WOJK WLE_ aU

UB d w edO dMN _ qCH eF 1885

s U uJ U UN U YO U DO U UE U u
UI UN U UD d d bOu w nK UH
b bM pK  w WIO{ W l nK s U uN
UN UD 5 d b% U UN UD 5 d
d* q dOB WU  sL{ UI
v jO  ed dM UE u c wuU p l
W??L? E? U???? ? W?? d?? w?? u?? U??  f?? ?
qu ezU U?? WOJK U??B?
1937 U wu 1907 U UeOH w
Wd s e bF
UN w WdA
dJ dM

U/ WOzUdNJ dA b vK bLF qC UE

U b q YO uO UNdF w UOzuN vK
UULB d duKO WFC s dIU v
UNOKU U UB eN uD v Wd(
sdudu  UI UN bM  md  u1912

WLE_ WK* WU( dN v_ WO*UF d( w FM d 5LC b md  u 1933

VUM UQ WLE v WU( dN WdF* VK v WdJ F jD) d_ qI w ud
WdF* w uM' dN vK WOI w qL% WOd( sH  dzUD Ud*
b* Uu w WU w Y vK U BM UL U v_ WO*UF d( UN bF
UF pKN LK U& qJA Udu UI eN U U v WO UD; b be
U&U

1923 U bM Wd Xd WdA qIM* U) ud wL U* b U 1921

(Simplex) b
WdJ F UO t YO dO qJA dA uD b ud U WOU WO*UF d( uK
s Y b WOU WO*UF d( UNU UF* UU w tM vM ` wU qJA
Private Mobile Radio `KDB dN dJ F b dO ud nUNK bb u

WU) WUIM nUN WLE PMR

AT&T WdA U Mobile Telephone Services (MTS) qIM* nUN Wb) uN 1946
UO WU) UO  s bbF w l{u qIM* nUN U w{U* dI s UOMO L) w
WOJK ud eN r s qK c ued d bF UJ dOJ uD U d
WOzUdNJ WUDK UNN s iH

 b UN wd q be WdA dzb sJ b bOU qL wJK UN dN 1965

5uI l{ Y d b rOEM v WU( dH pK w dN UO  be s

UN UFdA
WU qIM* nUN Wb bI w U b* Uu w UdA s bbF dN b
XOI b WOK vK UUL dOB b0 WF  b XU UNMJ bu  UOUDd w
u Wb) w
dI s UOMOUL w uNE uD w uOK) nUN WLE b v
AT&T WdA WFU Bell Labs q s uOK) UEMK WO_ f XF{ b XU 5 w{U*

w (AMPS) dN 5 UOMOUL w du r UNIOD W UOuuMJ sJ 1948 U

s bbF w UEM c dA b 800MHz d UN hB WOJd b* Uu
rUF bK
UE dDO uOK nUN UEM WO dOUF l{ r bF U w GSM UE dN 1991
WOU) tMOQ rUF lOL w dO qJA dA rUF w uOK) nUN u vK GSM
tKL c rd fHM rUF s bbF w qIM hAK UJU qF Roaming u
w WOJK UIOD s bbF dN dO_ W w d_ Ue* s bbF v WU{U
qLF d UL

Bluetooth uuK WiFi U u q WMOF UIOD UB Ub sR

WOU UUO qI Ud UIOD s bbF sRO WuOK) UB w*U UE duD vK

s tS UI UNb v WU bu c w WeOK UKDBL s dOJ b dE
rQ b wQ ULO U I dBL b r s U bI UB c wUF dOH qC
WbL UKDBL
dBL

eOK vMFL

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication.

BSS

Base Station Subsystem.

NSS

Network Switching Subsystem.

OMSS

Operation And Maintenance Subsystem.

BTS

Base Transceiver Station.

BSC

Base Station Controller.

MSC

Mobile Switching Center.

GMSC

Gate way Mobile Switching Center.

PSTN

Public Switch Telephone network.

VLR

Visitor Location Register.

wdF vMFL
WKIML UB wLUF UEM
bUI WD wd UE
qu wd UE
WUOB qOGA wd UE
bUI UB WD
bUI WD w rJ UE
edL rIL
u rI
WUF nUN WJ
dze l
u q

HLR

Home Location Register.

EIR

Equipment Identity Register.

IMEI

International Mobile Equipment Identity .

AUC

Authentication center.

IMSI

International Mobile Subscriber Identity.

TMSI

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity.

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network.

SIM

Subscriber Identity Module.

AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System.

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service.

U OJK e qIM WUF Wb

EDGE

Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution.

.GSM WLE_ sL qIM bF

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.

HCMTS

High Capacity Mobile Telephone Services.

WF wU qIML nUN Wb

MS

Mobile Station.

uOK UNWKIML bu

ME

Mobile Equipment.

PIN

Personal Identification Number.

PUK

Personal Unblocking Key.

SMSC

Short Message Service Center.

VMS

Voice Mail System.

OSS

Operation Support System.

CCBS

Customer Care and Billing System.

NMC

Network Management center.

HSCSD

High Speed Circuit Switched Data.

TCH

Traffic Channel.

CCH

Control Channel.

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel.

CCCH

Common Control Channel.

WdA rJ UM

DCCH

Dedicated Control Channel.

WdJ rJ UM

CT2

Cordless Telephone 2.

DECT

Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone.

sL wL
d wJK nUN

FHSS

Frequency Hopping Spread spectrum.

dAML nOD d eH

WLL

Wireless Local Loop.

MSISDN

Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number.

wb dAL nU r

TDD

Time Division Duplexing.

wzUM wMe rOI UE

wOzd l
uL q
WKIML bu Wu q
WOb UN Wu
oOu ed
dALK WOb WuN
t
RL dAL Wu
IMLK WUF WO{_ WJA
dAL Wu W
UD
qIML nUNK uDL UEM

IMLK wLUF UB UE

qIML UN
wBA ndF r

wBA p r

dOBI qzUd Wb ed

wuB bd UE
qOGA r UE
duH sOdAL Ub UE
WJA ed
Wd WOU UUO qu
UuKFL qI UM

rJ UM

YU rJ UM

wU qO wJK nUN

WOJK WOKL b

WOK) bO WbOKI WOJK WLE_

sOQ WLE_ cN wU_ bN U WOU WOLUF d bF WbOKI WOJK WLE_ dN
(1) qJA kPSTN WUF nUN WJA UND WKIML UO UdLK UB
dB
WHOF{ U WOu XU wKUL UEM vK UUL
WL WLE WdA WdJF URL vK Wb w UNb
d_ UO U b v qI r Wd Wu
WbOKI WLE_ uO
UB se UNK WHKJ UH
qJ

WKIM* eN_ r WU{

b WOKb U d b U O b WODG WU 
UdI UM 25 5dA* bF b WF
dOHA UE b bF qHD WOUJ
WCHM UB u
(Cellular Systems)

WuOK) WLE_

d b U vL oUM v Wb WIDM rOI u WuK WLE_ w wU_ bL
fH b U w qb lML d qJ WCHM U W
U bU p WOK q WODG
W
UD WuOK eN b WU UM bF r pc (2) qJA w UL d WOK w d
` U d??_ s beL WU{S WuOK WLE_ WF U?? UJU ` UL WOU
qI v WU{U Ub s bbF WU{ r (3) qJA fK qJA U sO qIM UJU
v uD r _ qOU Xd wKUL UEM Wb w Xb WLE b dN uB
duD Y bO
WLE_ c XU wU qOU Xd wL
d UEM Xb d WLE
WOuL Xd Ub uB uB qI UNM Ub s bbF dOu UNz sO
wQ ULO YU qOU dF U U d WOUMB UL
_ bU WOdG WODG
UO_ c eOL d_ hK

 qJ

qJ
G1 1980

qO'

XOI UOMOF d w p uOK UEM b nOu vK _ UL qO c WLE XU

wKUL UEM bU eOL UOMOF qz v tb w
.FM

sOLC UE Analog wKUL UEM FDMA d rOI b XU UOuuMJ

UUO w HCMTS bu w NMT-900WOJd bL Uu w AMPS

WK?? ? ? 

qO hzUB
bu WO dOUF u bF WHK d vK bLF UEM w WIu dO
Wb * UOuuMJ nFC lu WF  b
wKUL UEM vK UUL WCHM u
dOHA UE UUL bF qHD b{ WUL( nF{
jI uB qI vK Ub) UB
G2 1992

wU qO'

UNKI Wd uD WOL
d b WUM uD bF WOL
d WOMI bU qO c WLE U
WLE cN WO dOUF l{ r b
_ qO WLEQ WUI WOUF UNUF eOL UUOK
UUA qN UL
QPSK sOLC WOL
d UOuuMJ CDMA FDMA TDMA uu UOMI b

UI U w GMSK

Wb
L WOMI

.TDMA b WOJd bL Uu DAMPS

WK?? ? ? 

.TDMA b rUF s bbF U GSM

.CDMA b WOJd bL Uu :(CDMAOne) IS-95

qO c eOL
5OU lu WOUJ WOHU WF
wLd 5LC vK UUL WOU u
WOLd dOHA UOMI tb qHD b{ Wu WUL
UdO fUH SMS uBM qI q Ub) s bbF dOu
WUDK iHM N r( dOG eN
wb u Wb
(Phase2) G2.5 2001- 1999

uD* wU qO'

UUO qI Wd Ue WOU{ WLE b r YO YU qO u u uD qO bF

qI Xd UIOD b s sJ c TDMA UE b w WIU wU qO WLE vK
bFL jzUu UUO
.GSM UE duD b GPRS

Wb
L WOMI

GSM WLE vK b w GPRS UE DAMPS UE duD b EDGE

.(CDMAONE) IS-95 duD b w CDMA2000 1X
G3 2001

YU qO'

bbF Z qUJ u tu b GSM UE WU wU qO WLE tII c dOJ UM bF
WOUMB UL
_ rE UML WLE WOJK nuN WuOK WLE_ qLA b UE w WLE_ s
iF b qO c WLE_ bu dOUF l{u WOb ULEML b bu wLU UE w UN
rUF s bbF UN XI r WOuM Uu UUO w uNEU WLE_ c
WCDMA uu UE YU qO' WLE b
b CDMA s u?? u WCDMA
id Y UD

Wb
L WOMI

UI U w QPSK 5LC
UUO U w

UMTS

WK?? ? ? 

qO c eOL
bu w*U UOI
1G

2G

ANALOG

GSM

2.5G
GPRS

3G

EDGE

Global Rooming

bu w*U u&

WCDMA

WuOK s WLE_ u nK 5

TDMA

UdO WOUM UL

cdmaone

CDMA2000 1

CDMA2000 1 EV-DO
CDMA2000 1 EV-DV

WOU UUO qI Wd
WuI WOuM bF* jzUu qI
WuOK WLE_ UO qJ

Xd l rzb UB
G4 2010
100Mbps

ld qO'

v qB WOU UUO qI Wd v uu u qO c w wU_ tu

Xd uud uM UJA uud b rO Xd ubOH UIOD b

l{u dG cN WLAN WOJK UJA b u d
p b qJ (IP Address)
(Picocells)100m s U b be b
UdA VUJL WOUJ UFL sO WOK U
bu WMbL q U VOd vb c

(GSM)

WKIM* UB w*UF UEM

WFU WuL1982 U XA fOUIL UHuL t XF{ YO U w

GSM UE u

w uOK UEM fOUI f l{ WuLL c b U (ITU-T) UB wb U

(GSM) wL U OLU dA 1991 U cM UEM c qOGA b b
bu
GA
bK 213 w Wb cN

690 s d UMN rUF u UA WLE_ d s GSM UE bF

u WOJ WLE_ u s % 82 s d t U qL dA UOK 2 UIU b rUF u

dOJ w tUA WuOK WLE_ UL Ub UIOD s bbF u 2006 UOzUB rUF
d_ WuOK WLE_ s bbF rN w bUO GSM UEM UM S hzUB s

GSM

UE v WU(

wL
UE duD v WU dN (AMPS) q WOKUL WuK WLE wKLF UM bF
WO UHuLU lL
uBK bO qI WOu
Xd fU ISDN UUO q d_ UB Ub v uu WOUJ
wdJ bd
XBM qHD lM1 WOU WOu U UE
PSTN WUF UB WJ WLE WF qU9 WF
dALK qGALK WCHM WHKJ
UO*U UA f
WOKI * WLE uD WOUJ

WOU_ eOL*
bu w*U UOI
WOLd WOMI b
.TDMA wMe rO I b uOK) lu d d UDMK UF b

qHD lM* u dOHA WUL UE

wBA dA* r bU w*UF u Wb
qIM* nUN UN dOOG WOUJ wUU dA* j UuKF qL c SIM dA* d
wBA rd dOOG
PSTN WUF UB WJ l tUB Ub) s bbFK dOu

UEM VOd
WO bu s

GSM UE uJ

MS uOK) UN' WKIM* bu

BSS bUI UD wd UE
NSS qu WJ wd UE
OMSS WUOB qOGA wd UE

(MS) WKIML bu

UD wd UE
(BSS) bUI

(NSS) qu WJ wd UE

d UJ

GSM UE VOd qJ

(MS)

WKIM* bu

dAL Wu W
UD qIML UN s uJ
uJ b??
GSM UE l ou UN u?? ME qIML UN
uL
UN q dF eML VJL w UU UO w bOU
UNKWOb WuN qL dO s eOL (IMEI) UOLU bd r
d
uB v WU{U UUO qd WKIML buK sJL qIML
d s UbF V 2W 0.8W sO UN WOUF W
UD d???
WKIM eN qJ

WKIML eN_ u iF sO (6) qJAWOK

r
vK u WO W
UD w SIM dAL Wu WUD

jG{ UN U??? IMEI ? ? WdFL

(* 06)

s dF bd wLU r
u IMSI dALK WOb WuN qL
r
d UEM s tD r dAL Wu vK GSM UE t
dALK wBA nUN

s WJA Ub nK v uu pc sR qIM UN vK UNb sJL UL
s dAL W
UD uJ jI uDK ULUJ qI qd WKIML buK sJL W
UD c
EEPROM WUJ dIK WKU
d ZdK (ROM) jI d
d vK u (Microcontroller) ZUF

(7) qJA jUUO se

RAM

I/O

uJ r
u PIN d r
bU W
UD WUL r
FLASH

UNb lML SIM dAL Wu W

UD w e UU WF s
CPU

TU qJA r
d U WU r W
d UOC WU w
(SIM)

d r
US UNO uu lML oKGM W
UD S d
wKb VOd qJ

dALK WdA e c (PUK) wBA p r

vL
W
UD tzd bM

Ciphering dOHA Authentication oOu WOKL w b w WHKL dOHA UL vK u UL

b dAL UUO UuKF UNO e dc b dAL Wu W

UD S p v WU{U
nu U
UL u qOb
: (BSS)

bUI UD wd UE

bUI UD w rJ UE bUI UB WD s uJ

Transceivers TRX UI U bF s d b vK u BTS bUI UB WD
wQ UL uI qIML UN l jd UB sR w d WOK b b

MSWKIM* bu l dOHA eOd UOKL

Multiplexing Zb UOKL
WKIM* bu UB d 5 Wd  WUL( Ue Frequency hopping d eH
bUI UB UD b sO (8) qJA
wK U0 uI BSC bUI UD w rJ UE
WU* d bUI UD0 rJ
Channel setup UB uM j{
U) 5handoverWUM* oO M
u WdA bU
UB WD qJ

WKIM* buK U WU bb%

UD qJ
bU
UB

WdA V U b v qB b
bUI UD s d bu WIU UOKLFU

BSS uI

UNK qIM WKIML buK sJL w WIDML w Location Area l

uL WIDM vL WIDM w WFUB
(10) qJALAIWIDML r
vL r
d WIDML dFl
uL Yb WU

NSS qu WJ wd UE

Ub nzU rEF S uI uOK UEM VB u
UB WJ l UEM q ULUJL WUF sOdAL
WOd WLE WOz WLE s uJ PSTN WUF
Wb WIDM qJ

WOzd WLE_
.(11) qJA w ULdze lu q oOu ed fOzd luL q edL r IL s uJ
dUM WOI BSC bUI UD w rJ WLE 5 jdU uI MSC ed* r I*
WO UN* 5Q UEM
BSS

NSS

(Authentication) oOu (Registration) qO 

PSTN

GMSC

(Location updating) lu* Yb%

BTS

5dALK duH UuKF qO

BSC

MSC

WOKb U*UJ* qu%

BTS

VLR

HLR

l UB 5Q
WOOzd WLE_ qJ

(GMSC)

uF r I l UB

(11) qJA dE WOJK WOJK  d_ UJA

WLz UUO bU w HLRfOzd lu* q

HLR

(12) qJs UuKF UNO q 5dALK

IMSI
MSISDN
LAI
A&C

(IMSI)
MSISDN wb dA* nU r

uLL Ub
dALK UN

dALK UN uL * Ub)
LAI dALK wU( lu*

wOzd l
uL q qJ

.(Authentication & Ciphering)

dOHA oOu u

oOu ed s W&UM

o * lb UuKF

AuC

HLR

(Roaming) u UuKF
A&C

qJA WDd WOL UUO bU wAuC oOu ed

oOu ZNM UNO q  HLR wU_ lu* q l fOz
U9 Wb * ud bu dA qJ WU) dHOA

oOu ed qJ

(Authentication & Ciphering) dOHA oOu wOKL

q w UNMe r r dAL tO buL VLR dze l

u q s VKD ud c bOu r
VLR q v UNM W U HLR
(13) qJ(HLR q U FU oOu ed dF l
u w
WR UUO bU s U VLRdze lu q

VLR
5dA* UUO

ed* r I* WIDM UD w U OU sbu* 5dALK

lu* q w uu* pK WIUD UUO w MSC
v UI nU q ULK b& HLR 5dALK wU_

TMSI
LAI

MSC ed* r I* s e uJ U UNKL WIDM

A&C

oOu WU w W*UJ* d VK WU w UNO ud r

s UuKF* qIM d v WIDM s dA* UI bM

dze l
u q qJ

qJA w UL bb'

VLR

q v .bI VLR q

wQU q  w e (14)
.HLR wU_ lu* q w uu* dA* UUO

q t H dze lu q w e bu UUO

VLR q q U OzuA bu IMSI s qb r u TMSI XR* dA* Wu r

dA* Wu Wd vK UHK
dA* lu bb% qN O LAI WIDM* r
(Authentication & Ciphering triplets) dOHA oOu u
WOdH WLE_
wuB bd UE dOBI qzUd ed WKIML bu Wu q s uJ
q  c kHEIR WKIM* bu Wu q
BSS

UN' U U tO q qIM UN qJ IMEI rd

qLFU t U dB qIM*
UN' U U w p

NSS

IMEI

EIR
BST

BSC

MSC

EIR
IMEI

lu 5 (15) qJAqLF s U uu Ud 

GSM WJ w

VK Registration qO WU w q cN ud r

GSM WJ w EIR l
u qJ

w rzuI s u W vK u WLUJ d
b; b XR* b WU w UN qJ IMEI r u% Gray List WUd WLzUI
d  uu UN qJ IMEI r vK u% Black List u  WLzUI
WOK; WJA bU UN dB* IMEI U s b vK u% White List UCO WLzUI
bUK q c v ld w bu WJA w MSC ed rI s d l q c jd
.ME WKIML bu WO s

nUN u
r EIR WKIML bu Wu q vK UM
p dL qJA q c Yb V c tC qIML
d eN W
d bb eN U WU w
WJA qGA

Wb e

XR* seK b UE u SMSC dOBI qzUd ed

bu 5 WU* dOBI qzUd UI U WOKL w
e WJA w Wb) wKGA l iF UNCF WKIM*
UE l MSC ed rI s d l qB 5KI * Wb)

dOBI qzUd ed qJ

(16) qJA k Voice Mail system wuB bd

 WKIM* bu bMVMS wuB bd UE

NSS

qzU se 5KBLK sJ1 WJA UD U UNd

VMS

q s U I UNUL wuB bd UE w WOu

ed od s WOu qzU uu t r dA*

SMSC
SMS

dALK dOB WU US

SMSC

dOBI qzUd

qB fUH UUO e wuB bdK sJ1 UL

ed l MSC ed rI s d l wuB bd
wuB bd UE qJ

(17) qJA k SMSC dOBI qzUd

(OMSS)

WUOB qOGA wd UE

(OMS) WUOB qOGA UE OSS qOGA r UE s U WUOB qOGA wd UE uJ

(18) qJA w UL
OMSS

(OSS) qOGA r UE
OMS

OSS

w WUOB qOGAK dN WL

w wQ
OMC-R

OMC-S

NMC

PCS

CCBS

WO WOzd U
s uJ WJA
WUOB qOGA wd UE qJ

(CCBS) duH 5dA* Ub UE

wQ U0 duH 5dA* Ub UE UN hK

SIM dA* WUD w HLR wU_ lu* q w dA* UUO
dOuH b UN'UF MSC Wed* rUI* s duH UUO lL
SIM dA* UUD qOGA qOFH WHK* lO UI l UB
5dALK UF Ub
CCBS

HLR
MSC

r I c w rPCS dA* Wu UUD b UE

rd UUO jd p SIM 5dA* UUD eON&
IMSIdOHA U/ 5dA* UUO l WUDK q K *
UE dS p dALK UN uL * Ub)
CCBS duH 5dA* Ub

dA* UUO

SIM

MSISDN

IMSI

IMSI

r
PIN d r
d UD rI c w r UL
lO ed v UNU q
W
UD qJ PUK

duH sOdAL Wb UE qJ

WHK* WUOB qOGA ed0 rJ Wd*U WJA ed uI NMC WJA ed
UNMO ULO oO M
OMS WUOB qOGA UE
s Uu UM OMC WUOB qOGA ed s d ed s WUOB qOGA UE uJ
WUOB qOGA ed
OMCR vL BSS bUI UD wd UE Wb) ed
OMCS vL NSS Wed* qu WJ wd UE Wb) ed
UD wd UE s qJ WUOB qOGA UNL uI WJA qUJ WUOB qOGA ed rJ
wQ ULO tUN hK NSS WedL qu WJ wd UE

BSS bUI

UD_ W'UF WFU

WOU{ WFu bUI UD rUI* UN
WJAK q_ b ULC WJA ULF UOzUB UUO vK uB(
WuN sR WOu WOuU qL UD d WUOB qOGA ed nK qOGA uu r
edL c w sOKUF q
s WLE_ c nKL rJ qOGA

GSM

? UE Ub

Ud s bI uU UNM WJA wKGA s bI uU UNM Ub s bbF GSM? WJ bI
WO UH w Ub c hOK sJL GSM ? WJ s WKI
Teleservices

UB Ub

q sOdAL sO UB u s bbF sR w GSM ? WJ s WbIL Ub w

fUH sms dOBI qzUd UUO WU;
Bearer Services

WDI v WDI Wb

U Wb wu UN WKIML bu bU p UuKFL U Wb c b

l UNUB UuKFL qIM UB uL qLF uU UN WKIML bu jd p UuKFL

(20) qJA w ULWOL

d UUO WJ l tD GSM WJ d d uU

WDI Wb qJ
WDI v

w Wb c s UH
d b v WKIM b s d v uU s Zd UHK* qI
wdJ bd Xd Ub
? UE vK uD WLE U r Ub 9600bit/s v qB uB
qI Wd vK uB sJL
WLE_ c d GSM Phase2 wU uD UE UEM c UbM vL UUO qI Wd Ue GSM
.(GPRS) U OJK e qIM WUF Wb UE

WOKOGA Ub)
q WOHUN UB bUL Ub w
UB WHKJ UN

(21) qJACaller ID qB* r UN

(22) qJACall Forwarding U*UJ* qu%

Call Waiting UE w W*UJ

Conference bF* b

(23) qJACall Parrying U*UJ* V

ULUJL r qJ

ULUJL qu qJ

UN qJ
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References:
Simon Haykin, Communication Systems ,4th Edition, Wiley & Sons, 2001.
Martin Roben, Analog And Digital Communication Systems, 4th Edition, Prentic Hall 1998.
Rodger E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson, Introduction to Digital Communications, Second Edition, Prentic Hall 2001.
Morris Tischler, Antennas And Transmission Lines.
Jack Hudson, Jerry Luecke, Baisic Communications Electronics.
Gordon L. Stuber, Principles of mobile communications, Second Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
Bruce R .Elbert, The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Artech house, 2004
Siegmund M. Redl, GSM and Personal Communications HandBook, Artech House, 1998
William Webb, The Complete Wireless Communications Professional , Artech House, 1999.
Juha Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications, Second Edition, Artech House ,2003.
Friedhelm Hillebrand ,GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication, Wiley ,2001.
William Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, McGraw Hill, 2001.
Gunnar Heine, GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology and Implementation, Artech House, 1998.
Tarmo Anttalaien, Introduction to telecommunication network engineering.
Stephen J .Bigelow, Joseph J. Carr, and Steve Winder, Understanding Telephone electronics.
Roger l. Freeman, Fundamental of Telecommunication.

Websites:
http://www.gsmworld.com.
http://www.howstuffworks.com.
http://www.web-ee.com.

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