Module5/Lesson3

Module 5: Two Dimensional

Problems in Cartesian Coordinate System
5.3.1

SOLUTIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS BY THE USE

OF POLYNOMIALS

The equation given by

2
2
2 + 2
y
x

2f 2f
4f
4f
4f
2 + 2 = 4 + 2 2 2 + 4 = 0
x
x y
y
y
x
will be satisfied by expressing Airys function f ( x, y ) in the form of homogeneous

(5.13)

polynomials.
(a) Polynomial of the First Degree
Let f1 = a1 x + b1 y
Now, the corresponding stresses are

2f1
sx =
=0
y 2

sy =
t xy

2f1
=0
x 2

2f1
= =0
xy

Therefore, this stress function gives a stress free body.

(b) Polynomial of the Second Degree
Let f 2 =

a2 2
c
x + b2 xy + 2 y 2
2
2

The corresponding stresses are

sx =

2f 2
= c2
y 2

2f 2
= a2
x 2
2f
== - b2
xy

sy =
t xy

This shows that the above stress components do not depend upon the co-ordinates x and y,
i.e., they are constant throughout the body representing a constant stress field. Thus, the

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stress function f 2 represents a state of uniform tensions (or compressions) in two

perpendicular directions accompanied with uniform shear, as shown in the
Figure 5.3 below.

Figure 5.3 State of stresses

Figure 5.3 Constant Stress field

(c) Polynomial of the Third Degree
Let f 3 =

a3 3 b3 2
c
d
x + x y + 3 xy 2 + 3 y 3
6
2
2
6

The corresponding stresses are

sx =

2f 3
= c3 x + d 3 y
y 2

2f 3
= a 3 x + b3 y
x 2
2f 3
= = - b3 x - c3 y
xy

sy=
t xy

This stress function gives a linearly varying stress field. It should be noted that the
magnitudes of the coefficients a 3 , b3 , c3 and d 3 are chosen freely since the expression for

f 3 is satisfied irrespective of values of these coefficients.

Now, if a 3 = b3 = c3 = 0 except d 3 , we get from the stress components

s x = d3 y
s y = 0 and t xy = 0

This corresponds to pure bending on the face perpendicular to the x-axis.

\ At y = -h, s x = -d 3 h

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and At y = +h, s x = + d 3 h
The variation of s x with y is linear as shown in the Figure 5.4.

Figure 5.4 Variation of Stresses

Similarly, if all the coefficients except b3 are zero, then we get

sx =0

s y = b3 y
t xy = -b3 x
The stresses represented by the above stress field will vary as shown in the Figure 5.5.

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Figure 5.5 Variation of Stresses

In the Figure 5.5, the stress s y is constant with x (i.e. constant along the span L of
the beam), but varies with y at a particular section. At y = +h, s y = b3 h (i.e., tensile),
while at y = -h, s y = -b3 h (i.e. compressive). s x is zero throughout. Shear stress t xy is
zero at x = 0 and is equal to - b3 L at x = L. At any other section, the shear stress is
proportional to x.
(d) Polynomial of the Fourth Degree
Let f 4 =

a 4 4 b4 3
c
d
e
x +
x y + 4 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + 4 y 4
12
6
2
6
12

The corresponding stresses are given by

s x = c 4 x 2 + d 4 xy + e4 y 2

s y = a 4 x 2 + b4 xy + c 4 y 2
b
d
t xy = - 4 x 2 - 2c4 xy - 4 y 2
2
2
Now, taking all coefficients except d 4 equal to zero, we find

s x = d 4 xy, s y = 0, t xy = -

d4 2
y
2

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Assuming d 4 positive, the forces acting on the beam are shown in the Figure 5.6.

Figure 5.6 Stresses acting on the beam

On the longitudinal sides, y = h are uniformly distributed shearing forces. At the ends, the
shearing forces are distributed according to a parabolic distribution. The shearing forces
acting on the boundary of the beam reduce to the couple.

d4h2 L
1 d4h2
Therefore, M =
2h 2hL
2
3 2
2
Or M = d 4 h 3 L
3
This couple balances the couple produced by the normal forces along the side x = L of
the beam.
(e) Polynomial of the Fifth Degree

Let j5 =

a5 5 b5 4
c
d
e
f
x + x y + 5 x3 y 2 + 5 x 2 y 3 + 5 xy 4 + 5 y 5
20
12
6
6
12
20

The corresponding stress components are given by

2f 5 c 5 3
1
=
x + d 5 x 2 y - (2c5 + 3a5 ) xy 2 - (b5 + 2d 5 ) y 3
2
3
3
y
2
f
d
s y = 25 = a5 x 3 + b5 x 2 y + c5 xy 2 + 5 y 3
3
x
2f 5
1
1
t xy = = - b5 x 3 - c 5 x 2 y - d 5 xy 2 + (2c 5 + 3a 5 ) y 3

sx =

xy

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Here the coefficients a 5 , b5 , c5 , d 5 are arbitrary, and in adjusting them we obtain solutions
for various loading conditions of the beam.
Now, if all coefficients, except d 5 , equal to zero, we find

s x = d5 x 2 y - y3
3

1
s y = d5 y 3
3
t xy = -d 5 xy 2
Case (i)
The normal forces are uniformly distributed along the longitudinal sides of the beam.
Case (ii)
Along the side x = L, the normal forces consist of two parts, one following a linear law and
the other following the law of a cubic parabola. The shearing forces are proportional to x on
the longitudinal sides of the beam and follow a parabolic law along the side x = L.
The distribution of the stresses for the Case (i) and Case (ii) are shown in the Figure 5.7.

Case (i)

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Module5/Lesson3

Case (ii)
Figure 5.7 Distribution of forces on the beam

5.3.2 BENDING OF A NARROW CANTILEVER BEAM SUBJECTED TO

END LOAD
Consider a cantilever beam of narrow rectangular cross-section carrying a load P at the end
as shown in Figure 5.8.

Figure 5.8 Cantilever subjected to an end load

The above problems may be considered as a case of plane stress provided that the thickness
of the beam t is small relative to the depth 2h.

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Boundary Conditions

(t )
(s )

xy At y = h
y At y = h

=0
=0

(5.14)

These conditions express the fact that the top and bottom edges of the beam are not loaded.
Further, the applied load P must be equal to the resultant of the shearing forces distributed
across the free end.
Therefore, P = -

+h

t
-h

xy

(5.14a)

2b dy

By Inverse Method
As the bending moment varies linearly with x, and s x at any section depends upon y, it is
reasonable to assume a general expression of the form

2f
s x = 2 = c1 xy
(5.14b)
y
where c1 = constant. Integrating the above twice with respect to y, we get
1
f = c1 xy 3 + yf1 ( x) + f 2 ( x)
(5.14c)
6
where f1(x) and f2(x) are functions of x to be determined. Introducing the f thus obtained
into Equation (5.12), we have

d 4 f1 d 4 f 2
+
=0
dx 4
dx 4

(5.14d)

Since the second term is independent of y, there exists a solution for all x and y provided that

d 4 f1
d 4 f2
=
0
and
=0
dx 4
dx 4
Integrating the above, we get

f1(x) = c2x3+c3x2+c4x+c5
f2(x) = c6x3+c7x2+c8x+c9
where c2, c3., c9 are constants of integration.
Therefore, (5.14c) becomes

f=

1
c1 xy 3 + (c 2 x 3 + c3 x 2 + c 4 x + c5 ) y + c6 x 3 + c7 x 2 + c8 x + c9
6

Now, by definition,

sy =

2f
= 6(c 2 y + c6 )x + 2(c3 y + c7 )
x 2

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Module5/Lesson3

2f
1
= - c1 y 2 - 3c2 x 2 - 2c3 x - c4
txy = -
2
xy

(5.14e)

Now, applying boundary conditions to (5.14e), we get

c2 = c3 = c6 = c7 = 0 and c4 = +h

1 2
c1h
2

1
2

Also, - t xy 2b dy = c1 2b ( y 2 - h 2 )dy = P
-h
-h
h

Solving, c1 = - 3P = - P
3

I
4b h
3
where I = 4 bh is the moment of inertia of the cross-section about the neutral axis.
3

From Equations (5.14b) and (5.14e), together with the values of constants, the stresses are
found to be

-P 2
Pxy
sx =-
(h - y 2 )
, s y = 0, t xy =
2I
I
The distribution of these stresses at sections away from the ends is shown in Figure 5.8 b
By Semi-Inverse Method
Beginning with bending moment Mz = Px, we may assume a stress field similar to the case
of pure bending:

Px
s x = - y
I

t xy = t xy ( x, y )

(5.14f)

s y = s z = t xz = t yz = 0
The equations of compatibility are satisfied by these equations. On the basis of
equation (5.14f), the equations of equilibrium lead to

t xy
s x t xy
+
= 0,
=0
x
y
x

(5.14g)

From the second expression above, txy depends only upon y. The first equation of (5.14g)
together with equation (5.14f) gives

dt xy
dy

Py
I

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Module5/Lesson3

or txy =

Py 2
+c
2I

Here c is determined on the basis of (txy)y=h = 0

Therefore, c = -

Ph 2
2I

Py 2 Ph 2
2I
2I
P 2
txy = (h - y 2 )
2I

Hence, txy =
Or

The above expression satisfies equation (5.14a) and is identical with the result previously
obtained.

5.3.3 PURE BENDING OF A BEAM

Consider a rectangular beam, length L, width 2b, depth 2h, subjected to a pure couple M
along its length as shown in the Figure 5.9

Figure 5.9 Beam under pure bending

Consider a second order polynomial such that its any term gives only a constant state of
stress. Therefore

f = a2

c y2
x2
+ b2 xy + 2
2
2

By definition,

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Module5/Lesson3

2f
2f
2f

,
s
=
,
t
=
xy
y
y 2
x 2
xy

sx=

\ Differentiating the function, we get

2f
2f
2f
= -b2
sx = 2 = c2, sy = 2 = a2 and txy = -
y
x
xy
Considering the plane stress case,

sz = txz = tyz = 0

Boundary Conditions
(a) At y = h, s y = 0
(b) At y = h, txy = 0
(c) At x = any value,

2b

+a

-a

s x ydy = bending moment = constant

+h

\2bx

y2
-h c2 ydy = 2bc2 x 2 = 0
-h
+h

Therefore, this clearly does not fit the problem of pure bending.
Now, consider a third-order equation

a 3 x 3 b3 2
c xy 2 d 3 y 3
+ x y+ 3
+
6
2
2
6
2
f
Now, s x =
= c3 x + d 3 y
y 2
s y = a3x + b3y

f=

(a)
(b)

txy = -b3x - c3y

(c)

From (b) and boundary condition (a) above,

0 = a3x b3a for any value of x

\ a3 = b3 = 0
From (c) and the above boundary condition (b),
0 = -b3x c3a for any value of x
therefore c3 = 0
hence, s x = d3y

sy =0
txy = 0
Obviously, Biharmonic equation is also satisfied.

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Module5/Lesson3

i.e.,

4f
4f
4f
+
2
+
=0
x 4
x 2 y 2 y 4

Now, bending moment = M = 2b

i.e. M = 2b

+h

s ydy
d y dy

= 2bd3

-h
+h

-h

+h

-h

y 2 dy
+h

y3
= 2bd3
3 -h
h3
M = 4bd3
3
Or d3 = 3M
4bh 3

M
d3 =
I
M
Therefore, s x =
y
I

4 h 3b
where I =
3

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5.3.4 BENDING OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM BY A DISTRIBUTED

LOADING (UDL)

Figure 5.10 Beam subjected to Uniform load

Consider a beam of rectangular cross-section having unit width, supported at the ends and
subjected to a uniformly distributed load of intensity q as shown in the Figure 5.10.
It is to be noted that the bending moment is maximum at position x = 0 and decreases with
change in x in either positive or negative directions. This is possible only if the stress
function contains even functions of x. Also, it should be noted that s y various from zero at

y = -c to a maximum value of -q at y = +c. Hence the stress function must contain odd
functions of y.
Now, consider a polynomial of second degree with

b2 = c 2 = 0
\f 2 =

a2 2
x
2

a polynomial of third degree with a 3 = c3 = 0

\f 3 =

b3 2
d
x y + 3 y3
2
6

and a polynomial of fifth degree with a 5 = b5 = c5 = e5 = 0

d5 2 3 d5 5
x y y
6
30
\f = f 2 + f 3 + f 5
\f 5 =

or f =

Q f 5 = - 3 d 5

d
d
d
a 2 2 b3 2
x + x y + 3 y3 + 5 x2 y3 - 5 y5
2
2
6
6
30

(1)

Now, by definition,

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2f
2

= d3 y + d5 x 2 y - y 3
2
3
y

d
2f
s y = 2 = a 2 + b3 y + 5 y 3
3
x

sx =

(2)
(3)

t xy = -b3 x - d 5 xy 2

(4)

The following boundary conditions must be satisfied.

(i)
t xy y = c = 0

( )
(s )
(s )

(ii)

y y =+ c

(iii)

y y =- c

=0
= -q

+c

(iv)

(s )

dy = 0

(t )

dy = qL

x x = L

-c
+c

(v)

-c

xy x = L

+c

(s )

(vi)

x x= L

ydy = 0

-c

The first three conditions when substituted in equations (3) and (4) give

- b3 - d 5 c 2 = 0
a 2 + b3 c +

d5 3
c =0
3

a 2 - b3 c -

d5 3
c = -q
3

which gives on solving

q
a2 = - ,
2

b3 =

3q
,
4c

d5 = -

3q
4c 3

Now, from condition (vi), we have

+c

-c

y + d 5 x 2 y - y 3 ydy = 0
3

Simplifying,

d 3 = -d 5 L2 - h 2
5

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Module5/Lesson3

3q L2 2
-
4h h 2 5

\s x =

3q L2 2
3q
2
2 - y - 3 x2 y - y3
4h h 5
4h
3

q
q 3q
s y = - +
y - 3 y3
4h
2 4h
3q
3q
t xy = - x + 3 xy 2
4h
4h
3
Now, I = 1 (2h ) = 8h = 2 h 3
3

12

12

where I = Moment of inertia of the unit width beam.

q 2
q y3 h2 y
2
\s x = (L - x )y +
2I
I 3
5
3
2
q y
s y = - - h 2 y + h 3
3
2 I 3

q
t xy = - x(h 2 - y 2 )
2I

5.3.5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

Example 5.1
Show that for a simply supported beam, length 2L, depth 2a and unit width, loaded by
a concentrated load W at the centre, the stress function satisfying the loading condition
is f =

b 2
xy + cxy the positive direction of y being upwards, and x = 0 at midspan.
6

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Module5/Lesson3

Figure 5.11 Simply supported beam

Treat the concentrated load as a shear stress suitably distributed to suit this function, and so
+a

that

-a

W
dy = - on each half-length of the beam. Show that the stresses are
2

3W
s x = -
xy
3
4 a

sy =0

t xy

3W
= -
8a

y 2
1 - 2
a

Solution: The stress components obtained from the stress function are

sx =

2f
= bxy
y 2

2f
sy = 2 =0
x

t xy

by 2
2f
+ c
== -
xy
2

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Module5/Lesson3

Boundary conditions are

(i)

s y = 0 for y = a

(ii)

t xy = 0 for y = a

(iii)

- t xy dy =

+a

-a

W
for x = L
2

+a

(iv)

dy = 0 for x = L

ydy = 0 for x = L

-a

+a

(v)

-a

Now,
Condition (i)
This condition is satisfied since s y = 0
Condition (ii)

ba 2
+ c
0 = -
2
ba 2
\c =
2
Condition (iii)
+a

W
b
= - a 2 - y 2 dy
2
2
-a
b
2a 3

= - 2a 3 2
3
\

2a 3b
W

= -
2
3
3W
3
4a

or b = -

3W

8a

and c = -
Condition (iv)

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Module5/Lesson3
+a

3W
xydy = 0
3

- 4a

-a

Condition (v)
+a

M = s x ydy
-a
+a

3W
= - 3 xy 2 dy
4a
-a
Wx
\M =
2
Hence stress components are

3W
s x = - 3 xy
4a
sy =0

3W y 2 3 W
-
t xy = 3

4a 2 8 a
3W
y 2
1 - 2
\t xy = -
8a a
Example 5.2

H
-1 x
z tan . Determine whether stress function f is
p
z

Given the stress function f =

admissible. If so determine the stresses.

Solution: For the stress function f to be admissible, it has to satisfy bihormonic equation.
Bihormonic equation is given by

Now,

4f
4f
4f
+
2
+
=0
x 4
x 2 z 2 z 4
f H xz
x
= - 2
+ tan -1
2
z p x + z
z

2f H
1
=
2
z
p x2 + z 2

[2 xz

2f
x3
2 H
=

z 2
p x 2 + z 2

(i)

- xz 2 - x 3 - xz 2 - x 3

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Module5/Lesson3

Also,

3f H 8 x 3 z
=

z 3 p x 2 + z 2 3
4f H 8 x 5 - 40 x 3 z 2
=

z 4 p x 2 + z 2 4
3 2
4
3f
2 H 3x z - x
= -

3
z 2 x
p x 2 + z 2

4f
H 64 x 3 z 2 - 24 xz 4 - 8 x 5
=

4
z 2 x 2 p
x2 + z 2

Similarly,

f H z 2
=

x p x 2 + z 2
2

2f
2 H xz
=

2
2
x
p x + z 2
3f 2 H 2 3 x 2 - z 2
=
z

2
2 3
x 3
p
x + z

(
(

)
)

4f H 24 xz 4 - 24 x 3 z 2
=

4
x 4 p
x2 - z 2

Substituting the above values in (i), we get

4
1
p x2 + z 2

[24 xz

- 24 x 3 z 2 + 64 x 3 z 2 - 24 xz 4 - 8 x 5 + 8 x 5 - 40 x 3 z 2 = 0

Hence, the given stress function is admissible.

Therefore, the stresses are

2f
x2
24
s y = 2 = -

2
x
p x 2 + z 2
2
2f
24 x z
t xy =
= -
2
xz
p x 2 + z 2

sx =

and

2f
x3
24
=

z 2
p x 2 + z 2

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Example 5.3

F 2
xz (3d - 2 z ) .
3
d

Given the stress function: f = -

Determine the stress components and sketch their variations in a region included in z =
0, z = d, x = 0, on the side x positive.
Solution: The given stress function may be written as

3F
2F
f = - 2 xz 2 + 3 xz 3
d
d
2
f
6 Fx 12 F
\ 2 = - 2 + 3 xz
z
d d
2
f
and
=0
x 2
2f
6 Fz 6 F
also
= - 2 + 3 z 2
xz
d d
6 Fx 12 F
Hence s x = - 2 + 3 xz
d d
sz =0
2j
6 Fz 6 F
t xz = = - 2 + 3 z 2
xz
d d

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

VARIATION OF STRESSES AT CERTAIN BOUNDARY POINTS

(a) Variation of x
From (i), it is clear that s x varies linearly with x, and at a given section it varies linearly
with z.
\ At x = 0 and z = d, s x = 0

6 FL
2
d
6 FL
6 FL 12 F
At x = L and z = +d, s x = - 2 + 3 Ld = 2
d
d d
6
FL
12
F

18 FL
At x = L and z = -d, s x = - 2 - 3 Ld = - 2
d d
d
The variation of s x is shown in the figure below
At x = L and z = 0, s x = -

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Figure 5.12 Variation of

(b)

Variation of z

s z is zero for all values of x.

(c) Variation of xz

6 Fz 6 F 2
- 3 . z
2
d d

We have t xz =

From the above expression, it is clear that the variation of t xz is parabolic with z. However,

t xz is independent of x and is thus constant along the length, corresponding to a given value
of z.
\ At z = 0, t xz = 0
6 Fd 6 F
At z = +d, t xz = 2 - 3 d 2 = 0
d d
6F
6F
12 F
At z = -d, t xz = - 2 d - 3 ( - d 2 ) = -

d
d
d
The variation of t xz is shown in figure below.

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Figure 5.13 Variation of

xz

Example 5.4
Investigate what problem of plane stress is satisfied by the stress function

j=

3F
4d

xy 3 p 2
xy
+ y

2
3
d

applied to the region included in y = 0, y = d, x = 0 on the side x positive.

Solution: The given stress function may be written as

1 Fxy 3 p 2
3F
j =
xy
+

y
3
4d
4 d 2
\

2f
=0
x 2

2j
F
3 2 Fxy 2 p

= -
. 3 +
= p - 1.5 3 xy
2
y
4 d 2
d
and

2f 3F 3 Fy 2
=
xy 4d 4 d 3

Hence the stress components are

2j
F
= p - 1.5 3 xy
2
y
d
2
f
sy = 2 =0
x

sx =

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module5/Lesson3

t xy = -

2f
3 Fy 2 3F
=
xy 4 d 3
4d

(a) Variation of x

s x = p - 1.5 3 xy
d
When x = 0 and y = 0 or d , s x = p (i.e., constant across the section)
When x = L and y = 0, s x = p
FL

When x = L and y = +d, s x = p - 1.5 2

d

FL
When x = L and y = -d, s x = P + 1.5 2
d
Thus, at x = L, the variation of s x is linear with y.
The variation of s x is shown in the figure below.

Figure 5.14 Variation of stress

(b) Variation of z

sy =

2f
=0
x 2

\ s y is zero for all value of x and y

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers

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Module5/Lesson3

(c) Variation of xy

3 Fy 2 3 F
-
t xy =

3
4 d 4 d
Thus, t xy varies parabolically with z. However, it is independent of x, i.e., it's value is the
same for all values of x.
3 F
\ At y = 0, t xy = -

4 d
3 F
3 F
At y = d , t xy =
(d ) 2 -
3
=0
4 d
4 d

-3F
4d

-3F
4d

d
o

txy

d
L

Y
Figure 5.15 Variation of shear stress

xy

The stress function therefore solves the problem of a cantilever beam subjected to point load
F at its free end along with an axial stress of p.
Example 5.5
Show that the following stress function satisfies the boundary condition in a beam of
rectangular cross-section of width 2h and depth d under a total shear force W.

f = -
xy 2 (3d - 2 y )
3
2hd

Solution: s x =

2f
y 2

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module5/Lesson3

Now,

f
W
=6 xyd - 6 xy 2
3
y
2hd

2f
W
[6 xd - 12 xy ]
=2
y
2hd 3
W
\ s x = - 3 [3 xd - 6 xy ]
hd
2f
sy = 2 =0
x
2f
and t xy = xy
W
=
6 yd - 6 y 2
2hd 3
W
=
3 yd - 3 y 2
3
hd

4
4
2 4
+
+
f = 0
4
y 4 x 2 y 2
x

Also, 4f =

Boundary conditions are

(a) s y = 0 for y = 0 and d
(b) t xy = 0 for y = 0 and d
d

(c)

xy

.2h.dy = W for x = 0 and L

0
d

(d) M = s x .2h.dy = 0 for x = 0 and x = L, M = WL

0
d

(e)

.2h. y.dy = 0 for x = 0 and x = L

Now, Condition (a)

This condition is satisfied since s y = 0
Condition (b)

W
3d 2 - 3d 2 = 0
3
hd

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju

Module5/Lesson3

Hence satisfied.
Condition (c)

W
hd [3 yd - 3 y ]2hdy
d

2W
3 yd - 3 y 2 dy
3
d
0

2W 3 y 2 d
= 3
- y3
d 2
0
3

2W 3d
= 3
- d3
d 2

2W d 3
= 3 .
2
d
=W
Hence satisfied.
Condition (d)
d

W
- hd [3xd - 6 xy ]2hdy
3

=-

2W
3 xyd - 3 xy 2
3
d

=0
Hence satisfied.
Condition (e)

W
[3xd - 6 xy ]2h. ydy
hd 3
d

2W 3 xdy 2
=- 3
- 2 xy 3
d 2
0

2W 3xd 3
=- 3
- 2 xd 3
d 2

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers

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Module5/Lesson3

=-

2W
d3

1 3
- 2 xd

= Wx
Hence satisfied

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers

T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju