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Manual PDF
Manual PDF
Abdullatif Al-Shuhail
Associate Professor of Geophysics
Earth Sciences Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM)
Box 5070, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Tel. (966) 3 860-3584 Fax (966) 3 860-2595
e-mail: ashuhail@kfupm.edu.sa
Executive Summary
Table of Contents
Page
Topic
1. Introduction
2. Installation
2.1 Linux OS
2.2 SU Installation
3. Seismic Data Processing Tutorial
3.1 Preprocessing and data manipulation
10
13
13
3.1.1 Objective
13
3.1.2 Introduction
13
14
3.1.4 Exercises
14
18
3.2.1 Objective
18
3.2.2 Introduction
18
3.2.3 Exercises
18
4
3.3 Deconvolution
21
3.3.1 Objective
21
3.3.2 Introduction
21
3.3.3 Exercises
22
25
3.4.1 Objective
25
3.4.2 Introduction
25
3.4.3 Exercises
25
29
3.5.1 Objective
29
3.5.2 Introduction
29
3.5.3 Exercises
29
33
3.6.1 Objective
33
3.6.2 Introduction
33
3.6.3 Exercises
33
3.7 Migration
37
3.7.1 Objective
37
3.7.2 Introduction
37
3.7.3 Exercises
37
4. Further Readings
41
5. CDROM Contents
42
6. Acknowledgements
43
1. Introduction
There are three primary stages in processing seismic data. In their usual order of
application, they are:
Deconvolution: It increases the vertical (time) resolution.
Stacking: It increases the S/N ratio.
Migration: It increases the horizontal resolution.
Secondary processes are implemented at certain stages to condition the data and
improve the performance of these three processes.
6
Setup of field geometry: The geometry of the field is written into the data (trace
headers) in order to associate each trace with its respective shot, offset, channel,
and CDP.
Application of field statics: In land surveys, elevation statics are applied to bring
the traveltimes to a common datum level.
(1) Deconvolution is performed along the time axis to increase vertical resolution by
compressing the basic seismic wavelet to approximately a spike and attenuating
multiples.
(2) CDP sorting transforms the data from shot-receiver (shot gather) to depth point-offset
(CDP gather) coordinates using the field geometry information.
4. Velocity analysis is performed on selected CDP gathers to estimate the stacking,
RMS, or NMO velocities to each reflector. Velocities are interpolated between the
analyzed CDPs.
5. Residual statics correction is usually needed for most land data. It corrects for
variations in the lateral velocity and thickness of the weathering layer.
6. NMO correction and muting: The stacking velocities are used to flatten the
reflections in each CDP gather (NMO correction). Muting zeros out the parts of
NMO-corrected traces that have been excessively stretched due to NMO correction.
7. Stacking: The NMO-corrected and muted traces in each CDP gather are summed
over the offset (stacked) to produce a single trace. Stacking M traces in a CDP
increases the S/N ratio of this CDP by M .
8. Poststack processing includes time-variant band-pass filtering, dip filtering, and other
processes to enhance the stacked section.
9. Migration: Dipping reflections are moved to their true subsurface positions and
diffractions are collapsed by migrating the stacked section.
7
1.2 The Linux Operating System
Apart from the fact that it's freely distributed, Linux's functionality, adaptability
and robustness, has made it the main alternative for proprietary Unix and Microsoft
operating systems. IBM, Hewlett-Packard and other giants of the computing world have
embraced Linux and support its ongoing development. Well into its second decade of
existence, Linux has been adopted worldwide primarily as a server platform. Its use as a
home and office desktop operating system is also on the rise. The operating system can
also be incorporated directly into microchips in a process called "embedding" and is
increasingly being used this way in appliances and devices.
8
regardless of his/her knowledge of computers. Those curious to see the capabilities of
Linux can download a live CD version called Knoppix . It comes with everything you
might need to carry out day-to-day tasks on the computer and it needs no installation. It
will run from a CD in a computer capable of booting from the CD drive. Those choosing
to continue using Linux can find a variety of versions or "distributions" of Linux that are
easy to install, configure and use. Information on these products is available at
www.linux.org/dist/index.html (www.linux.org, 2007).
Seismic Unix (SU) package is a free software developed and maintained by the
Center for Wave Phenomena (CWP) at Colorado School of Mines. The package is
maintained and expanded periodically, with each new release appearing at 3 to 6 month
intervals, depending on changes that accumulate in the official version here at CWP. The
package is distributed with the full source code, so that users can alter and extend its
capabilities. The philosophy behind the package is to provide both a free processing and
development environment in a proven structure that can be maintained and expanded to
suit the needs of a variety of users.
9
those tasks alone. The commands may have options that permit variations on those tasks,
but the fundamental idea is one-program, one-task. Because Unix is a multi-tasking
operating system, multiple processes may be strung together in a cascade via ``pipes'' (|).
10
2. Installation
2.1 Linux OS
This step is important because the Linux OS will not install on a Windows-formatted
hard disk partition (i.e., FAT, FAT32, or NTFS) .
The most widely used software for partitioning is Partition Magic by PowerQuest,
which can be downloaded by KFUPM students from soft.kfupm.edu.sa (also included
in this CD).
One Linux Swap partition with 1 GB size (or equal to twice the size of
your PC RAM).
11
4. Apply the changes to your system and reboot the computer.
Follow the following steps for installing the Redhat Linux OS on your PC hard disk:
1. Insert CD 1 into your CDROM drive and reboot your system from the CDROM.
2. Follow instructions until you reach the installation type step where you should
choose Standalone Development Workstation.
3. Follow instructions until you reach the partitioning step, where you should do the
following:
o Do not re-partition the hard disk using the Linux partition utility.
o Mount the 5-GB partition as /.
o Mount the 9-GB partition as /home.
4. Follow instructions until you reach the network setup step, where you should skip
it.
5. Follow instructions until you reach the Linux loader step, where you should do
the following:
o Use LILO as the OS loader.
o Make Windows the default OS.
o Create a Startup disk (if you like).
6. Follow instructions until you reach the root password step, where you should
enter the root password of your choice (to be used for Linux OS administration).
7. Follow instructions until you reach the Add Users step, where you should create
the username seismic and select a password for this account.
8. Follow instructions until installation ends, remove any disks, and restart the PC.
9. When the PC restarts and prompts you to select the OS, select Linux.
12
More details on Redhat Linux installation can be found in the file Redhat-LinuxInstallation-Guide.pdf in this CD.
2.2 SU Installation
Follow the following steps for installing SU under the Linux OS of your PC:
o Choose the KDE session as your desktop.
o Login as seismic (not root!).
o Open Konqueror by following: Start > Internet > Konqueror.
o Navigate to the directory /home/seismic.
o Make a directory called su within the directory /home/seismic by rightclicking in an empty area of the files panel within Konqueror.
o Use Konqueror to navigate to the /home/seismic directory.
o In Konqueror, go to View and select Show Hidden Files.
o Right-click on the file called .bash_profile and Rename it to
.bash_profile_original.
o Copy the file .bash_profile in this CD to the directory /home/seismic.
o Re-login as user.
o Open Konqueror and download the current version (version 40 in this case) of SU
using the following steps:
o Type the following address into the address line of Konqueror:
ftp://ftp.cwp.mines.edu/pub/cwpcodes/
o Use your KFUPM internet proxy, account, and password.
o Download the file: cwp_su_all_40.tgz and save it in the /home/seismic/su
directory.
13
o Open a terminal by right-click on an empty area in the screen and selecting
Konsole.
o Within the terminal, go to the /home/seismic/su directory using the command:
cd /home/seismic/su
o Uncompress and untar the file cwp_su_all_40.tgz using the command:
zcat cwp_su_all_40.tgz | tar xvf
o Go to the /home/seismic/su/src directory using the command:
cd /home/seismic/su/src
o Within Konqueror, right-click on the file called Makefile.config and Rename it
to Makefile.config.original.
o Copy
the
file
Makefile.config
in
this
CD
to
the
directory
/home/seismic/su/src.
o Compile the codes using the following command sequence (making sure that you
finish executing a command before you try the one after it!):
make install
make xtinstall
make finstall
make utils
make xminstall
make mglinstall
o A screen dump of a successful SU installation on Redhat Linux OS is given in
the file install.successful in this CD.
o As a test, type the following command in a terminal:
suascii
You should see the following output:
SUASCII print non zero header values and data
suascii <stdin >ascii_file
Optional parameter:
bare=0 print headers and data
bare=1 print only data
14
bare=2 print headers only
Notes: suwind/suus provide trace selection and/or subsampling.
with bare=1 traces are separated by a blank line.
Credits:
CWP: Jack
Trace header field accessed: ns
15
In this section, we will process a real seismic line called data.sgy (found in this CD)
from raw SEGY shot gathers to fully processed and stacked line.
You must do all the tutorials while you are in a terminal and within the directory
/home/seismic/tutorials because the input data file and all outputs will be saved in
this directory.
3.1.1 Objective
The objective of this tutorial is to get acquainted with the processing software
(Seismic Unix) and preprocess the dataset.
3.1.2 Introduction
16
(2) Reformatting.
(3) Editing.
(4) Geometrical spreading correction.
(5) Setup of field geometry.
(6) Application of field statics.
Sampling rate = 2 ms
Traces/shot (record) = 33
3.1.4 Exercises
17
o Use the following command to view the first 6 shot records of the data (Figure 1):
suwind < data.su key=ep min=1 max=6 | suxwigb
o The xwigb window shows the traces with trace numbers along the horizontal axis
and the time (in seconds) along the vertical axis.
o Kill the xwigb window by clicking anywhere in it and pressing the letter q on
the keyboard.
(3) This dataset does not need editing.
(4) There are two ways to gain the dataset.
o Automatic Gain Control (AGC): Use the following command to gain the data
using the AGC method:
sugain < data.su agc=1 wagc=0.5 > data-agc.su
o Use the following command to view the result (Figure 2A):
suwind < data-agc.su key=ep min=1 max=6 | suxwigb
o t2: Use the following command to gain the data using the t2 method:
sugain < data.su agc=0 tpow=2.0 qclip=0.95 qbal=1 > data-tm.su
o Use the following command to view the result (Figure 2B):
suwind < data-tm.su key=ep min=1 max=6 | suxwigb
(5) The geometry is already setup.
(6) We will apply the field statics later.
18
19
20
3.2 Ground-roll Filtering
3.2.1 Objective
The objective of this tutorial is to use frequency filtering to filter out the ground
roll noise from the dataset.
3.2.2 Introduction
3.2.3 Exercises
(1) Take the FT of the data and save the amplitude spectrum using the command:
suspecfx < data-tm.su > data-tm-as.su
o Use the following command to view the result (Figure 3A):
suwind < data-tm-as.su key=ep min=1 max=6 | suxwigb
o To zoom within the xwigb panel, left-click and drag on your zoom area (Figure
3B).
(2) Use the following command to filter and save the data:
sufilter < data-tm.su f=15,20,50,60 > data-tm-flt.su
o Use the following command to view the result (Figure 4):
21
suwind < data-tm-flt.su key=ep min=1 max=6 | suxwigb
Figure 3A: Amplitude spectra of first 6 shot records, where the vertical axis indicates
frequency (Hz).
22
23
3.3 Deconvolution
3.3.1 Objective
The objective of this tutorial is to deconvolve the dataset in order to spike it and
increase its vertical resolution.
3.3.2 Introduction
24
3.3.3 Exercises
(1) Autocorrelation:
o Use the following command to generate and save the trace autocorrelations:
suacor < data-tm-flt.su ntout=1001 sym=0 > data-tm-flt-ac.su
o Use the following command to view the result (Figure 5):
suwind < data-tm-flt-ac.su key=ep min=1 max=6 | suxwigb
o Examine the autocorrelations for the existence of long-path or short-path
multiples. Do you see evidence of any? (Answer: No!).
(2) Deconvolution:
o Use the following command to spike-deconvolve the data.
supef
<
data-tm-flt.su
>
data-tm-flt-dec.su
minlag=0.002
maxlag=0.2
maxlag=0.2 s, sets the operator length parameter (n) to the first transient
zone.
25
(3) Gain:
o There might be unwanted scaling appearing in the data after deconvolution.
o It is convenient to apply a gain correction to re-scale the amplitudes using the
following command:
sugain < data-tm-flt-dec.su > data-tm-flt-dec-bal.su qbal=1 qclip=0.95
o Use the following command to view the result (Figure 7):
suwind < data-tm-flt-dec-bal.su key=ep min=1 max=6 | suxwigb
26
27
3.4 Velocity Analysis
3.4.1 Objective
The objective of this tutorial is to determine the stacking velocities in the data
area.
3.4.2 Introduction
Velocity analysis is used to determine the stacking velocity function along the
seismic line. The stacking velocities are then used in various seismic processing and
interpretation stages. Our main objective for determining the stacking velocities is to use
them for NMO correction. The stacking velocities can be determined using the constantvelocity stack (CVS) or velocity spectrum methods. In this tutorial, we will use the
velocity spectrum method. Velocity analysis is performed on selected common depth
points (CDPs); therefore, we must sort the data from shot to CDP gathers before velocity
analysis.
3.4.3 Exercises
28
suwind < data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp.su key=cdp min=231 max=240 | suxwigb
velpanel=/home/seismic/tutorials/data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp.su
velpicks=/home/seismic/tutorials/stkvel.p1
o Save the modified Velan script, exit KWrite, and open a terminal.
o Within the /home/seismic/tutorials directory, type the following command to
run the modified Velan script:
./Velan
o The velocity spectrum of CDP 225 will be displayed (Figure 9). Note that dark
areas in the velocity spectrum panel indicate higher semblance value.
Make your picks by pointing the mouse to your selected pick position and
typing s using the keyboard (remember that velocities for this dataset
are given in ft/sec although they are displayed as m/sec).
The velocity function for this CDP will be displayed for your approval.
29
If you approve the velocity function, press enter on the keyboard and the
next CDP will be displayed for picking.
o When you are done picking all the selected CDPs, your picks will be saved in the
file stkvel.p1 (found in this CD).
30
31
3.5 NMO Correction and Stacking
3.5.1 Objective
3.5.2 Introduction
In this tutorial, we will use the sunmo and sustack commands to NMO-correct
the data and stack the traces in every CDP to produce the stacked section. The stacked
section gives an image of the subsurface in T0-CDP domain.
3.5.3 Exercises
32
7 tnmo=0.0440457,0.303426,0.636215,1.25775,1.92333,2.30995,2.79445
vnmo=5255.81,5674.42,6418.6,7558.14,8069.77,9465.12,11558.1
tnmo=0.0880914,0.411093,0.734095,1.42414,1.9429,2.36378,2.71126,2.81892
vnmo=5232.56,5883.72,6232.56,7139.53,8720.93,10558.1,12116.3,12767.4
tnmo=0.0978793,0.601958,1.67374,1.93801,2.28548,2.53997,2.78467
vnmo=5348.84,6441.86,8000,8674.42,9860.47,11209.3,12372.1
tnmo=0.0636215,0.415987,0.817292,1.15008,1.58564,1.68842,1.9478,2.1925,2.
45188,2.62806,2.87765
vnmo=5232.56,6186.05,7046.51,7511.63,8093.02,8279.07,8744.19,9395.35,104
18.6,11186,12209.3
tnmo=0.0734095,0.293638,0.626427,0.969005,1.32137,1.69821,1.98206,2.3295
3,2.64274,2.83361
vnmo=5232.56,5744.19,6534.88,7232.56,8000,8651.16,9558.14,10744.2,11534.
9,12930.2
o Use this command to view CDPs 231-240 after NMO correction (Figure 10):
suwind < data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmo.su key=cdp min=231 max=240 | suxwigb
o Display the NMO-corrected CDPs in T-X domain and take a look at them. If
your reflections are not horizontally aligned, try another velocity function until
the reflections are horizontally aligned for all CDPs and times (Hint: Our velocity
function is fine!).
(2) Stacking:
o Use this command to stack the NMO-corrected file:
sustack < data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmo.su > data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmostack.su
o Use this command to view the stacked section (Figure 11):
33
suxwigb < data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmo-stack.su
34
35
3.6 Static Corrections
3.6.1 Objective
The objective of this tutorial is to apply field and residual static corrections on the
dataset.
3.6.2 Introduction
The filed static correction accounts for variable source and receiver elevations and
puts them all on a flat datum (reference elevation).
accounts for the lateral thickness and velocity variation in the weathering layer.
3.6.3 Exercises
36
o Information (i) and (ii) are usually available for every survey and is available in
our dataset.
o Information (iii) and (iv) have to be estimated from uphole or refraction data. The
theory and application of these methods is beyond the scope of this manual.
o We will not apply the field correction to the data because the required velocities
are not available.
37
o Use the following command to apply the source and receiver residual statics to
the traces:
sustatic < data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmo.su > data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmostat.su hdrs=3 sou_file=sstats rec_file=rstats ns=19 nr=65
o Use this command to view CDPs 231-240 after NMO correction and residual
static correction (Figure 13):
suwind < data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmo-stat.su key=cdp min=231 max=240 |
suxwigb
o We can see that the NMO-corrected reflections within these CDP gathers have
been more horizontally aligned after residual static correction (compare with
Figure 10).
38
39
3.7 Migration
3.7.1 Objective
3.7.2 Introduction
3.7.3 Exercises
o Use the following command to migrate the stacked time section (data-tm-flt-dec-balcdp-nmo-stack.su) by Stolt migration:
sustolt < data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmo-stack.su cdpmin=210 cdpmax=260
dxcdp=110 smig=0.6
tmig=0.0734095,0.293638,0.626427,0.969005,1.32137,1.69821,1.98206,2.3295
3,2.64274,2.83361
vmig=5232.56,5744.19,6534.88,7232.56,8000,8651.16,9558.14,10744.2,11534.
9,12930.2 | sugain qclip=0.98 > data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmo-stack-mig.su
o Use this command to view the stacked migrated section (Figure 14):
suxwigb < data-tm-flt-dec-bal-cdp-nmo-stack-mig.su
40
o We can see that migration did not change the data considerably because of the flat
nature of reflections in the area where the data was acquired.
Figure 14: Stacked section after Stolt migration. Horizontal axis indicates CDP numbers.
41
4. Further Readings
Al-Shuhail, A. A., 2007. GEOP320 Course Notes:
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ES/ashuhail/GEOP320.htm.
Center for Wave Phenomena, 2007. Seismic Uni*x:
ftp://ftp.cwp.mines.edu/pub/cwpcodes/, (included in this CDROM
in the directory SU).
FreeUSP.org, 2007. Free USP Software Website: http://www.freeusp.org/.
Yilmaz, O., 2001. Seismic Data Analysis: SEG.
42
5. CDROM Contents
Redhat Linux is not included in the CDROM due to its excessively large size but
can be bought or downloaded freely from Redhat website at:
https://www.redhat.com/apps/download/.
3. PM8p0 directory that includes the following components:
o Partition_Magic_8.0.zip: Partition Magic version 8.0 software
o PM8Quick.pdf: Quick installation manual of Partition Magic
o PM8.pdf: Extensive installation manual of Partition Magic
4. SU directory that includes the following components:
o .bash_profile: a file needed for SU installation
o cwp_su_all_40.tar: SU version 40 software
o Installation_Instructions.txt: SU installation instructions
o Makefile.config: a file needed for SU installation
o selfdocs_600dpi_a4.pdf: Full listings of all SU commands description
o sumanual_600dpi_a4.pdf: Extensive SU manual
5. Tutorials directory that includes all files required for the Tutorials explained in
part 3 of this document.
43
6. Acknowledgements
I would like to thank KFUPM for supporting this work through the 2007 Summer
Special Assignment program. I also thank the Center for Wave Phenomena at Colorado
School of Mines and its sponsors for creating and maintaining the SU package.