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APPLICATION OF THE CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD FOR SEISMIC Evaluation of Structures PDF
APPLICATION OF THE CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD FOR SEISMIC Evaluation of Structures PDF
379
of the diagonal spring is necessary. The evaluation of the compression force fc based on the
failure criteria of Mann and Mller (Mann and Mller, 1985), which were slightly modified by
Crisafulli (Crisafulli, 1997). He replaced the stair distributed load over the length of a stone,
assumed by Mann and Mller, by a linear distribution. Additionally only shear failure in the
mortar joint and cracking failure of the stones are considered. In order to express the criteria
in terms of the angle , the vertical compression force fc was formulated as a function of the
compression principal stress. With theses assumptions the diagonal compression force of
the diagonal strut can be calculated with the following equations, by which fc,S represents the
compression force in the case of a shear failure an fc,C, represents the compression force in
the case of cracking failure.
fc ,S =
k*
fc ,C =
z,st
(1)
sin2
2,0 sin cos
4
To describe the cyclic behaviour of the masonry both the unloading curve and the reloading
curve were formulated. Because of the similar shape of both curves a general expression
was used (Eqs. 2, 3).
= a + ( b a )
=
+ 2
1 + ( ( 2 (1 + ) ) ) + ( 2 (1 + ) ) 2
(2)
a
E
E
;= a; = b
b a
Eb
Es
(3)
Therefore the starting point, the target point, the stiffness at both points and the secant
modulus is necessary. In Fig. 2 one can see, that the starting point of the unloading curve is
equal to the end point of the loading or reloading point. The target point is defined by the
plastic strain pl, which is the intersection of the abscissa with a line connected by the starting point and an artificial point A. For calculating the artificial point a method of Crisafulli
(Crisafulli, 1997) was applied, who has enhanced the original method proposed by Mander
(Mander, 1988). The plastic strain is also the starting point for reloading. Because of the
double curverture of the reloading curve, the general expression must be used twice. Firstly
from (pl=0, pl) till to the changing point (we, we) and secondly from the changing point till to
the target point (end, end). The complete hysteretic curve for the equivalent strut and all
equations, which are necessary are summarized in Fig. 2.
k = k fc ; k = k ent
pl = un
k fc
un
Em 0
ent k
1
1 + ent
0,6
c
c ; k
; k =
+ 0,05
c
ent
0,09
c
ent
fc
we = we end ; we = d +
d = pl
we
Ewe
; 0,5 we =
u2
0,9
c ent
Eent = ent Em 0 ; E pl = pl
Em 0
e
ent
c
; Ewe =
ent
; Ewi = 1.2 E pl
ent d
380
S. Schnepf et al.
381
transformed into the capacity curve and superimposed with the response spectra of the
Vrancea earthquake 1977. Finally, the probability of a given damage state was evaluated by
using fragility curves (Fig. 6). This procedure yields a result, by which the building will suffer
a collapse with a probability of 22%, a strong damage with a probability of 39%, a moderate
damage with a probability of 31% and so on.
Figure 4: Moment- and curvature distribution over the length of the structural element a) and
hysteretic rules of the beam-element b)
Figure 5: Test setup (left) and superposition of experimental and numerical results (right)
Figure 6: Performance of the CSM and damage evaluation of a seven-story, four-bay structure
382
S. Schnepf et al.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research project was developed within the scope of the Collaborative Research Center
(CRC) 461 'Strong Earthquakes: A Challenge for Geosciences and Civil Engineering', which
is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (German Research Foundation).
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