.0 * (23.66 0.662 * P1 4 )

P14 5
By opting to reduce load on bus 4 by 6.666 and reduce generation on bus 1 by 6.666 we solve
both overloads.

Problem 7.3 Solution

PART A
Line 1-2 outage:
Flow on 1-4,
0
0
f1new
4 f1 4 LODF1 4,1 2 * f1 2

69.14 0.7273* ( 6.19) 63.63 No Overload

Flow on 1-5
0
0
f1new
5 f15 LODF15,1 2 * f1 2

88.05 0.2727 * ( 6.19) 83.36 No Overload

Line 1-4 outage:

Flow on 1-2,
0
0
f1new
2 f1 2 LODF1 2,1 2 * f1 4

( 6.19 0.6316* (68.14) 36.84 No Overload

Flow on 1-5
0
0
f1new
5 f15 LODF15,1 4 * f1 4

88.05 0.3684 *(68.14) 113.15 Overload

Line 1-5 outage:

Flow on 1-4,
0
0
f1new
4 f1 4 LODF1 4,15 * f15

68.14 0.6807 * (88.05) 121.73 Overload

Flow on line 1-2
0
0
f1new
2 f1 2 LODF1 2,15 * f15

( 6.19) 0.3913* (88.05) 28.66 No Overload

Problem 7.3 solution continued

PART B
Change in flow on line 1-5 = PTDF15,14 * Change in transaction 1 to 4
or
f15 PTDF15,14 * Ptransaction14
Where
0
f1new
5 f15 f15

75 88.05 f15
then f15 13.05 MW
flow must be reduced by 13.05 MW
Then

13.05 PTDF15,14 * Ptransaction14

(0.1858) * Ptransaction14
or
Ptransaction14 70.23 MW

PART C
Line 4-5 increases when we decrease the transaction from 1-4 since PTDF45,14 is negative

f 45 PTDF4 5,14 Ptransaction14

( 0.1858) * ( 70.23) 13.05MW
Which should be expected since this now leaves the load at bus 5 unchanged even though flow 1-5 is
reduced.

Problem 7.4 solution

Part a:
Initial flows are shown in the figure below

140 MW

160 MW

1
28.73 MW

96.62 MW

111.27 MW

92.11 MW

3.38 MW

200 MW

100 MW

Outage of line 1-4

flow2 4

= flow20 4 + LODF1-4 out

with 1-4 out

* flow10 4

monitor 2-4

= 92.11 + (0.7) *(111.27) = 169.99 NO OVERLOAD

Outage of line 1-2

flow2 4
with 1-2 out

= flow20 4 + LODF1-2 out

* flow10 2

monitor 2-4

= 92.11 + (0.7) *(28.73) = 71.99 NO OVERLOAD

Problem 7.4, continued

Part b:
Transfer is bus 2 to bus 4 designated as T2 4

flow2 4
with T2 4

flow2 4

= flow20 4 + PTDFmonitor 2-4 * T2 4

with T24

= 92.11 + (0.4930) * T2 4

with T2 4

Max T2 4 transfer is when line 2-4 is at its llimit of 200 MW

calculate max transfer: 200=92.11+(0.4930)*T2 4
thensolving for T2 4 we get T2max
4 = 219.84 MW

Problem 7.4, continued

Part c:
Same transfer T2 4 but with a contingency outage of line 1-2
First calculate the modified PTDF: PTDFmonitor 2-4
transfer T2 4
line 1-2 out

PTDFmonitor 2-4 = PTDFmonitor 2-4 + LODFmonitor 2 4 * PTDFmonitor 1-2

transfer T24
line 1-2 out

with T24

1 2 out

with T24

= (0.4930) + (0.7) *(0.2958) = 0.7

We n ow can calculate the flow on line 2-4 when the transfer from 2 to 4 is in place and line 1-2 is out:

flow2 4

= [flow with transfer T2 4 before outage]+[additional flow when line 1-2 is out and T2 4 is active]

line 1-2 out

transfer T24

= flow20 4 + PTDFmonitor 2-4 * T2 4 + LODFmonitor 2-4 * ( flow10 2 + PTDFmonitor 1-2 * T2 4 )

transfer T2 4
outage 1-2
transfer T24

= flow20 4 + LODFmonitor 2-4 * flow10 2 + PTDFmonitor 2-4 + LODFmonitor 2-4 * PTDFmonitor 1-2 * T2 4
outage 1-2
transfer T24
outage 1-2
transfer T24

modified PTDF = 0.7
Maximum transfer 2-4 happens when flow on 2-4 is at 200 MW

200 = flow20 4 + LODFmonitor 2-4 * flow10 2 + PTDF mod ified * T2max

4
outage 1-2

200 = ( 92.11 + (0.7)(28.73) ) + (0.7)* T2max

4
then
T2max
4 = 182.87 MW

37.38

44.455

8.175

2-6

3-6

5-6

-1.46

27.66

13.81

flow_ij_start

0.1927

0.3359

0.4714

PTDF_rs_ij

21.803748
26.6371615

68.206252
48.97741

63.3728385
41.03259

flow_ij_with_outage_nm

There are three overloads as shown above

5-6

3-6

2-6

Line
ij

8.175
8.175

44.455
44.455

37.38
37.38

Flow_ii_withtrans
initial flow

2-6
3-6

2-6
5-6

3-6
5-6

outaged line nm

formula: Flow_ij_with_outage_nm = flow_ij_initial + LODF_ij_nm * flow_nm_initial

Step 2: Calculate all (n-1) contingency outage flows with the transaction of 50MW in place

Flow_ii_withtrans

Line
ij

fromula: Flow_ij_withtrans = flow_ij_start + PTDF_rs_ij * Mwtransaction_rs

Step 1: Calculate all flows with the 50MW added transaction

(n-1) Outage analysis

PROBLEM
1 Partpart
b
Problem 7.5,
b

0.3646
0.4153

0.6354
0.5532

0.5847
0.4468

LODF_ij_nm

50

50

50

Mwtransaction_rs

37.38
44.455

37.38
8.175

44.455
8.175

flow_nm_initial

45
45

45
45

45
45

Limit

OVERLOAD
OVERLOAD

OVERLOAD

21.803748
26.6371615

68.206252
48.97741

63.3728385
41.03259

Flow_ij_withtrans_and_outage_nm

-1.46
-1.46

27.66
27.66

13.81
13.81

flow_ij_start

2-6
3-6

2-6
5-6

3-6
5-6

line
nm

0.3646
0.4153

0.6354
0.5532

0.5847
0.4468

LODF_ij_nm

5-6

3-6

2-6

line
ij

45
45

45
45

45
45

Line Limits

2-6
3-6

2-6
5-6

3-6
5-6

line
nm

none
none

-23.206252
-3.97741

-18.3728385
none

36.434874
26.852328

29.982802

required adjustment flow_ij_with_outage_nm

in flow
without transaction

0.63542756
0.44250164

0.66780073

adjusted_PTDF

3.575126
10.027198

36.434874
26.852328

29.982802
13.157672

flow_ij_with_outage_nm
_notrans

Reduce the transaction by 36.52 MW and all flows will be below limit and line 3-6 will be exactly at its limit of 45 MW when line 2-6 is opened.

21.803748
26.6371615

68.206252
48.97741

63.3728385
41.03259

Flow_ij_withtrans_and_outage_nm

then the formula for the required adjustment in transaction is: = ( (required adjustment in flow) - flow_ij_with_outage_nm)/adjusted_PTDF)

formula: for overloaded lines the needed change in flow is = flow_limit - flow with transaction and ourage

13.81
27.66

13.81
-1.46

27.66
-1.46

flow_nm_start

where adjusted_PTDF = (PTDF_rs_ij + LODF_ij_nm * PTDF_rs_nm)

= flow_ij_with_outage_nm_notrans + adjusted_PTDF * Mwtransaction_rs

= (flow_ij_start + LODF_ij_nm * flow_nm_start) + (PTDF_rs_ij + LODF_ij_nm * PTDF_rs_nm) * Mwtransaction_rs

= (flow_ij_start + PTDF_rs_ij * Mwtransaction_rs) + LODF_ij_nm * (flow_nm_start + PTDF_rs_nm * Mwtransaction_rs)

Flow_ij_withtrans_and_outage_nm = flow_ij_initial_withtrans + LODF_ij_nm * flow_nm_initial_withtrans

This obviously gives the same result, however, we can now solve for the amount to adjust the transaction to reduce any overloads.

5-6

3-6

2-6

line
ij

formula:

For this part it is best to reduce the transaction until the worst overload is eliminated, then check the remaining overloads.
We will now use a formula that combines both the PTDF's and the LODF's so as to capture the transfer effect and the line outage effect in one place.

Problem
PROBLEM 17.5,
Part c) part c

-36.52068853
-8.988463862

-27.51245645

required adjustment
to transaction

0.36457244
0.33219927

0.63542756
0.44250164

0.66780073
0.55749836

50
50

50
50

50
50

OVERLOAD
OVERLOAD

OVERLOAD

adjusted_PTDFMwtransaction_rs