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Gas Exchange Proc.
Gas Exchange Proc.
Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is used as an overall measure of the
effectiveness of a four stroke cycle engine and its intake and
exhaust systems as an air pumping device.
It is defined as:
v
a
2m
a,0Vd N
ma
a ,o Vd
pi V1 m
~
R
T1
M
m(1 r )
rc
pa ,0 a,0
~
R
Ta ,0
Ma
T
r
p
p
M
1
1
)( i )( a ,0 )
{ c
[( e ) ( 1)]}
M a pa ,0 Ti [1 (F / A)] rc 1 (rc 1) pi
[1 (
f
m
a
m
)(
Ma
Mf
)(
w
m
a
m
)(
Ma
Mw
)]
Note that this ratio only equals the engine operating fuel/air
ratio if the fuel is fully vaporized.
For conventional liquid fuels such as gasoline (petrol) the
effect of fuel vapor, and therefore fuel/air ratio, is small.
For gaseous fuels and for methanol vapor, the volumetric
efficiency is significantly reduced by the fuel vapor in the
intake mixture.
Fraction fuel vaporized, heat of vaporization, and heat
transfer
For a constant-pressure flow with liquid fuel evaporation
and with heat transfer, the steady-flow energy equation is
(m
a h a (1 e )m
f h f , L e m
f h f , V ]A Q
aha m
f h f , L )B
[m
/m
a ) e (F / A)h f , LV
(Q
c p,a (F / A)cf , L
Frictional losses
During the intake stroke, due to friction in each part of
intake system, the pressure in the cylinder pc is less than the
p j jv j
Ap
Aj
piston area.
The total quasi-steady pressure loss due to friction is:
This equation indicates the importance of large component
flow areas for reducing frictional losses, and the dependence
of these losses on engine speed.
The figure is an example of pressure losses due to friction
across the air filter, carburetor, throttle, and manifold
plenum of standard four cylinder engine intake system.
Ram effect
The pressure in the inlet manifold varies during each
cylinders intake process due to the piston velocity variation,
valve open area variation and the unsteady gas flow effects
that result from these geometric variation. The mass of air
Tuning
For the exhaust port, the importance of good valve seat and
guide cooling, with the shortest length of exposed valve stem,
leads to a different design. Although a circular cross section
is still desirable, a rectangular or oval shape is often
essential around the guide boss area.
Lv
2
sin 2
radii).
For the second stage , the minimum area is still the slant
surface of a frustum of a right circular cone, but this surface
is no longer perpendicular to the valve seat.
The base angle of the cone increases from (90 - ) toward
that of a cylinder, 90.
For this stage:
2
[(
D p Ds
4D m
2 1/ 2
)w ]
w tan L v
w
sin cos
and
2
2 1/ 2
A m D m[(L v w tan ) w ]
It is the port flow area minus the sectional area of the valve
2
L v [(
D p Ds
4D m
2 1/ 2
) w ]
w tan
2
2
(D p Ds )
4
1 dV B ds
A m d 4A m d
C D A R p 0 p T 1 / 2
pT ( 1) / 1 / 2
(
)
{
[
1
(
)
]}
1/ 2
p0
1
p0
(RT0 )
CD A R p0
1/ 2
(RT0 )
1/ 2
2 ( 1) / 2( 1)
)
1
Inlet Valve
The figure shows the results of steady flow tests on typical
inlet valve configuration b=n with a sharp-cornered valve
seat.
The discharge coefficient based on valve curtain area is a
discontinuous function of the valve lift/ diameter ratio.
The three segments shown correspond to different flow
regimes as indicated. At very low lifts, the flow remains
attached to the valve head and seat, giving high values for
the discharge coefficient.
At intermediate lifts, the flow separates from the valve head
at the inner edge of the valve seat as shown.
An abrupt decrease in discharge coefficient occurs at this
point.
The discharge coefficient then increases with increasing lift
since the size of the separated region remains approximately
constant while the minimum flow area is increasing.
At high lifts, the flow separates from the inner edge of the
valve seat as well.
In many engine designs the port and valve assembly are used
to generate a rotational motion (swirl) inside the engine
cylinder during the induction process, or the cylinder head
can be shaped to restrict the flow through one side of the
valve open area to generate swirl.
Swirl generation significantly reduces the valve( and port)
flow coefficient.
Changes in seat width affect the Lv/Dv at which the shifts in
flow regimes. CD increases as seat width decreases.
The seat angle affects the discharge coefficient in the low
lift regime. Rounding the upstream corner of the valve seat
A p Sp
Ci A i a
Mi
vi
a
Z(v / 100)180
IVC IVO