1

Eurocode Fire
Engineering Design
2

Steel stress-strain curves at high

temperatures
Stress (N/mm2)
300
 Steel softens progressively 20°C
from 100-200°C up. 250 200°C
 Only 23% of ambient- 300°C
temperature strength 200 400°C
remains at 700°C. 500°C
150
 At 800°C strength reduced
to 11% and at 900°C to 600°C
100
6%.
50 700°C
 Melts at about 1500°C.
800°C
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Strain (%)
3

Concrete stress-strain curves at high

temperatures
Normalised stress

 Concrete also loses 1.0 20°C

strength and stiffness 0.9
from 100°C upwards. 200°C
0.8
 Does not regain strength 0.7
on cooling. 0.6
400°C
 High temperature 0.5
properties depend mainly 0.4
on aggregate type used. 0.3 600°C
0.2 800°C
0.1 1000°C
0
1 2 3 4
Strain (%)
4

The fire triangle

Heat

Fuel + Oxidant = Combustion products

CH4 + O2 = CO2 + 2H20

Reaction
occurs when
Oxygen/fuel
mixture hot
enough

Fuel Oxygen
5

Stages of a natural fire - and the

standard fire test curve
Temperature
Post-Flashover
Pre-Flashover 1000-1200°C

Flashover

Natural fire curve

ISO834 standard fire

curve

Time
Ignition - Smouldering Heating Cooling ….
6

The EC1 (ISO834) standard fire

curve
Gas Temperature (°C)
1000
945
900
842
800 781
739
700 675
600 576
500
400 20  345 log( 8t  1 ) { t in min utes }
300
200
100
0
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
Time (sec)
7

Different EC1 time-temperature

curves
Gas Temperature (°C)
 Fire resistance times 1200 Hydrocarbon Fire
based on standard
furnace tests - NOT on 1000
survival in real fires.
Standard Fire
800
 EC1 Parametric Fire External Fire
temperature-time curves. 600
Based on fire load and
compartment properties 400 Typical EC1
(<100m2). Only allowed Parametric fire
with calculation models. 200 curve

0 1200 2400 3600

Time (sec)
8

Time-equivalence

 Matches times to given

Load-bearing
temperature in a natural fire Natural fire

resistance
and in Standard Fire.

Standard fire
 Used to rate fire severity or
element performance relative
to furnace test.
Time
Temperature
Fire severity time
equivalent Compartment

Element
Fire resistance
time equivalent
Time
9
Furnace tests on structural
Fire Testing
 Load kept constant, fire
temperature increased using
Standard Fire curve.
 Maximum deflection criterion
for fire resistance of beams.
 Load capacity criterion for
fire resistance of columns.
elements
Problems
 Limited range of spans
feasible, simply supported
beams only.
 Effects of continuity ignored.
Beams fail by “run-away”.
 Restraint to thermal expansion
by surrounding structure
ignored.
10

Standard fire resistance furnace

test

Deflection (mm)
300

200

100

0 1200 2400 3600

Time (sec)
11

Standard fire resistance furnace

test

Deflection (mm)
300
Span2/400d
If rate <
200 span2/9000d
Span/30

100

Standard Fire

0 1200 2400 3600

Time (sec)
12

Structural fire protection

Passive Protection
 Insulating Board
 Gypsum, Mineral fibre, Vermiculite.
 Easy to apply, aesthetically acceptable.
 Difficulties with complex details.

 Cementitious Sprays
 Mineral fibre or vermiculite in cement binder.
 Cheap to apply, but messy; clean-up may be expensive.
 Poor aesthetics; normally used behind suspended ceilings.

 Intumescent Paints
 Decorative finish under normal conditions.
 Expands on heating to produce insulating layer.
 Can now be done off-site.
 Inherent fire protection to steel
13

beams

Downstand Beam Shelf-angle Beam

“Slim-floor” Systems
 Steel stress-strain curves at high
14

temperatures
Stress (N/mm2)
300
 Strength/stiffness reduction 20°C
factors for elastic modulus 250 200°C
and yield strength (2% 300°C
strain). 400°C
200
500°C
 Elastic modulus at 600°C 150
reduced by about 70%.
600°C
100
 Yield strength at 600°C
reduced by over 50%. 50 700°C
800°C
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Strain (%)
15

Degradation of steel strength and

stiffness
% of normal value
• Strength and stiffness
reductions very similar 100 Effective yield strength
for S235, S275, S355 Rft (at 2% strain)
structural steels and 80
hot-rolled reinforcing SS
bars. (SS)
60
• Cold-worked reinforcing SS
Rft
bars S500 deteriorate 40
more rapidly. (Rft)
20 Elastic modulus

0 300 600 900 1200

Temperature (°C)
16

Degradation of concrete strength

and stiffness
Strength reduction factors Strength (% of normal) Strain (%)
 Accurate for normal 6
density concrete with
100 Lightweight Concrete 5
siliceous aggregates.

4
 Conservative for normal Strain at maximum
density concrete with strength 3
calcareous aggregates,. 50
Normal-weight
2
Concrete
 Conservative for light-
weight concretes. All 1
types treated the same.
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (°C)
17

Thermal expansion of steel and

concrete
Expansion
Coeff /°C (x 10-6)
• Steel thermal expansion 4,5
stops during crystal 4,0
structrure change in the Normal-weight
3,5 concrete
700-800°C range.
3,0
• Concrete unlikely to reach 2,5
700°C in time of a building 2,0 Steel
fire.
1,5
• Light-weight concrete 1,0
treated as having Lightweight concrete
0,5
uniform thermal
expansion coefficient. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Temperature (°C)
18

Other steel thermal properties

Thermal conductivity Specific Heat

(W/m°K) (J/kg°K)

60 5000
a=45W/m°K (EC3 simple
50 calculation model) ca=600J/kg°K
4000
(EC3 simple
40
3000 calculation
Steel model)
30
2000
20 Steel
10 1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
19

Establishing Fire Resistance:

Strategies

Eurocodes allow fire

resistance to be established • Usually only directly
in any of 3 “domains”: feasible using advanced
calculation models.
Time: tfi.d > tfi.requ
Load resistance: Rfi.d.t > Efi.d.t • Feasible by hand
calculation. Find
Temperature: cr.d > d reduced resistance at
design temperature.
• Most usual simple EC3
method. Find critical
temperature for loading,
compare with design
temperature.
20

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE

Building
Regulations
tfi.requ
21

Minimum fire resistance periods -

UK Building Regulations
Basements Above Ground
> 10m < 10m < 5m < 20m < 30m > 30m
Offices:
To storey
Non- 90 60 30 60 90 NO!
floor level
sprinkler
Sprinkler 60 60 30 30 60 120
Shops,
Commercial:
Non- 90 60 60 60 90 NO!
sprinkler
Sprinkler 60 60 30 60 60 120
Car Parks:
Open-sided 15 15 15 60
Other 90 60 30 60 90 120
22

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t

Building
Regulations
tfi.requ
23

Load reduction factor in fire

Either ….. E fi .d .t
 fi  Relative to ambient-temperature
design resistance
Rd

Or more E fi .d .t Relative to ambient-temperature

usefully…..  fi  design load (more conservative)
Ed

 GAGk   1.1Qk .1
 fi 
 G Gk   Q .1Qk .1
24

EC3 partial safety factors

Ambient temperature strength design

G = 1,35 Permanent loads;
Q.1 = 1,5 Combination factor; variable loads

In Fire limit state

GA = 1,0 Permanent loads; accidental design situations
1.1 = 0,5 Combination factor; variable loads, offices
25

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t

Classify member

Building
Regulations
tfi.requ
26

Member classification in fire

Members with low strains in compression flange:

• Compression members
• Simple beams supporting a concrete slab on the top flange
• Class 3 or 4 sections
… classified as at ambient
Element Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
temperature. Flange & web
proportions compared with
Flange c/tf=10 c/tf=11 c/tf=15
[x Factor from 5.3.1 in
EC3 Part 1-1] Compressed d/tw=72 d/tw=83 d/tw=124
web
where
235
 Web in d/tw=33 d/tw=38 d/tw=42
fy bending
27

Member classification in fire

Members which may have high strains in compression flange:

• Tension members
• Beams with four-sided exposure

… classified using  modified Element Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

for high temperature
material properties.
Flange c/tf=10 c/tf=11 c/tf=15
Flange & web proportions
compared with [x Factor Compressed d/tw=72 d/tw=83 d/tw=124
from 5.3.1 in EC3 Part 1-1] web

where
235 k E . Web in d/tw=33 d/tw=38 d/tw=42
 bending
f y k y .
28

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t

Classify member

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules

Rfi.d.20

Degree of utilisation

Building
Regulations
tfi.requ
29

The “Degree of Utilisation”

… is the design loading of a member in fire, E fi .d

as a proportion of its resistance at ambient
0 
temperature (t=0) but including material R fi .d .0
safety factors for the fire limit state.

A simple version of  can be used when no chance

Degree of Utilisation: of overall or lateral-torsional
buckling …
  M . fi   conservative if fi calculated
0   fi   as proportion of design
  M1  loading at ambient
temperature.

For steel, material partial safety factors M1=1,1 M.fi=1,0

30

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t

Classify member

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules

Rfi.d.20

Degree of utilisation

Building
Regulations
Critical temperature tfi.requ
cr.d
31

Critical temperatures of steel

members
Critical Temperature (°C)
• Based on Standard 800
 1 
Fire Test. Simple  cr  39 ,19 ln   1  482
700  0 ,9674  3 ,833
0 
members only.
600 Class 1, 2, 3
• Non-slender sections
sections
(Classes 1, 2, 3) 500
treated the same.
400
• Slender (Class 4)
sections treated 300 Class 4
conservatively sections
200
(350°C).
100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Degree of Utilisation 0
32

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t Find Section Factor
Am/V
Classify member

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules

Rfi.d.20

Degree of utilisation

Building
Regulations
Critical temperature tfi.requ
cr.d
 Section factor Am/V - unprotected
33

steel members
b

perimeter exposed perimeter 2(b+h)

c/s area c/s area c/s area
34
Section factor Am/V - inherently
protected systems

exposed perimeter exposed plate exposed flange

Total c/s area Total c/s area Total c/s area
35

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t Find Section Factor
Am/V
Classify member

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules Iterate temp./time

Rfi.d.20 until d > cr.d
at tfi.d
Degree of utilisation

Building
Regulations
Critical temperature tfi.requ
cr.d
36

Temperature increase of
unprotected steel

Temperature increase in time step t:

Fire
Steel
1 Am temperature
 a .t  hnet .d t temperature
ca  a V
Steel
Heat flux hnet.d has 2 parts:

Radiation:

Convection:
37

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t Find Section Factor
Am/V
Classify member

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules Iterate temp./time

Rfi.d.20 until d > cr.d
at tfi.d
Degree of utilisation

Is Building
Regulations
Critical temperature
tfi.d > tfi.requ
tfi.requ
cr.d ??
 Section factor Ap/V - protected
38

steel members
b

inner perimeter
Steel perimeter of board 2(b+h)
steel c/s area steel c/s area c/s area
39

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process (protected steel)
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t Find Section Factor
Ap/V
Classify member

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules Iterate temp./time

Rfi.d.20 until d > cr.d
at tfi.d
Degree of utilisation

Building
Regulations
Critical temperature tfi.requ
cr.d
40

Temperature increase of
protected steel
• Some heat stored in protection Fire
layer. temperature
Steel
temperature
• Heat stored in protection layer
relative to heat stored in steel

cp  p Ap Steel
 dp
ca  a V Protection

• Temperature rise of steel in time

dp
increment t
 p / d p Ap  1 
 a .t    g .t   a .t  t   e / 10  1  g .t
ca  a V  1   / 3 
41

Establishing fire resistance: the

simple process (protected steel)
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE
Action in fire limit state Efi.d.t Find Section Factor
Ap/V
Classify member

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules Iterate temp./time

Rfi.d.20 until d > cr.d
at tfi.d
Degree of utilisation

Is Building
Regulations
Critical temperature
tfi.d > tfi.requ
tfi.requ
cr.d ??
42

Adaptation factors - beam with

concrete slab on top flange
Factors used to allow for non-uniform
temperature distribution for both
Moment Resistance:
  M .1  1
M fi .t .Rd  M Rd k y .  
  
 M . fi  1 2
Shear Resistance
Temp   M .1  1
V fi .t .Rd  VRd k y . .max  
  
 M . fi  1 2
 =1,0 for uniform c/s temperature, 0,7 for slab on top flange.
1

 =0,85 at supports of statically indeterminate beam, 1,0 for

2
all other cases (temperature distribution along beam).
43

Unrestrained beams

• In the Load Resistance domain

lateral-torsional buckling capacity
at compression flange maximum   LT . fi  1
M b . fi .t .Rd  W pl . y k y . .com f y  
temperature a.com is  1,2   M . fi
• reduced yield strength of
compression flange = ky..com fy at
 a.com
• reduction factor LT.fi for flexural
buckling based on normalised No need to consider
slenderness : lateral-torsional buckling
LT . .com  LT k y . .com / k E . .com unless  LT . .com  0 ,4

• Correction factor of 1,2 simply

allows for uncertainties.
44

Compression members of Class

1, 2 or 3
• In the Load Resistance domain
buckling capacity at maximum
  fi  1
temperature a.max is N b . fi .t .Rd  Ak y . .max f y  
 1,2   M . fi
• reduced yield strength = ky..max fy at
 a.max
Bracing
• reduction factor fi for flexural
system
buckling based on:
• Buckling curve (c) lfi=0,7L
• Effective lengths in fire as
shown.
• Correction factor of 1,2 simply
allows for uncertainties. lfi=0,5L
• Normalised slenderness is

 .max   k y . .max / k E . .max

 45

Design example

Materials: Gk+Q Major Beam (composite)

K.1
Steel grade S275
Lightweight concrete C40 (slabs) D E
Tie
F

Frame spacing 6,0 m G +Q

k K.1
G +Q
k K.1
3,5m

Characteristic loadings (kN/m2): A B C

Minor Beam (steel) 3,5m
Permanent Gk = 1,9 G +Q
k K.1
G +Q
k K.1
Primary Variable Qk,1= 3,8

Design Loads on Beams G +Q G +Q 3,5m

k K.1 k K.1
(kN/m):
G

Using G = [1,35] and Q.1 = [1,50] Column (steel

3,5m
or composite)
Permanent Gd= 15,39 H

Variable Qd= 34,2

5m 5m
46

Tension member: strength

design

Design Loading: NSd= 247,95 kN

Try IPE 100: (100x55x8kg/m)

Design resistance: Npl.Rd = Anetfy / M0

IPE 100 3,5m
EC3 Pt 1.1 (5.4.3) = 1030 x 0,275 / [1,1]
= 257,5 kN

> 247,95

... therefore OK.

247,95 kN
47

Tension member: critical

temperature
Design loading in fire: Nfi.d = fi NSd
(2.4.3) Combination factor, 1.1 = 0,5
Gk.1 / Qk = 2,0
(Fig. 2.1) Load reduction factor, fi = 0,46
Nfi.d = 0,46 x 247,95 = 114 kN
Design resistance at 20°C, using fire safety factors:
(4.2.3.1) Nfi.20.Rd = ky.20 NRd (M.1 / M.fi)
(Table 3.1) Strength reduction factor ky.20 = 1,0
Nfi.20.Rd =1,0 x 257,5 x ( [1,1] / [1,0] )
= 283,25 kN
Critical temperature: Degree of utilisation 0 = Nfi.d / Nfi.20.Rd
(4.2.4) = 114/283,25
= 0,40 114 kN
(Table 4.1) Critical temperature  = 619°C
48

Tension member: fire resistance

time

Change of steel temperature in time t: Temp (°C)

(EC1 Pt 2.2) 800 ISO834
(2.5.1)a.t = 1 / (ca a ) Am/V hnet.d t 700
Section factor Am/V = 388,1 m-1 600
Steel member
Specific heat of steel ca = 600 J/kg°K 500
Density of steel a = 7850 kg/m3 400
Net heat flux/unit area hnet.d for ISO834 300
Standard Fire: 200
Using f = 0,8 and m = 0,625. 100
By calculation using spreadsheet with 0 500 1000 1500
t = 5 sec …. Time (sec)
Time for the unprotected steel to reach critical temperature = 9 min 40 sec.
49

Tension member: fire protection

Temp (°C)
60 minutes' fire protection required: 1000
ISO834
Encase with 20mm Gypsum board: 900
Density  = 800 kg/m3
p
800
Bare steel member
700
Specific heat cp = 1700 J/kg°K
600
Th. conductivity p = 0,2 W/m°K 500
Section factor Ap/V = 300,97 m-1 400
300
Temperature increase of steel in time 200 With 20mm board
t in the Standard Fire: 100
 = (c  d /c  ) A /V =1,738
p p p a a p 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
 =  /(d c  ) A /V [1/(1+/3)] ( - )t - (e -1)  Time (sec)
a.t p p a a p g.t a.t
/10
g.t

At 60 minutes steel temperature  =613°C (< 619°C critical temperature).

a

… so 20mm gypsum boarding provides 60 minutes’ fire protection.

50

Steel beam: strength design

Applied bending moment: 49,59 kN/m

MSd = 49.59x52/8
= 154,97 kNm IPE 300
Try IPE 300: (300x150x42kg/m)
Section Classification: 5m

EC3 Pt 1.1= (235/fy)0,5 = 0,92

Table 5.3.1 d/tw = 248,6/7,1 = 37,5 < 72x0,92
c/tf = 7,0 < 10x0,92 ... The section is Class 1.
Moment Resistance:
5.5.2 Floor slab gives full restraint to top flange; no lateral-torsional buckling.
5.4.5.2 Resistance Moment Mpl.Rd = Wpl.x fy/M.0 = 157 kNm > 154.97 … OK
Shear Resistance:
Applied shear VSd = 123,97 kN
Shear area Av= 2567 mm2
5.4.6 Resistance Vpl.Rd = 2567x0,275/(1.732x[1,1]) = 370 kN > 123,97 ... OK
51

Steel beam: design resistance at

20°C
Design loading in fire:
71,25 kN/m
2.4.3 Mfi.d = fi MSd
Combination factor 1.1 = 0,5
Gk,1 / Qk = 2,0
Fig. 2.1 Reduction factor fi = 0,46
Mfi.d = 0,46x154,97 = 71,25 kNm
Design resistance at 20°C, using fire safety factors:
For a Class 1 beam with uniform temperature distribution,
4.2.3.3 Resistance moment at temperature  is Mfi.Rd = ky. (M.1/M.fi) MRd
Strength reduction factor for 20°C: ky.20 = 1,0

 M.1 = [1,1] and M.fi = [1,0]

Resistance moment for strength at 20°C is MRd = 157 kNm
M = 1,0x([1,1] / [1,0])x157 = 172.7kNm
52

Steel beam: critical temperature

For a beam supporting a concrete 71,25 kN/m

slab on top flange:
4.2.3.3 Mfi.t.Rd = Mfi..Rd/12
 1 = [0,7]
 2 = 1,0
Mfi.t.Rd = 172,7/([0,7]x1,0) = 246,7 kNm

Critical Temperature of the Beam:

4.2.4 Degree of utilisation 0 = 71,25/246,7 = 0,289

Table 4.1 Critical temperature of beam cr = 669.5 °C
53

Steel beam: fire resistance time

Change of steel temperature in time t: Temp (°C)

(EC1 Pt 2.2) 1000
(2.5.1)a.t = 1 / (ca a ) Am/V hnet.d t
900 ISO834
800
For 3-sided exposure: 700 Bare steel member
Section factor Am/V = 187,7 m -1
600
Specific heat of steel ca = 600 J/kg°K 500
Density of steel a = 7850 kg/m3 400
Net heat flux/unit area hnet.d for ISO834 300
Standard Fire: 200
Using  = 0,8 and  = 0,625.
f m
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
By calculation using spreadsheet with
Time (sec)
t = 5 sec ….
Time for unprotected beam to reach critical temperature = 15 min 25 sec.
54

Steel beam: fire protection

60 minutes' fire protection required: Temp (°C)

1000
Encase with 15mm Gypsum board:
900
Density  = 800 kg/m3
p 800 ISO834
Specific heat cp = 1700 J/kg°K 700 Bare steel member

Th. conductivity p = 0,2 W/m°K 600

500
Section factor Ap/V = 139,4 m-1
400
300
Temperature increase of steel in time 200
t in the Standard Fire: With 15mm board
100
 = (c  d /c  ) A /V = 0,604
p p p a a p 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
 =  /(d c  ) A /V [1/(1+/3)] ( - )t - (e -1) 
a.t p p a a p g.t
Time (sec)
a.t
/10
g.t

At 60 minutes steel temperature  =570°C (< 669,5°C critical

a
temperature).
… so 15mm gypsum boarding provides 60 minutes’ fire protection.
 55

Steel column: strength design

Design Loading: NSd= 991,8 kN

Try HEB 180: (180x180x51kg/m) 991,8 kN
Section Classification: = (235/fy)0,5 = 0,92
EC3 Pt 1.1 d/tw = 122/8,5 = 14,4 < 33x0,92
Table 5.3.1 c/tf = 90/14 = 6,4 < 10x0,92 … Class 1
Compression Resistance:
5.5.1.4 Slenderness  = 3,5 / 0,046 = 76,6
5.5.21 = 86,8 3,5m HEB 180
Normalised slenderness =  = 0,88
T 5.5.2 Reduction factor  = 0,61
5.5.1.1A = 1 for Class 1 sections
Buckling resistance Nb.Rd = AAfy/M.1
= 0,61 x 1 x 6530 x 0,275 / 1,1 > 991,8 ... OK
56

Steel column: design resistance

at 20°C
Design loading in fire: Nfi.d = fi NSd
Combination factor 1.1 = 0,5 456 kN
Gk.1/Qk = 2,0
Fig. 2.1Reduction factor fi = 0,46
Nfi.d = 0,46x991,8 = 456 kN
Design Resistance at 20°C, using fire safety factors:
4.2.3.2 Nb.fi.t.Rd = (fi/1,2) Aky..max (fy/M.fi)
Effective length factor = 0,7 (pinned base)
Pt 1.1: 5.5.1.4 Slenderness = 53,6
5.5.2 1 = 86,8
Normalised slenderness  = /1 = 0,62
20 = 0,62 (k /k
y.20.max ) E.20.max
for  = 20°C, k =k
y.20.max = 1,0
E.20.max

Pt 1.2 Reduction factor in firefi = 0,77

4.2.4 N = (0,77/1,2)x6530x1x0,275/1 = 1159,6
57

Steel column: critical

temperature, fire resistance time
Critical Temperature of column: Temp (°C)
4.2.4 Deg. Util. 0 = 456/1160 = 0,39 1000
T 4.1 Critical temperature cr = 622,4°C 900 ISO834
800
Fire Resistance Time: Bare steel member
700
Change of steel temperature in time t: 600
(EC1 Pt 2.2) 500
(2.5.1)a.t = 1/(caa) Am/V hnet.d t 400
Section factor Am/V = 158,8 m-1 300
200
Specific heat ca = 600 J/kg°K
100
Density of steel a = 7850 kg/m 3
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Time (sec)
By calculation using spreadsheet with t = 5 sec …
Time for unprotected column to reach critical temperature = 14 min 55 sec.
58

Steel column: fire protection

60 minutes' fire protection required: Temp (°C)

1000
Encase with 10mm Gypsum board:
900
Density  = 800 kg/m3
p 800 ISO834
Specific heat cp = 1700 J/kg°K 700 Bare steel member

Th. conductivity p = 0,2 W/m°K 600

10mm board
500
Section factor Ap/V = 110,3 m-1
400
300
Temperature increase of steel in time 200 15mm board
t in the Standard Fire: 100
 = (c  d /c  ) A /V = 0,604
p p p a a p 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
 =  /(d c  ) A /V [1/(1+/3)] ( - )t - (e -1) 
a.t p p a a p g.t
Time (sec)
a.t
/10
g.t

At 60 min steel temperature  =659,8°C (>622,4°C critical temperature).

a

Use 15mm board instead - the temperature rises to 508 °C in 60 minutes