Cng ngh mi trong lnh vc a k thut

Cng ngh gia c nn t yu bng bc thm, cc t, vi , xi mng

Cng ngh gia cng, nng cao sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi bng
thi va v bm gia cng y cc.

Cng ngh neo t

Cng ngh sn xut b tng nh cc loi

CHNG 1:
1.1

CNG NGH GIA C NN T YU

Khi nim nn t yu

Nn t yu c hiu l cc dng cu trc a tng t nhin m khi s dng

lm nn cng trnh c th gy hu qu bt li, khng th tha mn cc trng
thi gii hn: cng trnh c th mt n nh; c th ln, nghing vt qu gii
hn cho php hoc ln ko di lm cn tr vic hon thin cng trnh, a
vo s dng mt cch bnh thng ng thi hn mong mun. t yu phn
ln do bn cht t nhin ca chng, mt phn do ti trng cng trnh ln.
Cc loi t yu thng gp ch yu do bn cht ca chng bao gm
cc loi sau:
Bn cc loi: cc loi t dnh c st ln, cc ch tiu c trng cho
tnh cht c hc c gi tr thp. Cc gi tr th nghim c bn thng gp
trong cc khong c trng sau: B > 1; W > W ch; e0 > 1.1 i vi t
bn ct pha, e0 > 1.5 i vi bn st, bn st pha; qc < 300 500 kPa;
N < 1 2.
Ct bi ri bo ho nc c cht tng i D < 0.2; qc < 1000 kPa
v N < 4.
nc ta, t yu ch yu l cc loi bn, phn b trn phm vi rng cc
vng ng bng v vng ven bin c ngun gc thuc trm tch tr. Trong
phm vi gio trnh ny, vic tnh ton x l nn t yu tp trung cc loi nh
vy.

1.2

Cc bin php x l nn t yu

Vic x l nn t yu thng ch t ra khi la chn gii php mng nng

c hoc khng c kt hp x l kt cu bn trn. Ty thuc mc ch chnh
cn ci thin, nhiu phng php x l nn khc nhau c th xem xt, la
chn. Cc mc ch ch yu thuc cc loi:
x l nn nhm tng cng ca t;
x l gim ln chng;
x l tng tc ln (rt ngn thi gian ln)
Mc d mc tiu chnh ca gii php x l nn thng tp trung vo mt yu
cu c th nhng cc kha cnh khc cng c ci thin rt ng k. Chng
hn, khi x l lm tng tc ln bng cch a cc ct vo trong t chng
ta to ra bin thot nc nhn to lm gim chiu di ng thot nc
do lm tng c tc c kt ca t nn nhng ng thi vic a ct
vo lm tng gc ma st trong chung ca nn v do lm tng
cng t nn rt ng k.
1.3

Cc bin php x l nhm lm tng cng ca nn

Cng ca nn, xt v bn cht ca t, l mt i lng ng bin vi

lc dnh n v c, gc ma st trong j v trng lng ring ca t g do
bng cc tc ng lm nng cao gi tr ca cc ch tiu ni trn chng ta c
th lm tng cng ca t nn. Cc bin php x l ch yu nhm vo
vic tng cng lc dnh c hoc gc ma st trong j hoc c hai yu t. Vic
tng gi tr ca t c p dng hn cho mc ch ny: mt mt trng lng
ring ca t ph thuc ch yu vo h s rng t nhin, vic m cht t
t nhin thng c hiu qu khng cao v phm vi tc ng (theo su)
khng ln; mt khc g ph thuc vo nc ngm trong t, vic h mc
nc ngm mt cch lu di rt kh m bo. Cc bin php x l nn sau
y c th p dng:
Thay ton b lp t yu p dng cho trng hp t yu xut hin
ngay trn b mt vi chiu dy lp t yu khng ln. t thay th c
la chn l ct sch c ht trung, ht th hoc vt liu tng ng. Vt

liu thay th phi c m cht n cht trung bnh hoc hn. Bng
gii php ny chng ta to ra di y mng lp t mi c gc ma st
trong cao v trng lng ring ln, h s rng thp khng nhng m
bo tng cng cng ca t m cn lm gim tnh ln ca chng.
Gii php x l nn ny c gi l thay t.
Thay mt phn lp t yu bng cc vt liu thay th nu trn p dng
cho trng hp lp t yu tng i dy. Gii php ng dng ny
thng uc bit di tn gi gii php m ct. Trong gii php m
ct t nn di m vn l t yu do trc khi c ct thay th
vo chim ch phn t yu do b nn thc hin lp vt liu ngn
cch trnh ct b chm xung t yu v to iu kin m cht lp
ct theo yu cu. Vt liu ngn cch ph bin hin nay l vi a k
thut (geotextile) cc loi.
Tng su t mng bng cch p thm hai bn mng n chiu cao
cn thit no theo tnh ton trn ton b phm vi lng th trt c
th xy ra, to ra p lc lp ph nhn to ln p dng cho trng
hp mng khng th t su hoc bn cht cng trnh khng th c
mng su. Bin php ny c gi l b phn p v c p dng rng
ri trong xy dng ng qua cc vng t yu.
a vo trong t cc loi vt liu khc c gc ma st ln, chng hn
ct, cui si hoc dm theo phng thng ng di dng cc
thng c gi l cc vt liu ri. C ch x l ca cc dng cc vt liu
ri chnh l s c mt cc vt liu c gc ma st ln trong t lm cho
gc ma st chung ca nn tng ln v nh vy m cng ca nn
cng tng ln. Cc vt liu ri s dng ct ht trung, ht th l la chn
ph bin v c gi l cc ct. Cc ct l mt gii php x l nn hiu
qu cho ng thi nhiu mc tiu v rt c a chung hin nay
nc ta, c bit trong x l nn ng, nn cng trnh ti trng khng
ln.
a vo trong t cc cht kt dnh v c dng bt hoc va nh vi, xi
mng nhm tng cng lc dnh n v chung ca t nn.

1.4

Cc bin php x l nhm lm gim ln chung

V bn cht, ln ca nn t ch yu do l rng trong t b gim trong qu

trnh chu tc ng ca ti trng cng trnh. Kh nng gim l rng ca t
ph thuc trc ht vo mc l rng ban u ca kt cu t t nhin
thng qua ch tiu h s rng ban u v c th hin qua ch s nn ca
t. Vic gim h s rng ban u ca t trc khi xy dng cng trnh l
mt gii php x l nn c hiu qu v c p dng rng ri theo nhiu
phng php thc hnh khc nhau. Ngoi vic thay cc phn t yu bng
vt liu mi c h s rng ban u thp, tnh nn ln thp tng t cc gii
php tng cng cng ca t nn ni trn, gim h s rng ban
u c th thc hin c nh cc gii php sau y:
m nn b mt l mt gii php n gin v c th p dng c cho
cng trnh t p mi ln nn t t nhin. Khi tc dng ti trng m
nn ln nn t, ch mt phn t su hn ch tip nhn c nh
hng ny. Mt mt, nh hng ca ti trng nhanh chng tt dn theo
su; mt khc, ti trng t m nn l cc tc ng trong thi gian
ngn. Gii php m nn trc tip b mt t do c p dng ch
yu trong nn t nhn to (t p mi), khng phi l mt gii php
thng dng cho x l nn. Trong mt s trng hp, hng mc xy dng
ch chim din tch nh trn ton b cng trnh th la chn gii php
m nn cc b b mt l mt la chn c tnh kh thi cn nn xem xet.
Nn cht t theo phng ngang bng cch a cc dng cc khng
thay th vo t theo phng ng chng hn cc ct, cc g (c trm)
hay cc b tng ct thp (x l nn). Trong trng hp ny t b chn
p ra xung quanh do s c mt cc vt liu x l lm cho h s rng ca
t gim xung. Cc ct l mt gii php c s dng ph bin v tnh
hiu qu x l, gi thnh thp v ng thi c th gii quyt tt c vn
tc ln, vn cng t nn. Tuy vy, mc ch chnh l gim
h s rng ca t, cc ct trong trng hp ny c gi l cc ct nn
cht.

 Nn cht t bng ti trng tnh duy tr trong thi gian di c hoc

khng c kt hp vi cc ct nn cht. y l mt gii php lm gim
h s rng ca t bng cch s dng cc vt liu r tin to ra ti
trng nn trn ton b din tch xy dng lm cho t c c kt n
mt mc no trc khi thc s chu tc ng ca cng trnh do
gii php ny c gi l gia ti trc. Vic gia ti trc lm cho t nn
tr nn qu c kt, ch s nn ca t khi chu tc dng ca ti trng
cng trnh s gim t gi tr nguyn thy Cc v gi tr nn li Cr << Cc
ng thi h s rng ban u ca t cng gim ng k. gim bt
thi gian ch i, gii php gia ti trc thng kt hp vi cc ct nn
cht hoc ging ct c kt nn (xem phn tip theo).
1.5

Cc bin php tng tc ln

ln ca nn tai mt thi im bt k l tch s gia ln cui cng ca

nn, S, vi c kt chung ti thi im , U (t):

S(t) = S U(t)
trong ln ca nn S ph thuc vo tnh cht bin dng ca t nn
thng qua h s rng ban u, ch s nn nguyn thy Cc, ch s nn li (nu
c) Cr v h s qu c kt OCR l nhng ch tiu ph thuc vo bn cht t
nhin ca t v ti trng cng trnh ; c kt chung U(t) ph thuc ch
yu vo kh nng thot nc ca t th hin qua h s thm ca t v
ph thuc vo chiu di ng thot nc (t trong t ra ngoi vng nh
hng ca ti trng). Trong cc yu t trn, vic tng tc ln mt cch
nhn to thng hng ti vic gim chiu di ng thot nc l bin
php t ra c hiu qu hn c. Kt hp gia ti trc vt qu ti trng d
kin ca cng trnh, bi ton tc bin dng ca nn c th c gii quyt
cho cc vn thc t xy dng. Cc gii php sau y c th p dng cho
vic tng tc ln ca nn :
Rt ngn chiu di thot nc theo phng ng bng cch to ra trn
b mt t t nhin mt lp vt liu nhn to c kh nng thot nc
tt (bin thot nc ng nhn to). Vt liu c chon s dng thng

dng l ct ht trung, ht th cc loi tng t nh m ct (i khi

cng c gi l gii php m ct).
S dng cc vt thot nc thng ng (VTN) chn vo trong t theo
phng ng to ra bin thot nc theo phng ngang. Trong
trng hp ny nc c th thot theo phng ngang n cc VTN
ra ngoi mt cch thun li. Vt liu s dng lm VTN ph bin hin
nay l ct c a vo di dng cc v c gi l ging ct
phn bit chc nng vi cc ct nn cht ni trn v cc dng vt
liu tng hp (trong cc ti liu ting Vit lin quan thng c gi l
bc thm).
S dng kt hp c hai gii php trn cng vi gia ti trc hoc gia qu
ti l gii php k thut ph bin hin c p dng rng ri trong thc
t xy dng. Mt s k thut khc nhm b sung kh nng thot nc
cho t cng c s dng nhm tng tc ln ca nn, chng hn k
thut ht chn khng.
Ngoi mt s gii php k thut ni trn, nhiu tm ti nghin cu trong lnh
vc x l nn v ang l i tng ca nhiu nh nghin cu trn th gii
nh in ha, in thm, gia nhit . Mt phn, cc gii php i hi
cng ngh thi cng k thut cao, kh kim sot cht lng ; mt khc, gi
thnh i hi tng i cao trong khi hiu qu k thut rt kh nh gi. Cc
gii php ch yu mang tnh ph cp v thun li cho cng tc kim tra,
kim sot cht lng cng nh kh nng ng dng rng ri cho nhiu mc
ch x l nn khc nhau s c la chn cho trnh by ni dung tnh ton
thit k di y bao gm m ct, cc ct nn cht, ging ct kt hp gia
ti trc. Cc gii php khc c th ham kho trong cc ti liu chuyn .
Li ta: :D
l 1 s khi nim c bn v nn t yu v x l nn t yu.
Hin nay cc phng php ang c s dng nhiu trong x l :

Ht chn khng

Cc xi mng t

Cc b tng ng knh ln (PCC)

Mi bin php ny c cc u v nhc im ring, u c TCVN p

dng tnh ton. Ty thuc vo mi d n m la chn cc phng php khc
nhau.
Ti tng tham gia tnh ton thit k Ht chn khng v cc PCC ri. Cc xi
mng t th cha, mi c ti liu 1 thi.