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Equilibrium
Free Body Diagram
Shear Force and Bending Moment in beams
Stress
Cartesian Stress Components
Plane Stress
Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress
General Three Dimensional Stresses
Elastic Strain
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The phrase static equilibrium is also used to imply that the system is at
rest. For equilibrium, the forces and moments acting on the system balance
such that
which states that the sum of all force and the sum of all moment vectors
acting upon a system in equilibrium is zero.
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Fig 1
If the beam is cut at some section located at x = x1 and the left-hand portion is
removed as a free body, an internal shear force V and bending moment M must act
on the cut surface to ensure equilibrium
Shear force and bending moment are related by the equation
dM
V
dx
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Fig 2
When an internal surface is isolated as in the last F.B.D, the net force and
moment acting on the surface manifest themselves as force distributions
across the entire area
The force distribution acting at a point on the surface is unique and will
have components in the normal and tangential directions called normal
stress and tangential shear stress, respectively
Units: U.S Customary units are pounds per square inch (psi)
SI units, stress is in newtons per square meter (N/m2): 1N/m2 = 1 Pa.
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Fig 3
Fig 4
zy = yz
xz = zx
This reduces the number of stress components for most 3-D states of stress
from nine to six quantities
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A very common state of stress occurs when the stresses on one surface are
zero. When this occurs the state of stress is called plane stress
Figure b shows a state of plane stress, arbitrarily assuming that the normal
for the stress-free surface is the z direction such that
z = zx = zy = 0
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We are concerned with the stresses and that act upon this oblique plane
By summing the forces caused by all the stress components to zero, the
stresses and are found to be
x y
2
x y
2
cos 2 xy sin 2
Fig 5
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13
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Differentiating the first Eq. with respect to and setting the result equal to
zero gives
This Equation defines two particular values for the angle 2p, one of which
defines the maximum normal stress 1 and the other, the minimum normal
stress 2. These two stresses are called the principal stresses, and their
corresponding directions, the principal directions
It is important to note that the above Eq. can be written in the form
In a similar manner, we differentiate Eq. of shear stress, set the result equal
to zero, and obtain
Also,
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Formulas for two principal stresses and two extreme valued shear stresses
are found to be
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Shear stresses tending to rotate the element clockwise (cw) are plotted
above the axis
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Fig 6
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Fig 7
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When an element has this particular orientation, the normals to the faces
are mutually orthogonal and correspond to the principal directions, and the
normal stresses associated with these faces are the principal stresses
Since there are three faces, there are three principal directions and three
principal stresses 1, 2, and 3. For plane stress, the stress-free surface
contains the third principal stress which is zero
In our studies of plane stress we were able to specify any stress state x , y
and xy and find the principal stresses and principal directions
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Fig 8 also shows the three principal shear stresses 1/2, 2/3, and 1/3
Each of these occurs on the two planes, one of which is shown in Fig. 9
Fig 9
The figure shows that the principal shear stresses are given by the
equations
Of course, max = 1/3 when the normal principal stresses are ordered
(1 > 2 > 3), so always order your principal stresses
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For the stress states listed below, find all three principal normal and shear stresses.
Draw a complete Mohrs three-circle diagram and label all points of interest
(a)
x = 10, y = 4
(b)
x = 10, xy = 4 ccw
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Solution (a)
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Solution (b)
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When a material is placed in tension, there exists not only an axial strain,
but also negative strain (contraction) perpendicular to the axial strain.
Assuming a linear, homogeneous, isotropic material, this lateral strain is
proportional to the axial strain
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Shear strain is the change in a right angle of a stress element when subjected to
pure shear stress, and Hookes law for shear is given by
(G is the shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity)
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