Limit equilibrium analysis software[edit]

SLIDE[31] provides 2D stability calculations in rocks or soils using these rigor

ous analysis methods: Spencer,Sarma and Morgenstern-Price/General limit equilibr
ium; and non-rigorous methods: Bishop simplified, Corps of Engineers, Janbu simp
lified/corrected, Lowe-Karafiath and Ordinary/Fellenius. Searching of the critic
al slip surface is realized with the help of a grid or as a slope search in user
-defined area. Program includes also probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo or
Latin Hypercube simulation techniques where any input parameter can be defined
as a random variable. Probabilistic analysis determine the probability of failur
e and reliability index, which gives better representation of the level of safet
y. Back analysis serves for calculation of a reinforcement load with a given req
uired factor of safety. Program enables finite element groundwater seepage analy
sis.[31]
SLOPE/W[32] is formulated in terms of moment and force equilibrium factor of saf
ety equations. Limit equilibrium methods include Morgenstern-Price, General limi
t equilibrium, Spencer, Bishop, Ordinary, Janbu etc. This program allows integra
tion with other applications. For example, finite element computed stresses from
SIGMA/W[33] or QUAKE/W[34] can be used to calculate a stability factor by compu
ting total shear resistance and mobilized shear stress along the entire slip sur
face. Then a local stability factor for each slice is obtained. Using a Monte Ca
rlo approach, program computes the probability of failure in addition to the con
ventional factor of safety.[32] STABL WV[35] is a limit equilibrium-based, Windo
ws software based on the stabl family of algorithms. It allows analysis using Bi
shop's, Spencer's and Janbu's method. Regular slopes as well as slopes with vari
ous types of inclusions may be analyzed.
HYDRUS[36] add-on modules can check the stability of embankments, dams, earth cu
ts and anchored sheeting structures with the influence of the water. The values
of the pore pressure in transport domain are imported automatically for the sele
cted time to Stability module. The analysis can be repeated for all time shots o
f the water movement simulated by basic program. The common method of slices (th
e Bishop, Fellenius/Petterson, Morgenstern-Price or the Spencer) can be set as w
ell as the different type of Geo-reinforcement or Earthquake effects.
SVSlope[37] is formulated in terms of moment and force equilibrium factor of saf
ety equations. Limit equilibrium methods include Morgenstern-Price, General limi
t equilibrium, Spencer, Bishop, Ordinary, Kulhawy and others This program allows
integration with other applications in the geotechnical software suite. For exa
mple, finite element computed stresses from SVSolid[38] or pore-water pressures
from SVFlux[39] can be used to calculate the factor of safety by computing total
shear resistance and mobilized shear stress along the entire slip surface. The
software also utilizes Monte Carlo, Latin Hypercube, and the APEM probabilistic
approaches. Spatial variability through random fields computations may also be i
ncluded in the analysis.
dotSlope[40] provides limit equilibrium analyses through the methods of Felleniu
s, Bishop simplified, Janbu simplified/corrected, Corps of Engineers, Lowe & Kar
afiath, Spencer, GLE/Morgenstern & Price. The slope can have multiple soils, imp
enetrable layers, cuts and embankments, multiple groundwater conditions, ponded
water, dry and water filled tension cracks, soil reinforcements (anchors, nails,
piles and geo-synthetics). Slip surfaces can be defined through six surface gen
erators in order to find the critical case. dotSlope[40] can run deterministic a
nalyses, surface optimization, sensitivity analyses along with probabilistic ana
lyses using the Monte Carlo method. The program runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac O
S X and Android.[41]
GALENA[42] - includes stability analysis, back analysis, and probability analysi
s, using the Bishop, Spencer-Wright and Sarma methods.[42]
GSLOPE[43] - provides limit equilibrium slope stability analysis of existing nat
ural slopes, unreinforced man-made slopes, or slopes with soil reinforcement, us
ing Bishop s Modified method and Janbu s Simplified method applied to circular, comp
osite or non-circular surfaces.[43]
CLARA-W[44] - three-dimensional slope stability program includes calculation wit
h the help of these methods: Bishop simplified, Janbu simplified, Spencer and Mo

rgenstern-Price. Problem configurations can involve rotational or non-rotational

sliding surfaces, ellipsoids, wedges, compound surfaces, fully specified surfac
es and searches.[44]
TSLOPE3[45] - two- or three-dimensional analyses of soil and rock slopes using S
pencer method.[45]
A program specific for rock slope analysis is AutoBlock.[46] It overcome two pro
blems inherently complicating the analysis in engineering practice: firstly dete
rmining volumes and magnitudes of sliding areas of potentially unstable blocks b
ased on the real topography, and secondly finding the critical blocks which are
formed by an intersection of various discontinuities. It allows importing arbitr
arily complex terrain surfaces which have been digitized beforehand using a topo
graphic map. These surfaces are then extruded to a 3D solid which may be interse
cted by various sets of discontinuities. By combining all possible locations of
all discontinuities potentially unstable blocks are determined. For each block,
the factor of safety against sliding is computed using the limit equilibrium met
hod. AutoBlock is an add-on to the popular program "AutoCAD" and exploits its po
ssibilities and its power (e.g. for 3D-visualizations).
Limit analysis[edit]
See also: Slope stability
A more rigorous approach to slope stability analysis is limit analysis. Unlike l
imit equilibrium analysis which makes ad-hoc though often reasonable assumptions
, limit analysis is based on rigorous plasticity theory. This enables, among oth
er things, the computation of upper and lower bounds on the true factor of safet
y.
Programs based on limit analysis include:
OptumG2 (2014-) General purpose software for geotechnical applications including
slope stability.
LimitState:GEO (2008-) General purpose geotechnical software application based o
n Discontinuity layout optimization for plane strain problems including slope st
ability.
GEO5 Slope Stability (1989-) Program is used to perform slope stability analysis
of embankments, earth cuts, anchored retaining structures and MSE walls.
Stereographic and kinematic analysis[edit]
See also: Stereonet Geology
Kinematic analysis examines which modes of failure can possibly occur in the roc
k mass. Analysis requires the detailed evaluation of rock mass structure and the
geometry of existing discontinuities contributing to block instability.[47][48]
Stereographic representation (stereonets) of the planes and lines is used.[49]
Stereonets are useful for analyzing discontinuous rock blocks.[50] Program DIPS[
51] allows for visualization structural data using stereonets, determination of
the kinematic feasibility of rock mass and statistical analysis of the discontin
uity properties.[47][51]
Rockfall simulators[edit]
Rock slope stability analysis may design protective measures near or around stru
ctures endangered by the falling blocks. Rockfall simulators determine travel pa
ths and trajectories of unstable blocks separated from a rock slope face. Analyt
ical solution method described by Hungr & Evans[52] assumes rock block as a poin
t with mass and velocity moving on a ballistic trajectory with regard to potenti
al contact with slope surface. Calculation requires two restitution coefficients
that depend on fragment shape, slope surface roughness, momentum and deformatio
nal properties and on the chance of certain conditions in a given impact.[53]
Program ROCFALL[54] provides a statistical analysis of trajectory of falling blo
cks. Method rely on velocity changes as a rock blocks roll, slide or bounce on v
arious materials. Energy, velocity, bounce height and location of rock endpoints
are determined and may be analyzed statistically. The program can assist in det
ermining remedial measures by computing kinetic energy and location of impact on

a barrier. This can help determine the capacity, size and location of barriers.
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