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Fungal Symbiosis PDF
Fungal Symbiosis PDF
Mycorrhizas
Fungal Symbiosis
Mutualis8c
associa8ons
Cassie
Doino,
Andreal
Reed,
Ka8e
Allen,
and
Adie
Kurtanich
Types of Mycorrhiza
Arbuscular
mycorrhizas
Ectomycorrhizas
Ericoid
mycorrhizas
Orchid
mycorrhizas
Monotropoid
mycorrhizas
11/23/09
Fig 13.1
Fig.
13.1.
The
principal
features
of
arbuscular
mycorrhizal
(AM)
fungi,
observed
by
clearing
the
root
8ssues
with
strong
alkali
and
then
staining
roots
with
the
fungal
dye,
trypan
blue.
Top
le>:
A
root
heavily
colonised
by
AM
fungi,
with
hyphae
that
radiate
into
the
soil.
Top
right:
When
observed
through
the
depth
of
the
root
cortex,
AM
fungal
hyphae
are
o^en
seen
to
run
parallel
to
the
root
axis,
growing
between
the
root
cor8cal
cells.
These
hyphae
are
irregular,
with
constric8ons
and
bulges,
quite
unlike
the
hyphae
of
most
other
fungi.
They
frequently
produce
large,
swollen
vesicles
within
the
root
8ssues.
BoBom
le>:
some
of
the
external
hyphae
and
hyphal
aggregates
produce
clusters
of
spores
in
the
soil.
BoBom
right:
Some
of
the
root
cor8cal
cells
are
penetrated
by
hyphae
that
branch
repeatedly
to
produce
intricately
branched
arbuscules,
o^en
completely
lling
the
root
cells.
[
Jim
Deacon]
Fig 13.4
Fig.
13.4.
An
increase
in
the
number
of
dierent
arbuscular
mycorrhizal
fungi
in
a
soil
leads
to
an
increase
in
plant
produc8vity
and
plant
biodiversity.
11/23/09
Fig 13.5
Ectomycorrhizas
Found
mainly
on
woody
plants
Coniferous
and
broad-leaved
trees
outside
of
tropics
Such
as
pine,
spruce,
oak,
beech,
and
birch
Fig.
13.5.
Total
biomass
and
the
biomass
of
three
representa8ve
plant
species
grown
in
soil
with
no
mycorrhizal
fungus
(0)
or
with
four
separate
AM
fungal
species
(A,B,C,D)
or
a
combina8on
of
all
four
AM
species.
Note
that
the
ver8cal
scale
of
each
histogram
is
dierent
but
the
largest
biomass
is
shown
in
each
case.
Ectomycorrhizas
Ecologically
adapted
to
grow
as
symbionts
Can
grow
in
laboratory
on
simple
media
Have
lifle
to
no
ability
to
degrade
cellulose
and
lignin
Ectomycorrhizas
Grouped
into
two
types
Mature
Host
restricted
Mature
trees
Release
proteases
Providing
ectomycorrhiza
plants
with
nitrogen
in
the
form
of
amino
acids
Ectomycorrhizas
Grouped
into
two
types
Generalists
Wide
host
range
Young
trees
Such
as
Laccaria,
Hebeloma,
Thelephora
terrestris
Ectomycorrhizas
Fungal
Networking
Extensive
network
of
hyphae
and
mycelial
cords
Link
dierent
plants
within
a
habitat
Mycelial
connec8ons
retain
mineral
nutrients
Withdraws
nutrients
from
degenera8ng
mycorrhizas
Transports
nutrients
to
other
func8oning
mycorrhizas
11/23/09
Fig 13.7
Fig 13.8
Fig.
13.7.
Le>:
Scanning
electron
micrograph
of
a
cross
sec8on
of
part
of
a
mycorrhizal
root,
showing
the
fungal
sheath
that
surrounds
the
root.
Right:
Thin
sec8on
of
part
of
an
ectomycorrhizal
root.
The
arrowheads
show
hyphae
invading
between
the
root
cor8cal
cells,
forming
the
Har8g
net.
Nutrient-exchange
between
the
fungus
and
the
root
is
thought
to
occur
in
this
interfacial
region.
Figure
13.8
A
young
larch
seedling,
about
3
cm
high,
growing
in
a
peatbased
substrate
against
a
sloping
face
of
an
observa8on
chamber.
Mycoohizas
can
be
seen
at
the
base
of
the
stem
but
almost
all
the
visible
growth
is
mycelial
cords
that
explore
the
soil
for
nutrients.
Ericoid Mycorrhizas
Fig 13.10
Ericoid
Mycorrhizas
Grown
in
culture
Produce
septate
hyphae
with
fragmented
zigzag
growth
Primary
role
To
provide
host
plants
with
nitrogen
Secrete
proteinase
Release
amino
acids
from
soil
organic
mafer
Orchid
Mycorrhizas
Parasi8c
on
fungus
Orchid
seeds
Small,
consists
of
embryo
and
few
nutrient
reserves
Triggered
to
germinate
Produce
few
root
hairs
Must
be
colonized
by
a
fungus
at
an
early
stage
or
seedling
will
die
11/23/09
Orchid
Mycorrhizas
Fungus
penetrates
orchid
embryo
and
produces
hyphal
coils
Peletons
Only
last
a
few
days
Degenerate
and
replaced
by
further
coils
in
other
cells
Monotropoid
Mycorrhizas
Plants
of
family
Monotropaceae
lack
chlorophyll
Dependent
on
mycorrhiza
fungi
for
all
their
nutrients
Orchid
Mycorrhizas
Provide
orchids
with
sole
source
of
carbohydrates
during
early
years
of
life
Most
do
not
emerge
above
ground
or
produce
chlorophyll
un8l
3-5
years
old
As
many
as
200
species
never
produce
chlorophyll
Remain
dependent
on
mycorrhizal
fungus
Monotropoid
Mycorrhizas
Three
membered
symbiosis
Direct
nutri8onal
connec8on
Tree
host
Mycorrhizal
fungus
Parasi8c
higher
plant
Summary
Lichens
Mycorrhizal type
Major Signicance
Arbucular
mycorrhizas
Many
Glomeromycota
Phosphorous
uptake
from
soil
Ectomycorrhizas
Forest trees
Basidiomycota,
Ascomycota
Nitrogen
uptake
from
soil
Ascomycota
Nitrogen
uptake
from
soil
Basidiomycota
Monotropoid
mycorrhizas
Nonphotosynthe8c
Basidiomycota
plants
11/23/09
Lichen
Partners
13,500
to
17,000
species
of
lichens
Dicult
to
name
&
classify
since
composed
of
2
or
more
organisms
Mycobiont
fungal
partner
Usually
type
of
Ascomycota
or
rarely
Basidiomycota
Trentepohlia
Found
in
tropical
regions
Forms
of
Lichens
Lichen
thallus
body
of
lichen
Categories
Foliose
Flat
&
leaf-like
Fru8cose
Erect
&
branch-like
Squamulose
Small
&
scale-like
Crustose
Flat
&
crust-like
11/23/09
Structural
OrganizaUon
Many
have
well-dened
structures
Typical
structure
Upper
cortex
Medulla
Lower
cortex
Rhizinae
11/23/09
Summary
Symbio8c
associa8ons
between
fungal,
cyanobacterial
&/or
algal
partners
Can
survive
in
many
environments
Have
dened
structures
Have
several
ways
to
propagate
Signicant
contribu8on
to
soil
forma8on
Geosiphon pysiform
Geosiphon
pysiform
Unique
rela8onship
between
mycorrhizal
and
cyanobacteria
Duel
organism
Discovered
in
Germany
1996
Belongs
to
the
arbuscular
mycorrhizal
(AM)
and
related
fungi
Geosiphon pysiform
Endocytose
cyanobacteria
Leads
to
a
membrane
bound
symbiosome
containing
cyanobacteria
Fungus/Insect
Mutualism
Several
insects
have
mutalis8c
associa8ons
with
fungi
Provide
the
insect
with
a
food
source
Insect
ensures
mutualism
11/23/09
Leaf-Cu^ng
Ants
Aqne
Ants
The
wood
wasp,
Sirex
noc9lio,
boring
a
hole
in
a
weakened
tree
to
deposit
eggs
and
fungal
spores.
Courtesy
of
M.
P.
CouDs,
J.
E.
Dolezal
and
the
University
of
Tasmania
Gardening
Termites
Do
not
digest
wood
Evolved
symbiosis
with
the
Termitomyces
Found
in
fungus
gardens
Gongylidia
or
broma8a
Fed
to
larvae
Provide
enzymes
needed
for
degrading
plants
Fungus/Insect
Mutualism
About
40-60
million
years
ago,
these
three
types
independently
evolved
the
ability
to
culture
fungi
as
a
source
of
food.
Now
all
of
these
fungus-cul8va8ng
insects
and
their
fungal
partners
are
mutually
dependent
on
another.
There
is
no
evidence
that
they
have
ever
reverted
to
an
independent
existence.
QuesUons
1. Which
fungal
phylum
is
associated
with
arbuscular
mycorrhizas?
a.
Zygomycota
b.
Ascomycota
c.
Basidiomycota
d.
Glomeromycota
11/23/09
QuesUons
2.
T/F
Ectomycorrhizal
fungi
are
classied
as
either
mature
or
immature.
3.
T/F
The
primary
role
of
the
ericoid
mycorrhizas
are
to
provide
the
host
plants
with
sugar.
QuesUons
5.
Lichens
that
produce
at
crusts
on
rock,
soil,
or
tree
surfaces
a.
Squamulose
b.
Fru8cose
c.
Foliose
d.
Crustose
QuesUons
4.
Stalk-like
structures
that
aid
in
propaga8on
a.
Soredia
b.
Cephalodia
c.
Isidia
d.
Rhizinae
Sources
Deacon,
J.
Fungal
Biology.
Cambridge,
MA.
Blackwell.
2006.
hfp://www.perspec8ve.com/nature/fungi/
lichens.html
www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/biorefChlorophyta
www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~openkeyAlgae/image/
Papilla-pore?N=D
hfp://www.lichen.com/vocabulary.html
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