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p290
Description of a Sample at One Point in Time
Descriptive research often involves reporting the characteristics at one point in
time or a snap shot.
p296
Causal-Comparative research is a nonexperimental investigation where you
seek to identify cause effect relestionships by forming groups of individuals
where the independent variable is present or absent and then determining if
whether the groups differ on the dependent variable.
Observe natural causes and not manipulated causes.
P302
Matching is used to equate 2 or more groups on one or more extraneous
variables so that these variables do not confound the study of the variables of
interest.
Extreme-group method : selecting comparison groups that are at the 2
extremes of a score distribution on one variable.
P304
Statistical Analysis: The t-test for differences between Means (used to test the
significance of the difference)
o T-test for small samples under 29; but are generally used
o Z distribution for large samples above 30
o T-test in causal comparative research depends on 3 assumptions about the
obtained scores:
1. the scores form an interval or ratio scale of measurement.
2. the scores in the populations under study are normally distributed.
3. the scores variances for the populations under study are equal.
11(Interpret the t value resulting from a t test for a single mean, and
describe how this test is used in causal-comparative research)__[Also
see p. 138-140 for review of significance tests]__
P305
As you increase the number of t test you increase the chance of a Type I error.
Analysis of Variance is a statistical procedure that compares the amount of
between group variance in individuals scores with the amount of in group
variance.
p306
In most causal-comparative studies: researchers compare the mean scores of 2
samples to determine whether they are significantly different from each other.
P308
Analysis of Covariance: the need to determine a difference between 2 groups of
a particular variable can be explained by another difference that exist between
the 2 groups.
Is used to control for initial differences between groups.
Useful in casual-comparative studies.
P309
Multivariate analysis of variance: used to determine whether groups differ on
more than on dependant variable. (presumed effect) Independent variable is the
presumed cause.
P313
Parametric statistics: tests of statistical significance that are based upon certain
assumptions about populations parameters.
8
(mendefinisikan cocok perbandingan kelompok, diberikan sebuah kelompok awal
nya didefinisikan di mana karakteristik tertentu ada)
2. memilih grup didefinisikan adalah langkah kedua dalam penelitian kausalkomparatif. Anda harus memilih kelompok yang memiliki karakteristik yang satu
keinginanuntuk belajar.
Definisi harus tepat sehingga hasil penelitian dapat ditafsirkan bermakna.
P301
3. memilih perbandingan kelompok adalah langkah ketiga dalam penelitian kaus
al-komparatif
Pilih grup yang tidak memiliki ciri-ciri yang Anda ingin belajar.
P302
Cocok digunakan untuk menyamakan kelompok 2 atau lebih pada satu atau leb
ihvariabel asing sehingga variabel ini tidak mengacaukan studi variabel yang me
narik.
Metode ekstrim-group: memilih kelompok perbandingan yang ekstrem 2 distrib
usi Skor pada satu variabel.
9 (menjelaskan bagaimana tes t digunakan dalam penelitian kausalperbandingan)
P303
Data analisis kausal studi banding
Langkah 1 adalah untuk melakukan analisis data eksplorasi dan menghitung st
atistik deskriptif untuk masing-masing kelompok perbandingan dalam studi.
Langkah berikutnya adalah untuk melakukan tes dari signifikansi Statistik.
P304
Analisis Statistik: t-test untuk perbedaan antara berarti (digunakan untuk meng
ujipentingnya perbedaan)
o T-test untuk kecil sampel di bawah 29; tetapi umumnya digunakan
o Z distribusi untuk sample yang besar di atas 30
o T-test dalam penyelidikan komparatif kausal tergantung pada 3 asumsi tentang
nilai diperoleh:
1. nilai membentuk interval atau rasio skala pengukuran.
2. nilai dalam populasi di bawah study biasanya didistribusikan.