A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or

otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor
vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.
Roads consist of one or two roadways (British English: carriageways), each with one or more
lanes and any associated sidewalks (British English: pavement) and road verges.
Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways,
interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads.
The national highways network of India is a network of highways that is managed and
maintained by agencies of the Government of India. These highways measured over 100,087 km
(62,191 mi) as of June 2016, including over 1,000 km (620 mi) of limited-access expressways
(motorways). Out of 1,00,087 km of national highways 26,200 plus km are at least 4 laned with
the remaining 50,000 km 2 laned.[1][2] Indian government has set itself a target of construct and
upgrade 30 km of highway per day (11,000 km per year) from 2017 and all new construction will
be using cement concrete instead of bitumen.
In India, National Highways are at-grade roads whereas Express Highways, commonly known as
Expressways, are controlled-access highways, mostly 6-lane or above, where entrance and exit is
controlled by the use of slip roads (ramps) that are incorporated into the design of the highway.
The highways do not have shoulder lanes. The speed on highway is mostly unregulated and is
mostly slowed by heavy trucks in middle lanes. The highways are also used by pedestrians and
cyclists creating dangerous situations.
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the nodal agency responsible for building,
upgrading and maintaining most of the national highways network. It operates under the Ministry
of Road Transport and Highways. The National Highways Development Project (NHDP) is a
major effort to expand and upgrade the network of highways. NHAI often uses a public-private
partnership model for highway development, maintenance and toll-collection.
While national highways constitute 1.7% of Indian roads, they carry 40% of the traffic.[3] The
majority of existing national highways are two-lane roads (one lane in each direction), though
much of this is being expanded to four-lanes, and some to six or more lanes. Some sections of
the network are toll roads. Over 30,000 km (19,000 mi) of new highways are planned or under
construction as part of the NHDP, as of 2011. This includes over 2,600 km (1,600 mi) of
expressways currently under construction.
A state highway, state road, or state route (and the equivalent provincial highway, provincial
road, or provincial route) is usually either a road numbered by the state or province, falling
below numbered national highways in the hierarchy (route numbers are used to aid navigation,

and may or may not indicate ownership or maintenance); or a road maintained by the state or
province, including both nationally numbered highways and un-numbered state highways.
Depending on the state, state highway may be used for one meaning and state road or state route
for the other.
In some countries such as New Zealand, the word "state" is used in its sense of a nation. By this
meaning a state highway is a road maintained and numbered by the national government rather
than local authorities.
Door to door service: road transport provides door to door service. It can collect and transport the goods from sellers ware house and deliver
it right at the door step of the buyer. Such service can not be provided by other form of transport.

2. Economical for short distance: road transport is economical for short distance. Again, the loading and unloading charges are reduced due to
direct transportation. Where the distance is short, road transport is not only economical, but also quicker

3. Less overhead cost: there is less overhead cost. The cost of maintains. Again, wages paid to drivers and others is less as compare to
railways again the money spend on the maintenance of roads is comparatively less as compare to maintenance of tracks along the railway
lines.

4. Flexibility: the road transport offers more flexibility then that of railways. There are no fixed Scheduled. The road transport can operate any
time as per the convenience of the client. The Vehicle can be diverted to different routes, in case of blockage or accident.

5. Low investment: road transport requires low investment. The vehicles such as trucks and tempos cost comparatively less as compare to
trains, ships and aero planes.

DISADVANTAGE OF ROAD TRANSPORT:

1. Not suitable for bulky goods: road transport is not suitable to carry bulky and heavy goods, such as heavy machinery. It also not suitable to
carry items of low grades because of the cost involves in transporting such good.

2. Uneconomical for long distance: the road transport is not economical for long distance. If the distance is more than 1000 Kms the vehicle
reached to destination after three days. In this case railways are more convenient and economical for short distance.

3. Breakdowns and delays: because of poor conditions of Indian roads, there are often breakdowns. This causes unnecessary delays in
transportation.

4. Lack of informative in rates: there is no informative in transport rates. This is because; road transport is operated by private parties.
Different rates are charged by different operators.

5. Limited protection to goods: road transport provides limited production to goods from rain, sun, dust and wind. Many times the good get
damage due to limited production

An airway is a legally defined corridor that connects one specified location to

another at a specified altitude, along which an aircraft that meets the requirements
of the airway may be flown.[1][2][3][4] Airways are defined with segments within a
specific altitude block, corridor width, and between fixed geographic coordinates for
satellite navigation systems, or between ground-based radio transmitter
navigational aids (navaids) (such as VORs or NDBs) or the intersection of specific
radials of two navaids.

Air India Express

AXB

IX

Air India Regional

LLR

CD ALLIED

Air Odisha

AOA AO AIR ODISHA

2012 Bhubaneswar Charter

Air Pegasus

PPL

2015 Bangalore

Regional

Blue Dart Aviation

BDA BZ BLUE DART

1995 Chennai

Cargo

Chhattisgarh Air Link CJS

Club One Air

OP

EXPRESS INDIA

2005 Kochi

Low Cost

1996 Delhi

Regional

CG CHHATTISGARH AIR 2012 Raipur

Charter

2005 Delhi

Charter

Deccan Charters

DKN DN DECCAN

1997 Bangalore

Charter

GoAir

GOW G8 GO AIR

2005 Mumbai

Low Cost

IndiGo

IGO

6E IFLY

2006 Gurgaon

Low Cost

Jet Airways

JAI

9W JET AIRWAYS

1993 Mumbai

Full service

. Fastest means of Transport:

Air transport operates at a very high speed. The high speed makes the air transport the fastest of all the other forms of transport. People can
reach the destination in very less time.

2. Suitability:
Air transport is suitable to carry passengers who want lot of comfort and convenience. The passengers can save lot of time. Light and valuable
goods like diamonds, gems, etc. can be transported. Also, vegetables, fruits can be transported from one country to another.

3. Vital during emergencies:

Air transport is very vital during emergencies. When there are floods, earthquakes, etc. foods, medicine and other requirements can be
supplied to victims with the help of helicopters. Also, the people can be air lifted, if the situation so demands.

4. Efficient service:
Air transport, especially, the international airlines provide highly efficient services to its customers. They are highly regular and reliable.

DISADVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT:

1. Huge investment:
Air transport requires huge investment. A motor vehicle can cost a lakhs of rupees which the person can afford to buy, but an aero plane costs
crores of rupees.

2. Limited carrying capacity:

The air transport has a limited carrying capacity as compared to Water and Railway Transport. This is because; the space available in the aero
plane is limited.

3. Heavy maintenance cost:

Air transport requires heavy maintenance cost. There is a constant need to monitor the maintenance of the vehicle. This is because the aero
planes carry important or rich passengers and also valuable cargo. So to reduce the risk of accident to the greatest possible extent, strict
maintenance is required.

4. High overhead cost:

The air transport requires high overhead cost. This is because the aero planes and other vehicles use pure fuel and the salaries paid to pilots,
crew and other staff are very high.

Railways were first introduced to India in the year 1853 from Mumbai to Thane. In 1951 the
systems were nationalised as one unit, the Indian Railways, becoming one of the largest
networks in the world. IR operates both long distance and suburban rail systems on a multigauge network of broad, metre and narrow gauges. It also owns locomotive and coach
production facilities at several places in India, with assigned codes identifying their gauge, kind
of power and type of operation. Its operations cover twenty nine states and seven union
territories and also provide limited international services to Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Indian Railways is the world's seventh largest commercial or utility employer, by number of
employees, with over 1.376 million employees as of last published figures in 2013
Duronto Express
Rajdhani Express They comprise of some of the fastest trains on the Indian railways network. They
connect major cities of the country to New Delhi, the capital city
Shatabdi and Jan Shatabdi Shatabdi Express trains are a series of superfast trains, which connect
metro cities which nearby important cities. They are day trains and return the same day to the point of
origin. As against Rajdhanis, they run over small to medium distances.

advantages
It facilitates long distance travel and transport of bulky goods which are not easily transported through motor vehicles.
It is a quick and more regular form of transport because it helps in the transportation of goods with speed and
certainty.
It helps in the industrialization process of a country by easy transportation of coal and raw-materials at a cheaper
rate.
It helps in the quick movement of goods from one place to another at the time of emergencies like famines and
scarcity.
It encourages mobility of labour and thereby provides a great scope for employment.
Railway is the safest form of transport. The chances of accidents and breakdown of railways are minimum as
compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the traffic can be protected from the exposure to sun, rain snow etc.
The carrying capacity of the railways is extremely large. Moreover, its capacity is elastic which can easily be
increased by adding more wagons.

It is the largest public undertaking in the country. Railways perform many public utility services. Their charges are
based on charge what the traffic can bear principles which helps the poor. In fact, it is a national necessity
Disadvantage

The railway requires a large investment of capital. The cost of construction, maintenance and overhead expenses are
very high as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the investments are specific and immobile. In case the
traffic is not sufficient, the investments may mean wastage of huge resources.
Another disadvantages of railway transport is its inflexibility. It routes and timings cannot be adjusted to individual
requirements.
Rail transport cannot provide door to door service as it is tied to a particular track. Intermediate loading or unloading
involves greater cost, more wear and tear and wastage of time. The time cost of terminal operations are a great
disadvantage of rail transport.
As railways require huge capital outlay, they may give rise to monopolies and work against public interest at large.
Even if controlled and managed by the government, lack of competition may breed in inefficiency and high costs.
Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distances and small traffic of goods.
It involves much time and labour in booking and taking delivery of goods through railways as compared to motor
transport.
Because of huge capital requirements and traffic, railways cannot be operated economically in rural areas. Thus,
large rural areas have no railway even today. This causes much inconvenience to the people living in rural areas.

has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and
creeks. The total navigable length is 14,500 km (9,000 mi), out of which about 5,200 km
(3,200 mi) of the river and 4,000 km (2,500 mi) of canals can be used by mechanized crafts.
Freight transportation by waterways is highly under-utilized in India compared to other large
countries and geographic areas like the United States, China and the European Union. The total
cargo moved (in tonne kilometers) by the inland waterway was just 0.1% of the total inland
traffic in India, compared to the 21% figure for United States. Cargo transportation in an
organised manner is confined to a few waterways in Goa, West Bengal, Assam ,and Kerala.
Cost of water transportation in India is barely 50 paise (0.74 US) a kilometer, as compared to
1 (1.5 US) by railways and 1.5 (2.2 US) by roads.[1] Hence water transportation is receiving
significant attention in recent times
India[edit]

Ganges river [Allahabad to Haldia stretch (1,620 km)]

Brahmaputra river [Sadiya to Dhubri stretch (891 km)]

Kerala backwaters [Kottapuram to Kollam (205 km)]

Godavari & Krishna river canal between kakinada & puducherry (1095 km)
[The kakinada-puducherry stretch of canals and the kaluvelly tank,
bhadrachalam-rajahmundry stretch of river godavari & wazirabad- vijaywada
stretch of krishna river]

Brahmani river & mahanadi delta system, along with east coast (623 km)
[The talchar-dhamra stretch of river brahmani, geonkhali-charbatia stretch of
east coast canal, charbatia-dharma stretch of matai river and mangalgadiparadip stretch of mahanadi delta river]

River Barak

Advantages:
1. Cheapest traffic means
2. Most important in security of nation
3. Plays important role in international trade.
4. Possesses high load carrying capacity.
5. Requires cheap motor powers than for airplanes.
6. Does not require any special infrastructure like roads, and airports.
7. Brings many countries together.
Drawbacks:
1. Slow in speed
2. More chances of attack on boat sailing through
3. Only can be used when sufficient water is available.
4. In deep sea if boat gets in to storm, it becomes difficult to rescue.
5. In waterfalls having much drafts ,water transportation does not works.
6. Special maintenance for water tightness of boat is required.