Midterm Examination Condensed Matter Physics 123A, Fall 2011 1. Atoms, coupled quantum systems, and crystal formation (a) Why are the quantum states of an atom labelled with n, 1, mi? (b) Make a drawing of the n~3, I=1, m=1 quantum state. (©) Consider two quantum states, with energies E, and E2, which are coupled with a coupling strength A. Describe this coupled two-level system and give an expression for the energy eigenvalues. (@ Explain covalent bonding. (¢) Explain sp’ hybridization. () Give the quantum-mechanical arguments (qualitatively) why inert gas atoms can form a crystal. cy) (g) Explain why Na and Cl atoms form a crystal. p raw & oN HT cnet £ wwiltar seb of operators (a) The opvalet HL ancl Le form a commilias ae god for thie spiem villa enkel polewbal Plnbg) = Rew Y@s. 8.9) = Rye Ya, Tram loog) 2 Puella) “1s rocipal gimme / a-comp of angle. folal angler momentum z pp. fo energy eigenvalues kere po = En2 ° * Ht) /_ D— tl?) Couplecl tyrlem has twonen energy levels, one lover anct one higher than both £7) anole @ ank bonding stale Cae Be Wehal walay of ebtbacunsdfaitin of 3 ET Ht ce ol nexhbenty atoms leacls to couplty , ont A Caveleat bones only for atau cil tiple leat than half > file/ oxter eledlron chellVO) an arty of alens flere ace many join tmuth-atow levels ols Cer Bick why —> bands of Lonny ue al hs shakes. Pend s bands stact overlap tng fer ‘shock atomic J sepaaons and fom view sp? ybecet boneting and Sp? Lyi anbcbonling shales. Wete that Sprclly om tlie! ale of stp is exiled to sip? to provide the pestibe lily to foun 4 covrlent bovels tartenel of jak 2. overlap of Pant? deanels le P lens oy bel a S sio3 stakes pp ° abomie- Separation 4) het atoms ave spherical symmeliie aud have & fall oulee eleilronr phel. Dae te vercuum flacksctions in the Eleclro- mmagneli filet there call be inolusecl olipele wromenty. The dlp moments leak fo an mteradlvn Leuplig which agate will have a bine gfe @) (My + sue —s ay + Sin — ye th balowe fi (a) {o) + 3 bie v NN 7a 794- BI -_ BOE) ht goin by fommitg fowic bowed , nS 2.® 2 3 2 2 4 Reciprocal lattice and X-ray scattering from a crystal (a) Describe in words what the reciprocal lattice of a crystal is and make a drawing of the reciprocal lattice for a simple cubic lattice with dimensions L? and lattice spacing a Indicate the boundary of the first Brillouin zone. (b) Give a set of primitive lattice translation vectors, a1, #2, s, for the body-centred cubic lattice. Give/derive the axis vectors, by, ba, bs, of the corresponding reciprocal lattice. (© X-ray diffraction is used for scattering experiments that provide information on the lattice structure. What approximate wavelengths are typically used for X-ray diffraction? Why can we not use visible light diffraction? (@) What is the origin of scattering of electromagnetic radiation from a certain (infinitesimally small) region dV of the crystal? (©) The elastic scattering amplitude of an incoming plane wave e” into an outcoming plane wave e””” is given by F = fav n(n) #7, = Give an expression for n(7) in terms of reciprocal lattice vectors G. ~ Derive the factor e**””, = Derive/explain the crystal scattering condition G=dk, with 4k= k’-k. - Explain how the results of X-ray diffraction provide information on Fourier components of the electron density. ae cher (9) A point in the teigtocel labkce teprerenls a plane wave @ The poids give! the alloves % vechor af flee wave . y © Th "5 a. The beundasy of ug in each dliteclion Cx y,2) 1 Spacty the. pede us), ‘ sp a = - ws) 20 (243) avi A foc Xvays Visidle light har « wavelengll around S50 nm which is vauch toe long to observe coustiuclive and oleslvuctive interference betveen scotlercel Light from neighboring ebomic layers Cepeuins 4