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Скопје, 2017

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1 kWh 3,6 ˜10 6 J . (3.6.7)

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# &!&0#!# +!$# 3)# 5# 30 # :

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A EIt
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EI I 2 Rg  I 2 R (3.8.1)

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E IRg  IR , (3.8.2)

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E
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UR IR (3.8.4)

U Rg IRg . (3.8.5)

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E IRg  IR U Rg  U R . (3.8.6)

# #&&! (9* &5!1&!  3#!1&! & # 3#!&&! " &/1#:

U PN UR E  U Rg E  IRg . (3.8.7)

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3.9.   %     i     

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0#1#)8 )# #1+#!# (3.9.2) & "!*)#!#, " &/1#:

E1  E 2  E3
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I
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. 3.9.2.

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3.10.        %

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U AB ¦ RI  ( E 1  E2 ) . (3.10.2)

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3.11.  ƒ    

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E1  E3  R2 I2  R3I3 20  50  20 ˜ 0,5 10 ˜1,2 28


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&/#!# 1&"! 5# "!*)#!#  3#!1#, 0!& 5#$ +# )5#!# 1"!"+#


#"&+#  "&!1# & '!#!# (!&"!#1#!#) # "+#!# (3.12.3).

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E 2  E3  I 3 R3  I 2 R2 . (3.13.3)

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e (t ) E m sin (Zt  T ) (4.2.1)

5#5&! 1& 5#3##!# ( Zt  T ) " #+*1# '#5# # #5($#!# +!&(&!&# "#,


# T " #+*1# &$!# '#5# 1& (&(!&! t 0 .

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60

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60

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2 : T :t . (4.2.7)

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(#11+#!#), & 0!& "*1#:

t . (4.2.8)
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2
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T

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##$:
1. # " & '+16)#!# # #5($#!# +!&(&!&# "# "&
Z 301, 6 rad/s. ( 3&1&: 48 Hz).
2. +!$ 4&3#!& (# 2 p 4 (#3! &&1. +& '+16)#!# #
*6##!# +!&(&!&# "#  f 50 Hz, +&+#1#  /5#!# &!&&!?
( 3&1&:1500 vr/min).

4.2.4. &(!##  (#+"(## 1&"! # #5($ 3&(


+& " #/j**1# 1("+#!# +##+!"!+# # #5($#!# +!&(&!&# "#
". 4.2.1./, " &#9# & 5#+*$&+&! +# 1& "+&) (&(! & 1(, !## (# #5$#
1&"!, 1& !+&! # # &*&#.
&"!# 0!& )# (# #5($#!# 3&(# 1& +&) (&(!, " #+*1#
(&(!## 1&"!.
&(!#! 1&"! " &5#$*1##! "& (# /*+1  !&# "&: e t 5# +!&(&-
!&#!# "#, i t 5# "!*)#!#, u t 5# #&&!  (&8&"!# "& p t .

+&)# #5($# 3&(# 5# 1( & # &*&# &"!3*1# "!1#


#)3&(# (&(!## 1&"!.
#)3&(#!# 1&"! " #+*1# #(!*#  (#+"(## 1&"!.
5#$*1#7!& # (#+"(#! 1&"!  "& 3&( /*+1 "& +" m  !&#: Em 5#
+!&(&!&#!# "#, I m 5# "!*)#!#, U m 5# #&&!  Pm 5# (&8&"!#.
# &*1#7 # # #5($# 3&(# !/# # " &5#! +&+* )5
+##+!"!+  !&#: '+16)#!#, &$!#!# '#5#  (#+"(##!# 1&"!.
72 %' "#

#0#7#
1.
!&  (&(!##, # 0!& (#+"(## 1&"! # #5($#!# "!*)#?
2. & +& ##(!  '## #5($#!# 3&(#?
3.& +&)# 5#+&!&"! " (*1##! (&(!#! 1&"! # *6##!#
+!&(&!&# "# e t  #& u t ?
##$
1. #5($ #& "& #(!*# 380V,  +*$ # +#1! & #(&!+#, +&)#
&!# 1& 4&(&3& (#3!& & "& +&"!#!# #3&# /5# Z . #0 )# #1+#!#
& +&)# " (*1# (&(!##!# 1&"! # #&&!!
( 3&1&: u t U m sin Z t 380sin D ).
2. &5#!  ##!$+&! 5#5 5# &(#!# # #5($#!# "!*)# 5 #11+# +&)#
" 1! "& +&"!#!# #3&# /5# 1& 4&(&3& (#3!& &: i t 2 2 sin D . # "
"(!# (&(!##!# 1&"! # "!*)#!#, 1& (&(!&! +&3# &&/#!# # #11+#!# 
&# "& #3&&! D 5S / 4 rad! (0: i t 2 2 sin 5S / 4 2 2 ˜ (0, 707) 1,99 A).
3. # " "(!# #(!*#!# # #5($#!# +!&(&!&# "#, *6## 1&
&!&"+# #11+# # 3#!&&!, #+& 1& (&(!&! +&3# !## "& x &"+#!# 5#'#8# #3&
D S / 3 rad., )5#!# 1&"!  e t 259,8 V!
0:
e t 259,8 259,8
e t Em sin D Ÿ Em 300 V.
sin D sin S / 3 0,866

4. &5#!  (#!(#!$+&! 5#5 5# (&(!#! 1&"! # #5($#


+!&(&!&# "#: e t 220 2 sin D V. # " & )5#!# (#+"(##
1&"!! ( 3&1&: Em 220 2 ).
5. # " #0 5#5&! 5# (&(!#! 1&"! # #5($# "!*)# "&
#(!*# I m 0, 2 . # " !"!#1 )5&! 3#'+! ( 3&1&: i t 0, 2sin D ).

6. &5#!  5#5&! 5# (&(!##!# +!&(&!&# "#, *6## 1& # #11+#


e t 310sin D V. # " "(!# )5#!# (&(!##!# 1&"!, 1& (&(!&! +&3# !##
5#'#8# #3& D S / 3 , 1& &&" # x &"+#!#! ( 3&1&: e t 268, 4 V).

4.2.5. '+!1# 1&"! # #5($! 3&(


&3# (# &!/# # " 5( #5($#!# 3&(#,   &3&& # " (#!
#)5! (&(!# 1&"!, /)8 &"!&)#& " #5$. "!&! 5#+*$&+ (&
# " &"  5# (#+"(#! 1&"!, /)8 " )#1*1##! "#(& 1##! 1& !+&! #
# &#.
%' "# 73

 & &)#1, '+!! & #5($#!# "!*)#  #& " &&6&#
# "#!# 1&"! & +1##!&! # 3&(!.
#!&#, 1& !&)#!# # #5($! 3&( $"!& 5# +##+!"!+# # 1&!
!5!! " 1&1*1##! 1! '+!1 1&"!, +& " &5#$*1##! "& 3&(
/*+1: I 5# "!*)#!#, U 5# #&&!  E 5# +!&(&!&#!# "#.
'+!1# 1&"! # #5($#!# "!*)#  )5# &"!&)## 1&"!, #+1# #
1&"!# 0!& !/# # )# (# &#"&$#!# "!*)#,  0!& 5# 1( & # &# T,
>*&1&! '+! 5 &!&+ R (#51#!# !&&!# 3)#) W / #+&1 "& '+!&!
# #5($# "!*)# W̱.
+& 5 &1&+&! R !$ #5($# "!*)# i(t), e+!$#!# 3)# +&)# 5#
1( & # &#  8 " !1& 1& !&# "& >*&1&! 5#+& :

T
W~ RI m2 . (4.2.11)
2

+& 5 "!&! &1&+ R !$ &#"&$# "!*)# I=Ief, !&3#0 +!$#!#
3)# 0!& 5# 1( T 8 " !1& 1& !&# " "(!*1# "&:

W RI 2T . (4.2.12)

# ". 4.2.2, 0#'#! &10 1& #5( # 3)#, 3 !"!#1*1##!


!&&!! 5#3*/ 1& 1#!# "*$#, &&"& #+& W=W̱, 5#$ +# '+!&! 1&
&!&+&!,  !$7 # #5($#!#  &#"&$#!# "!*)#  #+&1.
i t & 5#$*1#7 # 0#'#!
i t &10, &&"& "& 5#$*1#7 #
#1+! (4.2.11)  (4.2.12), " &/1##!
#1+#!# 5# "(!*1#7 # '+!1#!#
I ef 1&"! # #5($#!# "!*)#  #&:
Zt T
RI m2 RI 2T ,
2

I m2 T Im
ŸI 0, 707 I m
T T 2 2 (4.2.13)
Um .
.4.2.2. '+!1# 1&"! # #5($# U
"!*)#. 2

'+!1#!# 1&"! # #&&! # 3#"+#!# (#  U=220V. 3&1#!# (#+"(##


1&"! Um=U 2 =220 2 =311 V.
#0#7#
1.
!&  '+!1# 1&"! # #5($# "!*)#?
74 %' "#

2. #+& " "(!*1# '+!1#!# 1&"! # #5($&! #&?


##$
1. # " "(!# '+!1#!# 1&"!, '+16)#!#  &#!# # #5($#!#
"!*)# $)# (&(!## 1&"!  ## "& 5#5&! i t 11, 28sin157t mA!

0: (!*#!# # #5($#!# "!*)# 5"*1# I max 11, 28 mA ,# )5#!#


'+!1# 1&"! " "(!*1#: I I max / 2 7,976 mA . +16)#!# 5"*1#:
Z 157
Z 2S f Ÿ f 25 Hz.
2S 6, 28

4.2.6. # 1&"! # #5($#!# "!*)#


#!# 1&"! # #5($# 3&(# +&)# " (*1# & "*"&! 5#+&, 
)5#!# +&"!#!# 1&"! 1& !+&! # &5!1#!# &*&#. ##  (#!(#!$+#
3&(#.
#!# 1&"! # #5($#!# "!*)# Isr  1&"!# 0!& !/# # )# (#
&#"&$#!# "!*)#, 5# # # "!& +&$"!1& +!$"!1& Q_, +#+&  #5($#!#
"!*)# i(t) 1& !+&! # &5!1#!# &*&# Q~ .
# ". 4.2.3, 0#'#! &10 1& #5(, 3& !"!#1*1##! +&$"!1&!&!&
+!$"!1& 1& 1#!# "*$#. &3# 8 " 5#$#!, " &/1#:

Q_= Q~ . (4.2.14)

& "*1#7 # !4&&!&


i t #1"!1&!&, 5# "#!# 1&"! #
i t
#5($#!# "!*)#!# " &/1#:

2 2
I sr I m  U sr Um. (4.2.15)
 
I sr
&)# +##+!"!+# # #5($#!#
Zt
"!*)#  #& 8 " (, 5#1" &
!&# +&) '+! " &*$*1#. +& !/# # "
&3&1& +&) #& 8 3& 5 +&-
T/2 5#!&&!, !&# " &"*1# # (#+"(##!#
. 4.2.3. # 1&"! # #5($#!# 1&"! # #5($&! #& U m .
"!*)#.
+& " 5/&*1# 5# +!&5#, !&3#0  &!/& # " 5# "#!# 1&"! #
#5($#!# "!*)#.
# # " "(!# 5#31#7!& #  &!&+, #)&"!#1&  # " (
'+!1#!# 1&"! # "!*)#!#.
#0#7#
1.
!&  "# 1&"! # #5($#!# "!*)#  +#+& " "(!*1# ?
%' "# 75

##$
1. +*(*#!& " & 5# 1( t = 12 h "& "#1# #5($# "!*)#, $)#
'+!1# 1&"! 5"*1# I = 1A. "(!#) 3& +##6!!&! # #+*(*#!&&!!
0: &$"!1&!& # +!6!! "& +& " & #+*(*#!&&! (+##6!! #
#+*(*#!&&!) " "(!*1#: Q = I sr t. #!# 1&"! # #5($#!# "!*)# "
"(!*1#: I sr 2 I m / S I m 2 I. &/! 5#5 " 5#(*1##! 1& 5#5&! 5#
2 2I 2 21
+##6!! # #+*(*#!&&!  " &/1#: Q = t= 12 10, 78 Ah.
S 3,14

4.2.7. !"!#1*1#7 # #5($! 3&( +& " (*1##! & "*"&! 5#+& "&
&(&0 # '#5& (1+!& +& " 1!#! 1& #(#)
& !4&! &3#1)#, #5($! 3&( " !"!#1 "& 1!
1("+! +##+!"!+.  +##+!"!+! (& # " &: (&(!##!#,
(#+"(##!#, '+!1#!#  "#!# 1&"! # 3&(#!#.
"!& !#+# (& # " &  &$!#!# '#5#  &&!  '+16)#!#.
3&"!#   #)&/# +&3# " !"!#1*1##! &18 #5($ 3&( "!&-
1(#& "& #5$ &$! '#5.
#)&/& +#*1#7 # #5($! 3&(  "& 1+!& ('#5& +& " 1!#!
1& # #(#) "& +&"!#!# /5# Z , "&!1& & "!+! # $#"&1+&!.
&#  (&&, /)8 "+&)# "*"# '*+6)# " &/1# "& &+6! # $
#*" 1+!& 15 &#!#!# &"+#,  1!7 1& !3&&(!"+&! +*3, 1& #"&+#
"&!1# & "!+! # $#"&1+&!.
 5#("*1# #*" 1+!& "& &# Um (#6!# 1& #5( # #&&!), +&) " 1!
1& #(#!# (". 4.2.4), &+&* +&&#!&! &$!&+ O, "& &"!&)## #3&# /5# Z 1&
"&!1# #"&+# & 1!7 # "!+! # $#"&1+&!. &) 1+!& 1& (&(!&! t=0, "&
&"+#!# x 5#'#8# #3& Ʌ.
&" 1( t >0, 1+!&&! Um "& &"+#!# x 5#'#8# #3& D (Zt  T ). & !&) (&(!
&+6)#!# # !&) 1+!& # y &"+#!#  "*"# '*+6)#:

u (t ) U m sin (Zt  T ). (4.2.16)

!!*+# &53*1# (&&"!#, #&&! +&) " (*1# "& "*"&! 5#+& # "
+# "& 1!1 1+!& ('#5&) $)# 3&(#  Um. &) " 1! "& #3&# /5# ɘ  "&
x &"+#!# 5#'#8# #3& Ʌ.
&#!#(*, " 5#("*1# #*" 1+!& "& &# Em, (#6!# 1& #5( # #&&!),
+&) " 1! 1& #(#!#, &+&* +&&#!&! &$!&+ O, "& &"!&)## #3&# /5# 
1& "&!1# #"&+# & 1!7 # "!+! # $#"&1+&! (". 4.2.4). & (&(!&! t=0,
&$!#!# '#5# (ɅൌͲ). &+6)#!# 15 &"+#!# y 1& !&) (&(! ja #1# (&(!##!#
1&"! # #5($#!# +!&(&!&# "#:
76 %' "#

e t Em sin t. (4.2.17)

t 0

t 0
Zt  T
T
\ T
\ D Zt

.4.2.4. !"!#1*1#7 # #5($! 3&( "& '#5&.

+!&&! # "!*)#!# Im (#6!# 1& #5( # "!*)#!#), )# !"!#1*1# #5($#!#


"!*)#, "& &$!# '#5# \, &&"& 1& (&(!&! t=0, "& x &"+#!# 5#'#8# #3& &   / 6 
)5#!# (&(!## 1&"! "(!*1#:

i (t ) I m sin (Zt \ ). (4.2.18)

"+#!# x 1& &&" # +&)# " "(!*1##! #3! " #+*1# '#5# &"+# (f.o.).
"!! &( # #5($! 3&( / " &/, #+& #*" 1+!&&!
(*1#, # y &"+#!# (1("+#!#) " 1! 1& &/#!# #"&+#. #+# " &/1##! #("!&
1!1 1+!&, 5# 1+!&.
2)8 1& #+"# #)$"!& " #/&! "& '+!1! 1&"! # #5($!
3&(, 0!& (# # " &( 1& !"!#1*1#7!&, #+& &#!# # #*"
1+!&&! 1& "&&1! #5( )# !"!#1*1# '+!1#!# 1&"! # #5($#!#
3&(# U, E  I.
+!&! 1& #(# +& " & "& 1 +&&#! " #+*1##! '#5&.
#!&#  1!1! 1+!& 1& #(#!# "& $)# &(&0 " !"!#1*1##! #5($!
3&( " #+*1##! '#5&.
#5&! " &5#$*1##! "& "! /*+1 +#+&  3&(! +& ! 3 !"!#1*1##!, "&
6!# # 1.
"+#!# y 1& !3&&(!"+&! +*3 " #+*1# 1("+# &"+#, # x " #+*1# '#5#
&"+#.
(: '#5&&! # (#+"(#&! #5($ #& u (t ) U m sin (Zt  T ) , "
&5#$*1# "& U m , '#5&&! # (#+"(##!# #5($#!# "!*)# i (t ) I m sin (Zt  \ ) "
%' "# 77

&5#$*1# "& I m , # '#5&&! # (#+"(##!# +!&(&!&# "# e t Em sin Zt "


&5#$*1# "& E m .
 (&#! # " &5#$#! # "&! #$:

Um U m ‘t  , Im I m ‘t  , Em Em ‘t  0. (4.2.19)

U m , I m , E m  " 1+!& # (#+"(#! 1&"! # 3&(!, #


t  , t   , t  0 " #3! +& 3 5#'#8##! 1+!&! "& #6"#!# &"+# 
&$!! '#5 # 1+!&! & (#+"(#! 3&(.
& #+"#!#, #("!& "& 1+!& & (#+"(#! 1&"!, " #/&! "& 1+!& &
'+!1! 1&"! # 3&(!:

U U ‘T, I I ‘ E E‘0. (4.2.20)

U , I , E  " 5# 1+!& # '+!1! 1&"! # #5($! 3&(,


&+# ,   0 " 1! &$! '#5.
U , I , E " (&*, # ,   0 "&&1!& " #3*(!.
+& &$!#!# '#5#  &5!1#, "*"&#!#  &("!# 1& 1&, #+&  3#!1#,
"*"&#!#  &("!# 1& "& & +&&#!&! &$!&+.

4.2.8. &/#7  &5(#7 # #5($! "!*  #& +& (##! "!# '+16)#
 ##5#!# # +!$! +&#, $"!& " )#1*1# &!/# & "&/#7 
&5(#7 # #5($ 3&(, "& 6 # " & 1+*#!# (5*!#!#!#)
1&"! # #5($! 3&(.
# # 1 #5($ "!*: i 1(t ) I m1 sin (Z t  \ 1 )  i 2 (t ) I m 2 sin (t   2 ) ,
!/# # " & 5/&! & 1! "!*:

i t i1 t  i2 t . (4.2.21)

!*)#!# i t (& # " & # +&+* #$.  & #$!  # "
510 #3/#"+& "&/#7 # (&(!#! 1&"!. &# 5#$ +# !/# # "
5##1##! 1&"! # 1(!& t, &&"& #3&&! Zt  5# &/! 1&"! # "*"!
# " &/1##! 1&"!! & 1! "!*, # # +#)&! #3/#"+ # " "&/#!. # # "
&/ !&$ 5*!#!, !/# # " 5##1##! (&3* 1&"! 0!& 3& &!*1#
"(!*1#7!&.
!&&! #$  3#'$+& "&/#7 # "!*!. &!/&  # " #6!##!
"*"&! # 1! "!*. 5*!#!#!# "!*)# 8 " &/ "& "&/#7 # &#!!
((&(!#! 1&"!), 5# &18 #3 Zt & 1("+! )#3#( # ". 4.2.5.
&/#7  &5(#7 # #5($! 3&( " 51*1# "#(& #+& " & "!
!  "& #+1 '+16.
78 %' "#

 &1&) #$   (&3* !&$,


/)8 /## 3&(# 65&"!
i t
i t 1& 3#'$+#!# #/&!#.
#5#!# # +!$!
+&# " &&"!#1*1#  
i1 t
&3#  &!&$# "&
1&1*1#7!& # '#5&"+!
t
)#3#(. &/#7!& 
&5(#7!& " #1 "!& +#+& 
i2 t +#) 1+!&"+! 3&(  (&
# " +&"! 3#'$+# 
##!$+# (!&#.

.4.2.5. #'$+& "&/#7 # 1 #5($


"!*.

# ". 4.2.6, " #6!# '#5&! I m1  I m 2 & (#+"(#! 1&"! #


"!*! i1 t  i2 t . &&/#!# # '#5&!  '## "& &$!! '#5 \ 1  \ 2 .
2)8 "!*! (##! "! '+16, 1! '#5& 8 (##! "!# /5# # 1!7
ɘ &+&* +&&#!&! &$!&+ . #5+#!# & 1! &$! '#5  1#!# '#5#
#5+# \ 12 \ 1 \ 2 \ (# &"!&)## 1&"! 1& "+&) (&(! & 1(!&.

&# #1# (&&"! '#5&! I m1  I m 2 # " #53*1##! +#+& 5# 1+!&  # "
(#! "! 5#+&!&"! 5# 3&(!"+& "&/#7 # 1+!&.

t 0

t 0
Zt  T
T 2S
\ T S S 3S
\ D Zt
2 2

. 4.2.6 &(!"+&  3#'$+& "&/#7 # 1 #5($ "!*.


%' "# 79

#5&&! # 1+*#!# "!*)#!# " "(!*1# +#+& 1+!&"+ 5/ # &$!


'#5& & (#+"(#!  '+!1! 1&"!:

Im I m1  I m 2
. (4.2.22)
I I1  I 2

& 3&(!"+! #1#, 5/&! # 1# 1+!&  #+&1 # &3&(#!#


)#3&## & ##&3#(, $ "!# " &$! 1+!&.
#5+#!# &(9* 1# 1+!&  #+1# # &(##!# )#3&## & "!&!
##&3#(.
#!$+&! #! 5# &*1#7 # 5*!#!&! 1+!&  "& (# #
+&"*"#!# !&(#,  &*1#7 # "!## & !#3&+, ". 4.2.7.
(!*#!# # "!*)#!# " &*1#:

Im I m21  I m2 2  2 I m1 I m 2 cos(\ 2 \ 1 ). (4.2.23)

&+#) #(!*#!#, !/# # " &  &$!#!# '#5# # 5*!#!#!# "!*)#.


 )#3#(&! # "+# 4.2.7, " &*1# !#3"&! & #3&&! \ , 0!&  &$!# '#5# #
5*!#!#!# "!*)# ()5#!# (#+"(##  '+!1# 1&"!):

I1 sin\ 1  I 2 sin\ 2
tg\ (4.2.24)
I1 cos\ 1  I 2 cos\ 2

"!& !#+#, 1+*#!# "!*)# 1& +&&!& (& # " & "& "&/#7 # 5#
1+!&:

i t i1 t  i2 t
I I1  I 2
(4.2.25)
I I ‘\ I1 I1‘\1 I2 I 2 ‘\ 2
i t 2 I sin Zt  \

I

2

I2 I 2
1

m
I

I


m1
I m2
I

m
I

\2 \ Im1, I1
\1 f .o.

. 4.2.7. *1#7 # 5*!#!#!# "!*)#  )5#!# &$!# '#5#.


80 %' "#

#0#7#
1.
!&  &+6)#!# # &"&1&! '#5& 15 &#!#!# &"+#?
2. & 0!& " !"!#1*1##! #5($! 3&(?
3.
!&  '#5&?
4.
!&  &$!# '#5# 5# #5($ #&  "!*)#  +#+& " &5#$*1##!?
5. # '+!1! 1&"! (&#! # " !"!#1#! "& '#5&?
6. & *"&1 !/# # /#! "&! 5# # " "&/##! (&5(##!) #5($
"!* (#&)?
7. #/&) 3 #$! # "&/#7 # "!*! (#&!)?
8. &3# 5*!#!! " #)65?
##$
1. # " (&(!#! 1&"! # 1# #5($ #&:
u1 t 100sin 314t  u2 t 100sin 314t   / 2 . # " & (#+"(#&! 5*!#!
#& Um  #0 )# #1+#!# 5# (&(!##!# &(# # 1+*&! #&.ሺ0:
Um=173 V, u t 173sin 314t   / 6 ).

4.3.  ]         %   i      


   ,     

4.3.1. #5# # &"*1#7 # &!&+, +#(  +&5#!& 1& +&& "& #5($
#& u (t ) U m sin Zt
& "+& +!$& +&&  & +!$#!# #/&!# # 51&&! " !1&# 1&
!&#. "1 !&#, &"!&&! 1& +&)  "("!& +!$&!& +&&  &'#! &
+!&(#3!& &. +& " (*1# +!&(#3!&!& &, +!$#!# #/&!# 8 "
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140 H' 

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+!&#

+!&#

. 8.3.4. #) 3(! # !$ +"!# /5 1+*$& +!$& &, /) "3(! # !$ +"!#
"& 1+*$& +!$& &.
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5 +&) &(*1##! "1!&"! 5#6 +& &"6##! "#(& 1& 1!+# #16. 1&)
"1!&" /# &(*1# 5 1#!# +!&#  5 1&! "&) # !$ +"!#
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/# +& "&, # "&)&! G 3& &"!#1*1# 1& 4&5&!## &&/#. &!&# "1!&"&! /#
&(*1# 5 *3#!# +!&#  &#9# # 4&5&!#&! &#5#!& I  !&) 3& &*0!#
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'+!&&! R (&3#&)  " &/1# #5#  " 1#8# & "!&! #!  &#9# & ("!&!& &
+# !3#. +& "1!&"&! /# !3 & +& ("!& +& & &3#&  " 1#! &
"!&! #! #5#, # 3&1&! #!  &"!&)#! +. 1&) "3(!  11.
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(&+* # !$! +"!#  3& 5#1!*1##! "1!&"&! /#  !&) &#9# 1!+#&
&#5# & 4&5&!#&! &#5#!& I. 5 3&  (& # &(  &"!#*1# 1&
H'  145

!$&! +"!#. $&! +"!# )# #"&/# "1!&"!#  " &"*1# +#+& *+# 1& +&)#
"1!&"!# " 3*/, # (# 6# /&)#.
&+#*1#$! "& !$ +"!# #/&!#! #
#5($ #& "& '+16)# & 30 &
300 Hz, "& #(!*# & 1V & 18V.
#5($&! #& # #&)*1#7
&/$& (# #1&#3& &/+. &#! #
" #&)*1##!  "& &#"&$ #&, & 1&
!&) "*$#) " "+#!*1# #/&!&! 1+ #
")&!.

. 8.3.5. ") "& !$ +"!#.


$&! +"!# (# !$ &!& & 100 b/cm2. *"!#!# # "!*)#!# +&)# !$ 5
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&/+ 5# &+#*1#7 # 6'.  +&"!#! +#) 3!#! $#"&16, +!&"+!
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1. #+& #/&!#! "1!$+! &?
2. # #&9##! (# "1!$+! &?
3. &+#1 "! # "+&"!*1#7 (##! "1!$+! &?
4. &0!& !$! +"!# 3& &/ &1# (?
5. #+1 " (&+*! # !$! +"!#?
6.
!& " "*$*1# +&3#  !$&! +"!# 8 " +*$ #&?
7. # " +&"!#! !$! +"!#?
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%'-  ' +&  + # " ' "&" !
!&"  ".

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  " & < % + .

3. H!!  "  #!'  " ! pn-"&  ! %!,
'& ' !" " # "   "" $#" & < 
  "&.

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"' " *' %", %      +  
$ %) ! I &, % & < ".

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  +&  %'-.  " " % "#-  % %#
(#-  $). &%'& " "e' #!' !!
(LED).

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"   "* # ( ! "  ! ! "!  !#+  ""
%' " "  %' ),  " !"#  ".  <
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N - N
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* 1. "  !)
"a
+ %  !%&
%
!( l, s  m m
" m + kg kg
 t "#! s s
&'  ' "#& I  A A
!' # T  K K
%  " ! cd cd
'  &  mol mol
51! ( 6 " &/#5*1##! & &"&1! ( 6 "& &(&0 #
#3/#"+ 5#5, "& *&!/# # (#!(#!$+ "(/& 5# (&7  7. & !#/# 2 "
# &1#! &0! 51 6  51! 6 5# +!$! 
(#3!! 3&(.
&( /&) & 51! 6 (##! &"/ (7#  &5#+.  &1 6
(&#! # " '&(##! &1 51 6, # "! #$ +#+&  & &"&1!.
"!& #! (! 6  " #)&3& 1& "! &#$)# # (#. ## !&# "
+&"!#!  6(# ( 6 +& " &/1#! "& &#1#7 # '+"  &5#+!
# (! 6. (7#!# # '+"!, 1! &5#+  /&) 1&"! # "
1& !#/# 3.
5$+ +&"!#! +& " +&"!#! #)$"!& 1& 5#5! " "!.

+!$# +&"!#!# # 1#+**(&! 0=8,85·10-12 F/m

#3!# (#/&"! # 1#+**(&! 0=4•·10-7 H/m

(!# +!$ & =1,6·10-19 

#"# # +!&&! 1& (*1#7 me=9,1·10-31 kg

#"# # &!&&! 1& (*1#7 mp=1,67·10-27 kg

#"# # *!&&! 1& (*1#7 mn=1,67·10-27 kg

25# # "1!#!# 1& 1#+**( =3·108 m/s


148 +

* 2. ( %!  !)


"
+ %  !%&
%
#3& 1& #(# #)# rad
&"!& #3& "!#)# sr
## /5# v (!# 1& "+*# m/s m/s
#3&# /5#  #)# 1& "+*# rad/s rad/s
(!# & "+*# #
5#/5*1#7 a m/s2 m/s2
+1##!
"# F 7*! N kgm/s2
!"&+ p #"+# Pa kgm/s2
(4#$+ (&(! M 7*!-(!# Nm kgm2/s2
#/&!#, 3)#  +&$# # !&# A, W K* J kgm2/s2
(&8&"! ((&8, "#3#) P 1#! W kgm2/s3
+!$ & (+&$"!1& #
q, Q +*& C As
+!6!!)
)#$# # +!$& & E 1&! & (!# V/m kgm/As3
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e+!$# &1&&"! G "(" S A2s3/kgm2
)#$# # (#3!& & H #( & (!# A/m A/m
(#3!# *+6)# B !"# T kg/As2
'*+" # (#3!# *+6)# F 1/ Wb kgm2/As2
(#3!&(&!&# "# NI #( A A
(#3! &!& Rm #( & 1&! "+*# A/Vs A s /kgm2
2 2

*+!1!! L, M 4 H kgm2/A2s2


'+16)# f 46 Hz 1/s

* 3. $"
 % $  % $
+"# E 1018 6 d 10-1
!# P 1015 6! c 10-2
12
!# T 10 ( m 10-3
33# G 1019 (+&  10-6
(3# M 106 #& n 10-9
3
+& K 10 +& p 10-12
4+!& h 102 '(!& f 10-15
1
+# da 10 #!& a 10-18


 B 

1. !&)#&1"+ ., "  , I ! ", T4$+


'#+*!! 2!&#,1988.
2. %#1 —., &&1"+#-#3&"+# ., "  -1, &"1!& &,
+&), 1990.
3. **!+# %., " -+%, +#("+# ("#&, 2&3#,
2003.
4. **!+# %., " -"  " &!" "#&,
+#("+# ("#&, 2&3#, 2003.
5. #1"+#-&+&&1# ., 61"+ ., , 4$+ '#+*!!- 2!&#,
2004.
6. 01"+#-(&"+# ., * %!'  "   1  2, +&),
1995.
7. &&18 2., "  I, #91"+# +73#, 2&3#,1989.
8. &&18 2., "  II, #91"+# +73#, 2&3#,1978.
9. &&18 2., &918 ., "  III, #91"+# +73#,
2&3#,1982.
10. 2. !&18, "$, #*$# +73#, 2&3#, 1964.
11. &!&1"+ . , ' , 4$+# +73#, #3/.
12. Nikilic N., Dilberovic N., Elektricne masine, Zbirka zadataka, Naucna Knjiga, Beograd,
1969.
13. !#+&18 2., # , #$# +73#, 2&3#, 1979.
14. 3*&1"+ ., "   2, 5# 1!&# 3&# ,+&),1991 3&#.
15. #$8 ,  1, 5# *3 #5 +!&!4$+ 0+&, #1& 5# *K/+
 #"!#1# ""!1#, 2&3#, 2002.
16. #(&1"+ ., " , +&),1999.


ʠˑˇ˓ˉˋː˃
!+ ..................................................................................................................................... 2


1.     .................................................................................... 1


1.1. "!&"+ &$!&6 ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. !*+!*# # (#!)#!# ................................................................................................... 2
1.3. +!$ "1&)"!1# # (#!)#!# .................................................................................. 3
1.4. &1&6  5&#!&................................................................................................. 4
1.5. "!( # ( 6 ................................................................................................. 5
1.5. 0+  (7 .......................................................................................................... 6


2. " ..................................................................................................................... 11


2.1. *&&1 5#+& .................................................................................................................. 11
2.2. +!&"!#!$+& &...................................................................................................... 13
2.3. +!$ &!6)#  #& ..................................................................................... 17
2.4. +!6  1 "1&)"!1# ....................................................................................... 19
2.5. &5#!&  +!$ +##6!! .......................................................................... 21
2.6. &15*1#7 # +&5#!&.......................................................................................... 24
2.6.1. ### 1"+# # +&5#!& ........................................................................... 24
2.6.2. "+# (#) 1"+# # +&5#!& ................................................................. 25
2.6.3. &(/## 1"+# # +&5#!&...................................................................... 26
2.7. 3)# # +!&"!#!$+&!& &.............................................................................. 28


3. !"' "# ............................................................................................................... 33


3.1. &( 5# +!$# "!*)# .............................................................................................. 33
3.2. (&1 5#+&, +!$ &!&  &1&&"! ................................................................ 36
3.3. 6'$ +!$ &!&  "6'$# &1&&"! ........................................ 38
3.4. &15*1#7 # &!&6 .............................................................................................. 41
3.4.1. "+& &15*1#7 # &!&6 ......................................................................... 41
3.4.2. ##& &15*1#7 # &!&6 ..................................................................... 42
3.5. 7 # +& +!$ 3&( ........................................................................ 45
3.5.1. 7 # +!$# "!*)# .................................................................................. 45
3.5.2. 7 # +!$ #& ................................................................................. 46
3.5.3. 7 # +!$ &!&.................................................................................. 47
3.6. >*&1 5#+&  3&1# (# ....................................................................................... 49
3.7. +!&(&!&# "#  1#!0 &!& # 3#!&&! ........................................... 51
3.8. !*)& +&& "&"!#1& &  51&   &!&+ .............................................. 53
3.9. &"!& "!*)& +&& "&"!#1& & &18 51&  &!&6.................................. 54
3.10. #& (9* 1 !&$+ 1& "!*)& +&& ........................................................................ 56
3.11. && +!$& +&& ............................................................................................. 58
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3.13. (# # 1&!  1!&&! 4&'&1 5#+& 5# 0#1#7 # "& +!$


+&# ........................................................................................................................................... 61


4. %' "# .............................................................................................................. 67


4.1. &/1#7  +#*1#7 # #5($! 3&( .............................................. 67
4.1.1. 0! &(............................................................................................................. 67
4.2. ##(! # &"!&&$ 3&( ................................................................. 68
4.2.1. #5# # #5($! 3&( ........................................................................... 68
4.2.2. &# # #5($! 3&(..................................................................... 69
4.2.3. +16)# # #5($! 3&( ............................................................. 70
4.2.4. &(!##  (#+"(## 1&"! # #5($ 3&( ........................ 71
4.2.5. '+!1# 1&"! # #5($! 3&( ................................................ 72
4.2.6. # 1&"! # #5($#!# "!*)# ............................................................. 74
4.2.8. &/#7  &5(#7 # #5($! "!*  #& +& (##! "!#
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4.3. *1#7 # &(#!# # +!$#!# "!*)#  (&8&"!# 1& +!$& +&& "&
&!&+, +#(  +&5#!& ............................................................................................. 80
4.3.1. #5# # &"*1#7 # &!&+, +#(  +&5#!& 1& +&& "& #5($
#& u (t ) U m sin Zt ......................................................................................................... 80
4.3.2. +!$& +&& "& #+!1 &!& R ...................................................................... 82
4.3.3. +!$& +&& "& # *+!1 +#( L (R=0) ...................................... 85
4.3.6. +!$& +&& "& # +&5#!& C (R=0) ................................................ 90


5. ##  ' "*  & ........................................................... 97


5.1. !*+!*# # (#!)#! ............................................................................................. 97
5.2. +!$ "1&)"!1# # (#!)#!# ................................................................................ 99
5.3. &*"&1&6 .......................................................................................................... 101
5.3.1. "! &*"&1&6......................................................................................... 102
. 5.3.2. &1#! 1"+ 1& +"!## "!*+!*# # $"! "6*(, !"!#1 1&
# #(#. .................................................................................................................... 102
5.3.2. &*"&1&6 & n ! .................................................................................... 103
5.3.3. &*"&1&6 & p ! ................................................................................... 104


6. #"!' !!.................................................................................................. 107


6.1. pn "&) ............................................................................................................................ 107
6.1.1. &5#1#7 # pn "&) .............................................................................................. 107
6.1.2. +!& &#5# pn "&) ............................................................................. 109
6.1.3. 15& &#5# pn "&) .............................................................................. 110
6.1.4. &/1#7 # pn "&)&! ....................................................................................... 111
6.2. & .............................................................................................................................. 112
6.2.1. !*)& #&"+# +##+!"!+# # &#!# ..................................................... 112
6.2.2. ##(! # &#!# ............................................................................................ 114
6.2.3. &+"(#6 # &#!# ..................................................................................... 115
6.2.4. &1 &*"&1&$+ & ......................................................................... 116
6.3. '*5  /# +##6!! # &#!# ................................................................. 117


7. %"  " .................................................................................................. 121


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7.1.1. 0! &(........................................................................................................... 121
7.1.2. 6 # #/&!# # !#5"!&! ................................................................... 121
7.1.3. &#5# !#5"!& .................................................................................... 122
7.1.4. &#5#6)# # npn !#5"!&  6 # #/&!# ....................................... 123
7.1.5. &#5#6)# # pnp !#5"!&  6 # #/&!# ....................................... 125
7.1.6.1. !#!$+# +##+!"!+# # !#5"!&&! ........................................................ 127
7.2. "!& ....................................................................................................................... 129
7.2.1. 0! &(........................................................................................................... 129
7.2.2. &1 # !"!& .............................................................................................. 130
7.2.3. !#!$+# +##+!"!+# # !"!&&! .............................................................. 131


8. H'  ................................................................................................ 135


8.1. 5$+ &"&1 # '&!&+!$! &)#1 ............................................................ 135
8.2. &!&!+!& ............................................................................................................... 136
8.2.1. &!&&!&+ ......................................................................................................... 138
8.2.2.&!&&#................................................................................................................. 139
8.2.3. &!&!#5"!& ....................................................................................................... 140
8.3. &!&+!&"+ "1!&" 51& ............................................................................ 142
8.3.1. 1!$+ &*"&1&$+ & (LED) ........................................................ 142
8.3.2. 1!&" +#*1#$ "& !$ +"!# (LCD)................................................ 143


# ............................................................................................................................... 149




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