nervous system endocrine glands

electrochemical signals

,
, .

metabolic functions

hormones . target organ

,

, .

hypothalamus
.

: Nervous coordination

The nervous system and sense organs

nerves ganglia
, brain

, spinal cord

 :
.1 central nervous system brain
spinal cord .
peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves 12 , 31
,

nerve impulses

,
:
) afferent division
.

) efferent division somatic

nervous system motor nerves

, autonomic nervous system

..
:
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

The nerve impulse

nerve terminals

extracellular fluid
intracellular fluid
, Na+
CI-

K+

.
( resting state )
,
.

, (

,
3

 , polarization
.


permeable ( )

depolarization .

action potential

repolarization , resting state

,
resting potential .
( ) The synapses

dendrites ,

20

presynaptic membrane

postsynaptic membrane

synaptic cleft .

.

:
:
() Electrical synapses
4

 ,
.

gap junctions

. neuroglial cells
.
() chemical synapses

neurotransmitters .

presynaptic

neurons ,

postsynaptic neurons .
( synaptic cleft

30-20 ) ,

cell body

. ,
.

The mechanism of
transmitting impulses in synapses of the CNS

POSTSYNAPTIC EXCITATION

postsynaptic inhibition

presynaptic inhibition .

.1 POSTSYNAPTIC EXCITATION
nerve terminals

5

neurotransmitter substance

 synaptic vesicles , synaptic cleft ,

1000/1

postsynaptic membrane
.
,

excitatory postsynaptic potential .

.
excitatory synapses

acetylcholine ,

noradrenaline

dopamine serotonin ,

excitation .

.1 postsynaptic inhibition
inhibitory transmitter , glycine
gamma aminobutyric acid GABA .

( hyperpolarization

)
inhibition

inhibitory

postsynaptic potential :
)

Cl-

hyperpolarization .
) ,
,

, hyperpolarization .
6


inhibitory neurons .

.1 presynaptic inhibition
,
- axon-axonic synapse .
,

inhibitory transmitter

,
,

action potential
.

The reflex arc

reflex arc

afferent neuron ,

afferent neuron . ( )1
sense organ

) receptor ,(2

)sensory neuron (afferent) ,(3 )connector neuron , (4

) motor neuron (afferent) , (5

effector .

autonomic reflex arc

.

: central nervous system

brain spinal cord
,

meninges : dura
7

 mater arachnoid

, pia mater

subarachnoid space

. cerebrospinal fluid

.
blood-brain barrier .
grey matter
.

white matter

nerve fibers

31 . ,
dorsal root ()

ventral root

( ).
brain
cortex .

1:1

1:55

55

. :
.1 forebran brain cortex
thalamus hypothalamus .

.2

midbrain .

.3

hindbrain cerebllum
pons . medulla 12
cranial nervous

 peripheral nervous system

.

afferent or sensory

nerves

sensory

receptors (
) ,

, efferent or motor nerves

:
10

 .1 somatic nerves
somatic nerves system
.

voluntary

nerves
.2

autonomic nerves
autonomic nerves system
involuntary or visceral ,
.

autonomic nervous system

,
.

, ,
nervous system

sympathetic

parasympathetic nervous

system

thoracolumbar part

. craniosacral part

sense organs

. sensory receptors

.
:
11

 .1 interoceptors ,

visceroceptors ,

proprioceptors , .
.2

exteroceptors
,
eyes nose tongueskin .

:
.1 chemoreceptors

taste receptors

olfactory receptors olfactory epithelium

.

.2 mechanoreceptors
hearing receptors

equilibrium receptors
touch receptors

.3 thermoreceptors
. .
.4 photoreceptors
retina

rods

, cones
.
.

12


-1
( )
:
- 1 : .
- 2 : .
- 3 : .
- 4 : .

-2

)(Frequency Hz

Loudness dB.

( )

Hz

13

20-20,000

110-10

dB.

 -3
( ) :
_ :
, . , ,_ :
( -- )
.
_ :
,
.
* ( )
.
-4
( )

,
.

-5
,
:
14

 CNS . - (

) PNS

.
, ,
.

.

,
, .
-6
,
.
( ) <b>,
.
- 1 ( )
- 2 ( (.

- 3 .

- 4
.
- 5

,
.

- 6 1 .

15

).

- 7 (
-7
.
(

)Back

Feed

Auditory feed Back : ,

.
Tactile Feed Back : ()
.
Proprioceptive Feed Back : .
, .
Internal Feed Back :
, .

16