SCHAUM'S oullines Second Edition The perfect aid for better grades! Covers the complete course—ideal for independent study Teaches effective problem-solving 308 fully solved and answered problems oe < oe Supplements any dass text ) “a lice with these oourues’ “1 peses tomaunginas ‘if Gastrocis [2 Exemeswmutom Sree {08 Bevis Gemameiaten Theery > lvrshacinn te Commeccasos eins wa MaemSCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION Second Edition LLOYD TEMES, Ph.D., PE. Department of Electric Technology College of Staten Island City University of New York MITCHEL E. SCHULTZ Electronics Instructor Western Wisconsin Technical College SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES . McGRAW-HILL New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogoté Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoLLOYD TEMES has a Ph.D. and a PE. He is at the Department of Electric Technology at the College of Staten Island, New York. MITCHEL E. SCHULTZ, author of Problems in Basic Electronics, Electric Circuits: A Text and Software Problems Manual, and Electronic Devices: A Text and Software Problems Manual, earned an Associate Degree in Electronics Technology at Winona Technical College in Winona, Minnesota. He has several years of experience as an electronic technician and consultant in the RF communications field. Mitchel has taught electronics technology for the past 17 years and is currently teaching electronics at Western Wisconsin Technical College in La Crosse, Wisconsin. He also is an avid amateur radio operator and has his Amateur Extra Class License. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION Copyright © 1998, 1979 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any forms or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 PRS PRS90210987 ISBN 0-07-063496-3 Sponsoring Editor: Barbara Gilson Production Supervisor: Pamela Pelton Editing Supervisor: Maureen B. Walker Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Temes, Lloyd. ‘Schaum's outline of theory and problems of electronic communication / Lloyd Temes, Mitchel E. Schultz.—2nd ed. p. cm,—(Schaumn outline series) Includes index. ISBN 0-07-063496-3 (paper) 1, Telecommunication. 2. Electronics. 1. Schultz, Mitchel E. Il. Title. TKS101.737 1998 621.382'076—de21 97-40617 CIP. McGraw-Hill A Division of The McGraw-Hill CompaniesPreface This book is intended to be used as a supplement to any textbook covering Electronic Communications. The prerequisites for using this book include basic courses in DC and AC theory as well as a complete course covering the theory and operation of electronic devices. This book will prove extremely helpful for students enrolled in an Electronic Communications course in a two-year technical college, and it should also be quite helpful for students in a four-year electronic engineering program. The book is divided into six chapters which are: Characteristics of Tuned LC Circuits; RF Oscillators, PLLs, and Frequency Synthesizers; Amplitude Modulation; Frequency Modulation; Transmission Lines; and Antennas. It is assumed that the student will use an electronic communications textbook for in-depth discussions of each of the major topics covered. The main purpose of this book is to develop effective problem-solving skills and to help the student study quickly and effectively. The book includes several examples and solved problems which provide the complete worked-out solution to a given problem. At the end of each chapter, there are also several supplementary problems for students to work out on their own. Lioyp Temes Mnricuet E. ScHuttz iiiChapter J Chapter 2 Contents CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS................ 1 1.1 Characteristics of a Series Resonant LC Circuit... 22... ee ee 1 1.2 Characteristics of a Parallel Resonant LC Circuit... 2... -.....-0000. 9 1.3. Transformer Coupling... 0... cece cent eee 16 RF OSCILLATORS, PLLs, AND FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS ..... 37 2.1 Oscillator Fundamentals 2.2 RF Oscillator Circuits 2.3 Phase-Locked Loop 2.4 Frequency Synthesizers 2... eee 59 Chapter 3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 84 3.1 Mathematical Description 3.2. Power Content........ oe 3.3 Using the Oscilloscope to Determine Percent Modulation vee 3.4 The AM Transmitter . wee . 3.5 Single-Sideband, Double-: 3.6 The Balanced Modulator 3.7 AM Receivers Chapter 4 FREQUENCY MODULATION 4.1 Percent Modulation. . 4.2 Sidebands 4.3 Center Frequency and Bandwidth Allocations. 44 Deviation Ratio ©. ......-..0000. 4.5 Narrowband FM versus Wideband FM 4.6 FM Receivers and Transmitters Chapter 5 Chapter 6 TRANSMISSION LINES 5.1 Pulse on a Transmission Line 5.2 A Sine Wave on a Transmission Line . 5.3 Characteristic Impedance . ae . Peer 5.4 Reflected Waves and Standing-Wave Ratio (SWR)... 0... .0-02 eee ee 5.5 Standing-Wave Ratio. 2. ee eee 5.6 The Reflection Coefficient K, 5.7 Reflected Power 5.8 Velocity Factor . 5.9 Quarter-Wave Matching Transformers 5.10 Stub Matching ANTENNAS ............. 6.1 Radiation Patterns . . 6.2 Beam Width .... . 6.3 Antenna Resistance. . . 6.4 The Antenna as a Resonant Circuit . . 6.5 Velocity Factor 6.6 Antenna Types... . 6.7 AntennaGain .... 6.8 Front-to-Back Ratio . 6.9 Reflectors and Directorsvi CONTENTS 6.10 Antenna Traps... eee eens 6.11 Wave Propagation 2.6... eect eee tenet eee esChapter 1 Characteristics of Tuned LC Circuits INTRODUCTION For any series or parallel LC circuit, the inductive reactance X, and capacitive reactance X¢ will be equal at some frequency. The frequency at which X; = X¢ is called the resonant frequency. When the values of L and C are known, the resonant frequency can be calculated as: (J) where fy represents the resonant frequency. In general, large values of L and C provide a relatively low resonant frequency, whereas smaller values of Land C provide a higher resonant frequency. The most common application of resonance is in radio-frequency (RF) circuits where tuning is important. Tuning refers to an LC circuit’s ability to provide maximum voltage output at the resonant frequency compared with the voltage output at frequencies either above or below resonance. More specifically, tuning is used in RF circuits when it is desired to pass only a specific band or channel of frequencies while at the same time completely rejecting or blocking all others. The use of tuned LC circuits is found in every television, video cassette recorder (VCR), AM/FM receiver, and satellite to name just a few of the more popular applications. 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SERIES RESONANT LC CIRCUIT Figure 1-1 shows a series LC circuit. The series resistance r, is a representation of the coil’s own internal resistance. Because the circuit does contain some series resistance, it can be considered a series RLC circuit. Since the values of L and C are given as 25 wH and 162.1 pF respectively, the resonant frequency fy can be calculated as follows: 1 2aVLC 1 © 2X 4X \25 WH 162.1 pF = 2.5 MHz h= Va= 160 nV (-) FR C= 162.1 pF lk ul Fig. 1-1CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 At the resonant frequency fy of 2.5 MHz, the values of X; and X¢ are equal. To prove this, let us calculate each value separately. Since X, = 2afL and X¢ = 1/27fC, the calculations are: X,= afl = 2X @X 2.5 MHz X 25 wH = 392.70 1 xe" IGE 7 1 © 2X 4X25 MHz x 162.1 pF = 392.70, Because X, and X¢ are equal in magnitude and 180° out of phase, the net reactance X is 0 Oat the resonant frequency fy of 2.5 MHz. Therefore, the only factor which limits the current in the circuit is the series resistance r, of the coil. With just the low series resistance of the coil limiting the current flow, the generator voltage V, produces the largest amount of current in the series RLC circuit at the resonant frequency. Since r, = 3.14 Q, the series current J at resonance can be calculated as: Va oT 150 wV ~ 3140 =478 pA I Above or below the resonant frequency of 2.5 MHz, the series current J decreases from its maximum value of 47.8 wA at resonance. The reason is that, when the generator frequency is above or below the resonant frequency of 2.5 MHz, the net reactance X is no longer zero and Z; increases. Above the resonant frequency, X, > X¢ and the net reactance X is inductive. Below the resonant frequency, X¢ > X;, and the net reactance X is capacitive. To calculate the total impedance Z; of an RLC circuit at any frequency, use the following equation: R +X (12) where X represents the net reactance of the circuit calculated as either X, — X¢ or Xc-X, depending whether X; is greater or less than Xc. Here R represents the total series resistance in the circuit. Keep in mind that, for any series RLC circuit, Zr is minimum and equal to the value of R at the resonant frequency fo. Furthermore, because the total impedance Z, is purely resistive at fo, the phase angle between the generator voltage and series current must be 0° at this frequency. Above fo, the series RLC circuit appears inductive, and the current J lags the generator voltage Vs. Conversely, below So, the series RLC circuit appears capacitive and J leads V,. To calculate the phase angle between V, and / at any frequency, use the following equation: (1.3) where the subscript Z indicates that @z is found from the impedance triangle of a series RL or RC circuit.CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 3 Series Resonant Response Curves Figure 1-2 shows a general graph of Z; and J versus frequency for any series RLC circuit. Notice the graph of J versus f is represented as a solid line, whereas the curve corresponding to Z; versus f is represented as a dashed line. As you can see from the graph of I versus f, the series current J is small below Jo and then increases to its maximum value at fo. Above fo, the series current J again decreases to a small value. The opposite is true for the dashed curve representing Z; versus f. In this case, Zr has a high value below resonance with its value decreasing as the resonant frequency is approached. At fo, Zr has its minimum value equal to the circuit's series resistance. Above fo, Zr increases to a much higher value. Keep in mind that Z; is larger above and below fo, since X;, and X¢ are not exactly equal and therefore do not completely cancel. fo Frequency (f) Fig. 1-2 Q of a Series Resonant Circuit The quality or figure of merit of a series resonant circuit is indicated by a factor known as Q. In general, the larger the ratio of reactance to resistance at resonance, the higher is the circuit Q and the more pronounced is the resonant effect. For a series RLC circuit in which the coil resistance r, is the only series resistance, the circuit Q can be calculated as: (4) It is important to note that Q is a numerical value without any units, because it is a ratio of reactance to resistance in which the ohms unit cancels. Also, Q can be calculated using X¢ instead of X;, since both have the same value at resonance. However, the circuit Q is usually considered in terms of X,, since the coil often contains the only series resistance in the circuit, In general, a circuit Q of 10 or more is considered high, whereas a circuit Q less than 10 is considered low. As you can see from Eq. (1.4), the value of @ can be decreased by increasing the amount of series resistance. Since series resistance cannot practically be removed from the original circuit, however, the only way to increase Q is to somehow increase the value of X, at fo. One way to do this is to use as high an L/C ratio as is practical. For example, if (in a given circuit) Lis doubled and C is halved, then fo does not change but X, and X¢ each double in value. Assuming the series resistance remains the same, Q doubles. It may appear from the equation for Q that its value can increase without limit as X, increases for higher frequencies. This is not the case however, since such effects as skin effect, eddy currents, and hysteresis losses produce some increase in the coil’s resistance at higher frequencies. \CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS (CHAP. 1 Q Rise in Voltage at Resonance At the resonant frequency, the inductor and capacitor voltages are maximum. This is because the series current / is also at its maximum value at resonance. To calculate the inductor voltage V, and the capacitor voltage Ve at any frequency, simply multiply the series current J by the values of X, and X¢ respectively. This can be shown as: (5) (1.6) At resonance, where Zr = r,, J is calculated as: r=¥4 Ts If V,/r, is substituted for J in the equation for either V, or Vc, the equation looks like this: Vi =Ve= va XX, Ts Rearranging V4 and X; gives us: Vi =Vo= x Va Ts Since Q = X,/r,, V_ and Vc can be calculated as: (7) This equation can only be used at the resonant frequency. As you can see, the voltage across either L or C appears Q times greater than the generator voltage Vz at the resonant frequency. This effect is very important, since the output is usually taken across either Lor Cina series LC circuit. Bandwidth of a Series Resonant Circuit Any series resonant circuit has an associated band of frequencies that produce the desired resonant effect. The width of the resonant band is determined by the circuit Q. By definition, the bandwidth BW of a resonant circuit is defined as the gap between those frequencies for which the resonant effect is 70.7% or more of its maximum value at resonance. To calculate the bandwidth of a resonant circuit, use the following equation: (1.8) As you can see, BW is inversely proportional to the circuit's Q; that is, as Q increases, BW decreases and vice versa. The bandwidth BW of a series resonant circuit is illustrated in Figure 1-3(a). The edge frequencies,CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 5 identified as f, and f,, indicate the lower and upper frequencies at which the series current has been reduced to 70.7% of its maximum value at resonance. The edge frequencies are calculated as: (1.9) (1.10) ‘To increase the bandwidth, which is sometimes desirable, the circuit Q can be reduced by adding additional series resistance to the circuit. Since resistance cannot practically be removed from the original circuit, however, the only way to increase the Q and thereby decrease the bandwidth is to increase the L/C ratio. Figure 1-3(b) compares the response curves for a resonant LC circuit with low, medium, and high Q. Notice how the bandwidth increases as Q decreases. High Q, narrow BW Series current, th Tis maximum at fo Medium Q, medium BW At fi and fz, Tis reduced to 70.7% of its maximum value at resonance ih fo ty fo fa AT Bw BW=fo-fi i BW ! Frequency (f) BW Fig. 1-3 EXAMPLE 1.1. In Fig. 1-1, calculate the following unknown quantities: Q, V, Vc, BW, fi, and f;. Assume that the generator frequency is equal to the resonant frequency fy of the LC circuit. ‘Ans, Recall that X, = 392.70 at fy and that r, = 3.14 ©. Using these values, Q is calculated as: Knowing Q allows us to calculate both V; and Ve at fo. Vi = Ve=QX Va = 125 X 150 pV = 18.75mV To calculate the bandwidth and edge frequencies, we proceed as shown.CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS (CHAP. 1 BW fh 20kH: = 2.5MHz-———~ = 2.5MHz — 10kHz = 2.49 MHz BW Behe 20 kHz = 2.5MHz + = 2.5MHz + 10kHz = 2.51 MHz EXAMPLE 1.2 Refer to Fig. 1-4, Solve for fo, BW, fi, and fy. Also, solve for the following at fo: Xz, Xe, Zp 1, Q, V;, and Ve. rs=6.28Q L=100 pH Va= 100 pV f= fo © C= 253.3 pF Fig. 1-4 Ans. Begin by calculating the resonant frequency fy. 1 2a LC fr = 1 2X mX -V100 wH X 253.3 pF = 1MHz Next, calculate X, and X¢ at fo. Infol = 2X @X 1 MHz X 100 nH = 628.30 ii © Unf Xe 1 ~ 2X @X 1 MHz X 253.3 pF = 628.30CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 7 Since X; = Xe at fo, Zr = 7, which is 6.28 Qin this case. Next, calculate J at fo. To solve for the remaining unknowns, proceed as shown. X a __ 628.30 ~ 6.280, = 100 Vi=Ve=OXVa = 100 X 100 nV =10mV =f @ BW I = 1MHz— out = 995 kHz BW fhe 20kHz = 1MHz+ = 1.005 MHz Tuning an LC Circuit For any variable capacitor, the tuning range TR is the ratio of its maximum capacitance to its minimum capacitance. Expressed as an equation, we have: (LID) For any tuned LC circuit in which the capacitance is varied, the following relationships exist. 1 Sovenaxy = AIG 1 Socexiay = TADCHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS (CHAP. 1 Expressed as a ratio we have: 1 fic _ 27-LGrin Soca) 1 Squaring both sides gives us: (2) 4 Cnn 1 49?’ LCinax Foexiny Simplifying this equation to its simplest form gives us: (ge) = Coax Coin Focsiny Since TR = Cyuax/Cmnins the following is true. (1.12) EXAMPLE 1.3. Suppose that an LC circuit is to be designed so that it is capable of tuning over a frequency range of 540 to 1600 kHz. Calculate the required tuning ratio of the variable capacitance. Ans. The required tuning ratio of the variable capacitor is calculated as follows: ™- (fee) _ (1,600kHz\? 7 ( 540 kHz ) _ 88 a EXAMPLE 1.4. In Example 1.3, assume the value of L to be 239 wH. Calculate the values of Crux and Crnin: Ans. Since fomminy Occurs When C = Croc, We have: 1 Soceiny = TAL To solve for Cyax, We proceed as follows: 1 2 = Focminy FP LCon 1 Coax * 5 4a f dein) L 1 © 49? X 540°KHz X 239 WH = 363.4 pFCHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 9 1.2 To calculate Cyains recall that: where Solving for Chin gives us: 2 28.40F 8.8 = 41.3 pF Bandwidth Remains Constant When C is Varied When Cis varied in an LC circuit, the resonant frequency changes but the bandwidth remains constant. This is important because it is imperative that the bandwidth of an LC circuit remain the same throughout the tuning range. The reason that the bandwidth does not change when C is varied is that the Q of the circuit varies in direct proportion to the resonant frequency. That is, if the resonant frequency is doubled by reducing the value of C, the circuit Q also doubles. Conversely, if the circuit's resonant frequency is halved by increasing C, the circuit Q is also halved. Since BW = f/Q, it is obvious that there can be no change in the circuit’s bandwidth as C is varied throughout its tuning range. If L rather than C is varied, however, the bandwidth would vary throughout the tuning range of L. Specifically, if the circuit’s resonant frequency is doubled by reducing the value of L, the Q of the circuit is halved and the bandwidth is quadrupled. Conversely, if the circuit’s resonant frequency is halved by increasing the value of L, Q doubles and the bandwidth is reduced by a factor of 4. The condition of a varying bandwidth is highly undesirable. This is why an LC circuit is usually tuned by varying C rather than L. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PARALLEL RESONANT LC CIRCUIT Figure 1-5 shows a parallel LC circuit which is sometimes called a tank circuit. As with a series LC circuit, the resonant frequency fy is the frequency at which X, = Xc. Unlike a series LC circuit however, the resonant effect for a parallel LC circuit is a sharp increase in the circuit’s total impedance at fo. The reason for this is that the inductive and capacitive branch currents are equal at the resonant frequency as a result of X; and X¢ being equal. Since the inductive current J, and the capacitive current Ic are 180° out of phase, the net or total line current equals zero at the resonant frequency. With a total line current I; of zero, the tank impedance Zan approaches infinity at the resonant frequency. Practical LC Tank Circuit In a practical LC tank circuit, the inductive branch impedance is slightly greater than the impedance of the capacitive branch at fy. This is owing to the fact that a coil always contains a certain amount of internal resistance. When the coil has a Q of 10 or more, the branch currents are practically equal since the coil resistance r, contributes very little to the overall impedance of the inductive branch. Nevertheless, I, is always slightly less than Ic at fy. This means that, at fo, the net line current J; is never exactly zero, and as a result the tank impedance is never actually infinity.CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 Tr=0 Zrank = 22 O u(~) t Fig. 1-5 Parallel Resonant Response Curve Figure 1-6 shows a general graph of Zin and Ir versus f for any parallel LC circuit. Notice that the graph of J; versus f is represented as a solid line whereas the curve representing Zian, versus f is shown as a dashed line. As you can see from the curves, Zin, is maximum and Ty is minimum at the resonant frequency fo. Below fo, I, is greater than Jc, and the net line current I; increases above its minimum value at fo. Similarly, above fy, Ic is greater than J;, and the net line current Ip again increases above its minimum value at fy. The fact that J; is greater than its minimum value above and below ‘Jo is the reason why Zrank is less than its maximum value above and below fy. fo Frequency (f) Fig. 1-6 At the resonant frequency, the tank circuit draws in phase current from the generator, which means that the phase angle of the circuit is 0° at fy. Below fo, the net line current I; lags the generator voltage V,, since I, > Ic. Above fo, Ir leads V4, since I¢ > I;. The lagging phase angle of I; below fy indicates that the tank appears inductive on the low side of resonance. Conversely, the leading phase angle of I; above fy indicates that the tank appears capacitive on the high side of resonance. Calculating the Tank Impedance at the Resonant Frequency Refer to Fig. 1-7. To derive an equation for Zin at fo, state each branch impedance in both rectangular and polar form. Next, use the equation ~ AL Pus = 75D,CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS af a 2 f Va Xe nS Fig, 1-7 In Fig. 1-7, Z; represents the impedance of the inductive branch and Z, represents the impedance of the capacitive branch. In the analysis that follows, assume Xz, = Xc since the derivation is based on the value Of Zink at fo- If Q= 10, which is usually the case, then the following approximations can be made. =r. +k =X, L490 Z=0-iXc= Xe L-90° and Lth=r,+j=n £2 Substituting the polar form of Z;, Zz, and Z; + Z; into the equation for Zink gives US the following: _ 2 Zeanic 7th i Bor xke Lo" fe Ts Since Q = X,/r,, this equation can be reduced to: Zonk = QX Xe Since X¢ = X_ at fo, Zianx is usually stated as: (1.13) With Zjanx known, the net line current J; can be calculated as: (1.14) Expanding the denominator in Eq. (J.14) allows us to state a relationship between the net line current I; and the individual branch currents J, and I¢ at resonance. Va p= 7 OXX, aYayd XO12 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 Since V,/X, = I, we have: hh p= Q Since X¢ = X; at fo, the following is also true for the capacitive current Ic. Ic Tp= 2 These relationships indicate that at resonance, the net line current J; is Q times smaller than either i or Ic. EXAMPLE 1.5. In Fig. 1-8, calculate the following: fo, Xt, Xcy lis Fes Qs Zunuy and I>. Ans, Begin by calculating f.. 1 2X 7X20 pH X 79.15 pF = 4MHz Next, calculate X, and X¢ at fo. X, = 2afol = 2X 7X 4MHz X 20 Ht = 502.70 At fo. Xe = X_ = 502.7 Q. Next, calculate J, and Ic. = 298.4 pA At fo, Ic = I, = 298.4 pA. Next, calculate Q, Zany and Ip. Va= 150 mV fe fo C=79.15 pF Fig. 1-8CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 13 Zawe = QX Xz = 80 x 502.70, = 40.2k0, = 3.73 A _ horle — o _ 298.4 pA ~ 80 = 3.73 pA or Ir Q and Bandwidth of a Parallel Resonant Circuit Assuming that the Q of the coil is 10 or more, a tank circuit appears as a very large resistance at the resonant frequency fy. In effect, the formula Zax = Q X X;, transforms the series resistance r, of the coil into an equivalent parallel resistance Rp. This is shown in Fig. 1-9. Since X, = Xc (and thus J; = Ic), Rp is effectively in parallel with an open circuit. Although the value of Rp equals, the tank impedance at resonance, Ziank is still used instead of Rp when identifying the tank impedance at fo. This is done to avoid confusing Rp with any other external resistance which may be connected in parallel with the tank. When there is no external load connected in parallel with the tank, the Q of the circuit is determined by the Q of the coil which is calculated as X;/r,. However, the Q of a tank circuit can also be stated as a ratio of tank impedance Zan to inductive reactance X;, In other words, Eq. (/.13) can be reconfigured as: (1.15) Once the @ of a tank circuit has been determined, Eqs. (1.8) through (J.10) can be used to calculate the bandwidth and edge frequencies. For a tank circuit, the edge frequencies f; and f; are defined as those frequencies at which Zia, has been reduced to 70.7% of its maximum value at f. As before, the bandwidth includes those frequencies extending from f, to fy. Fig. 1-914 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 EXAMPLE 1.6. In Fig. 1-8, calculate BW, f,, and fo. Recall that fy = 4 MHz and Q = 80. Ans. BW=— 50kHz = 4MHz— = 3.975 MHz = 4 MHz + SOKH2 ait = 4.025 MHz A tank circuit cannot perform a useful function all by itself. In practice, a tank is used in conjunction with other electronic circuitry to perform a useful task. The electronic circuitry to which the tank is connected serves as a load on the tank. In the discussion that follows, the load is considered to be purely resistive. . External Load Decreases Q and Increases BW If a load resistor R; is connected in parallel with the tank, the overall Q of the circuit becomes less than the Q of the tank itself. With a load R, connected, more net line current J, flows at resonance. Since the load is a resistive branch, this current cannot be cancelled by either of the reactive branch currents. The overall effect is that R, reduces the sharpness of the resonant effect. Since Zin is in parallel with R,, the equivalent impedance Z.q of the circuit at resonance equals Zant || Ri, Where “||” represents Zinc in parallel with R;. When Zany = 10R;, then Qu. = R,/X,, where Qexe represents the overall Q of the circuit. This is clearly stated as: R, Qu = a Zan = 10Rz) (1.16) When Zink < 10R;, then 4, must be calculated as: IR; Oe = Zul Caane < 1ORs) (117) With Q. known, the bandwidth BW is calculated as before: BW = Sol Deer EXAMPLE 1.7. In Fig. 1-10 (a), calculate fy, Xz, Q, Zany and BW. Ans. Begin by calculating fy. 2X @X-¥100 wH X 63.3 pF = 2MHzCHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 15 Next, calculate X, and Q. X,=2nfol 2X @X 2MHz X 100 pH = 1.26k0, X a 1.26kQ, * 7260 = 100 Finally, calculate Za. and BW. Zanz = OX Xr = 100 X 1.26kQ, = 126k, = 20kHz EXAMPLE 1.8. Figure 1-10(b) shows the same LC tank circuit as in Fig. 1-10(a). However, a 27 kQ load has been placed across the tank. Calculate Qu. and BW. Ans. Before Q.4, can be determined, find out whether Zin is 10 or more times larger than Ry, Zune 126kO_ 4.7 RR, 27KQ 1 Since Znx<10R;, Eq. (1.17) must be used to calculate Qay. — ZanellRe Qe = X, _ 126k0|]27kO 1.26k0 = 176 L-nont L=100 pH mA ~ C=633 pF Va FRC= 63.3 pF = Ri=27kQ n=1260S re= 12.62 {a) ) Fig. 1-1016 13 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 Next, calculate the bandwidth. -f_ BW Ome _ 2MHz, 176 = 113.6 kHz As you can see, the addition of a load resistor R;, increases the bandwidth. Without a load present in Fig. 1-10(q), the bandwidth was only 20 kHz. However, with the présence of a 27 kQ. load in Fig. 1-10(6), the bandwidth was broadened to 113.6 kHz. TRANSFORMER COUPLING A common coupling arrangement encountered in communications (RF) equipment is a coupling transformer. Figure 1-11 shows various tuned coupling arrangements in which a capacitor or capacitors are used in conjunction with a transformer to allow only the desired band of RF signals to pass. The connection of a capacitor to either the primary or secondary of the transformer forms a tuned LC circuit. Figure 1-11(a) shows a coupling transformer with a tuned primary whereas Fig. 1-11(b) shows a transformer with a tuned secondary. Figure 1-11(c) shows a double-tuned transformer in which both the primary and secondary are tuned. The coefficient of coupling (&) of a transformer is a measure of how much of the magnetic flux originated by the primary links the secondary of the transformer. Although for audio equipment it is not unusual to find coefficients of coupling on the order of 0.90 and higher, transformers in RF service have coefficients of coupling on the order of 0.01 to 0.05, RF transformer coupling arrangements have frequency response curves as shown in Figs. 1-12 and 1-13. Refer to Fig. 1-13, the response curve for the double-tuned transformer, and note the reference to overcoupled, undercoupled, and critically coupled conditions. The critically coupled situation is the one that provides maximum output and maximum bandwidth without a dip in output at the resonant frequency. For a doubled-tuned transformer, critical coupling results when the coefficient of coupling & is equal to the reciprocal of the square root of the product of the Q of the primary and the Q of the secondary: 1 VOrQs In Eq. (1.18), Qp represents the Q of the primary and Qs represents the Q of the secondary. The undercoupled situation where k < k, provides neither maximum output nor maximum bandwidth. In the overcoupled case where k > k, a dip appears in the response curve at the resonant frequency. The slightly overcoupled condition is sometimes desired because it provides steeper sides to the response curve and thus sharpens rejection of undesired signals. A coefficient of coupling k of 1.5 times the critical coefficient of coupling is frequently used and considered desirable. The bandwidth of a double-tuned coupling transformer is equal to the product of the coefficient of coupling k and the resonant frequency fy. This is shown as: BW=kh (1.19) k= (1.18) EXAMPLE 1.9. Determine the necessary value of k to provide critical coupling for a double-tuned transformer in which Qp = 60 and Qs = 90. Ans. Using Eq. (1.18), the calculations are as follows: 1 ‘OrQs 60 x 90 = 0.0136 k= -§CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 17 o oO Output Input f mm Output ° -O (a) Tuned primary (b) Tuned secondary ° Input = mz Output ° -O (c) Double-tuned Fig. 1-1118 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 Solved Problems 11 SOLUTION Calculate the resonant frequency fo in Fig. 1-14. Using Eq. (J.1), the calculations for fy are as follows: ~ oe "2X 9xaf2mH x 0.001 pF = 112.5kHz 1.2 In Fig. 1-14, calculate X, and X¢ at fo. SOLUTION Using X, = 2afoL and X¢ = 1/27foC, the calculations are: X_ = Lnfol = 2X wX 112.5kHz X 2mH =141k0 1 2nfoC Xo= 1 ~ 2X ax 112.5kHz x 0.001 pF =141k0 13 SOLUTION Refer to Fig. 1-14. Calculate the total impedance Z; at fo. Since X, = X¢ at fo, the total impedance Zr = r, which is 47 in this case. This can be verified by using Eq. (1.2). Zp = RK XP = V4P0+ (AKO — 1.41 KO? rs=47Q L=2mH © Fig. 1-14 —MW rrr. FR C=0.001 pFCHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 19 - Foon = ara =470 1.4 Refer to Fig. 1-15. Calculate the resonant frequency, fy. Also, solve for the following at fo; Xz, Xe, Zr, 1, V1, Ve, and @z. SOLUTION Begin by calculating fy. © 2x x (800 aH x 63.3 pF = 1MHz Next, calculate X, and X¢ at fo. X, = 2nfol = 2X 9X 1 MHz X 400 pH =2.5k0 1 °* OafeC 1 “2X mx 1 MHz x 63.3 pF =2.5k0 Since X, — Xc = 0.0, Zr = r, which is 25 Q in this case. With Z; known, the series current J is calculated as: Va Te 1V “250 =40mA I= 15= 252 = 400 wH Va=1V ©) FR C=63.3 pF Fig. 1-1520 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 To calculate V, and Vc, use Eqs. (1.5) and (1.6). Vp =IXX, = 40mA X2.5k0 =100V Ve=IXXe = 40mA X2.5k0 = 100V To calculate @z, use Eq. (1.3). x ©, = arctan= = arctan 2? 250. = arctanO 15 In Fig. 1-15, calculate Q, BW, fi, and fy. SOLUTION To calculate Q, recall that X, = 2.5kO at fo. Next, use Eq. (1.4). =X Q= 7. _ 2.5kO 250 = 100 Next, use Eq. (J.8) to calculate the bandwidth BW. pw-2 _ 1MHz 100 = 10kHz Use Egs. (1.9) and (1.10) to calculate f, and f, respectively. BW fi=h- = 1MHz-— 10kHz 2 = 995kHz fi=fo+z- = 1MHz+ oe = 1.005 MHz 1.6 Refer to Fig. 1-16. Calculate the resonant frequency fy. Also, solve the following at fy: Xz, Xc, Zr, I, Q, Vi, Vc. Also solve for BW, f,, and f.CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS SOLUTION Begin by calculating fo. 1 2aVLC fo= 1 © 2X x JimH X 101.3 pF = 5O0kHz Next, calculate X, and Xc at fo. X_ = 2afol =2X 7X S00kHz x 1mH = 3.1k0, 1 X= Daf 1 ~ 2X aX 500kHz X 101.3 pF =3.1k0 Since X,-Xc¢=00, Zp=r, which is 62Q in this case. With Z; known, the series current J can be calculated next. Next, calculate Q, V,, Ve, BW, fi, and f. = 50x 250mV =125V rs=62Q L=1mH LYYY. Va= 250 mV ©) FR C= 1013 pF Fig. 1-1622 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 = 10kHz AER = 500kHz- 10 kHz = 495 kHz BW fhe 10 kHz = 500 kHz + = = 505 kHz 1.7 What size capacitance must be connected in series with a 10 wH inductance to obtain a resonant frequency fo of 4 MHz? SOLUTION Begin with the equation for fg and solve for the value of C. Next, square both sides of the equation. Next, solve for C and insert the known values of L and fo. 1 c=——— 4r fel an 1 4X WX 4 MHz Xx 10 4H = 158.3 pF 1.8 What size inductance must be connected in parallel with a 250 pF capacitance to obtain a resonant frequency fy of 1.8 MHz. SOLUTION Begin with the equation for fo and then solve for the value of L. Next, square both sides.CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 23 rs=12.792 L=81 pH Va= 150 mV f=fo (-) C=50-200 pF Fig, 1-17 Next, solve for L. 1 L=—— Artec 7 1 4X aX 1.8°MHz X 250 pF = 31.3 pH 1.9 Refer to Fig. 1-17. (a) With C set to 50 pF, calculate fo, Xz, Q, Vc, and BW. (b) With C set to 200 pF, calculate fo, Xz, Q, Vc, and BW. SOLUTION (@)_ Begin by calculating jo. 1 fT Ae ot 2X mst HX SpE = 2.5MHz Next, calculate X;, Q, and Vc at fy. XL =2mfyLl = 2X wX 2.5MHz X 81 pH = 1.27k0 Xt a 1.27kQ acxie = 100 Vo=OXV, = 100 X 150mV. =15V24 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS And finally, calculate the bandwidth. _2.5MHz 100 = 25kHz (b) First, calculate fo. 2x m\81 wH x 200 pF = 1.25 MHz Next, calculate X,, Q, and Ve at fo. Xi = 2nfol = 2X mx 1.25 MHz X 81 wH = 636.20 oF 636.20 ~ 72.70 = 50 Vo=OXVa 50 150mV =75V And finally, calculate the bandwidth. _ 125MHz 50 = 25 kHz [CHAP. 1 Notice how the variation in C from 50 to 200 pF did not vary the bandwidth. For both settings of C, the BW remains constant at 25 kHz. 1.10 AnLC circuit is to be designed so that it is capable of tuning over a frequency range of 85 to 1145 kHz. SOLUTION m= (2) [O¢min), 7 (uss wn) 85 kHz _ 181.4 1 (@) Calculate the required tuning ratio of the variable capacitance. (b) If the value of Lis 120 wH, calculate the values of Cyrin ANd Crnax-CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 25 (b) To calculate the value of C,,i,, begin with: 1 Focmaxy = Wien Solving for Cin gives us: 1 Coin = 4 femal _ 1 4X 7 x 1145°KHz X 120 pH = 161 pF Next recall that, in Part (a), TR = 181.4/1. Therefore, Crna. Corin 181.4 Cone 1 (161pF TR Solving for Ciuux gives us: Cmax = 181.4 X 161 pF = 29 200pF or 29.2 nF 1.11 Refer to Fig. 1-1. Recall that fy = 2.5 MHz, f, = 2.49 MHz, and f; = 2.51 MHz. Calculate Z;, I, and Oz at f;. (All answers are carried out three places beyond the decimal point to achieve desired accuracy.) SOLUTION At fi, X, and X¢ are calculated as follows: X, = 2afiL = 2X 1X 2.49 MHz X 25 pH = 391.1280 1 Kom QC 1 © TX wx 2.49 MHz X 162.1 pF = 394.310 At fi, the net reactance X equals: X=Xo-X, = 394.310 — 391.1280, = 3.1820 To calculate Zy at f,, use Eq. (1.2). Zr= NRE = ¥31F0 43.1870 = 4.470, Next, calculate the series current J. Va I= Zr26 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 _ 150 nV 4.470. = 33.557 pA Recall that the value of / at fo is 47.8 wA. Dividing the value of J at f; by the value of / at fy gives us: 1@f,_ 33.557 pA =o =0.702 T@fy 47.8 pA Notice that the value of / at f, is approximately 70% of the value of / at fo. And finally, the phase angle @z is calculated using Eq. (J.3). x @, = aan -7) aan) niin (- 3140, = —45,38° Notice that @z = —45.38° at f,, since X = R. Also, the phase angle is negative, since X¢> X, at fi. 1.12 In Fig. 1-18, assume that Q = 50. Calculate fo, BW, and the value of the coil resistance r,. SOLUTION Begin by calculating fo. 1 2aVNLC f= 1 © 2x 9X30 nH X 15 pF = 7.5 MHz Next, calculate BW. _ 7 S5MHz 50 = 150kHz To calculate r,, recall that Q = X;/r,. This formula can be arranged to solve for r,. Xe Q Next, solve for Xz. X= 2nfol = 2X WX 7.5 MHz x 30 pH =141k0 Solving for 7, gives us: nat Q _ 141kO ~~ 50CHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 27 ts L=30pH Va ~ C= 15 pF \t Fig. 1-18 1.13 In Fig. 1-19, calculate fy. Also, calculate the following values at fo: Xz, Xe, In, Ie, Q, Zank, and Ip. SOLUTION Begin by calculating fy. 1 f=— 7 2mJLC _ 1 2x @X-200 pH X75 pF = 1.3MHz Next, calculate X,, Xo, I, and Ic. X= 2afol = 2X aX 1.3MHz X 200 pH = 1.63k0, 1 xe FaC _ 1 ~ 2X x 1.3MHz X15 pF = 1.63k0 Next, calculate Q, Zrank, and I.28 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS (CHAP. 1 Va=300 mv Fig. 1-19 Zeanx = OX Xr = 65.2 X 1.630 = 106.3k0 Va aan __300mV ~ 106.3kQ =282pA _ orl 7 _ 184 HA 65.2. = 2.82 nA or Ty 1.14 In Fig. 1-19, calculate the bandwidth and edge frequencies. Recall that fo = 1.3 MHz and Q = 65.2. SOLUTION = Lay —208 = 1.29MHz BW Robt 20kHz = 13MHz+ = 1.31MHzCHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 29 1.15 In Fig. 1-19, assume that a 100 kQ load R, is placed in parallel with the tank. Calculate Q,,, and BW. SOLUTION Since Zink <10Ri, — Zon Re X. _ 106.3k0||100k0 1.63k0 _ 51.5kQ © 1.63k0 =316 Qos Next, calculate BW. 1.16 In Fig. 1-20, calculate fy. Also, solve for the following at fo: Xz, Xc, I, Ic, Q, Zianx, and I. (S; is open as Shown.) SOLUTION Begin by calculating fo. 1 h=— ° 2mJLC — 2X @X 82.7 nH X 25 pF = 3.5MHz Next, calculate X,, Xc, Iz, and Ic. X, = 2nfol = 2X @X 3.5 MHz X 82.7 pH = 182k0 1 Xe TRC 1 ~ 2X m X 3.5MHz X 25 pF = 1.82k030 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS [CHAP. 1 po L=82.7 wH Va=10V f=fo 6=9.10 = ~ C= 25 pF R= 30 kQ \ Fig. 1-20 Next, calculate Q, Zianx» and Jr. Zack = QX X, = 200 X 1.82k0 = 364k0 an __10v © 364k0. = 27.5 pA 1.17 In Fig. 1-20, calculate the bandwidth when (a) S, is open, (b) S; is closed. SOLUTION (a) With S; open, the circuit Q equals the @ of the coil which was calculated to be 200 in the previous problem. Therefore: fo Bw=2 Q@ _3.5MHz 200 = 17.5kHz (6) With S, closed, Zan is in parallel with Ry. Since Zin > 10R,, the circuit Q is calculated as:CHAP. 1} CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 31 1.18 1.19 1.20 With Q.. known, the bandwidth can be calculated as: pw= ” _ 3.5MHz ~ 165 = 212.1 kHz Notice how the load R; lowers the circuit Q and broadens the bandwidth. In Fig. 1-20, assume that S; is open. If the value of L is doubled and C is halved, what happens to: (a) fo; (6) Xz, Q, and Zranx; (c) BW. SOLUTION (@ The value of fo does not change (fy = 3.5 MHz), since the LC product remains the same. (b) Since the value of L is doubled with the same value of fo, X, must also double. Since the coil resistance r, is unchanged, Q also doubles. Since Zan = Q X Xz, Zin increases by a factor of 4. (c) The BW is cut in half, since Q has doubled in value. Determine the coefficient of coupling k for a double-tuned transformer in order to provide critical coupling. Op = 50 and Qs = 80. SOLUTION 1 VOrQs 1 50 x 80 = 0.0158 k= The specifications for a double-tuned transformer to be used as a coupling network are such as to require a resonant frequency fo of 900 kHz and a bandwidth BW of 15 kHz. Both the primary and secondary of the transformer have an inductance of 200 4H. Qp = 60 and Q; = 75. Calculate: (a) the capacitance C required across the primary and secondary, (b) the required coefficient of coupling, (c) whether the circuit is undercoupled, critically coupled, or overcoupled. SOLUTION (a) The required capacitance values are determined by fy and the inductance value of the primary and secondary coils. Since both the primary and secondary circuits require the same resonant frequency, and since in this case both primary and secondary coils have the same inductance, both circuits require the same value of capacitance C. To solve for C, transpose the equation for fo. he ALC 1 f= Taie 1 OG" Tae32 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1,25 1.26 127 1.28 1.29 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS (CHAP. 1 Inserting known values gives us: oe 4X a X 900° kHz X 200 wH = 156.3 pF (b) The required coefficient of coupling k is determined by fy and BW. Recall that BW = kf for a double-tuned transformer. Solving for k gives us: Q=Q= BW k=— bo = 15 kHz 900 kHz = 0.0167 (c) Inorder to determine whether the circuit is undercoupled, overcoupled, or critically coupled, we must compare the value of k in Part (b) to the value of k, for this circuit. 60 X 75 = 0.0149 Since the value of k, is slightly less than the value of k in Part (5), this circuit is said to be overcoupled. Supplementary Problems Calculate fy for a series LC circuit with L= 125 Hand C=10pF. Ans. 4.5 MHz Calculate fy for a series LC circuit with L = 250 wH and C=20pR. Ans, 2.25 MHz Calculate fy for a parallel LC circuit with L= 400 wH and C=200pF. Ans, 562.7 kHz Calculate fy for a parallel LC circuit with L= 4 pH andC=28pR Ans. 15 MHz What value of inductance must be connected in series with a 120 pF capacitor to obtain an fy of 500 kHz? Ans. 844.3 pH What value of inductance must be connected in series with a 25 pF capacitor to obtain an fo of S MHz? Ans. 40.5 wH What value of capacitance must be connected in series with a 12 4H inductor to obtain an fo of 2.5 MHz? Ans. 337.7 pF What value of capacitance must be connected in parallel with a 2.5 4H inductor to obtain an fo of 10 MHz? Ans. 101.3 pF Refer to Fig. 1-21. With C set to 200 pF, calculate: (a) fo, (b) Xz and Xc at fo, (c) Zp at fo, (d) I at fe, (€) z at fo, (A) Q, (g) Vi and Ve at fo, (A) BW, (@® fi and f; respectively. Ans. (a) 5 MHz, (b) 159 ©, (c) 6.36 .Q, (d) 18.87 mA, (e) 0°, (f) 25, (g) 3 V, (A) 200 kHz, (i) 4.9 MHz, 5.1 MHzCHAP. 1) CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 33 131 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1s= 6.360 L=5,06 nH WW Va= 120 mV ©) # C= 650-200 pF Fig, 1-21 re= 18.8.2 L=60 nH AW a Va=50 nv(~) FR C=30 pF Fig, 1-22 Repeat Problem 1.29 with C set to 50 pF. Ans. (a) 10 MHz, (b) 318 © (X, = Xe), (c) 6.36 Q, (d) 18.87 mA, (e) 0°, (f) 50, (g) 6 V, (h) 200 kHz, (i) 9.9 MHz, 10.1 MHz In Fig. 1-21, assume that C is set to 50 pF. Calculate: (a) Zr at fi, (b) I at fi, (c) @z at fi, (d) Zr at fr, (€) Lat fi, A Oz at f Ans. (a) 9, (6) 13.33 mA, (c) —45°, @ 9 Q, (e) 13.33 mA, (f) +45° Refer to Fig. 1-22. Calculate the following: (a) fo, (6) Xz; and X¢ at fo, (c) Zr at fo, (d) I at fo, (e) Q, Cf) Vi and Ve at fo, (g) BW, (A) fi and f; respectively. Ans. (a) 3.75 MHz, (b) 1.41kQ, (c) 18.8.0, (@ 2.66 mA, (e) 75, (f) 3.75 V, (g) 50 kHz, (h) 3.725 MHz, 3.775 MHz In Fig. 1-22, how much additional series resistance must be added to increase the bandwidth to 75 kHz? Ans. 940, In Fig. 1-22, assume that the value of L is doubled and the value of C is halved. Calculate: (a) fo, (b) X, and X¢ at fo (c) Q, (@) Vz and Vc at fo, (e) BW. Ans. (a) 3.75 MHz, (b) 2.83 kQ, (c) 150.5, (d) 7.5 V, (e) 25 kHz Refer to Fig. 1-23. Calculate the following: (a) fo, (b) Xz and Xc at fo, (c) Zr at foy (d) I at fo, (€) Q, (f) Vz and Ve at fo, (g) BW, (h) fi and f, respectively. Ans, (a) 830 kHz, (b) 234.68 ©, (c) 2.83.0, (d) 3.53 mA, (¢) 82.9 (f) 829 mV, (g) 10 KHz, (h) 825 kHz, 835 kHz Refer to Fig, 1-23, Calculate the following: (a) Zr at f, and f;, (b) I at f; and fa, (c) @z at f; and fy respectively, (@) BW if L is halved and C is doubled. Ans. (a) 40, (b) 2.5 mA, (c) —45°, +45°, (d) 20 kHz34 CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS (CHAP. 1 L=45 pH Fig. 1-23 r5=5.82 L=3.3pH AMM, SYYY™. Fig. 1-24 1.37 Suppose that the series RLC circuit in Fig. 1-24 is to be designed so that it can tune over a frequency range of 14.0 MHz to 14.35 MHz. Calculate the following: (a) the required tuning range TR, (b) Cin (C) Cmax- Ans. (a) TR = 1.05/1, (b) 37.28 pF, (c) 39.16 pF 1.38 Refer to Fig. 1-24. If C is adjusted to 38.07 pF, calculate: (a) fo, (b) Zr at fo, (c) I at fo, (d) Q, (e) Vi and Ve at fo, (BW. Ans. (a) 14.2 MHz, (6) 5.8.0, (c) 43.1 wA, (d) 50.76, (e) 12.69 mY, (f) 279.7 kHz 1.39 When either L or C is decreased in a series or parallel circuit LC circuit, what happens to the resonant frequency So? Ans. fo increases 1.40 Determine the amount of resistance contained within a series RLC circuit if fo = 20MHz, Q=30 and L=200uH. Ans. 837.760 1.41 A 3 mH inductance in series with a capacitance is resonant at 1 MHz. If the coil has a Q of 40 at fo, calculate: (a) the required value of C, (b) the coil resistance r,, (c) BW. Ans. (a) 8.44 pF, (6) 471.2.0, (c) 25 kHz 1.42 In Fig, 1-25, calculate the following: (a) fo, (6) Xz and Xc at fo, (c) I, and I, at fo, (4) Q, (€) Zanes (f) Irs (g) BW, (i) fi and f, respectively. Ans. (a) 4.91 MHz, (6) 108 ©, (c) 4.63 mA, (d) 108, (¢) 11.66 kO, (f) 42.88 nA, (g) 45.46 kHz, (h) 4.89 MHz and 4.93 MHz 1.43 _ In Fig. 1-25, assume that a 5 kQ, load has been placed in parallel with the tank. Calculate the following: (2) Qas (6) BW, (c) total line current J;. Ans. (a) 32.4, (b) 151.55 kHz, (c) 142.86 wACHAP. 1] CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNED LC CIRCUITS 35 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 149 L=3.5yH FAR C=300 pF Va=500 nv(~) rs=1Q2 Fig. 1.25 Lv va=16v(~) FR C=375 pF Refer to Fig. 1-26. Calculate the following: (a) fo, (b) X, and X¢ at fy, (c) I, and Ic at fy, (d) Q, (€) Zines (f) Irs (g) BW, (x) fi and f; respectively. Ans. (a) 3 MHz, (b) 1.41 kQ, (c) 10.64 mA, (d) 150, (e) 211.5kQ, (f) 70.92 wA, (g) 20 kHz, (h) 2.99 MHz, 3.01 MHz In Fig. 1-26, suppose that C is increased to 75 pF. Calculate: (a) fo, (b) Xz and X¢ at fo, (c) I, and Ic at fo, (d) Q, (©) Zeants (A) Irs (8) BW. Ans. (a) 2.12 MHz, (6) 999 Q, (c) 15 mA, (a) 106.3, (e) 106.3 kO, (f) 141.1 pA, (g) 19.94 kHz Refer to Fig. 1-26. Assume that a 50kQ load is placed in parallel with the tank. Calculate the following (C = 37.5 pF): (a) Qa (b) BW, (c) Ir. Ans. (a) 28.7, (b) 104.5 kHz, (c) 371 pA Refer to Fig. 1-27. Calculate the following (S, is open): (a) fo, (b) Xz and Xe at fo, (c) fy and Ie at fo, (d) O, (€) Zant at fo, (f) Ir at fo. Ans. (a) 1 MHz, (b) 1.5kQ, (c) 10 mA, (a) 150, (e) 225 kO, (f) 66.67 wA In Fig. 1-27, calculate the following: (a2) BW with S, open, (b) BW with S, closed. Ans. (a) 6.67 kHz, (b) 100 kHz Refer to Fig. 1-27. Determine whether the tank appears inductive, capacitive or resistive at each of the following frequencies: (a) fi, (6) fa, (© fo. Ans. (a) inductive, (b) capacitive, (c) resistive