Periodic Classification

CHAPTER 5
of Elements THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
• Periodic Classification of Elements
• Historical Development of Periodic
Class ification
► John Dalton's Work
In the beginning of 17th century a very few elements were known, so
► Dobereiner's Triads
it was easy to remember them and their respective properties, but
► Newlands' Law of Octaves
with the discovery of a huge number of elements it became a
Mendeleev's Periodic Table
difficult task to work on them without configuring and arranging • Modern Periodic Table (Long Form of Periodic
them. To overcome this problem, scientists started looking for some Table)
pattern in their properties, so that they can classify all the known • Important Periodic Properties and their Trends
elements to make their study easier. This necessity led to the in Periodic Table
class ification of elements. ► Atomic Radius
► Metallic and Non-metallic Character
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS ► Semi-metals or Metalloids
► Nature of Oxides
Periodic classification is a classification of elements in
such a way that elements with similar properties are ► Valency
grouped together in same vertical column but dissimilar • Quick Recap
elements are placed i n different vertical columns. • Assignment

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODJC CLASSIFICATION

In the 17th century, Lavoisier classified elements into metals and non-metals, but after the discovery of very
large number of elements, their classification in small groups failed to make their studies convenient and
ordered.
Periodic table in today's form is the outcome of efforts made by following eminent scientists.

John Dalton's Work

John Dalton, an eminent chemist published a table of relative atomic weights in 1803, which formed the base
for the classification of elements.

Dobereiner's Triads
In 1817, Dobereiner classified elements in group of three and named them 'Triad' in which the middle element
have the atomic mass nearly equal to the arithmetic mean of those of the other two elements, when arranged
in increasing order of their atomic masses. Dobereiner could identify only three triads from the elements known
at that time.

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 IPeriodic Classlflcatlon of Elements Chemistry - Class X {Level-I)
Examples
1. Triad Li Na K (Atomic mass of Na = mean of Li and K is
6.9 + 39
= 22.9 = 23 (approx.))
2
Atomic mass 6.9 23 39
2. Triad Cl Br I
Atomic mass 35.5 79.9 126.9
3. Triad Ca Sr Ba
Atomic mass 40.1 87.6 137.3

Limitation
The law is applicable to a limited number of elements.

Newlands' Law of Octaves

In 1866, J.A.R Newlands proposed a new system of grouping of elements with similar properties.
According to Newlands, "when the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic
masses, the properties of every eighth element is a repetition of the first one". He started with the
element having the lowest atomic mass {hydrogen) and ended at thorium which was 56th element. He related
his periodic law with notes of musical scale; as in musical scale, every eighth note is same as the first one.

H Li Be B C N 0
F Na Mg Al Si p s
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
Co and Ni Cu Zn y In As Se
Br Rb Sr Ce and La Zr
Above table concludes that
(i) When elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses then property of every eighth
element is similar t o that of the first one.
(ii) Above observation matches with similarity of one musical note (vowel) to every eighth note.
(iii) Na (Eighth element) i s similar to Li and s o on.
Q)
In west do re mi fa so la ti
In India Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni
·en Li Be B C N 0 F
Elements
:::3
:i: Na Mg Al Si p s Cl

Limitations : It is relevant only for lighter elements.

(i) Law of octaves was applicable only upto calcium, as after calcium every eighth element did not possess
properties similar to that of the first element.
(ii) It was assumed by Newlands that only 56 elements existed in nature and no more elements would be
discovered in the future.
(iii) In order to fit elements into his table, Newlands adjusted two elements in the same slot, but also put some
unlike elements under the same note like cobalt and nickel are in the same slot and these are placed in
the same column as fluorine, chlorine and bromine which have very different properties than these elements.
Iron, which resembles cobalt and nickel in properties, has been placed far away from these elements.

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Chemistry - Class X (Level-I) Periodic Classlflcatlon of ElementsI

MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC TABLE

Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist; arranged elements on the basis of their fundamental property, the atomic
mass, and also on the similarity of chemical properties. When Mendeleev started his work, 63 elements were
known. He examined the relationship between the atomic masses of the elements and their physical and
chemical properties. Among chemical properties Mendeleev concentrated on the compounds formed by elements
with oxygen and hydrogen. He selected hydrogen and oxygen a s they are very reactive and formed
compounds with most elements. The formulae of the hydrides and oxides formed by an element were treated
as one of the basic properties of an element for its classification. Mendeleev arranged elements with similar
properties in a group. He observed that elements were automatically arranged in order of increasing atomic
masses. On this basis, Mendeleev formulated a periodic law, which states that "the properties of elements
are the periodic function o f their atomic masses".
Therefore when the elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic masses, elements with similar
properties are repeated after a certain regular interval. This repetition of properties of elements after certain
regular intervals is called periodicity of properties.
Characteristics of Mendeleev's periodic table
It consists of
(i) Seven horizontal rows called periods. These are numbered 1 to 7.
(However, the periodic table shown below was published in 1872 is showing only six horizontal rows and
I to VIII vertical columns as Mendeleev's periodic table was modified from time to time).
(ii) Vertical columns were called groups, namely I to VIII.
(iii) Except group VIII, each group is divided into 2 sub-groups designated as A & B .
Subgroup A· - Normal or representative elements
Subgroup B · - Transition elements
(iv) VIII group has transition elements in 3 sets each containing 3 elements.
Mendeleev's Periodic Table

Group

B A B A B A B A B A B A B Transition
series

H
1.008

LI Be B C N 0 F
6.939 9.012 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998

Na Mg Al Si p s Cl
22.99 24.31 29.98 28.09 30.974 32 .06 35.453

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
39.102 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 50.20 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.71
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.92 78 .96 79.909

Rb Sr y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 929
. 1 95.94 99 1 0 1 .07 102.91 106.4
Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
107.87 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.90

Cs Ba La Hf Ta w Os Ir pt
132.90 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 190.2 192.2 195.09
Au Hg Tl Pb Bl
196.97 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.98

Mendeleev's Periodic Table was published in a German journal in 1872. In the formula for oxides and hydrides
at the top of the columns, the letter 'R' i s used t o represent any of the elements in the group. Note the way
formulae are written. For example, the hydride of carbon, CH4, is written as RH4 and the oxide CO2, as R02.

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 IPeriodic Classlflcatlon of Elements Chemistry - Class X {Level-I)
Importance o f Mendeleev's Periodic Table
1. Systematic study o f elements : Mendeleev was the first scientist who arranged the then known elements
into groups and periods. This made the study of elements quite simple and systematic because if the
properties of one element in a particular group are known, those of others in that group can be easily
predicted.
2. Correction o f doubtful atomic masses : Mendeleev corrected the atomic weight of various elements. For
example, Be was assigned an atomic weight of 13.5 as its equivalent weight 4.5 =
Valency= 3
Atomic weight = Equivalent weight x Valency
= 4.5 X 3
= 13.5
So, it was placed between C and N, but its properties does not justify its position. Therefore its valency
was assigned as 2 by Mendeleev, with this valency Be acquired atomic weight 9 (4.5 x 2 = 9) and it was
placed at its proper position between L i and B.
Equivalent weight (eq. wt.) : T h e amount of substance which is replaced by or combines with 1 g of
H2, 8 g of 02 and 35.5 g of Cl2 is called equivalent weight of that substance.
3. Prediction o f new elements : Mendeleev left some blank spaces or gaps in the periodic table for those
elements which were not known at that time. He also predicted their properties and named them by prefixing
eka to the name of the preceding element in the same group. e.g.

Actual Name

Eka-boron Scandium
Eka-aluminium Gallium
Eka-silicon Germanium

Properties of eka - aluminium and gallium

Gallium
Atomic mass 68 69.7
Formula of oxide �o. �o.
Formula of chloride ECI, GaCI,

4. Position o f noble gases : Noble gases were not known when Mendeleev gave his periodic table. So,
when group of noble gases were discovered around 1900, they got a place in the periodic table without
disturbing the original arrangement of Mendeleev's periodic table. Noble gases were d iscovered late because
they are very unreactive and present in extremely low concentration in our atmosphere.
Limitations of Mendeleev's Periodic Table
1. Anomalous pairs of elements : Some elements of higher atomic weight were placed before the elements
of lesser atomic weight.
Example : Co - 58.9 (atomic weight) was placed before Ni - 58. 7 (atomic weight).
V - 50.94 (atomic weight) was placed before Cr - 50.20 (atomic weight).
Al - 29.98 (atomic weight) was placed before Si - 28.09 (atomic weight).
Te - 127.60 (atomic weight) was placed before I - 1 26.90 (atomic weight).
2. Position o f elements o f group VIII : Elements of group VIII were arranged in 3 triads but no fixed position
was allotted to them, in periodic table.
3. Position of isotopes : Isotopes are atoms of same element with same atomic number but different atomic
masses.

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Chemistry - Class X (Level-I) Periodic Classl flcatlon of ElementsI
Mendeleev classified the elements according to atomic masses so all the isotopes of an elements should
be given different positions as -
'H
Isotopes of hydrogen i.e.,
Protium Deuterium Tritium
All should have three different positions in periodic table.
4. Placement of similar elements at different positions and dissimilar elements at same positions :
Alkali metals were kept together with coinage metals (Cu, Ag and Au) although their properties were different
and similarly, the Cu and Hg (show some similar properties) were kept separate from each other in
Mendeleev's periodic table.
5. Anomalous position of hydrogen : Hydrogen show properties like both of metals and non-metals (i.e.,
properties like elements of l(A) group and some properties like that of elements of Vll(A) group) so its
position in l(A) group was controversial.
Hydrogen has one electron in its only shell. Alkali metals also have one electron in their valence shell.
So, many properties of hydrogen are similar to those of alkali metals. Hydrogen and alkali metals combine
with certain elements to form compounds having similar formulae as given below.

Compounds of H I Compounds of Na

Hydrogen also resembles halogens in some of the properties. For example, just like halogens (F2, Cl2,
Br2) hydrogen also exists in the form of diatomic molecules (H2).
6. Atomic masses do not increase in a regular manner on going fror:n one element to the next. So it was
not possible to predict how many elements could be discovered between two elements (especially in case
of heavier elements).

Try Yourself
1. Which of the following is not the Dobereiner triad ?
(1) Cl, Br, I (2) Li, Na, K
(3) N, P, As (4) Ca, Sr, Ba
2. According to Newlands' law, elements show repetition in properties after every
(1) Eighth element (2) Seventh element
(3) Ninth element (4) Tenth element
3. Considering Mendeleev's periodic table, what would be the formula of an oxide of Si
(1) Si02 (2) Si03

4. The formula of hydride of Al, according to Mendeleev's periodic table is

(1) AIH3 (2) AIH
(3) AIH2
5. Mendeleev named gallium as
(1) Eka-boron (2) Eka-aluminium
(3) Eka-silicon (4) None of these

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 !Periodic Classlflcatlon of Elements Chemistry • Class X (Level-I)

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE (LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE)

In 1913, Henry Moseley showed that the atomic number of an element is a more fundamental property than
its atomic mass.
Modern Periodic Law :
The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic number. Therefore, if elements are
arranged i n order o f their increasing atomic numbers, the elements with similar properties are repeated after
certain regular intervals. This repetition of properties is termed periodicity in properties.
Cause of Periodicity :
Elements of the same group have similar outer electronic configuration so they show similar chemical properties.
Characteristics of Periodic Table
1. Groups : It contains eighteen vertical columns called groups. Each group have the elements with the same
electronic configuration of the outermost shell (valence shell) i.e., all elements present in a group have same
number of valence electrons. These groups are numbered from 1 to 18.
2. Periods : It has 7 horizontal rows called periods numbered from 1 to 7. Elements of the same period have
same number of occupied shells. Maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a shell
depends on the formula 2n2, where n is number of given shell from the nucleus.
For example,
K shell - 2 x (1)2 = 2
Hence first period has 2 elements.
L shell - 2 x (2)2 =8
Hence second period has 8 elements.
M shell - 2 x (3)2 = 18
But outermost shell can have only 8 electrons, so the third period also has only 8 elements.
3. There are two series of elements below the main body of the periodic table called lanthanides and
actinides.
1
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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 Chemistry - Class X (Level-I) Periodic Classlflcatlon of ElementsI

Merits of modern periodic table

(i) Easy to remember and reproduce.
(ii) Elements of same group show marked similarities due to similar outer electronic configuration.
(iii) It relates position of an element in the table to its electronic configuration.
(iv) Satisfactory position is given to the elements of groups 8-10 consisting of 9 elements of group VII I
of Mendeleev's periodic table.
(v) Position of cobalt and nickel resolved in the Modern Periodic Table.
(vi) Position of isotopes of various elements decided in the Modem Periodic Table.
(vii) Atomic number increases in a regular man ner on going from one element to the next. So it became
easy to predict number of elements present between two elements.

FILE
1. The 'period number' of an element is equal to the number of shells in its atom.
2. If two (or more) elements have the same valence shell, then they belong to the same period of the
periodic table.
3. T h e 'group number' of an element having up to two valence electrons is equal to the number of
valence electron(s). However 'group number' of an element having more than 2 valence electrons
is 'equal to the number of valence electrons plus 1 O'.
4. If two (or more) elements have the same number of valence electrons, then they belong to the same
group of the periodic table.
( Points 3 and 4 are valid on y for representative elements)
l

Periodic/Atomic properties
The properties which are directly or indirectly related to electronic configuration and which show a regular
gradation when we move from left to right in a period or from top to bottom in a group of a periodic table are
called periodic properties.

IMPORTANT PERIODIC PROPERTIES AND THEIR TRENDS IN PERIODIC TABLE

Atomic Radius
Atomic radius is defined as average distance from the centre of nucleus upto the centre of outermost shell
electrons. It is measured i n angstrom (A) or pm. It is not possible t o measure exact atomic radius because
(1) a n atom is unstable and it cannot be isolated to get its radius, and
(2) the electron cloud around the atom do not have sharp boundary.

Trends i n Periodic Table

(a) Across a period : Atomic radii decreases across a period from left to right.
The alkali metals present on extreme left have the largest atomic s i ze while halogens present on extreme
right of periodic table have the smallest atomic size.
Explanation : Across a period with increase in atomic number, the number of electrons increases but
number of shells remains same due to which electrons fill i n same shell which in tum increase the nuclear
force of attraction between nucleus and electrons of outermost shell and thus atomic size decreases.
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Period II Atomic Radius

Elements (pm)
Li 152
Be 111
B 88
C 77
N 74
0 66

Atomic radius of hydrogen atom is 37 pm.

(b) Down the group : Atomic radii increases down a group from top to bottom.
Exp lanation : In a group, from top to bottom, with increase i n atomic number, the number of shells also
increases due to which electron in the outer shell of each succeeding element lie farther and farther away
from nucleus.
Due to increase in atomic number, the nuclear charge should also increase but it is dominated by shielding
or screening effect o n the valence electrons by the electrons present i n the inner shells and hence atomic
size increases down the group.

Group I Atomic Radius

Elements (pm)
Li 152
Na 186
K 231
Rb 244
Cs 262

Metallic and Non-metallic Character

Generally, metals possess 1 , 2 or 3 electrons in their respective valence shells and thus have a strong tendency
to lose their electrons to form positive ions. Therefore metals are also called el ectropositive elements and
this character of metals is called electropositive character.
Generally, non-metals have 4 to 8 electrons in their respective outermost shells and have a tendency to gain
electrons to form negative ions. Therefore, non-metals are also called electronegative elements and this
character of non-metals is called electronegative character.
(i) Variation in a period : As w e move across a period from left to right, the metallic character decreases
while the non -metallic character increases.

Exarnple : Element of second period Li Be B C N O F

Metal Mel&lloid Non --metal

The most metallic element lies on the extreme left hand side while most non-metallic elements lies on
the extreme right hand side of any period.
(ii) Variation i n a group : On moving down i n a group, the metallic character or electropositive character
increases.

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 Chemistry - Class X (Level-I) Periodic Classlfl catlon of ElementsI

Exarnple :

Element Symbol Metallic character

Lithium Li Less metallic element
Sodium Na Metallic character or
electropositive character
Potassium K increases on moving
Rubidium Rb down the group
Caesium Cs More metallic element

Explanation : As we move down a group in the periodic table, atomic size gradually increases. As a result,
the force of attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons decreases. Therefore, the tendency
of the element to lose electrons to form positive ions increases and hence the metallic or the electropositive
character increases as we move down the group. Increase in atomic size predominates the increase in
nuclear charge.

Moreover on moving down a group, the non- metallic character or electronegati ve character decreases.

Exarnple : Elements of group 17.

Element Symbol Non-metal lic character

Fluorine F Most non-metallic element
Chlorine Cl Non-metallic character or
electronegative character
Bromine Br decreases on moving
Iodine down the group
Astatine At Least non- metallic element

Explanation : As we go down in a group of the periodic table, size gradually increases. Due to this increase
in the size of the atom, the force of attraction between the valence electrons and nucleus decreases. As
a result, the attraction of the nucleus for the incoming electron decreases, due to which the tendency of
the element to accept electrons to form negative ions decreases and hence non-metallic or electronegative
character decreases as we move down the group.

Note : Fluorine is the most electronegative element while caeslurn is the most electropositive element.
I
Semi-metals or Metalloids

Those elements which lie on the left-hand side of the periodic table are metals and those which lie on the
right-hand side of periodic table are non-metals. However, the elements, boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic,
antimony, tellurium and polonium which lie in between these metals and non-metals show the properties of
both metals and non- metals. Such elements are called semi-metals or metalloids.

Nature of Oxides
Oxides of metals are basic in nature and that of non-metals are acidic.
In period : The basic nature decreases, whereas the acidic nature of oxides increases from left to right.

In group : The basic nature of oxide increases down the group but the acidic nature decreases down the group.
In 3rd Period,

MgO Si02 S03 Cl207

Basic Weakly acidic Strongly acidic: Very $trorlgly f!lcidic:

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Valency

"Valency Is the combining capacity of an element."

The electron(s) present in outermost shell of an atom are known as valence electron(s) and gives valence or
valency of the element or atom.
According to Lewis law
Elements having 1 , 2 or 3 valence electron(s) will show 1 , 2, 3 valency (i.e., valency is equal to number of
valence electron(s)) while elements having 5, 6, 7 electron(s) will show the valency according to following rule:
Valency = 8 - number of valence electron(s).
Variation in periodic table
(i) Across a period : Across a period the number of valence electron(s) increases but valency of elements
with respect to H or Cl first increases from 1 to 4 and then decreases to zero.

Elements of third period

Electronic configurations 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 2 2, 8 , 3 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5 2, 8, 6 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8

Number of valence electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0
(ii) Down the group · Number of valence electron(s) remains same and therefore the elements of a group
exhibit same valency.

Period - •
• upto 17.. group

No. of shells remain same

Atomic radii decreases

"' -----------------------------i►
Metallic Character decreases
"' � - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --i
- ►
.s Non-metallic character increase
"' "'
g "'�
e? !Q Acidic nature of oxides increases
Cl>
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·.;;
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Some important trends

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Chemistry - Class X (Level-I) Periodic Classlflcatlon of ElementsI

Try Yourself
6. There are two elements X and Y, where electronic configuration of X is 2, 8, 1 and Y is 2, 8, 8, 1.
For these two elements which of the following statements is not correct?
(1) Both are non-metallic (2) Both are electropositive
(3) Both belong to same group (4) Both does not belong to same period
7. Which of t h e following elements has similar chemical properties as that of sulphur?
(1) N (2) p
(3) Cl (4) Se
8. The least non-metallic element among the following is
(1) I (2) F
(3) Cl (4) At
9. Identify the incorrect match
(1) S03- Strongly acidic (2) MgO-Basic
(3) Cl207-Very strongly basic (4) Al 203-Amphoteric
1(£)6 '( v)8 '(v)L ·( � )9 ·suv]

QUICK RECAP
1. The classification of elements into metals and non-metals was presented by Lavoisier.
2. In 1803, John Dalton published a table of relative atomic weights.
3. J.W. Dobereiner proposed a relationship between atomic masses and chemical properties of the element
and expressed his classification by triads.
4. J.A.R. Newlands, showed that atomic masses play a big role i n correlation of the properties of elements.
H e called his relation or classification as octave and it is based on musical notes.
5. Major systematic classification was given by D. Mendeleev. He correlated the properties of elements with
the atomic masses and proposed a periodic table for 63 elements.
6. Modification of Mendeleev's Periodic Table gave rise to Modem Periodic Table, which is based on atomic
number of elements.
7. There are 7 periods (horizontal columns) and 18 groups (vertical columns) in Modem Periodic Table.
8. Elements of a group have similar properties.
9. Two different series which are at the bottom of periodic table are called lanthanide series and actinide
series.
10. Trends in Periodic Properties :
Group = top to bottom
Period = left to right

Trend In
Group -. •

1. Atomic radius Increases Decreases

2. Metallic character Increases Decreases
3. Oxidising power Decreases Increases
4. Reducing power Increases Decreases

□ □ □
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' 4. H shows similar property with which two group
SECTION-A elements?
Very Short Answer Type Questions : 5. Explain the trends of following properties :
(i) Atomic radii in a group and in a period
1. What is the atomic mass of middle member of a
Dobereiner's triad if atomic mass of other two (ii) Metallic character in a group and in a period
members is 7 and 39 respectively? 6. Write two uses of modern periodic table.
2. Why Cl35 and Cl 37 are not different in their 7. Give the position of metals in modern periodic
chemical properties? table.
3. What do you mean by Eka-aluminium? 8. Which of the following belong to
4. Arrange the following elements in the increasing (i) Same period?
order of their metallic character
(ii) Same group?
K, C, Al, Si Element Atomic number
5. Arrange the gi ven elements in increasing order of A 3
their atomic radii B 11
K, Na, Mg, Al C 18
6. Name the non-radioactive element which is most
metallic. Long Answer Type Questions :
7. Name the element which is the most 1. Write a t least five salient features of Modern
electronegative. Periodic Table.
8. Name the two elements which exist 1n liquid state. 2. What were the fundamental properties of elements
9. What is the common valency o f group 14 on which Mendeleev made his Periodic Table?
elements?
10. What is the trend of valency in a group? SECTION-B
Short Answer Type Questions : Objective Type Questions :
1. State Newlands' Law of Octaves 1. Which of the following is the contribution made by
2. Among chemical properties of elements Mendeleev Dobereiner?
mainly considered two properties. What are those (1) Law of octave
two properties?
(2) Triad law
3. I f appearance of Co before Ni in Mendeleev's
periodic table is a limitation then which of these (3) Modem periodic law
two must have higher atomic mass? (4) Mass number of elements
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 Chemistry - Class X (Level-I) Periodic Classlflcatlon of ElementsI

2. There are two elements with atomic no. 32 and x 10. Mendeleev corrected the atomic mass of
which were n a m e d as Eka-silicon a n d Eka­
(1) Be
aluminium respectively. What should be value of x?
(1) 14 (2) 28 (2) C
(3) 30 (4) 31 (3) N
3. Valence shell electronic configuration of Mg (4) All of these
resembles with elements shown below, except
11. Which one of t h e following remains same
(1) Be (2) Ca throughout the period?
(3) Sr (4) Li
(1) Atomic radii
4. The Modern Periodic Table is based on
(2) Ionization energy
(1) Atomic number (2) Atomic volume
(3) Number of shells
(3) Atomic mass (4) All of these
(4) Number of valence electrons
5. "Properties of elements are the periodic function of
their atomic numbers" the given statement is 12. Which of the following pairs of elements has same
known as number of valence electrons?
(1) Mendeleev's periodic law (1) H and He
(2) Modern periodic law (2) H and Na
(3) Both (1) & (2) (3) Cl and B
(4) Newlands law (4) 0 and Sn
6. I f more i s the tendency of an element to lose 13. Which one of the following i s a noble gas?
electron(s), lesser will be its
(1) Rb
(1) Non-metallic character
(2) Rh
(2) Metallic Character
(3) Rn
(3) Atomic radii
(4) Ru
(4) Number of shells
14. Which one of the following is a non-metal?
7. Which one of the following elements is the most
non-metallic? (1) Cu

(1) Li (2) I

(2) N (3) Fe

(3) 0 (4) Ca

(4) F 15. If the atomic number of an element is 33. It will be

placed i n the Modern Periodic Table in the
8. Which one of the following elements has the
highest tendency to lose electrons? (1) 1 st group

(1) Li (2) 2nd group

(2) Cs (3) 15th group
(3) Na (4) 1 7 th group

(4) K 16. Elements wi th valence electrons 2 and 3 are placed

9. The valency of halogens is in
(1) 3 (1) Group 2 and 3 respectively
(2) 4 (2) Group 12 and 1 3 respectively
(3) 1 (3) Group 2 and 1 3 respectively
(4) 2 (4) Group 3 and 1 2 respectively

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 IPeriodic Classlflcatlon o f Elements Chemistry - Cla- X {Level-I)
17. Which one of t h e following pairs h a v e both 19. Element 'X' i s present in the 3rd period and 1311
members from the same period of the periodic group of the modern periodic table. Identify the
table? element present just below element ·x·

(1) Na, Ca (2) Na, Cl (1) Al (2) Ga

(3) Ca, Cl (4) Cl, Br (3) In (4) Ge
18. Which two elements of group 14 are metalloids? 20. The least metallic element among the following is

(1) Bi and Sb (2) Si and Ge (1) Li (2) Cs

(3) As and Bi (4) Bi and P (3) K (4) Rb

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 Periodic Classification
CHAPTER 5
of Elements THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
• Speci fic Names of Group Elements
• Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic no.
Greater than 100
SPECIFIC NAMES OF GROUP ELEMENTS • Periodic/Atomic properties

Group 1 elements - Alkali metals

• Magic Numbers

Group 2 elements - Alkaline earth metals

• Ionic Radius
► Cationic Radius
Group 3-12 elements - Transition elements
► Anionic Radius
Group 15 elements - Pnictogens
Group 1 6 elements - Chalcogens
• Chemical Reactivity

Group 1 7 elements - Halogens

• Ionisation Energy (J.E.) �<:,
Group 18 elements - Noble gases (Inert elements)/
• Electron Affinity
Aerogens
• Electronegativity

Elements of groups 1-2 and 13-18 are collectively

• Diagonal Relationship
called representative elements. • Assignment

Note : • ., Starts with

• Elements
1. 2 Hydrogen (1) Helium (2) Ve,y shorl period
2. 8 Lithium (3) Neon (10) Short period
3. 8 Sodium (11) Argon (18) Short period
4. 18 Potassium (19) Krypton (36) Long period
5. 18 Rubidium (37) Xenon (54) Long period
6. 32 Caesium (55) Radon (86) Ve,y long period
7. 32 Francium (87) Oganesson (118) Complete period

NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS WITH ATOMIC NO. GREATER THAN 100

The IUPAC proposed a system for naming elements with Z > 100.
1 . The names are derived by using roots for the three digits in the atomic number of the element and
adding -ium at the end. The roots for the numbers are:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn

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 !Pertodlc Classlflcatlon or Elements Chem l st,y - Class X {Level-II)
2. In certain cases the names are shortened; for example, bi ium and tri ium are shortened to bium and trium
and enn nil is shortened to ennil.
3. The symbol for the element is made up from the first letters from the roots which make up the name. The
strange mixture of Latin and Greek roots has been chosen to ensure that the symbols are all different.
Though the names are written as a complete word, in the example below a hyphen has been inserted
between each part of the name to make them understandable. These hyphens should be omitted.

IUPAC nomenclature for the super heavy elements

Atomic Name Symbol ••
N o.
101 un-nil-unium Unu 113 un-un-trium Uut
102 un-nil-bium Unb 114 un-un-quadium Uuq
103 un-nil-trium Unt 115 un-un-pentium Uup
104 un-nil-quadium Unq 116 un-un-hexium Uuh
105 un-nil-pentium Unp 117 un-un-septium Uus
106 un-nil-hexium Unh 118 un-un-octlum Uuo
107 un-nil-septium Uns 119 un-un-ennium Uue
108 un- nil--octium Uno 120 un-bi--nilium Ubn
109 un-nil-ennium Une 130 un-tri-nilium Utn
110 un-un-nilium Uun 140 un-quad-nilium Uqn I/
111 un-un-unium Uuu 150 un-pent-nilium Upn
� c,
112 un- un- bium Uub )

-
Note : Hyphens have been put in the name for clarity. They should be omitted.
I
PERIODIC/ATOMIC PROPERTIES
A s we have studied earlier that the properties which are directly or indirectly related to electronic configuration
and which show a regular gradation when we move from left to right in a period or from top to bottom i n a
group of a periodic table are called periodic properties.
Main factors that influence periodic properties are.
(i) Nuclear charge : The total charge of all the protons in the nucleus in called nuclear charge.
(ii) Screening or Shieldlng Effect : The term shielding effect refers to the decrease in attraction between
electron and the nucleus in an atom, when additional electrons are present in different orbits, the electrons
repel each other slightly. This repuls.ion force works against the nucleus attraction force, decreasing the
attraction between the electron and the nucleus.
th
n or valence
sheU
(n-1 >"'
shell
th
(n-2)
shell
··.........,..,.,Q'v/. ;
.... c,.
.. ..........yr,._
� ..��
..
.._
)+_..,___....:.F+rce of attra ·on ... .... ......
=..:.:..=:..::.ii-::-:.:.:...---=� Electron in outer
..

....__.,, ; -;;;;;.J,s\OC\... most shell

..E.l........
Nucleus .,,• ....
...............
..
�"
ectron

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 Chemistry - Class X (Level-II) I
Periodic Classlflcatlon of Elements

(iii) Effective nuclear charge (Z0ff) : In multi-electron atoms/ions, the electrons in the valence shell experience
an attractive force from the nucleus and a repulsive force from the electrons in the inner shell. The actual
force felt by the valence shell electrons is called effective nuclear charge.

Z0ff = Total nuclear charge (z) - screening constant (a)

MAGIC NUMBERS
Certain nuclei are extra- stable and this is attributable to a filled shell. Nuclei with 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 8 2 or 126
neutrons or protons are particularly stable and have a large number of isotopes. These numbers are termed
magic numbers. When both the number of protons and neutrons are magic numbers, the nucleus is very stable.
e.g., ��8 Pb .

IONIC RADIUS
It is the effective distance between the centre of nucleus of an ion upto the centre of outermost shell electron.
It is of two types

(a) Cationic Radius

Cations have smaller radii (size) as compared to their parent neutral atoms. A cation is formed by loss of one
or more electron(s) from an atom but the number of protons remain the same in the nucleus. Thus the ratio
of protons to electrons increases i.e., effective nuclear charge increases and size decreases.
e.g. , Li(K2L1 ) -- - "
-=--Li+ (K 2L0 )

Protons (p) = 3 p = 3

Electrons (e) = 3 e = 2
Shell 2 Shell 1

Et>

Li
Atom Ion
p =�= E. = � > 1
1
e 3 e 2
¾ ratio increases, size of ion decreases.

Note : In the above example major reason for the smaller size o f cation is the complete removal of one
�� I
(b) Anionic radius
Anions have larger radii (size) as compared to their parent neutral atoms because of lesser effective nuclear
charge.

number of protons p 9
= � = 1 and - = - < 1
number of electrons 9 e 10

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 !Periodic Clasalflcatlon of Elements Chemistry - Class X (Level-II
1.e., effective nuclear charge decreases and size increases

EB EB

F-atom
Cationic as well as anionic radii increases from top to bottom in a group.

Explanation : New shells are introduced as we move from top to bottom.

The radius of the cation is less than that of the corres ponding atom, while the radius of an anion is alwai
larger than that of the corresponding atom.

Thus ranion > ratom > rcation

A cation is formed b y the loss of electrons from the outermost orbit which may cause the complete remov
of the outermost shell. Hence, size is much smaller than t h e corresponding atom.

Note : (I) lsoelectronlc Ions and species : The atoms or ions of different elements that have same
number of electron(s) but have different magnitude of nuclear charge, are called isoelectronic
species.
Example : Na+, Mg2+ and F-.
They may be neutral or ionic species.
(ii) Variation of ionic size among isoelectronic ions : As effective nuclear charge increases,
ionic radii decreases therefore in isoelectronic species, the species with maximum positive
charge will have smaller size.
as : Af3+, Mg2+, Na+ among these three, AP+ will have minimum size. The order of ionic radii
will be Af3+ < Mg2+ < Na+

CHEMICAL REACTIVITY

The chemical reactivity of an element depends upon its position in t h e periodic table, which in tum depenc
upon its outer electronic configuration.

(I) Variation In a period : On going left to right in a period, the chemical reactivity of elements first decreasE
and then increases.

Elements of third period Na Mg Al Si p s Cl

Very Least Very
reactive reactive reactive
metal non--n,etal

Chemical reacti vity "I Chemi cal reactivity .,I

decreases i ncreases

Explanation : The 1 valence electron of sodium (first element of the third period) can be lost easily f,
reacting with other elements. The element magnesium has 2 valence electrons. It is not so easy for c
atom to lose 2 electrons, so magnesium is less reactive than sodium. Similarly, aluminium and silicc
are still more unreactive as they have 3 and 4 valence electrons respectively which are difficult to los
But on moving silicon onwards, the chemical reactivi t y increases.

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 Chemistry - Class X (Level- I I ) I
Periodic Classlflcatlon of Elements

Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons and hence needs three more electrons while sulphur has 6 valence
electrons and needs two more electrons to complete its octet. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons and needs
only 1 electron to complete its octet. Since it is comparatively more difficult to gain three electrons than
two and gaining two electrons is more difficult than one thus. chlorine shows higher reactivity than sulphur
and sulphur shows higher reactivity than phosphorous. This explains the above reactivity order.
(ii) Variation in a group : Elements of the same group have similar chemical properties since they have
same number of valence electrons but however, the chemical reactivity of elements varies gradually in a
group.
(a) Reactivity of metals in a group : The chemical reactivity of metals increases on going down in a
group of the periodic table

Li Least reactive
Na
K Chemical reactivity of
Element of 1 s t group metals increases on
Rb going down in a group
Cs Most reactive
Explanation : The chemical reactivity of metals depends upon their tendency to lose electrons. As
we move down in a group of metal elements, the size of their atoms goes on increasing. Due to
increase in size of atoms, the valence electrons of metal atom. which take part' in chemical reactions
becomes more and more far away from the nucleus and hence can be removed easily.
(b) Reactivity of non-metals in a group : The chemical reactivity of non-metals decreases from top to
bottom in a group.
F Most reactive
Cl Chemical reactivity of
Element of group 1 7 non-metals decreases on
Br going down in a group
I Least reactive
Explanation : Chemical reactivity of non-metals depends upon their tendency to gain electrons to
acquire stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas. As we move down in a group of non­
metal elements, the size of their atoms goes on increasing. Due to increase in the size of atom, the
distance of nucleus of atom from the valence shell increases. Consequently the force of attraction
exerted by the nucleus of the atom on the valence shell electrons decreases, as a result tendency
to gain electron also decreases.

IONISATION ENERGY (LE.)

The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom
of that element to form gaseous positive ion is called ionization energy.

X(g) + Energy - -➔ x+ (g) + e-

Gaseous Gaseous
atom i on

The magnitude of I E gives a quantitative measure of stability of electronic structure of an isolated atom.
Successive ionization energy : The energy required to remove successive/succeeding electron from an
isolated gaseous atom i s known as successive ionization energy.
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 Chemistry - Class X (Level-II)
The energy required to remove only one electron from valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom is known
as first ionisation energy while energy required to remove one more electron from gaseous positive ion is
known as second ionization energy and so on.

M - e- (IEh
> M+
Atom Ion

(IE):z
M+ - e- ) M2+
Ion Ion

M2+ - e- M3+
(IE),
Ion Ion

l(IE)3 > (IE)2 > (IE)1I

Reason : When first electron is ejected from a n atom, the nuclear charge increases due to decrease in number
of electrons while number of protons remain same and therefore nuclear pull increases on electrons therefore
the removal of 2nd electron will require more energy as compared to that of 1st electron and so on.
Hence, (IE)3 > (IE) > (IE)1
2

ELECTRON AFFINITY

It i s the amount of energy released when a neutral isolated gaseous atom accept an extra electron to form
gaseous negative ion i . e . , anion (except noble gases).

X(g) + e - -➔ x -(g) + Energy

Neutral gaseous Anion
atom

Greater the amount of energy released, higher i s the electron affinity.

Electron affinity of an element is a measure of strength with which a n extra electron is bound to it.

Successive electron affinities : After addition of one electron, the addition of second electron is opposed
by repulsive forces of electrons, therefore energy has to be supplied for the addi tion of 2nd electron.

Example : One electron i s added to oxygen atom and gives o - after releasing energy but for addition of 2nd
elect ron the energy is required by o - to overcome the repulsive forces, so energy has to be supplied.

ELECTRO NEGATIVITY

It is the tendency of an atom of an element in a molecule to attract t h e shared pair of electron present
between bonded atoms towards itself.

DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP

Some elements of second period resemble with the elements of third period diagonally as shown

For example, Li and Mg belong to the different groups of periodic table but their chemical properties and the
properties of their compounds are similar.
II period Li Be ---- B C
-------
Ill Period Na Mg Al------ Si

This similarity in properties of elements present diagonally is called diagonal relationship.

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Chemistry - Class X (Level-II) Perio dic Classlflcatlon o f Elements

1. Down the group which one of the following properties decreases?

(1) Metallic character (2) Atomic radii
(3) Number of shells (4) Electronegativity
2. Na•, Mg2•, Al 3+ and Si4+ are isoelectronic. The order of their ionic size is
(1) Na• > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+ (2) Na• < Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+
(3) Na• > Mg2+ < Al3+ < Si4+ (4) Na• < Mg2• > Al3+ < S14+
3. Which of the following set of ions represent the collection of isoelectronic species?
(1) ca2•. cs•. Br (2) Na , ca2•. Mg2•
+

(3) N3-• F -• Na• (4) Na•, Mg2•, Al3•, Cl

4. Which one of the following elements has the maximum electron affinity?
(1) F (2) Cl
(3) Br (4)
5. Which one of the following groups contain most electronegative elements?
(1) 14 group (2) 1 5 group
(3) 16 group (4) 1 7 group

Property Element
Most metallic Caesium
Most nonmetallic Fluorine
Most abundant element in universe Hydrogen
Most abundant element in earth crust Oxygen (46.1 %) followed by silicon (28.2%)
Most electronegative element Fluorine
Most electropositive element Caesium

Heaviest element Osmium

Lightest element Hydrogen
Strongest reducing agent Lithium
Strongest oxidising agent Fluorine
Highest electron affinity Chlorine

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 �IB�tCT lLlLL�[L i
3. Which one of the following is a correct statement
SECTION-A about periods?
Subjective Type Questions (1) Each period begins with a metallic element
except 1st
1. Arrange the given ions in increasing order of their
ionic radii (2) Each period ends with an inert gas
Mg2+, Na+, Ne, AJ3+ (3) Each period marks an increase in number of
2. What is the IUPAC name and symbol of the shells
element with atomic number 112? (4) All of these
3. What is the common name given to group 18
elements? 4. Which one of the following periods of the periodic
4. Which one will have smaller size out of metal and tabl e has the largest number of elements?
its cation? (2) 3rd
5. What similarity do you find in the electronic (4) 5th
configuration of Be and Mg?
6. Define effective nuclear charge. 5. Which one of the following will be smallest in size?
7. Explain the trend of electronegative nature in a (2) Mg2+
group and in a period
(4) 02-
8. Atom i s electrically neutral but still it has a
tendency to form an ion. Why? 6. The element with no neutron is
9. The size of a cation is smaller than that of the (1) Protium (2) Deuterium
atom. Why? (3) Tritium (4) Helium
10. The chemical reactivity of non-metals decreases
from top to bottom in a group. Explain 7. Which of the following, is the most electronegative
element?

SECTION-B (1) s (2) Te

(3) Se (4) 0
Objective Type Questions 8. Which group contains elements that exist as
1. Diagonal relationship is not shown by monoatomic molecules?
(1) Li and Mg (2) C and P (1) 12 (2) 14
(3) B and Si (4) Be and Al (3) 16 (4) 18
2. What type of bond is formed between two
9. Which one of the following elements forms
elements of 16th and 17th group respectively to
form a compound? maximum number of compounds?
(1) Electrovalent (2) Coval ent (1) Carbon (2) Nitrogen
(3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Ionic (3) Oxygen (4) Fluorine
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 Chemistry - Class X (Level-II) Periodic Classlflcatlon of Elements!

10. In the periodic table, with the increase in atomic 19. The correct order of ionic radii is
number, the metallic character of an element (1) K• > Na• > Li• > cs•
(1) Decreases in a period and increases in a (2) cs• > K• > Na• > Li•
group (3) K• > cs• > Na• > Li•
(4) cs• > Na• > Li• > K
+
(2) Increases in a period and decreases in a group
(3) Increase both in period and group 20. The correct order of ionic radii for the following ions
is
(4) Decreases both in period and group
(1) N3- < F - < 02- < Na•
11. Removing an electron from which of the following
(2) N3- > P- > 0 2- > Na
+
species requires largest amount of energy?
(3) N3- > o 2- > F - > Na•
(1) Na (2) K
(4) Unpredictable
(3) c2• (4) ea• 21. The correct order for the electronegativities of N, 0,
12. Basic nature of oxides in a periodic table F and P is
(1) Increases across a period (1) F > N > P > 0 (2) F > 0 > P > N
(2) Decreases across a period (3) F > 0 > N > P (4) N > 0 > F > P
(3) Decreases down the group 22. The following diagram shows a part of the periodic
table containing first three periods in which five
(4) Remain unaltered in groups and periods elements have been represented by the letter a, b ,
13. Which o n e o f the following is the strongest c , d and e.
oxidising agent? 1 18
(1 ) Fluorine (2) Chlorine a 2 13 14 15 16 17
(3) Bromine (4) Iodine
e C
14. Any period of periodic table starts with
b
- d
(1) Alkali metal
(2) Alkaline earth metal On the basis of the above table answer the
following questions
(3) Non-metals
(i) The letter which represents an alkaline earth
(4) Noble gas metal is
15. In the Modern Periodic Table, the elements are (1) b (2) C
arranged in order of
(3) e (4) a
(1) Increasing atomic number (ii) The letter which represents a chemically
(2) Increasing mass number unreactive element is
(3) Increasing nuclear charge (1) a (2) d
(4) Both ( 1 ) & (3) (3) C (4) b
16. On moving from left to right in a periodic table (iii) The letter which combines with oxygen to form
oxide which causes global warming is
(1) Number of electrons increase
(1) e (2) b
(2) Number of electrons decrease (3) d (4) c
(3) Number of neutrons decreases
[iv) The correct electronic configuration of element
(4) Number of electrons first increases then represented with letter 'b' is
decreases (1) 2, 8, 1 (2) 2 , 8
17. The largest atomic radii in the following will be of (3) 2, 7 (4) 2 , 8, 2
(1) F (2) Cl 23. An element 'X' has same number of electrons in
(3) Na (4) K the first and the fourth shell as well as in the
second and the third shell. The correct electronic
18. The maximum reducing character will be of
configuration of the element is
(1) Cs (2) Ca (1) 2 , 8, 8, 2 (2) 2, 8, 2
(3) Na (4) K (3) 2 , 8 , 8, 1 (4) 2, 8, 6
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 IPeriodic Clasalflcatlon of Elements Chemistry - Class X (Level-II)
24. Four elements A, B, C and D along with their
electronic configurations are given below : SECTION -D
Element A B C D Match the Columns Type Questions
Electronic 2, 1 2, 8 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 8 1. Match the following
configuration
Column-I Column-II
Now answer the following questions:
(i) Two elements which belong to the s a m e a. F (i) Maximum ionisation
period are energy
(1) A and B (2) B and C b. Cl (ii) Maximum atomic
(3) D and A (4) A and C radius
(ii) Two elements which belong to the same group C. He (iii) Maximum
are electronegativity
(1) A and C (2) C and B
d. Cs (rv) Maximum electron
(3) D and C (4) A and D affinity
(1) a(iii), b(iv). c(i), d(ii)
SECTION-C
(2) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i)
Assertion and Reason Type Questions : (3) a(i). b(ii), c(iii). d(iv)
In t h e following questions, a s t a t e m e n t of (4) a(iii), b(i). c(iv). d(ii)
assertion (A) i s followed by a statement of reason (R).
2. Match the following :
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason
is the correct explanation of the assertion, then Column-I Column-II
mark (1).
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason a. He, Ne. Ar (i) Alkali metals
is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then b. Cl. F. Br (ii) Lanth anides
mark (2).
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false. C. Ce, Gd, Yb (iii) Noble gases
then mark (3).
d. Li. Na. K (rv) Halogens
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements.
then mark (4). (1) a(ii). b(iv). c(i). d(iii) (2) a(iii). b(iv). c(ii). d(i)
1. A : Electronegative character decreases while (3) a(i), b(ii). c(iii). d(iv) (4) a(iii). b(i). c(iv). d(ii)
moving from top to bottom in a group of
periodic table. 3. Match the following
R .. Effective nuclear charge decreases on moving Column-I Column-II
top to bottom in a group of periodic table.
a. F (i) Inert gases
2. A . On moving left to right in a periodic table size
of atom decreases. b. Group 15 (ii) Group-13 element
R .. Effective nuclear charge decreases on moving C Group 18 (iii) Pnictogens
left to right in a period.
d. Al (iv) Most reactive non-
3. A Mendeleev's periodic table is based on relative
metal
atomic masses of elements.
R .. Modern periodic table is based on relative (1) a(iv). b(iii), c(i). d(ii)
atomic numbers of elements.
(2) a(iii), b(iv), c(ii), d(i)
4. A . The ionic size of 02 - is bigger than that of F ­
ion. (3) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv)
R .. 02- and F- are isoelectronic species. (4) a(iii}, b(i), c(iv), d(ii)

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 ANSWERS I
Chapter 5 : Periodic Classification of Elements

Level-I

SECTION -B
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (2) 6. (1) 7. (4)
8. (2) 9. (3) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (2) 13 . (3) 14. (2)
15. (3) 16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (1)

Level-II

SECTION-B

1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (1) 7. (4)

8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (1)
15. (4) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (1) 19. (2) 20. {3) 21. (3)
22. (i) (1 ), (ii) (2), (iii) (4), (iv) (4)
23. (1) C,<l:J
�

24. (i) (1 ), (ii) (1) �

� �

SECTION-C
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (2)

SECTION-D
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (1)

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Periodic Classification of
Elements
CHAPTER

Answers & Solutions

(Level-I)
I
SECTION-A : Very Short Answer Type Questions :

7 +39
1. = 23
2

2. Because they are isotopes having same atomic number.

3. Eka-aluminium was the name given by Mendeleev for gallium.

4. C < Si < Al < K

5. Al < Mg < Na < K

6. Caesium
7. Fluorine

8. Mercury and Bromine

9. 4

10. Same valency

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Newlands' Law of Octaves

When the elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic masses, the properties of
every eighth element is a repetition of the first one.

2. Reaction with Hydrogen and Oxygen.

3. Co

4. Both 1st and 171h group elements

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 IPeriodic C l aaalftcatlon of Elements Answers & Solutlona of Chemistry - Cl•- X (Level-I)

5. (i) Atomic radii decreases along the period from left to right and increases down the group from top to
bottom.

(ii) Metallic character increases down the group and decreases along a period from left to right.

6. Use of periodic table

(a) The periodic table has made the study of chemistry systematic and easy.

(b) It i s easier to remember and retain the properties of an element.

7. Metals are situated at left and in the middle of the periodic table.

8. (i) Elements B and C belong to same period as they have same number of shells. Electronic configuration
of 6(2, 8, 1 ) and C(2, 8, 8).

(ii) Elements A and B belong t o same group as they have same number of valence electrons A(2, 1 ),
6(2, 8, 1 ).

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Salient Features of Modern Periodic Table (Long form of periodic table)

(i) Its a table of 7 horizontal rows called periods and 18 vertical columns called as groups.

(ii) Every period starts with filling of electrons i n a new shell i. e., every period starts with a new shell and
ends with same shell.

(iii) In a period progressively from left to right atomic number increases and the number of electrons in
outer most shell also increases.

(iv) For elements in same vertical column from top to bottom, number of shells increases but number of
electrons in outermost shell remain same.

(v) Certain elements like Boron, Silicon form a zig- zag line in the periodic table and divides periodic table
into metals on left of this line and non-metals on right of this line.

(vi) (a) Elements of group 1st and llnd are known as alkali and alkaline earth metal respectively [except
"H" which is a non-metal].

(b) Elements from 3rd to 12th group are known as transition elements (metals) which constitute middle
section of periodic table.

(c) 13th to 17th groups are having both metals and non-metals and elements of groups 1 - 2 and groups
13-17 are together called representative elements.

(d) Group 18 elements are also called noble gases (inert gases)

No. of elements
I 2
11, Ill B each
IV, V 18 each
VI, VII 32, 28 respectively
 Answers & Solutions of Chemistry - Cl•- X (Level- I) Periodic Cla-lflcaUon of ElementsI

2. Dmitri lvanovich Mendeleev has contributed to the early development of the Periodic Table. Elements were
arranged on the basis of their funda mental properties like (i) Atomic mass, (ii) Similarity of chemical
properties.

Mendeleev started his work with 63 elements. He examined both physical and chemical properties.

Hydrogen and oxygen were selected as they are very reactive and form compounds with many elements.
The formulae of the hydrides and oxides formed was taken as one of the basic properties of an element
for its classification and sorted the elements with similar properties and arranged them in the order of
increasing atomic masses.

Mendeleev formulated a periodic law which states that '"The properties of elements are periodic function
of their atomic masses. The periodic table contains vertical columns called groups and horizontal rows
called periods.

SECTION-B : Objective Type Questions :

1. Answer (2)
2. Answer (4)
3. Answer (4)
4. Answer (1 )
5. Answer (2)
6. Answer (1)
7. Answer (4)
8. Answer (2)
9. Answer (3)
10. Answer (1 )
11. Answer (3)
12. Answer (2)
13. Answer (3)
14. Answer (2)
15. Answer (3)
16. Answer (3)
17. Answer (2)
18. Answer (2)
19. Answer (2)
20. Answer (1)

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Period i c C l assification of
Elements
CHAPTER

Answers & Solutions

(Level-II)
I
SECTION-A : Subjective Type Questions
1 +
Al < Mg < Na < Ne
3+ 2+

2. Ununbium (Uub)
3. Inert gases (Noble gases)
4. Metal cation
5. Both have 2 electrons in their outermost shell.
6. The actual force felt by the valence shell electrons from the nucleus is called effective nuclear
charge
7. Electro negative nature decreases down the group whereas increases along a period from left to right.
8. Although atoms are electrically neutral yet most of them do not have all the energy shells completely
filled, i.e., they do not have the stable electronic configuration of the noble gases. Therefore, to
acquire the stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas, they either lose or gain electrons.
9. A cation is formed when a neutral atom loses electron(s). As a result, the effective nuclear charge
increases, which results in decrease in the size of cation. Moreover, many times removal of
electron(s) may cause the removal of complete shell and hence the size o f the cation is always
smaller than the neutral atom from which it is formed.
10. As w e move down in a group, the size of the atoms goes on increasing. Due to increase in size,
the distance between nucleus of an atom and valence shell increases. The force exerted by nucleus
decreases. Hence tendency to gain electrons decreases.

SECTION-B : Objective Type Questions

1. Answer (2)
2. Answer (2)
3. Answer (4)
 Answers & Solutions of Chemistry - Cla- X (Level-II) Periodic c1a-incat1on of ElementsI

4. Answer (3)

5. Answer (2)

6. Answer (1)

7. Answer (4)

8. Answer (4)

9. Answer (1)

10. Answer (1)

11. Answer (3)

12. Answer (2)

13. Answer (1)

14. Answer (1)

15. Answer (4)

16. Answer (1)

17. Answer (4)

18. Answer (1)

19. Answer (2)

20. Answer (3)

21. Answer (3)

22. (i) Answer (1)

(ii) Answer (2)

(iii) Answer (4)

(iv) Answer (4)

23. Answer (1)

24. (i) Answer (1)

(ii) Answer (1)

SECTION- C : Assertion and Reason Type Questions

1. Answer (1)

2. Answer (3)

3. Answer (2)

4. Answer (2)
 1
IPeriodic Cla-lflcatlon of Elements Ans-rs & Solutions of Chemistry - c1a- X (Level-II) I
SECTION-D : Match the Columns Type Questions ·
1. Answer (1)
2. Answer (2)
3. Answer (1)

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