SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS OF AIME

&%SPE

6200 North Central Expressway

2639

Dallas, Texas 75206

THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO CO~ECTION

The Delineation
Council/Amoco

and
Group

Development
North
Sea

of the Gas
Leman
Field

By
Ronald J. Cole, boco

Europe WC.) and Charles R. M=shall~ Amoco U.K. petrole~ Ltd>

Members Am
@

American

Institute

of Mining,

Copyrighi
Metallurgical,

1969
and

Petroleum

Engineers,

Inc.

This paper was prepared for the h4th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colo., Sept. 28-Ott. 1, 1969. Permission to copy is restricted to an
abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not be copied. The abstract should contain
conspicuous acknowledgmentof where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after
publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JCURNAL is
usually granted upon recluestto the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give
proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and,
with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE ma.ga.zincs.
..nm,

r.m~nm

~lv~nuuub-~

MN

The Leman field was discovered by the

Shell/Esso group in March, 1966, when they
drilled their initial exploratory well in the
British North Sea approximately 60 miles NNE
of Great Yarmouth, England. This discovery well
found 900 ft of Rotliegendes sandstone at a
depth of approximately 5,900 ft subsea. The
well was initially tested at a flow rate of 25
MMcf/D in June of 1966. IMring June, 1966, the
Gas Council/AmocoGroup moved a jack-up type
drill barge into U.K. North Sea Block 49/27and
spudded a field confirmationwell 5.5 miles ESE
of the Shell/Esso discovery well. This well
was ultimately completed in Sept., 1966, and
tested at a rate of approximately 25 MMcf/D.
Subsequent delineation drilling by the
ShelJ./EssoGroup, Mobil, Arpet Group, Phillips,
Signal and the Gas Council/AmocoGroup has now
established that the Lemam field is just over
20 miles long md 8 miles wide at its center
covering an area of about 65)400 acres or 102
sq miles as shown in Fig. 1. The Rotliegendes
sandstone which makes up the pay interval in the
Leman field is of Early Permian age and is
encountered at a subsea depth of approximately
6,OOO ft. This saadstone is thought to have
been originally deposited by swift flowing
streams on alluvial desert plains and later
reworked by wind into dunal-type deposits.
The Leman field structure is basically a
References and illustrationsat end of paper.

Rotliegendes
a grOSS
sandstone thickness of 800 to 1,000 ft. The
faulting apparent in the Leman field is of a
tensional nature, but because of the great
thickness of the reservoir zone, the faults do
not appear to be sealing. The coqplete
Rotliegendes sandstone appears to be composed
entirely of sand with a great variation in
grain size distribution. No continuous impermeable layers or shale breaks are apparent in
the Rotliegendes section, and the net gas productive sand section is normally the gross smd
section found above the water level.
f%l!lt.=d
.-.... ~nt.irline
. --.. wifjh

The wide variation in porosity found in

the Rotliegendes sandstone is attributed to the
dunal-type deposition of the sand. The dunal
working of the sand leads to the creation of
areas where very fine grained sand has accumulated, thus creating areas of very low porosity
and permeability. As a general trend, it has
been noted that normally the highest porosity
within the Rotliegendes pay section occurs at
the crest of the Leman field structure. Also a
porosity trend is noted along the major axis of
the field with lower porosity and permeability
being foumd in the northwest sector of the
field.
In approximately 90 percent of the early
field delineation wells, the entire Rotliegende
sand was conventionallycored, thus a great
amount of actual reservoir rock has been available for study by the various interested

THE DELINEATION AND DEVELWMENT OF THE

GAS COUNCIL/AMOCO GRC P NORTH sEA LEMANl?iELD
parties. Our own organization has processed
more than 3,000 samples during the past 2 yeare
in an effort to gain a better insight as to
any possible relationship between porosity,
grain size distribution and productivity.
EXPLORATORY AND DELINEATION DRILLING
The first four wells drilled by the Gas
Council/AmocoGroup on the Lemem field structure had as a primary objective the evaluation
of the Leman field gas reserves in a minimum
length of time. In order to design intelligently a gas handling and processing system
adequate to deliver the Leman field gas to the
British market, it was highly desirable to
obtain significant flow tests on the Leman
field wells at an early date in order to determine per well productivity and produced gas
characteristics. The Gas Council/AmocoGroup
chose tQ use a Jack-up tyye drilling barge for
field delineation drilling. The field delineation wells were planned in such a manner that
the size of the Gas Council/AmocoGroup Wan
field gas reserves could be adequately determined while still allowing a portion of the
field delineation wells to be subsequently
completed as field development wells. III
drilling these field delineation wells from a
Jack-up type drilling barge, a mud-line
suspension system was utilized for hanging the
well casing at the sea bottom, thus allowing
for later completion as development wells. The
technique used by the Gas Council/Amoco Group
has proved very effective in that two of the
initial field delineation wells have already
been completed as producing wells by locating
a 12-well self-containeddrilling platfonu over
each well and extending the well back to the
surface for production.
The Gas Council/Amoco Group utilized the
mud-line suspension system to hang their X-in.
13-3/8-in. and 9-5/8-in. casing at a point
approximately 15 ft below the mud line. A
sketch of the basic casing program utilized in
these field delineation wells is shown in Fig.
2. As seen in the illustration, the 30-in.
conductor casing was initially driven to a
depth of approximately 150 f% below the mud
l+nla
A&-.,
. ~.i~ driven CQ@UCtOr casing allowed for
the drilling of a 26-in. hole to a depth of
approximately 1,000 ft where 20-in. casing was
.-A
?.--...+-2 Twenty=iQ_ easing va~ set.at
seb ad Lqcuu=u.
this depth in an effort to seal off the glacial
till section between 700 and 800 ft and the
unconsolidated sands above in which loss circulation and hole-sloughingproblems would have
been encountered had drilling been attempted
below this point without casing. The initial
section of the mud-line suspension system was
installed on the 20-in. casing smd located at a
point approximately 15 ft below the mud line.
After cementing, the landing joint on the mudline suspension was partially released in order

EWE 253!

that the cement in the 30-in. x 20-in. annulus

could be circulated out and the annulus above
the mud-line suspension left filled with mud.
After setting the 20-in. casing, a 17-1 2-in.
hole was then drilled to approximately ( ,200 ft
in the Basal Bunter shale section where 13-3/8in. protective casing was set and cemented. It
was necessary to set the 13-3/8-in. casing at
this point in order to seal off the serious
loss circulation intervals normally encountered
in the Bunter sandstone section immediately
above the Basal Bunter shale. A sketch of the
normal lithological section penetrated by the
Leman field wells is shown in Fig. 2. After
drilling out of the ~3-3/8-in. casing, a
12-lllk-ill.

-LLUAC

wo.~

A*+ll.A
u..-.u

~~_m~l@hA

~~~

re~~i~-

ing Basal Bunter shale and the Zechstein

Evaporite series and 9-5/8-in. casing set
immediately above the top of the Wtliege?hles
sandstone. IMring this early phase of field
development it was believed necessary to case
off the Zechstein Evaporite series, which contained long salt sections, before any hilling
could be done in the Rotliegendes sandstone.
Normally a high mud weight [approximately3.1.5
lb/gsl] was carried while drilling the Zechsteil
Evaporite series as a safeguard against abnormal formation pressures which had been
encountered by Shell in their discovery well
when porous zones within the !kchstein Evaporit<
were encountered. Normally these abnormal
pressure zones contained either high pressure
salt water or gas. After setting the 9-5/8-in.
casing at the top of the Rotliegendes sandstone~
the complete Rotliegendes sandstone was then
cored and the well normally bottomed at the
first coal seem encountered in the Carboniferouf
sand and siltstone section immediatelybelow th[
Rotliegendes sandstone. A 7-in. liner was then
normally run smd cemented across the
Rotliegendes pay section.
T.
u

..m..+i~g
L.MJbu..

~~~

~~~i~~

~~~i~sj

~X~ra

efforts were made to ensure that the annular

space above the mud-line suspension unit was
completely-free of aay cement. ~~ ~pl~ITlavne
..Au.
Deck of the jack-up drilling rig, a normal wellhead assembly was utilized. However, only
approximately 10 to 15 percent of the casing
weight was set on the various casing hangers in
the surface wellhead with the remainder of the
weight supported by the mud-iine suspension
unit. T!histechnique allowed us, upon completion of the delineationwell, to back off all
of the casing except the 30-in. conductor at a
point approximately 15 ft below the mud line
and install a corrosion cap over the mud-line
suspension equipment. The 30-in. conductor
casing was subsequently cut off approximately
15 ft above the mud line. This 15-I% stub of
30-in. conductor casing extending above the sea
bottom allowed for a fixed platform to be
subsequently installed over the well for ultimate completion of the field delineation well
as a gas producer. A sketch of the system

SPE 2639

RONALD J. COLE and CHARLES R. MARSliALL

utilized in completing these field delineation

wells is shown in Fig. 3. Prior to backing
off the various casing strings and installation
of the corrosion cap, sufficient cement and
cast-iron bridge plugs were installed in the
well so that abcmdonment work could be perfo~ue~ by diyers without the assistance of a
drilling rig, should future circumstances
dictate abandonment before completion. Divers
could accomplish the final abandonment of the
temporarily suspended well by blowing off the
30-in. conductor casing at a point 10 to 15 ft
below the mud line, thus leaving the sea
battorncompletely clear of obstruction.

attempt to determine the relative productivity

of the various perforated intervals within the
Rotliegendes sandstone.

EVALUATION OF ROTLIEGENDES
SANDSTONE PRODUCTIVITY

Results from preliminary interference

calculationsusing Leman field data indicated
that, if wells were drilled 2,500 ft apart, the
interwell interference effects would be small.
Coverage of the crestal portion of the reservoir on a 2,500-ft diamond pattern appeared
practical if platforms were located some l1,00C
ft apart. As shown by Fig. 5, when this 2,500ft diamond patterm is used from a 10-well
drilling platform, a msximum well deviation of
bj~jO ft horizontally is required. This result
in a maximum average well deviation angle of 4:
from vertical assuming deviation is initiated
at 1,000-ft depth.

In an effort to evaluate the relative

productivity of the Rotliegendes ssmdstone in
the Leman field in the shortest time possible,
it was necessary to conduct lengthy production
tests utilizing portable production test equipment installed on the jack-up drill barge. To
obtain these tests a production test string
similar to that shown in Fig. L VS.SUtiliZd
so that the well could be tested in a mintium
length of time with maximum safety for the rig
and its personnel.

Aa seen in this sketch, a normal full-bore

test packer was utilized in conjunctionwith
the drill pipe string to flow the formation
fluids to surface. A perforated tail pipe
assembly was run below the production packer
in which bottom-hole pressure bombs could be
landed during the production tests. On the
surface, the well stresm was handled through a
special control head similar to that utilized
in normal drillstem testing activities. However, this control head normally consisted of
two master valves and
aiiow for the running
pressure.
The gas produced from the well was
directed initially to sa indirect,lineheater
which would be heated with either a gas burner
or a steam generator. The gas was then passed
through a three-phase horizontal separator
at
capable of handling approximately 28 Wcf/D
an operating pressure of approximately 550 psi.
The gas from the separator was then metered and
vented through a 6-in. vent line bolted to and
extending about 20 ft above the top of the
derrick.

PIANI?INGAND DESIGN*OF DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAM AND EQUIPMENT
Utilizing tinetest data and reservoir date
obtained from the drilling smd testing of the
Leman field delineation wells, the Gas Council/
Amoco Group was able to develop intelligently E
field development program which would allow fox
the delivery of natural gas to the coast of the
United R%ngdom at a minimum cost.

The Rotliegendes reservoir parameters in

conjunctionwith the economics of multiwell
drilling from a single platform indicated that
the opti.munfor the Amoco Group was to drill 10
to 12 directional wells from a single selfcontained drilling platform. The minimum selfcontained drilling platform decided on by the
Gas Council/AmocoGroup utilizes an 8-pile
structure having a drilling deck dimension of
70 x 140 ft. This size structure allowed space
for 12 well slots. The platform size necessitated the use of a highly compact drilling rig
capable of directional drilling to a measured
depth of approximately 8,200 ft while achieving
optimum drilling characteristics. These minimw
self-containedplatforms have proved to be very
successful in that only 5 to 7 percent of the
available working time has been lost due to
inclement weather conditions preventing the
delivery of needed material or equipment to the
well site.

Shortly after initiation of drilling from

the first Gas Council/Amocoself-contained
platform, additional spacing studies were
carried out utilizing the two-dimensional dry
gas mathematical reservoir simulator developed
by R. D. Carter.l It was obviously desirable,
The above system was utilized in testing
from a producing well standpoint, to locate
wells for periods of 5 to 7 days and obtaining
very accurate absolute open flow potential data, wells in areas of thickest pay along the crest
of the anticline. It was necessary to further
gas analysis and pressure buildup data.
investigate drainage efficiency that would
result from crestal drilling throughout the
Ikn?ingseveral of the extended tests on
field delineation wells, a wireline combination license block. This type investigationwas mad(
possible by the mathematical reservoir
production logging tool was utilized in am

GAS

THE DELINEATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE

COUNCIL/AMOCO GRO1 NORTH SEA LEMAN FIELD

simulator. The required input for the computer

progrsm includes: [1] KH distribution, [2]
hydrocarbon pore volume distribution, [3] well
deliverability curves, [4] drilling sequence
md well locations, and [5] production schedule.
This data is digitized on a grid system
which was chosen as approximately 15 acres for
the Leman field. The progrm uses an alternating direction explicit procedure for obtaining
a numerical solution of the linear diffusion
equation. The progra utilized is written for
single-phasegas reservoir only.
Numerous runs using the Carter progrem
with ~mm
field data showed that the Gas.
Council/AmocoGroup license could be efficiently drained by crestal development. Fressure
gradients at abandonment conditions were less
than 75 psi across the license block.
Additional runs of the program were also
made to further evaluate interference.2 As it
is possible to program any assumed development
plan, optimum development can be determined by
observing the effect of various development
patterns on the recovery from the license block
Results of these subsequent runs indicated that
if the spacing between individual platfoms was
maintained at 11,000 ft, the same ultimate
field recovery sad similar interwell interference characteristicscould be realized by use
of a 1,500-ft diamond pattern for individual
wells from each platform as with the uniform
2,500-ft diamond pattern discussed previously.
A schematic of the 1,500-ft diamond pattern is
also shown in Fig. 5. The savings resulting
from the reduced hole angle and drilled footage
of the 1,500-ft pattern are significant and
present development on the Gas Council/Amoco
Group license utilizes this cluster-typedrilling. This pattern allows for optimum drilling
economics and maximum average hole angles of
approximately 28 from vertical.
The significance of the spacing calculations done to date, as they relate to future
2-..-1
-......-.+
ucvc_Lupulcul/

-m
UJ.

+-b.,.
Llllc

m..
W2D

na.,-a+
1 Ifimnfin
tiuuuLLL/mlluLu

o-n,.-..
U.uup

license, is the indicated flexibility available

for developing the field. Maximum drainage and
minimum interference are possible over a wide
range of development patterns. It should be
emphasized, however, that the studies discussed
above apply only to the Gas Council/AmocoGrouF
license and not necessarily to the remainder of
the field.
DEVELOPMENTWELL COMPLETION
In drilling md completing Leman field
development wells, the Gas Council/AmocoGroup
reverted to a casing progrsm consisting of 24in. conductor, followed by,-16-in. and 10-3/4-ir
protective casing and 7-5/t$-in.production

SPE 2639

casing set through Rotliegendespay section. A

sketch of a typical Gas Council/AmocoGroup
development well and its associated completion
equipment is shown in Fig. 6. Use of the 7-5/8in. completion allowed for optimum drilling
conditions while still allowing use of k-1/2-in.
OD production tubing. In order to obtain the
required maximum per well productivity of 40 to
50 MMcf/D from the Leman field development
wells, the minimum size production tubing which
could be utilized was determined to be 4-1/2-in.
tubing.
As shown in Fig. 6, the Gas Council/Amoco
Group Leman field developmentwells are equippet
with fluid operated subsurface safety valves
located at approximately 350 ft [150 ft below
mud line]. The subsurface safety valve is
operated by power oil being furnished through
the annulus formed by the 4-1/2-in. x 5-1/2-in.
tubing string above the safety valve. The
..*----L.
.!-,___
-**-- ..--..--,.4-2
enxu-e
Luumg
sbLLfJg
AS bUppUL-KU k..
UY = FL@raUlically set tubing hsmger installed immediately
below the subsurface safety valve and the tubing
above the subsurface safety valve is free standing and only sealed off in the wellhead by
standard sealing elements. This arrangement
allows for the complete wellhead to be ripped
off the well in event of a disaster while leaving the tubing string virtually undisturbed
below the sea bottom.
The tail pipe assembly below the 3-1/2-in.
x 7-5/8-in. hydraulically set production packer
is designed to allow installation of bottom-hol(
pressure bombs for extended periods without
having a wireline inside the tubing. This
bottom-hole pressure bomb hinging system has
been utilized several times during the initial
completion of field developmentwells with
great success.
GAS PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
In the British North Sea, extended periods
of inclement weather conditions are experienced
during the winter months with sea conditions
which prevent the normal offloading of either
-.--=-S.
.##.k...
ml.+#.tIO
Sll
. ..wL...
PLGU...JU.
pc~-uucl. Or ~Qdi~171~Gt
In the North Sea area, it is not unusual during
the winter months to have sea conditions with
wave heights of 15 to 20 f%, for extended
neriods
of 2 to j weeks. Thus it became appar~-_---ent that all production equipment should be
designed to operate with a minimum amount of
maintenance ad as little onsite supervision as
possible. Auother problem associated with the
North Sea location was the relatively low sea
water temperatureencountered during the winter
months. During this period the sea water
temperatures fall as low as 40F. Thus, the
transmission of any gas with a hydrate point
higher than 40F would be impossible. In addition to these limitations set by the North Sea

RONALD J. COLE and CHARLES R. MARSHAIL

SPE 2639

environment,the sole gas purchaser in the

United Kingdom requires delivery of natural gas
at a pressure of 1,000 psi, with acceptable
water and hydrocarbon dew points.
The Gas Council/AmocoGroup chose to
utilize a totally automated gas-processing
system wherein all the required water vapor
would be removed at the offshore site and the
excess hydrocarbons removed at the onshore gas
sales terminal. In order to achieve this
objective, glycol-absorptionequipment is being
.... . on a
-1.+fmm
saf+inr.nn+.
~Q
. _-_2..-+4nw
U-clllizea
&lruuuLL.Luu
p_LG.
..
LAU!J-.-.
each of the drilling platforms which will
reduce the water content of the gas delivered
to the gas transmission line to 3.5 lb of water
per ljQOO cu ft of gas [water dew point of
15F]. This production platform, connected to
the drilling platform by a 130-ft bridge, is a
h.vinu
upper
deck
~ -4T- .
-+rn.m+,,-n
u-pAAG
U.bLb..A...
..-.--~ ~~e~-~~~
dimensions of 100 x 125 ft. On this production
platfom all free condensate collected while
removing the water from the natural gas is
returned to the gas system for future removal
at the onshore terminal.
A jO-in. pipeline has been installed to
connect the Gas Council/AmocoGroup Leman field
production platforms with the onshore Bacton
gas delivery terminal at a distance of 38 miles
This 30-in. pipeline has a wall thickness of
0.625 in. and is composed of X-52 steel and
weighted to a specific gravity of 1.2 to 1.6
depending on water depth. Where possible the
line was buried to a depth of approximatelyh
ft below the sea bottom in an effort to prevent
any future damage by surface shipping or fishing activities in the area.
At the Bacton onshore terminal site, a
propane refrigerant system is utilized to bring
the incoming natural gas down to the required
hydrocarbon dewpoint specifications. Unfortunately, the condensate in the gas produced
from the Leman field has proved to be an
economic liability due to the extremely dry
.

field gas. The gas produced from the Leman field contains only 1 to
1.5 bbl of condensateper MMscf.

Q~~IuI-~

Qf

the

Leman

In order for continuous field production

to be maintained throughout all weather conditions, the complete control of production,
processing and transmission of Leman field gas
has been automated so Vne complete operatian
can be monitored and controlled from the onsho
Bacton terminal. A single man through use of
telemetric data transmission and computerized
monitoring md control is able to effectively
control the production from any and all Leman
field development wells on an individual basis
REFE~N~S
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Carter, R. D.: PerformancePredictions

for Gas Reservoirs Considering TwoDimensional Uhsteady-StateFlow, Sot. Pet
Ehg. J. [March, 1966] 35-45.
Cronen, A. D.: How a Computer Can Assist
Well Spacing in the North Sea, Oil and Ga
Into [my, 1969] 9, No. 5, 50.
=son,
K. H.: The Leman Field - from
Discove;y to Production,World Pet. [Nov
19681 39, No.
12,
24.
Kelehe~ J. F., Redick, R. W. and Shimmiel
Barry: Automationsmd Production Facilit
Leman Field, Paper OTC 1014 presented at
1st Annual Offshore Technology Conference
Houston [May 18-21, 19691.
Macartney, Ian: Productionof North Sea
Gas from the Leman Bank Field to Bacton,
Inst. of Gas Eng., Communication 793.

02

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K.ES

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Fig.

- Outline

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map

located

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in U.

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K.

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CARBONIFERous
_.. .- . . ..lc
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Fig.

2 - Typicai
section
and
casing

Leman

Field

delineation
program.

&

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well

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WELL

OPERATIONS

Fig.

1 ne suspension
suspension,
during
drilling,
and completion
of field
delineation
we; 1s.
- Sketch

system

of

mud

W.s CON TROL

3112 ID
5(Y3O
PSl
PIPE
CONNECTIONS
HEAD
WITH
DRILL

II
//
Tlllil
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8

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2

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Fig.

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delineation

string
wells

drilling

used

in testing

from

jackup

rig.

..;,

a\

I
!

,500

F221

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D!AMONO PATTER?.

Fig.

- Sketch

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apaullly

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in Leman

5000

4Y2

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LAN OING

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0
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LANDING

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CASING

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0

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Fig.

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downhole
used

casing

completion

in Amoco-Group
development

program
equipment

Leman
well.

Field

and