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Basic Fluid Mechanics: Summary of Introductory Concepts 12 February, 2007
Basic Fluid Mechanics: Summary of Introductory Concepts 12 February, 2007
Introduction
Field of Fluid Mechanics can be divided into 3
branches:
Fluid Statics: mechanics of fluids at rest
Kinematics: deals with velocities and streamlines
w/o considering forces or energy
Fluid Dynamics: deals with the relations between
velocities and accelerations and forces exerted
by or upon fluids in motion
Streamlines
A streamline is a line that is tangential to the
instantaneous velocity direction (velocity is a
vector that has a direction and a magnitude)
Introcont
Mechanics of fluids is extremely important in many
areas of engineering and science. Examples are:
Biomechanics
Blood
Chemical Engineering
Design
Introcont
Mechanical Engineering
Design
Civil Engineering
Transport
of river sediments
Pollution of air and water
Design of piping systems
Flood control systems
1.
Unit Table
Quantity
SI Unit
English Unit
Length (L)
Meter (m)
Foot (ft)
Mass (m)
Kilogram (kg)
Time (T)
Second (s)
Slug (slug) =
lb*sec2/ft
Second (sec)
Farenheit (oF)
Force
Pound (lb)
Newton
(N)=kg*m/s2
[F]
= [m][a]= kg*m/s2 = N
More on Dimensions
To remember units of a slug also use
F=ma => m = F / a
[m] = [F] / [a] = lb / (ft / sec2) = lb*sec2 / ft
Weight
Gravitational
Weight
m2 - mass of an object on earths surface
m1 - mass of earth
r - distance between center of two masses
r1 - radius of earth
r2 - radius of mass on earths surface
r2 << r1, therefore r = r1+r2 ~ r1
Thus, F = m2 * (G * m1 / r2)
Weight
v
Consider a force, F, acting on a 2D region of
area A sitting on x-y plane
v
F
z
y
A
Cartesian components:
v
F = Fx ( i$) + Fy ( $j ) + Fz ( k$ )
Cartesian components
i$ - Unit vector in x-direction
$j
v
Fx - Magnitude of F in x-direction (tangent to surface)
v
Fy - Magnitude of F in y-direction (tangent to surface)
v
Fz - Magnitude of F in z-direction (normal to surface)
Fy = 0
( shear stress)
Fz
p=
A lim A 0
Units of density:
m
=
V
[m] kg
[ ] =
= 3
[V ] m
(in SI units)
= g
kg m
N
[ ] = [ ][ g ] = 3 2 = 3
m s
m
(in SI units)
1.3.3 Viscosity ( )
More on Viscosity
No slip condition
Because of viscosity, at boundaries (walls)
particles of fluid adhere to the walls, and
so the fluid velocity is zero relative to the
wall
Viscosity and associated shear stress may
be explained via the following: flow
between no-slip parallel plates.
v v
F, U
y
Y
Fixed plate
z
v
F = Fi$
Force
v
F
v
U = Ui$
induces velocity
v
U
v
on top plate. At top plate flow velocity is U
u( y = 0) = 0
u( y = Y ) = U
Y
u( y )
The velocity induced by top plate is expressed as follows:
U
u( y ) = y
Y
More specifically,
AU
F=
;
Y
is
AU
F
Y
F
U
= =
A
Y
du U
=
dy Y
du
=
dy
- kinematic
=
viscosity
fluid surface
u( y ) (velocity profile)
Fixed no-slip plate
du
at boundary =
dy at boundary
Viscometer
Coefficient of viscosity
- radial coordinate
Moving fluid
Fixed outer
cylinder
Rotating inner
cylinder
v
,T
x
z
r
Inner cylinder is acted upon by a torque, T = T k$ , causing it to
rotate about point O at a constant angular vvelocity and
causing fluid to flow. Find an expression for T
r
T = T k$
Because
is constant,
is balanced by a resistive torque
exerted by the moving fluid onto inner cylinder
r res
T = T res ( k$)
T = T res
res
y
z
v
T
v
T
v
T
r res
T
T = T res = F res R
F res = res A = res (2 R L)
How do we get
cylinder, thus
If
res
res
du
=
d r at inner cylinder ( r = R )
u( r )
du
R
=
d r at inner cylinder ( r = R )
h
R
r= R
r = R+ h
Thus,
res
R
=
h
T = T res = F res R
T = T res = res AR = res (2 R L) R
R
=
(2 R L) R
h
R 3 2 L
T=
h
Given T , R, , L, h previous result may be used to find of
fluid, thus concentric cylinders may be used as a viscometer
Non-Newtonian fluid
(non-linear relationship)
du / dy
Compressibility
All fluids compress if pressure increases resulting in an
increase in density
Compressibility is the change in volume due to a
change in pressure
A good measure of compressibility is the bulk modulus
(It is inversely proportional to compressibility)
dp
E =
d
( specific volume)
p is pressure
Compressibility
From previous expression we may write
( final initial )
initial
( p final pinitial )
E
Under this equilibrium we call the call vapor pressure the saturation
pressure
Surface tension
Consider inserting a fine tube into a bucket of water:
y
x
Meniscus
- radius of tube
= n$
n$
x
r
W
Thus
W
=
2 r cos
with
W = water r 2 h
r
W = W ( $j )
cos (2r ) ( $j ) + W ( $j ) = 0 $j