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Ecology
Ecology is the reciprocal relationship between living and surrounding. It study the relationship based
on biotic factor and abiotic factors.
Living
(biotic)
Ecology
Surrounding
(abiotic)
Biotic factors
(Living interacting with surrounding)
Produces e.g., bacteria,
cyno-bacteria, blue-green
algae, green algae and plants
Abiotic factors
(SWATS)
Soil water, air, temperature
and sun light
Ecological Hierarchy
Ecological heirarchy
Biotic heirarchy
Abiotic heirarchy
Individual
Unit of ecology
Species
Niche
Micro-habitat
Habitat
Range
Eco system
Land scape
Biosphere
Positive
A
B (Benefits)
Symbiosis
Mutulism
(Beneficial, obligatory)
1. Rhizobium and leguminous
plant (biological nitrogen
fixation)
Negative
Protocoperation
(Beneficial, non-obligatory)
e.g., Ergit (bird) and Cattle
Ammensalism
(Loss of one mediated
by chemicals)
Commensalism
(One is benefited without
others benefit or loss)
1. Antibiotics
1. Ecoli and Humans)
2. Tusli plant
2. Epiphytes
B (Loss)
Parasitism
Predation
1. Virus
1. Carnivores
2. Bacteria
2. Omnivores
3. Fungus
4. Protozoa
5. Amarbel
(casusta)
6. Sandal wood
(bamboo
parasite)
Rhizobium
Niff genes
Ro
ot
no
du
les
Legumes
Pigment
[leg-heamoglobin]
air/O2 capture
Leguminous plant
Nitrogenase enzyme
Atmospheric nitrogen
Nitrate
Lichens
Lichens
Fungus
Protection
Algae
(Food + Nutrition)
Usnea
Mycorhizza
Mycorhizza = Plant root + Fungus
Plant root
(provide food)
Fungus
(bring water
from soil)
Epiphytes
Epiphytes
Food Chain
Food Chain : it is a series in ecological heirarety which creates a pattern of exchange of carbon and
energy between biotic factors through a mode of nutrition.
Types of Nutrition
Types of Nutrition
Auto trophic
(synthesize
theiroum food)
Hetro-trophic
(depends on others
for food)
Hetrotrophic
Holozoic
Holophytic
Saprotrophism
Animals
e.g., Carnivores
Plants
e.g., Herbivores
Types of Food Chain
Food chain
Apex interaction
of biotic factor
Types
Predator
Parasitic
Detritus or saprotrophic
Predation
dependent
Parasitism
dependent
Dependent on saprotrophism
Longest food
chain, maximum
trophic level 3 to 4
Food chain of
varying length
Organism
Green plant & algae
Herbivorous
Primary consumer
Carnivorous
Secondary consumer
Omnivorous
Top consumer
Consumer
1. Food web : Network of food chain linked over any trophic level.
Food chain-1
Food chain-2
Plant
Plant
Deer
Goat
Tiger
Large fish
Small fish
Food chain-3
Algae
Food web maintains the availability of nutrients in many eco-system together or help in flow of
nutrients from one eco-system to another.
It improves the overall productivity of the ecosystem.
2. Productivity of ecosystem : Flow of energy across food chain levels.
Sun
(100% energy)
46-48%
reaches earth surface
Net Primary
Productivity
3. Ecological pyramids : Graphical representation of ecosystem, composition and function based on food chain.
Top consumer
(always as top
of pyramid)
Secondary
consumer
Primary
consumer
Types of pyramid
Pyramid of energy always upright
Generally upright
Pyramid of number
Bell or urn shape in large tree ecosystem
Generally upright
Pyramid of biomass
Inverted in small pond ecosystem
Producer
(Always at base
of pyramid)
Top consumer
Inverted
Producer
Pyramid of number in large tree ecosystem Pyramid of biomass in small pond ecosystem
Number of individuals
Plant
10 thousand
Insect
1 thousand
1 g per individual
Chickens
100
10 per individual
Humans
10
1000 grams
Biomagnification
Amount of
pesticide added
Maximum impact on
highest trophic level
Oxytocin
Used in
dairies
Unfertile cattle
Milk production
Pain
Beef
Milk production
Diclofenac
Pain killer
5. Biological control
Biocentral : It is a method developed by certain alteration in the food chain in such a way that if the
number of organism any tropic level is increased beyond a threshold limit then it shows an impact
over the number of organisms present in the earlier tropic level of the food chain in such a way that it
is decreased.
Biofertilizers
Vermicomposting
Earthworms
Organic matter
microbes
Ammonia nitrate
rich substance
N2 rich substance
Soil aeration
Enrich organic matter
after death
N2 fixing microorganisms
Bacteria Rhizobium, Nitrosonomas, Nitrobactor, Nitrococcus
Algae
Biopesticides
Dependent on biological control
Abiotic Factors
1. Sun light : Sun light
,X-rays, UV
VIBGYOR
IR
Heating spectrum
,X-rays
Micro
Radio
UV
VIBGYOR
High energy
No ecological importance
Low energy
Photosynthesis
Photolysis of water
H2O
Chlorophyll
IR
Maximum photosynthesis
+ ve ecological
phenomina
CO2 + H2 + O2
Maintain
habitability
Heat waves
CO2, water vapour, CH4, CFC
Absorb IR
Green house
effect
Atmosphere
Atmosphere :
5 layers
Reflection of , X-ray
0.04% CO2
20.8% O2
+ trace exosphere
Thermopause
Ionosphere
640 kms
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Tropopause
Troposphere
O3
Temperature
78% N2
64 kms
12 kms
O3 + O
O3 layer
UVB1C
Descipation
Poles
Height
Thickness
1216 km
Equator
Height
2325 km
24 km
Thickness
12 km
Heating of Earth
Sun
, X-ray
Ionosphere
EMW
UV1V1BGYOR, IR, MW, Radio
UV, B, C desipation
Ozone layer
UVA, VIBGYOR, IR, MW, Radio
EARTH
Lo
Eff
ng
ec
wa
t
ve
rad
iat
ion
in
IR
Co
ol
su s ea
rfa rth
ce
Reflection of VIBGYOR
Gr
ee
nH
ou
se
2 to 96C
57 to 2C
15 to 57C
3. Water :
3% Fresh water
97.5% marine
96.6%
Oceans
0.9%
Salt water
lake and
wetlands
1.56%
glaciers, frost
snow
0.08
rivers, ponds
and lakes
0.04%
soil and under
ground water
Water as Habitat
Pond Lentic
River Lotic
Between river and land ripparian
between river and oceans esturine
Away from sea sure littoral
Organisms
Limnetic
Plankton
Profundal
Benthos
Photic
Neustons
Necktons
Benthic
4. Soil
Soil Grizons
O
Microorganisms
Gravels
Bed rock
D
Soil Degradation
1. Soil erosion
(a) Sheet erosion weathering of upper layer
of soil by wind or water e.g., agriculture
runoff
(b) Rill erosion : erosion in channels 1 m deep
form rills
(c) Gulley erosion : Deep rills e.g., Chambal
etc.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Soil acidification
Nutrient runoff
Salinization
Desertification
Water logging
Organic substances coming from municipal
industries waste
8. Weathering and nutrient leaching
9. Basic of accumulation
Soil Conservation
1. Forestation
(a) Afforestation unplanned
(b) Reforestation Planned
2. Crop rotation : Legumenous and other crops
into seasons.
3. Mixed cropping : More than one type of crops a
filled in a season.
4. Strip cropping : Cropping in different strips of
difference crops.
5. Deep ploughing and aeration
6. Organic farming
7. Counter binding
8. Tarrace farming
9. Mulching
10. Preventation of shifting cultivation (Jhumming)
11. Improvement in irrigation like drip irrigation.
5. Temperature
Temperature :
Polar
90 N/S81 N/S
69 N/S79.5 N/S
Temperate
45 N/S65 N/S
Tropical
0 N/S40 N/S
Cold Blood Organism or Poikilo Terms e.g., Forgs, Snakes, Lizzards, Dinosoras
Worm Blooded Organism or Homoisotherms e.g., Mammels and Human
Hibernation or Winter Sleep e.g., Frog
Aestivation or Summer Sleep e.g, Polar Bear