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CHAPTER 3:
3) Explain semiconductor.
SOLID
Rigid arrangement.
Unit Cell
Smallest part of a crystal which if repeated in 3D space
would produce the entire cell.
Basic building block of the crystal.
Lattice Points
Points or corner where atoms, ions or molecules are placed.
TERM
TERM
Coordination number
The number of atoms or ions surrounding an atom or ions
in a crystal lattice.
The value is a measurement of how tightly the spheres are
packed together.
The larger the value, the closers the spheres are to each
other.
CUBIC LATICE SYSTEM (SIMPLE CUBIC)
Consist of 8 lattice point at the corners of the cube & 1 lattice point at the
centre of the unit cell.
Eg: Na, Fe
CUBIC LATICE SYSTEM (FACE-CENTERED CUBIC)
Consist of 8 lattice point at the corners of the cube & 1 lattice point at
the centre of each face.
Eg: Cu, Au
COUNTING THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES
IN A UNIT CELL
Particles in a unit cell can be seen at the lattice point but may
not contribute the whole entities to the unit.
Particles located on edges, faces & corner are actually
shared by neighboring unit cell.
COUNTING THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES
IN A UNIT CELL
Particles at the corner
Coordination number of 8.
The bcc arrangement does not allow the atoms to pack together as
closely as the fcc or hcp arrangements.
METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (FCC)
The fcc unit cell consists of a net total of four atoms; eight
from corners atoms and six of the face atoms.
1
8 at the corner : 8 1
8
1
6 at the faces : 6 3
2
the atoms can pack closer together than they can in the bcc
structure.
there are 6 atoms in the hcp unit cell. 12 atoms in the corners of the
top and bottom layers, the two atoms in the center of the hexagon of
both the top and bottom layers and each of the three atom in the
middle layer.
1
12 at the corner (top & bottom) : 12 2
6
1
2 at the center (top & bottom) : 2 1
2
3 at the middle : 3 1 3
it has no directionality.
6:6-co-ordinated.
1
6 Na ions at the face : 6 3 Na ions
2
1
12 Cl ions at the edge : 12 3 Cl ions
4
Simple Cubic.
8:8-co-ordinated.
Cs+
Cl-
IONIC CRSYTAL (CsCl)
1
8 Cl ions at the corner : 8 1 Cl ions
8
Cl-
GIANT MOLECULE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Non-metals.
Allotropes of carbon.
- pure forms of the same element that differ in structure.
GIANT MOLECULE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
(DIAMOND)
6-member rings form flat layer which are held loosely by weak VDW
forces.
The layers are able to slide past each other, resulting in softness of
graphite.
P-positive (holes)
METALLIC BONDING
strong bonds.
Conduction Band
Conduction Band Conduction Band
ENERGY
Band Gap
Band Gap
Current flows when electrons move from the valence band to the conduction
band.
For a filled band to conduct, e- must be promoted from the highest occupied MO
to the lowest unoccupied MO.
The amount of energy required to promote these will determine how well the
substance conducts.
BAND THEORY OF METALS
In metal, the valence band & conducting band are adjacent to each
other.
Means, electron can travel freely through the metal (from the valence
band to the conduction band).
Current flows when electrons move from the valence band to the
conduction band.
IONIC
GIANT
METALLIC