Mechanical[edit]

The carboncarbon bond length in graphene is about 0.142 nanometers.[151] Graphene sheets
stack to form graphite with an interplanar spacing of 0.335 nm.
Graphene is the strongest material ever tested,[152] with an intrinsic tensile strength of 130 GPa
and a Young's modulus (stiffness) of 1 TPa (150000000 psi).[152] The Nobel announcement
illustrated this by saying that a 1 square meter graphene hammock would support a 4 kg cat but
would weigh only as much as one of the cat's whiskers, at 0.77 mg (about 0.001% of the weight
of 1 m2 of paper).[153]
Large-angle-bent graphene monolayer has been achieved with negligible strain, showing
mechanical robustness of the two-dimensional carbon nanostructure. Even with extreme
deformation, excellent carrier mobility in monolayer graphene can be preserved. [154]
The spring constant of suspended graphene sheets has been measured using an atomic force
microscope (AFM).[152][155] Graphene sheets were suspended over SiO
2 cavities where an AFM tip was used to apply a stress to the sheet to test its mechanical
properties. Its spring constant was in the range 15 N/m and the stiffness was 0.5 TPa, which
differs from that of bulk graphite. These intrinsic properties could lead to applications such
as NEMS as pressure sensors and resonators.[156] Due to its large surface energy and out of
plane ductility, flat graphene sheets are unstable with respect to scrolling, i.e. bending into a
cylindrical shape, which is its lower-energy state.[157]
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