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Constructing Gender: Old Wine in New Media (Skins)
Constructing Gender: Old Wine in New Media (Skins)
brill.nl/pneu
Abstract
The purpose of this essay is to assess how the preached word at least the ways in which
certain Christian teachings, doctrines, theologies, and moral ideologies are often framed for us
through the preaching moment has much to do with the ways in which gender roles are
imagined, constructed, and lived out and even the ways in which gender-based violence and
violation can be reinforced. By engaging the teachings of several prominent Pentecostal preachers as posted on YouTube, and the multiple/competing responses of the comments sections
therein, I seek to demonstrated how new media tools can serve as catalysts for the production
and/or reproduction of problematic understandings of gender roles, and how these mediums
reinforce sexual ethics that ultimately result in human violation.
Keywords
Juanita Bynum, Bishop Thomas Weeks, YouTube, domestic violence
DOI: 10.1163/027209611X575041
255
issues that will be examined in this essay, namely, how televisual and new
media means can be used as catalysts for the production and/or reproduction
of problematic understandings of gender. Indeed, Bishop Weeks, who was
licensed to preach and ordained an Elder under the auspices of the Pentecostal
Assemblies of the World, oers a sermon espousing traditional gender relations within the institution of marriage with an iconoclastic spin. To quote
Weeks at length:
The Bible says that the bedroom is undeled. Now if the bedroom is undeled, that
means God wants some undeled stu to take place in the bedroom. He wouldve
never said that the bedroom is undeled if you did not have any undeledness [sic] to
operate the bedroom . . . So some of the stu that you just dont say outside the bedroom is supposed to be saved for the bedroom . . . Dont say that while were in here.
Thats not good. Lets just say I love you baby, ooh baby you feel good, ooh youre
wonderful. I wish I could say what I want to say right here. You need to get some
words that start expressing! You dont hear me right now, you dont hear none of that,
Baby, blank, blank, blank, blank, blank! Yall aint sayin nothing! Turn that blank
blank blank BLANK blank blank blank blank blank! Say it! Speak in tongues when
you get outside the bedroom. Ooh, lets touch and agree that aint the place to
touch and agree. Dont take your salvation into the bedroom because the bedroom
becomes the balance to your salvation. . . . And most people dont get the enjoyment of
that bedroom because you are trying to hold back all of that stu cause you think
Gods gonna send down lightning if you say a couple of extra things . . .2
It goes without saying that Weeks leaves much room for critique in this excerpt.
To the more traditional ear and theologically conservative eye, Weekss message provides viewers with an array of problematic sound bites concerning notions
of intimacy and relationality. And for those viewers for whom cussin
whether partnered with a kick, punch, or shout is not or has never been a
novel practice in the bedroom, the overemphasizing of this practice on the
part of Weeks could further the physical violence that takes place within their
walls. Yet, what does it mean for us to consider this particular message as a
possible normalizing of both a cognition and practice of male-domination,
female-subordination that perpetuates the damaging social phenomenon that
can lead to what social theorists refer to as institutional violence?3
This essay argues that the preached word at least the ways in which certain Christian teachings, doctrines, theologies, and moral ideologies are often
2
YouTube, Bishop Weeks Cussin in the bedroom, accessed at http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=waXrbpFikZU.
3
Ivone Gebara, Out of the Depths: Womens Experience of Evil and Salvation (Minneapolis:
Fortress Press, 2002), 79.
256
framed for us through the preaching moment has much to do with the
ways in which gender is imagined, constructed, and performed.4 In addition,
this essay considers the potential of the preached word to function as an instrument that may, at times, contain prompts that reinforce gender-based violence
and violation. And while physical abuse and sexual violation are imagined as
the most conspicuous forms of gender-based oense, this paper examines the
tacit violence that emerges in and is perpetuated through the mundane practice of religious broadcasting.5 Feminist theologian Ivone Gebara argues that
institutionalized violence against women is not just one specic act of violence but a social arrangement, a cultural construct geared to degrade one pole
of humanity and exalt another.6 Thus, gender discourse, through which the
institutionalized violence and/or social arrangement (of what some might call
heteropatriarchy) is framed and maintained, will be examined. The purpose
will be to theorize the extent to which the preached word and its increased
proliferation via new media means such as YouTube might reproduce or
counteract such violence.
In the following, then, thoughts are provided regarding the ways in which
increased public access to the preached word through traditional (televisual
and radio broadcasts) and new media means (such as social marketing websites; internet streaming portals; and video sharing sites like YouTube) provides both positive and unconstructive opportunities for shaping an audiences
understanding of gender. More specically, this essay will address how broadened public access to traditional and new media, particularly online sites such
as YouTube, can be the vehicle through which diverse types of theological
concepts are diused. In doing so, this essay will examine the construction of
gender through the YouTube sermon clips of three well-known evangelists
4
I am using the term gender to refer to characterizations that are constructed and constituted
through the process of identication or the naming of ones gender identities (i.e., masculine
and/or feminine) and through the ways we perform gender identities. In sum, gender roles, or
what we name masculinity and femininity, are nothing more than indenite and invented
categories that are considered xed and instinctive. Gender orientation, then, is a performance,
a caricature at best, of those roles. For some, this concept will appear to be heretical because it
challenges the assumption maintained by many that gender is an innate quality. Instead, we
(meaning societal groups) construct the gender roles/rules, characterizations, and scripts, and
this, in turn, informs our own gendered expressions. In fact, preached messages are but one
example of a type of conduit for this gendering process.
5
See Vivian Denos very useful article for more on the intersections of gender, race, and
Pentecostalism in the United States. God, Authority, and the Home: Gender, Race, and U.S.
Pentecostals, 1906-1926, Journal of Womens History 16, no. 3 (2004): 83-105.
6
Gebara, Out of the Depths, 81.
257
who are clergy within the Pentecostal, neo-Pentecostal/Charismatic, or Holiness traditions in order to explore the prominent themes present within each
message that may illumine the prevalence and presence of naturalized conceptions of gender within those traditions.
258
the message is packaged. As a case in point, consider the capabilities of YouTube as a medium: it can be loaded on a computer or mobile phone; it is fairly
easy to maneuver and manage; and it is one of the quickest ways to locate a
video clip. Moreover, YouTubes uncomplicated functionality allows the viewer
to engage, manipulate, and/or dialogue with the video and other viewers as
well. The power of this particular medium is its ability to provide the space for
the viewer to exercise her or his agency in ways that traditional media do
not. This might be one of the reasons why in May 2010 alone, 5,280,027
viewers assessed videos on YouTube, accounting for an increase in month-tomonth trac of 6.8 percent.10 Nonetheless, viewers can easily type in any
number of words in the search box and gain instant access to thousands of
video clips. For example, after typing in the words preaching manhood
short and extensive video clips with titles like Matt Chandler Dening
Masculinity (Part 1), Be a Man . . . Biblically [PM Service] Paul Washer, and
Black Manhood A Preachers Perspective were listed. In addition, viewers
can upload their edited videos and respond to those posted by others as well.
This particular medium is a virtual gateway into worship spaces across the
globe and provides viewers with boundless options in terms of the preachers
they choose to view and the video clips that they choose to upload or share.
For these reasons, YouTube can appear to be a neo-evangelistic mode of gospel
sharing, an advanced form of ministration that may include greater interaction with a public in need of a fresh word.
There are some issues that could complicate the constructive uses of YouTube and other forms of media technologies that make possible the proliferation of the word. For example, YouTube, arguably, provides viewers increased
access to information and enables individuals to exercise critical human
agency through communicating with others, as Douglas Kellner and Gooyong
Kim posit; however, individuals may also encounter virtual spaces that are
overdetermined by dominant theologies that further the maintenance of normative ideologies such as those associated with race, class, or gender.11 In this
regard, Kellner and Kim assert, While new media technologies allow individuals to secure unprecedented space for an alternative/counter-hegemonic
politics, they also face the risks of ensnaring established social constituencies
in the tentacles of the dominant culture and ideology.12
10
Nielsenwire, Top Online Video Sites in US for May 2010, accessed at http://blog.nielsen.
com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/top-online-video-sites-in-u-s-for-may-2010/.
11
Douglas Kellner and Gooyong Kim, YouTube, Critical Pedagogy, and Media Activism,
The Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies 32 (2010): 3-36, at 17.
12
Ibid., 6.
259
Here Jakess teaching is based on the presupposition that men lack aect and
emotion and rely solely on cognition and rationality. This short YouTube segment raises other issues as well. First, unless the viewer chooses to view the
additional clips of this particular series on YouTube, she or he is left without
the benet of a fuller and more detailed context. The viewer seeking to observe
a nuanced teaching moment on the perceived dierences between male and
female communication and relationality observes instead a fragmentary and
potentially pithy instructional tidbit. Thus such decontextualized clips have
the potential to belie the preachers intent. In this case, it may (or may not)
have been Jakess intent to suggest that men and women communicate dierently because they are innately wired to do so. But without a broader context
that allows the sort of nuance and room for qualication and exception that
such an unscientic profession would require, listeners may (or may not) (mis)
interpret Jakess intent.
Second, it also seems that YouTubers are often inuenced by the comments
of subscribers, regardless of how instructive and informed their comments
may be. For example, in a segment of this same series a viewer can also read
the following conversation between two YouTube subscribers:
13
260
Again, this could be read as a blameless attempt on the part of the viewers to
engage the video. Some may even regard this type of virtual dialogue positively, a much-needed form of communication/interaction between listeners
and preachers. Yet, this particular conversation demonstrates how prevailing
the messengers words are in determining the religious discourse of participants. This example also demonstrates the inuence maintained by the YouTube subscriber in terms of shaping the thoughts of other viewers. In this case,
it is clear that at least one of the viewers walked away having concretized in
their minds Jakess teaching regarding the gendering of emotions: that is, feelings are feminine characteristics and rationality is a masculine characteristic.
For this particular viewer, Jakess teaching framed an inequitable conception of
gender. His message recongures the gendered paradigm that constitutes the
heteropatriarchal social arrangement. It is an institutionalized violence that
is steeped in our understandings of gender as a particular understanding of
dierence maintained through what Gebara names a historical process that
has subjected women to domination and marginalization because of their
enculturated biology.15 For Jakes and the particular viewer mentioned above,
the demonstration of feelings is ostensibly understood as a gendered emotion that is a product of biology.
While it might have been the case that the viewer brought to the video
particularized understandings of gender insofar as what was observed merely
reinforced previously held notions, this example demonstrates the power of
the message and the medium: the message functions as a script, of sorts,
providing the language and cues that may, indeed, shape the ways in which
viewers will subsequently perform gender in their relationships and the
medium, serving as a platform for communication and exchange, functioning
as a site for the production and proliferation of dominant gender knowledge.
YouTube, in this case, becomes a virtual portal for cyber call and response
where the viewer is provided the space to oer an arming amen or strong
critique in response to the message within a cyberspace community.16 Moreover, YouTube provides the viewer with an opportunity for dialogue with
14
15
16
Ibid.
Gebara, Out of the Depths, 79.
I would like to thank Ashon T. Crawley for pointing out the various ways in which new
261
others who may post constructive or problematic responses to clips. This innovative form of engagement, that is, a virtual encounter with both the message
and the viewing audience, presents an opportunity for potential theological
spillage (as evidenced through the aforementioned example where the subscriber seemingly acquiesces to Jakess imprudent teaching on gendered emotions) or for constructive catechizing that can inevitably shape the views,
theologies, and lives of millions of viewers.
To be sure, Kellner and Kim oer the following consideration on a few of
the dangers present within emergent technologies:
Although emergent technologies provide the potential that individuals can empower
themselves in relation to dominant media and culture . . . and can provide the
oppressed with ever more liberating forum for the counter-hegemonic politics of culture, there are also limitations that must be confronted concerning the political economy of the media and technology, their imbrications in the dominant social and
political system, and the ways that media and technology generate social reproduction and
can be part of an apparatus of social domination [emphasis added].17
For this reason, it is vital for the messengers, who may or may not use new
media to spread the word, to consider the potential impact that their messages
will have in the lives of those who consume them via new media means. The
aective power of these messages and the media through which they are channeled is evidenced through the capacity of these messages to serve as scripts
that without doubt frame the viewers cognitions and actions. I cite, again,
the YouTube clip of Jakess teaching, which reinscribes the false notion that
women are complicated, impulsive, and irrational and that men are unambiguous, targeted, and cogent. Jakess message on He-motions does nothing
more than re-script an old caricature for male viewers to perform: He-Man,
the most powerful man in the universe.
262
the following, an analysis of two video clips and one audio clip that were
accessed online, capturing portions of the messages of three familiar preachers
whose ministries are informed by Pentecostal or neo-Pentecostal traditions, is
oered. I will analyze posted sermons of Reverend Dr. Jamal-Harrison Bryant,
Dr. Juanita Bynum II, and Bishop Alfred A. Owens with the purpose of
exploring the ways in which hegemonic gender characterizations and assumptions have the potential for obstructing human relationality.18 Furthermore,
this analysis will attempt to demonstrate the amplied nature of such gendered messaging when propagated through new media means and how the
production of these videos and audio clips heighten opportunities for decontextualized yet overdetermined discourse on the part of the viewers.
This section begins with a turn to a video upload of a sermon by Reverend
Dr. Jamal Harrison-Bryant, which is entitled, most appropriately for the discussion at hand, Im Sill the Man! The particular clip was uploaded on a
website titled takemeblack.com.19 As I write, this sermon clip upload on YouTube had been viewed 11,654 times.20 The following analysis centers on Bryants conception of The Man, or rather, the characterizations that Bryant
presents that may shape viewers understandings of masculinity.
In this particular clip, Bryant oers an impassioned exhortation on what it
means to be The Man. He states, . . . being the man aint what you drive and
what you wear or what it is that you possess and command, but being a man
is what it is that you have on the inside.21 Bryant seems to suggest that ones
sense of manliness is independent of markers like materiality or outward
18
Rev. Dr. Jamal Harrison-Bryant, Dr. Juanita Bynum II, and Bishop Alfred A. Owens, Jr.
maintain connections to Pentecostal traditions. Bynum was reared in the Church of God in
Christ, served as a Pentecostal evangelist during her teenage years, and would later be responsible
for the management of the Bible institute and training ministry at New Greater Bethel Ministries
in Hempstead, New York. Owens is the founder and pastor of Greater Mount Calvary Holy
Church and was consecrated a Bishop in the Mt. Calvary Holy Church of America, Inc. in 1988,
and Vice Bishop in 2001. Owens has also served as the Dean of the Joint College of African
American Pentecostal Bishops. And although Bryant is the founder and pastor of The Empowerment Temple AME Church, C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence Mamiya trace neo-Pentecostalism to
Bryants father, Bishop John Bryant. See C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence Mamiya, The Black
Church in the African-American Experience (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990). Thus
the messages that are assessed in this section are those of pastors/evangelists with deep roots in
the certain sects of the conservation tradition.
19
YouTube, (Jamal Bryant) Still The Man! Committing adultery on his wife, ignoring his
illigitimate kids, assessed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIiS-wzLsrM.
20
Takemeblack.com, Dr. Jamal Bryant: Im Still the Man, accessed at: http://takemeblack.
wordpress.com/category/dr-jamal-bryant.
21
Ibid.
263
appearance. In contrast to the ways that real men are typically characterized
in lm, print, and other forms of popular culture for example, money, cars,
clothes, and beautiful women Bryant provides a welcome amendment.
What is more, he references 2 Samuel 12 as the scriptural passage that grounds
his sermon. In this text the prophet Nathan uses a parable to condemn King
Davids adulterous behavior with Bathsheba and murder of her husband Uriah.
Nathan tells of a rich man who, despite owning many ocks of herd, elected
to take the sole lamb owned by a poor man in town for himself and guests. The
Scripture passage then states that Davids anger was greatly kindled against
the man. He said to Nathan, As the Lord lives, the man who has done this
deserves to die. He shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he did this thing
and because he had no pity. Nathan said to David, You are the man! 22
The reader encounters Nathan rmly rebuking David, as the indictment
You are the man! is not referencing Davids acclaim, power, or status. Yet,
Bryants use of the colloquial phrase Im the Man, supposedly mirroring the
Scripture reference, underscores a dierent use of the term that seems to maintain a latent theme that is more adverse than useful. Bryant goes on to declare,
so let me say to all of you who are here, and Im nished: I want you to know
Im still the man. In spite of what it is that God has provided me through. In
spite of my failures, in spite of my shortcomings, in spite of my failures, in
spite of me falling down Im still the man. If youre not here next week, Im still
preaching. If you dont come Tuesday, Im still preacher. If you turn the TV o
next Sunday night, Ill still be a preacher.23 Moreover, the visual dimensions
of the medium come with their own sets of polyvalent messaging that potentially belie Bryants initial articulated sentiment of modesty and sobriety. An
exquisite white Windsor collar, a custom-tailored navy blue suit, and a conspicuous diamond pinky ring model for viewers the materialism consistent of
a hip-hop mogul that Bryant professes to reject. Not to mention that Bryant,
who at the time was going through a very public divorce due to charges of
indelity and fathering an additional child outside of his marriage, had to
have realized when preparing his sermon that Im the Man is a phrase that
implies everything but humility. Rather, the use of the phrase Im the Man
as a title and theme projects an air of hubris that is evinced through Bryants
own words and performance. After having preached a denitive word, Bryant
simply places the mic on the podium, turns away from the congregation, and
condently walks o stage.
22
23
264
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIiS-wzLsrM.
Ibid.
265
Although the video has been edited in a way that does not allow the viewer the
opportunity to place this statement within the fuller context of Bynums sermon, it is important to consider the impact that this statement could have on
the viewer. It appears that Bynum, essentially, reduces the role of the wife/
26
YouTube, Juanita Bynum: Shes Not a Woman of Her Word, accessed at http://www
.youtube.com/watch?v=6UwxKboxj60&feature=related.
27
Ibid.
28
Ibid.
266
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
267
Ibid.
Washington City Paper, Bishop Alfred A. Owens, accessed at http://www.washington
citypaper.com/cd_img/0505owens.mp3.
35
Ibid.
34
268
Ibid.
See, for example, Mark Anthony Neals New Black Man: Rethinking Black Masculinity
(New York: Routledge, 2005).
38
Ibid.
37
269
prompt/cue for gender and sexual identity conformance? And in what ways
does the recycling and audio extending of this message reinscribe particular
logics about gender and sexuality in the community while obscuring the lifetransforming and potentially edifying dimensions of this ministry that attracts
thousands of worshipers each Sunday?
Principal Lessons
The popular sound clips examined in this essay perform the task of gendering
bodies. The leitmotif of each of the sermons bears remarkable resemblance to
what black feminist scholars Johnnetta Betsch Cole and Beverly Guy-Sheftall
describe as the principal lessons that they learned as children who were nurtured in Black churches. Cole and Guy-Sheftall recall:
What were the principal lessons about gender that we were taught and indeed that
countless African American children learn in Sunday school, church services, and the
year-round church activities in which they participate? That God is male and that Jesus
is both white and male; that the relationship between women and men in everyday life
is to be like that between God and His church, for God is the head of the church, and
all members are to follow Him; and that God and all of His people will look down on
a bad woman (for example, one who gets pregnant out of wedlock) and praise
a virtuous woman (for example, one who is a loyal helpmate to her husband and a
good mother to her children).39
The sermonizing of Weeks, Jakes, Bryant, Bynum, and Owens, like the lessons
shared with Cole and Guy-Sheftall, serve as forms of heterosexist policing,
that is, the words/messages/acts seek to maintain the static formulations of
gender and relationality bound up in the heteronormative imaginary and
ostensible desires to regulate the bodies, the agency, the volition, and the
essences of being of those who may traverse the bounds of those formulations.
These messages function as apparatuses of power that arrest (and assault)
the agential and ontological potential of men (and women) and function,
therefore, as nothing less than a form of institutional violence enacted from
the pulpit.
Vivian Deno argues that both Pentecostal and conservative evangelical language promotes a timeless or traditional sense of gender and family.40 Within
39
Johnnetta Betsch Cole and Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Gender Talk: The Struggle for Womens
Equality in African American Communities (New York: One World, 2003), 104.
40
Deno, God, Authority, and the Home, 99.
270
the sermons oered, there exists a seeming prescriptive gender motif (physically and emotionally strong, head/king of the home and the bedroom, the
Man) that is promulgated. But with the prevalence of women preachers, like
Bynum, who were able to carve out an empowered space and claim vast audiences within the Pentecostal tradition, largely because of this traditions creative use of media technology, how might we begin thinking about this
tradition as both a site for male-centeredness and a site to resistance to male
domination?41 The answer falls on the potential of language to shape the cognition, ideologies, and practices of audiences and the potential to produce
particularized gendered bodies as a result. Not just the orality of these gifted
homileticians, but their aesthetic postures and visual presentations within
multiple contexts. This is why serious consideration must be given to the
medium through which messages are transmitted.
New media are terrains of conict. While the potential for information
sharing and viral communication is promising, it is important to consider the
possibility that such media might enable and enhance the reproduction of
social ideologies and theologies that sanction unjust social arrangements en
masse. Considering the number of individuals who peruse new media sites, it
is important to reect on the routes through which information rapidly and
freely ow and the ways the word is reshaped, distorted, decontextualized, and
even damaged in the process. My particular concern is gender and gender
orientation. And when potentially damaging themes are projected uncritically
with the potential to take on a new media life of its own (for example, godly
wives should give it up when their husbands want it; women shouldnt talk
in circles or express emotions because men only talk in lines and cant process in the same way; real men arent sissy/cranks/faggots), this can inuence
the ways in which we relate as intimate partners and as neighbors. Because of
this, it is vitally important that we seriously consider what we preach and
propagate regarding gender and human relationality overall. The lives of those
on the receiving end of the words that we emit, especially the growing number
of those engaging new media, depends on our ability to be ever vigilant,
thoughtful, and nuanced with our words and with our bodies.
41