Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Nu trch ly mt ln m khng t yu cu tch cht bn ra khi nc thi th phi trch ly

nhiu ln. Nu dung mi c t trng b hn t trng nc thi th dn nc thi t trn xung
v dung mi t di ln. Ngc li nu dung mi c t trng ln hn t trng nc thi th
cho nc chuyn ng t di ln, dung mi t trn xung.

3.6.3. Phn loi

Thp trch ly vi vng tip xc (vng m)
Thp trch ly vi vng m c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip v cho hiu
sut cao. Bin php ny dng kh phenol bng benzen hoc du than hay bng
butylaxetat hoc bng ete iisopropyl.
Dung mi dn vo thp qua cc vi phun. Chiu cao thp thng ly bng 6m.

Thp trch ly kiu vi phun tia.

i vi vi phun, mc phn tn dung mi nh cc vi phun l yu t quyt nh.
Nu chn ng loi vi phun, kch tht v iu kin cng tc ca n c th t c
mc phn tn cao.

Thp trch ly vi a roto quay

Thp trch ly vi a rto l mt thp tr, theo chiu cao chia thnh nhiu ngn bng
cc vch c th trch ly c cc cht bn dng nh tng trong nc thi.
Hiu sut v kh nng vn chuyn ca thit b trch ly ny tu thuc vo kch tht
bn trong : ng knh thp, ng knh a, ng knh cc vng stato v chiu cao
mi ngn.

Thp trch ly kiu rung

Thp trch ly kiu rung to ra trong thp cc pha nc dung mi c phn tn v
khuy trn nh chuyn ng thng, vng dc theo trc thp.

Thp trch ly kiu lng trn.

Thp trch ly kiu lng trn c dng vi lu lng ln v s bc kh cao. Theo cu
to, c th l loi nghoc loi ngang.

Thp trch ly vi lp m
bng sng rung

Thp trch ly nhiu ngn

kiu lng trn

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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

3.7. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TRAO I

Phng php trao i ion c ng dng x l nc thi khi cc kim loi nh Zn, Cu,
Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, Mn, cng nh cc hp cht ca Asen, Photpho, Xyanua v cht phng x.
Phng php ny cho php thu hi cc kim loi c gi tr v t c mc x l cao. V
vy n l phng php ng dng rng ri tch mui trong x l nc cp v nc thi.

3.7.1. Mt s khi nim v qu trnh trao i ion

Trao i ion l mt qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i ion vi ion c
cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc ionit (cht trao
i ion), chng hon ton khng tan trong nc.
Cc cht c kh nng ht cc ion dng t dung dch in ly gi l cc cationit. Nhng cht
ny mang tnh axit. Nhng cht c kh nng ht cc ion m gi l anionit v chng mang
tnh kim. Nu nh cc ion no trao i c cation v anion th ngi ta gi chng l cc
ionit lng tnh.

3.7.2. Cc cht trao i ion

Cc cht trao i tion c th l cc cht v v hay hu c c ngun gc t nhin hay tng
hp nhan to. Nhm cc cht trao i ion v c t nhin gm c cc zeolit, kim loi khong
cht, t st, fenspat, cht mica khc nhau,

Cc cht cha nhm silicat loi : Na20.Al2O3.nSiO2.mH2O.

Cc cht florua apatit [Ca5(PO4)3]F v hydroxyt apatit [Ca5(PO4)3]OH
Cc cht c ngun gc t cc cht v c tng hp gm silicagel, permutit (cht lm
mm nc) , ...
Cc cht trao i ion hu c c ngun gc t nhin gm axut humic ca t (cht
mn) v than , chng mang tnh axit yu.
Cc cht trao i ion hu c tng hp l cc nha c b mt ring ln, chng l
nhng hp cht cao phn t. V d, cc cht trao i cation sunfua RSO3H, trong
H ion tri du v SO3 ion nhn in t ; hoc cation cacboxylic : R-COOH ;
cation phenolic : R-OH ; cation photpho : R PO3 - H.
3.7.3. C s qu trnh trao i ion
C ch trao i ion c th gm nhng giai on sau :

Di chuyn ion A t nhn ca dng cht thi lng ti b mt ca lp bin gii mng
cht lng bao quanh ht trao i ion.
Khuch tn lp ion qua lp bin gii
Chuyn ion qua bin gii phn pha v ht nha trao i.
Khuch tn ion A bn trong ht nha trao i ti cc nhm chc nng trao i ion
Phn ng ho hc trao i ion A v B
Khuch tn ion B bn trong ht trao i ion ti bin gii phn pha.
Chuyn cc ion B qua bin gii phn pha b mt trong ca mng cht lng.
Khuch tn cc ion B qua mng
Khuch tn cc ion B vo nhn dng cht lng.
3.8. X L BNG MNG

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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Cc k thut nh in thm tch, thm thu ngc, siu lc v cc qu trnh tng t khc
ngan cng `ng vai tr quan trng trong x l nc thi.
Mng c nh ngha l mt pha ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau. N c th
l cht rn, hoc mt gel (cht keo) trng n do dung mi hoc thm ch c mt cht lng.
Vic ng dng mng tch cc cht, ph thuc vo thm ca cc hp cht qua
mng.

3.8.1. Thm thu ngc

Khi nim
Thm thu l s di chuyn t pht ca dung mi t mt dung dch long vo mt
dung dch m c qua mng bn thm. ti mt p sut nht nh, s cn bng
c thit lp th p sut c gi l p sut thm thu.

C ch
Ngi ta cho rng nu nh chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph bng hay ln
hn na ng knh mao qun ca mng th di tc dng ca p sut th ch c nc
sch i qua ; mt du kch tht ca nhiu ion nh hn kch tht ca phn t nc.
Cc mng hydrat ca cc ion ny cn tr khng cho chng i qua mao qun ca
mng. Kch tht lp mng hydrat ca cc ion khc nhau s khc nhau.

Thit b
c th thit k mt thit b thm thu ngc ta cn bit thnh phn v s lng
nc thi, nhit v p sut thm thu.

3.8.2. Siu lc
Ging nh thm thu ngc, qu trnh siu lc cng ph thuc vo p sut ng lc v i
hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua v gi li mt s cu t khc. iu khc bit l
ch siu lc thng s dng tch dung dch c khi lng phn t bt v c p sut thm
thu nh (v d cc vi khun, tinh bt, t st,). Cn thm thu ngc thng c s
dng kh cc cht c khi lng phn t thp v p sut thm thu cao.
Nc thi

Siu lc

Phn m c cha
cc cht hu c

Nc cha cc
cht v c
Thm thu ngc

Phn m c cha
cc cht v c

Nc khng c mui

S kt hp siu lc v thm thu ngc

Khi s dng kt hp thm thu ngc v siu lc c th lm m c v phn tch cc cht
ho tan hu c v v c trong nc thi. Sau qu trnh siu lc nhn c phn m c

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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

cha cc cht hu c, cn trong qu trnh thm thu ngc s nhn c phn m c ca

cht v c.

3.8.3. Thm tch v in thm tch

Php thm tch l qu trnh phn tch cc cht rn bng s dng khuch tn khng bng nhau
qua mng. Tc khuch tn c lin quan n gradien nng qua mng.

Catot

Anot
Phan am ac
Nc san pham

Hnh 2.6.3
: Nguye
ly cuthm
a ietch
n tham tach
Nguyn
l can in
1.
Do
n
g
co
no
n
g
o
loa
n
g
2.
Do
n
g
co
no
n
g o a
ac c
1. Dng c nng long; 2. Dng c nng
mm

3.8.4. X l nc thi bng phng php lm thong v chng bay hi

Nc thi ca nhiu lnh vc cng nghip (ho cht, sn xut nhn to, sn xut giy
xenlulosza sunfat,) cha ccht bn d bay hi mh hyrosunfua, cacbon sunfua, metyl
mecaptan, isunfit, dimetyl sunfit, x l cc loi nc thi ny ngi ta dng phng
php lm thong.

3.8.4.1.Phng php lm thong

Khi thi khng kh vo hoc mt loi kh tr no vo nc thi cha cc cht bn ho tan
d bay hi, th hi ca cht bn khuch tn vo bt khng kh. Nu thi gian ca bt
t trng thi cn bng ca cht bn trong nc v trong bt kh th nng cht bn trong
bt kh c xc nh theo quy lut Henri.
Tc v hiu sut kh cht bn bay hi trong nc thi tu thc vo nhiu u t nh :
nhit , mc phn tn khng kh,cng lm thong, cc yu t cu to ca thp kh
kh, pH v s c mt ca cc cht bn khc nhau trong nc thi,

Thit b l : Thp kh kh vi vt liu tip xc l vng s, chiu cao lp vt liu 2 - 3 m. C

th lm thong nc thi bng phng php t nhin hay nhn to (cng bc):
Lm thong t nhin c thc hin h lng l thin v cht bn d bay hi s bay
i theo mt thong ca nc. V hiu sut kh thp v chem nhiu din tch nn
phng pht lm thong t nhin t c s dng.
Kh kh bng phng php cng bc gm 3 loi chnh : thp vi vt kiu tip xc,
thi khng kh nn vo lp nc v thp chn khng.

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Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Thp lm thong bng khng kh

1. Thit b phu nc; Thit b h thng thi kh; mng phng
nga; 4. ng x cn y; vng rasing; 6. Thy tinh bo mc nc
3.8.4.2.Phng php chng bay hi
Khi cht hu c d bay hi cng vi nc to thnh hn hp ng si th ngi ta dnng
phng php chng bay hi tch cc cht cng bay theo hi nc.
Nhiu hn hp ng si khi ngng t s hnh thnh cc lp ring bit v do d dng tch
cc cht bn ra khi dung dch bo ho. Tuy nhin nhiu khi chng khng hnh thnh cc lp
ring bit do ho tan ca lp ngng vi cht bn rt ln. Nhng hn hp vn c th s
dng trc tip hoc c th s dng sau khi x l bng phng php trch ly.

3.8.5. X l nc thi bng phng php oxi kh

Cc cht bn trong nc thi cng nghip cha cc cht bn dng hu c v v c. Dng hu
c bao gm am, m ng, cc cht cha phenol, nit,... l nhng cht c th b phn
hu bi vi sinh c th x l bng phng php sinh ho. Nhng c mt s cht c nhng
nguyn t khng th x l c bng phng php sinh ho ( l nhng kim loi nng nh
ng, ch, noken, coban, st, mangan, crom, ... ). V vy x l nhng cht c hi, ngi
ta thng dng phng php ho hc v ho l, t bit thng dng nht l phng php oxy
ho kh.

3.8.5.1.Oxy ho bng Clo.

Clo v cc cht c cha Clo hot tnh l nhng cht oxy ho c th li dng tch H2S,
hyrosunfit, cc hp cht cha metylsunfit, phenol, xyanua ra khi nc thi.

3.8.5.2. Oxy ho bng hyro peoxit

Hyro peoxit H2O2 l mt cht lng khng mu c th trn ln vi nc bt k t l no.
H2O2 c dng oxy ho cc nitrit , cc aldehit, phenol, xyanua, cc cht thi cha lu
hunh v cc cht nhum mnh.

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