CHEM1907/8

Lecture 7. Oxidation Numbers and Chemical Bonding

CHEM1907/8

Chemistry 1LS 2003

Silberberg, Sect 5.3

Ideal Gas Law

Oxidation Numbers

Assign oxidation numbers to

single atoms ions & complexes

Combustion of octane

If we begin with 65.80 g of aluminium sulfide, how

many moles of water are required for the reaction?

Chemical Bonding

Molar Volumes - Gases

The Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

T = 298K
P = 1 atm = 101.5 kPa
Vm = 24.5 L mol1 (= 24.5 dm 3 mol1)

Quantity
Pressure, P
Volume, V
Temperature, T
Number of moles, n

eg. How many moles of Cl2 are in 12.25 L (298 K; 101.5 kPa)?
Moles = volume of gas = 12.25 L = 0.50 mol

SI Units
Pa
m3
K
mol

PROBLEM
Other Units
atm
L, mL
t (C)

A sample container of carbon monoxide occupies a

volume of 435 mL at a pressure of 1.13 atm and a
temperature of 298 K.
What would its temperature be if the volume were
changed to 265 mL at a pressure of 1 atm?

24.5 L mol1

eg. What volume is occupied by 10.0 g of Cl2 (g) (298K; 101.5 kPa)?
Volume = 10.0 g
Formula Weight = 70.9 g mol1

Gas constant, R = 8.31 J K1 mol1

= 0.0821 L atm K1 mol1

24.5 L mol1 = 3.46 L

Equations to Remember

nmol

=
=

Gas = STP

1 mol

Gas STP

nmol

H2O(l)

Silberberg, Sect 4.5 (not

balancing redox equations)
Sect 9.4

The ideal gas assumption states that there are only very weak
forces between gas molecules. Thus all gasses have the same
molar volume at a given pressure and temperature.

nmol

CO2(g) +

C8H18(l) + O2(g)

What mass of aluminium hydroxide would form?

The Shapes of Molecules

Vm

H2O(l)

The reaction between aluminium sulfide and water yields

aluminium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Write a balance equation for this reaction.

Stoichiometry II

Solution

BF3(g) +

B2O3(s) + HF(l)

Week 3

Solid

Lecture Slides (24/03/03)

Balance the Following Equations

Problem

How many grams of KOH are required to make 250 mL of a

solution having a concentration of 5.00 M?

What volume of 0.200 M CuSO4 is required to react with 50.0 mL

of 0.100 M NaOH, given the following reaction.

mol1)

concentration (mol L1) volume (L)

Soln

nmol

= concentration (mol L1) volume (L) (1)

Solid

nmol

=____________________.
mass (g)
(2)
molecular mass (g mol1)

MrKOH

24.5 L (T = 25 C; 298 K)
22.5 L (T = 0 C; 273 K)
pressure (atm) volume (L)
R (L atm K1 mol1) T (K)

= 39.10 + 16.00 + 1.008 = 56.11 g

nKOH

(1)

Stoichiometry: Example

Stoichiometry: Example

mass (g)
molecular mass (g

Gas constant, R = 0.0821 L atm K1 mol1

nKOH

(mol)

MrKOH

(g

mol1)

Titration: Example
A flask contains a solution with an unknown amount of HCl. This solution
is titrated with 0.207 M NaOH until a phenolphthalein indicator gives a
persistent end colour. The volume of NaOH added was 4.47 mL.
What mass of HCl was present?

Soln

nmol

H+
+
OH
H2O
= concentration (mol L1) volume (L)..(1)

nOH

= 0.207 mol L1 0.00447 L = 0.000925 mol

nOH

If
then
Solid

Why are Oxidation Numbers Important?

nmol

nH +

=
=

0.000925 mol
nOH
=

0.000925

=____________________...
mass (g)
(2)
molecular mass (g mol1)

= nHCl MrHCl
MrHCl = 1.008 + 35.45 = 36.46 g mol1
m HCl

m HCl

1 mole

Soln

2 mole

nmol
nNaOH

If
then

nNaOH

(1)

v CuSO

= concentration (mol L1) volume (L)..(1)

= 0.100 mol L1 0.050 L = 0.005 mol

nCu 2+

0.005 mol
nNaOH
_______

nCu2+ = _______
0.005
= 0.0025 mol
2

2
4

nCuSO (mol)
= ______________
4
cCuSO

= 1.25 mol 56.11 g mol1 = 70.14 g

m KOH

Titration
Titration is a procedure for determining the amount of substance
A by adding a carefully measured volume of a solution B of known
concentration until the reaction of A with B is just complete. When
a stoichiometric amount of B has been added the equivalence
point in the titration has been reached

Cu(OH)2(s)

1 mole

= 5.00 mol L1 0.250 L = 1.25 mol

mKOH

(2; rearrange)

mol1

Cu2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)

(mol L1)

CHEM1907/8

Chemistry 1LS 2003

Week 3

Stoichiometry II

Ideal Gas Law

Oxidation Numbers

Assign oxidation numbers to

single atoms ions & complexes

Chemical Bonding
The Shapes of Molecules

= 0.000925 mol 36.46 g mol1 = 0.0337 g = 33.7 mg

Oxidation-Reduction

REDOX CHEMISTRY: gain and loss of electrons

Reduction-Oxidation (REDOX)
Oxidation

Hemoglobin

Iron is an essential element for all organisms. For humans it

is important for dioxygen (O2) transport and metabolism and
it participates in a variety of electron-transport pathways

Electrons are lost

Oxidation number increases
Reducing agent is oxidised

Deoxyhemoglobin
no oxygen bound

Fe(III)
Oxyhemoglobin
bound oxygen

Redox reactions are very common in Chemistry (biological,

industrial); e.g., the formation of rust.

zinc loses electrons

Zn(O) to Zn(II)
zinc becomes oxidised

transfer of electrons

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq)
Fe(II)

= __________
0.0025 mol
0.200 mol L1
= 0.0125 L = 12.5 mL

X loses electrons

Y gains electrons

X is oxidised

Y is reduced

X is the reducing agent

Y is the oxidising agent

X increases oxidation No

Y decreases oxidation No

Zn2+ + H2(g)

Reduction
Electrons are gained
Oxidising agent is reduced
Oxidation number decreases

H+ gains electrons
H+ becomes reduced
H(I) to H(O)

Redox Reactions

(i)

Addition of H2O is not a redox reaction

CrVIO3

H 2O

Oxidation States

Assigning an Oxidation Numbers

Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) reactions involve the change in

oxidation state of some elements

H2CrVIO4

General Rules
For an atom in its elemental form (Na, O2 Cl2) the Ox. No. = 0
For a monotomic ion: Ox. No. = ion charge
The sum of Ox. No. values for the atoms in a compound equals zero.
The sum of the Ox. No. values for the atoms in a polyatomic ion equals the
ion charge.

Single atoms or ions. The oxidation state is the same as the

charge on the atom or ion and corresponds to the number of
electrons gained or lost from the neutral atom.
Na+
Ca2+
Cl
Ne

Specific Rules

(ii) Reaction with water is a redox reaction

Na0

(s)

Oxidation State: Na(O)

H 2O
H(I)

NaIOH

Na(I)

H2(g)
H(O)

Electrons are conserved The net change in oxidation numbers in

a redox reaction is zero. The increase in oxidation numbers
(oxidation) must equal the total decrease (reduction).

For Group 1A (1)

For Group 2A (2)
For hydrogen
For fluorine
For oxygen
For Group 7A (17)

Oxidation States

Valence Electrons

1. The more electronegative atom in a bond is assigned all the

shared electrons; the less electronegative atom is assigned
none.
2. Each atom in a bond is assigned all of its unshared electrons.
3. The oxidation number (ON) is given by
ON =

(No

of valence e)

[(No

of shared e +

No

of unshared e)]

Recall the definition of valence electrons

H2O

H 2.20
O 3.44

H +1
O 2

Ions. The sum of the oxidation state numbers

equals the charge on the ion

Example.
What is the oxidation number of S in the sulfate anion, SO42?
S 2.58
O 3.44

There are three categories of electrons:

Inner (core) electrons are those in the previous noble gas and
any completed transition series. They fill all the lower energy
levels of an atom.
Outer electrons are those in the highest energy level (highest n
value). They spend most of their time farthest away from the
nucleus.
Valence electrons are those involved in forming compounds.
Among the main-group elements, the valence electrons are the
outer electrons.
H2O

H 2.20
O 3.44

H +1
O 2

Chemical Bonding

Oxidation Numbers

Electronegativity

+1
+2
1
0

Ox. No. = +1 in all compounds

Ox. No. = +2 in all compounds
Ox. No. = +1 in combination with nonmetals
Ox. No. = 1 in combination with metals and boron
Ox. No. = 1 in all compounds
Ox. No. = 1 in peroxides
Ox. No. = 2 in all other compounds (except with F)
Ox. No. = 1 in combination with metals, nonmetals
(except O), and other halogens lower
in the group

Oxidation States

Compounds. The oxidation states of compounds are obtained

by assigning the electrons in the chemical bonds to the more
electronegative atom.

Na(I)
Ca(II)
Cl(I)
Ne(0)

Oxidation State S = x?
O 2

Ox No(S)] + [No atoms(O) Ox No(O)]

Charge on sulfate =
= [(1) (x)] + [4 (2)] = 2
[No atoms(S)

Therefore, x = 6.

PROBLEM
Determine the oxidation number (Ox. No.) of
each element in the following compounds.
iron(III) chloride
nitrogen dioxide
sulfuric acid
potassium dichromate

The Three Models of Chemical Bonding

Chemical Compounds and Bonds

Chemical Bonds. The electrostatic forces that hold the atoms of
elements together in the compound.
Covalent Compounds. Electrons are shared between atoms of
different elements to form covalent compounds
Ionic Compounds. Electrons are transferred from one atom to
another to form ionic compounds.

Learning Objectives
Silberberg Chpt 9

Understand ionic and covalent bonding

Draw Lewis Structures of neutral and charged species
Understand the nature of single and double bonds

Chemical Compounds and Bonds

What dictates whether two atoms will form
an ionic or a covalent bond?

DIFFERENCES IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY
If there is a large difference in the electronegativities of
the atoms, (eg sodium chloride) an ionic bond will form.

Cations - Metal atoms lose electrons to form + ions.

Anions - Nonmetal atoms gain electrons to form ions.
Silberberg, 2000, pg 332

Chemical Compounds and Bonds

If there is a large difference in the electronegativities of the
atoms, (eg sodium chloride) an ionic bond will form.
C
Cl

2.55
3.16

Na
H

0.93
2.20

The electronegativity of chlorine pulls the single valence electron

from sodium to form a Cl ion and a Na+ ion.

Formation of an ionic bond

Where the difference between the electronegativity of two atoms is
large an ionic bond is formed.
ionic bond

where E 2.0-4.0

Ionic bonds are formed between metals and non-metals

Covalent bonds are formed between non-metals

If there is a small difference in the electronegativities of

the atoms (eg methane), a covalent bond will form.