Suport curs gramatica sem 1 2011-2012

NOUNS

THE PLURAL FORM

In general the plural form of nouns is formed by adding the letter - s.

pen pens
dog dogs
student students
However words that end in ch, -x, or s will require an es to form the
plural.
dish dishes
mix mixes
kiss kisses
Some nouns have irregular plural forms.
child children
woman women
man men
mouse mice
Also there are a number of nouns that maintain their Greek or Latin form.
singular

plural

analysis

analyses

appendix

appendixes/appendices

axis

axes

basis

bases

cactus

cacti

criterion

criteria

datum

data

diagnosis

diagnoses

index

indexes/indices

medium

media

oasis

oases

octopus

octopuses/octopi

phenomenon

phenomena

syllabus

syllabuses/syllabi

thesis

theses

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

deer- deer
fish fish
sheep- sheep
Note: Some nouns (like news, mathematics, economics) appear to be plural
in form but take a singular verb.
This news is perfect.
COUNT- NOUNS and MASS NOUNS
Count-nouns are the nouns that can be preceded by one (can be counted)
and may have a plural form.
one boy
two boys
one chair two chairs
one foot
two feet
Mass-nouns cannot be preceded by one (cannot be counted) and cannot
have a plural form.
bread
plastic
aluminum
publicity
milk
ice
steel
biology
water
cloth
glass
history
Some mass-nouns can be pluralized when we use them to express a type:
The waters of the Danube are polluted.
The French are famous for their cheeses and their wines .
Many mass-nouns name abstractions (and are called abstract nouns):
peace courage
liberty
anger
progress culture

Note:
Some abstract nouns do have in certain situations (usually with a change of
meaning) a plural form:
This position requires experience.
He had a lot of unpleasant experience s as a police officer.
My work is boring.
The work s of Leonardo impressed people for centuries.
Gender of Nouns
Gender has the same relation to nouns that sex has to individuals, but while there
are only two sexes, there are four genders:
masculine - the masculine gender denotes all those of the male kind
feminine - the feminine gender all those of the female kind
neuter - the neuter gender denotes inanimate things or whatever is without
life
common - common gender is applied to animate beings, the sex of which for
the time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird, etc
Sometimes things which are without life as we conceive it and which, properly
speaking, belong to the neuter type of noun, are, by a figure of speech called
Personification, changed into either the masculine or feminine, as, for instance, we
say of the sun, He is rising; of the moon, She is setting.
The English language, unlike most others, applies the distinction of
Masculine and Feminine only to the names of persons and animals: man,
woman; boy, girl; lion, lioness. Nouns which denote things without animal
life are said to be Neuter or of Neuter Gender

When the same name is used for male and female, it is said to be Common or of
Common Gender : bird, fish, parent, sovereign, friend. There are three ways of
indicating difference of Gender in Nouns:1. By adding a suffix -ess ex. lion - lioness
2. By using compound words ex. boy-friend, landlord, he-wolf
3. By distinct words ex. father-mother

Masculineandfemininegender
actor

actress

author

authoress

bachelor

spinster

boy

girl

bridegroom

bride

brother

sister

conductor

conductress

count

countess

czar

czarina

dad

mum

daddy

mummy

duke

duchess

emperor

empress

father

mother

father-in-

mother-in-law

law
lady
gentleman
giantess
giant
goddess
god
matron
governor
grandmother
grandfather
headmistress
headmaster
heiress
heir
heroine
hero
hostess
host
huntress
hunter
wife
husband
queen
king
lass

lad

landlady

landlord

lady

lord

woman

man

manageress

manager

maidservant

manservant

mistress

master

milkmaid

milkman

nun

monk

Mrs.

Mr.

murderess

murderer

niece

nephew

mama

papa

poetess

poet

postmistress

postmaster

princess

prince

prophetess

prophet

proprietress

proprietor

shepherdess

shepherd

madam

sir

daughter

son

daughter-in-law

son-in-law

step-mother

step-father

step-daughter

step-son

stewardess

steward

sultana

sultan

aunt

uncle

waitress

waiter

witch

wizard
boar

sow

buck

doe

bull

cow

bull-elephant

cow-elephant

cock

hen

cock-pigeon

hen-pigeon

dog

bitch

drake

duck

drone

bee

fox

vixen

gander

goose

he-bear

she-bear

he-goat

she-goat

he-wolf

she-wolf

leopard

leopardess

lion

lioness

peacock

peahen

ram

ewe

stallion

mare

tiger

tigress

tom-cat

tabby-cat

turkey-cock

turkey-hen

THE VERB
The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts
something about the subject of the sentence and expresses actions, events, or states
of being. The verb is (or is an essential part of) the predicate of a sentence.
There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice, and
mood. In English the verb tenses express the time or relative time in which an
action or condition occurs.
The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being
received by the subject or being done by the subject.
In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed in
the verb; the subject acts.
The man drives the car.
In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed in
the verb . The car is driven by the man.
The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or
intended. In English there are three verb moods. Indicative, a verb stating an
apparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are normally used in
English. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request. Go away!
Please leave!
Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contrary
to fact.
If I were you, I would drive more carefully
I wish that his report were longer.

Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or
possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs carry
the action of a subject and apply it to an object. They tells us what the subject does
to something else (object).
He bought a shirt.
She lost her wallet.
Intransitive verbs do not take an object; they express actions that do not require the
subjects doing something to something else.
He runs.
She dances.
Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to change the
tense, voice, or condition of the verb. Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated with
could, would, or should to show a possible condition. The principal parts of a verb
are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In
English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the
past participle, and the present participle. Since the present participle is always
formed the same way (add -ing), some lists of principal parts omit it.
To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs) we
simply add ed at the end.
Past Tense: I walked home.
Past Participle: I have walked home.

Irregular verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help us
write the different forms of irregular verbs. (see appendix for a list of irregular
verbs)
Past Tense: We saw the plane crash.
Past Participle: We have seen them.

Table of English Tenses

tense

Simple Present

Affirmative/Negative/Questio
n

A: He speaks.
N: He does not speak.
Q: Does he speak?

Use

action in the
present taking
place once,
never or
several times

facts

actions taking
place one
after another

Signal
Words
always,
every ,
never,
normally,
often,
seldom,
sometimes,
usually
if sentences
type I (If I
talk, )

action set by a
timetable or
schedule

Present Progressive

A: He is speaking.
N: He is not speaking.
Q: Is he speaking?

action taking
place in the
moment of
speaking

action taking
place only for
a limited
period of time

action
arranged for

at the
moment,
just, just
now,
Listen!,
Look!, now,
right now

the future
Simple Past

A: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
Q: Did he speak?

action in the
past taking
place once,
never or
several times

actions taking

yesterday, 2
minutes ago,
in 1990, the
other day,
last Friday
if sentence
type II (If I
talked, )

place one
after another

action taking
place in the
middle of
another action

Past Progressive

A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking?

action going
on at a certain
time in the
past

when, while,
as long as

actions taking
place at the
same time

action in the
past that is
interrupted by
another action

Present Perfect
Simple

A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken?

putting
emphasis on
the result

action that is
still going on

action that
stopped
recently

finished
action that has
an influence
on the present

action that has

taken place
once, never or

already,
ever, just,
never, not
yet, so far,
till now, up
to now

several times
before the
moment of
speaking
Present Perfect
Progressive

A: He has been speaking.

N: He has not been speaking.
Q: Has he been speaking?

putting
emphasis on
the course or
duration (not
the result)

all day, for 4

years, since
1993, how
long?, the
whole week

action that
recently
stopped or is
still going on

finished
action that
influenced the
present

Past Perfect Simple

A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?

action taking
place before a
certain time in
the past

sometimes
interchangeabl
e with past
perfect
progressive

already, just,
never, not
yet, once,
until that
day
if sentence
type III (If I
had
talked, )

putting
emphasis only
on the fact
(not the
duration)

Past Perfect
Progressive

A: He had been speaking.

N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking?

action taking
place before a
certain time in
the past

sometimes
interchangeabl
e with past
perfect simple

putting

for, since,
the whole
day, all day

emphasis on
the duration
or course of
an action
Future I Simple

A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak?

action in the
future that
cannot be
influenced

spontaneous
decision

assumption
with regard to
the future

Future I Simple
(going to)

A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
Q: Is he going to speak?

decision made
for the future

in a year,
next ,
tomorrow
If-Satz Typ I
(If you ask
her, she will
help you.)
assumption:
I think,
probably,
perhaps
in one year,
next week,
tomorrow

conclusion
with regard to
the future

Future I Progressive

A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking?

action that is
going on at a
certain time in
the future

in one year,
next week,
tomorrow

action that is
sure to happen
in the near
future

Future II Simple

Future II Progressive

A: He will have spoken.

N: He will not have spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken?

A: He will have been speaking.

N: He will not have been speaking.
Q: Will he have been speaking?

action that
will be
finished at a
certain time in
the future

action taking
place before a
certain time in
the future

putting
emphasis on
the course of

by Monday,
in a week

for , the
last couple
of hours, all
day long

an action

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

to be

was, were

been

to bear

bore

borne, born

to beat

beat

beaten

to become

became

become

to begin

began

begun

to bend

bent

bent

to bite

bit

bitten

to blow

blew

blown

to break

broke

broken

to bring

brought

brought

to build

built

built

to burn

burnt

burnt

to burst

burst

burst

to buy

bought

bought

to catch

caught

caught

to choose

chose

chosen

to come

came

come

to cost

cost

cost

to creep

crept

crept

to cut

cut

cut

to deal

dealt

dealt

to dig

dug

dug

to do

did

done

to draw

drew

drawn

to dream

dreamt

dreamt

to drink

drank

drunk

to drive

drove

driven

to eat

ate

eaten

to fall

fell

fallen

to feed

fed

fed

to feel

felt

felt

to fight

fought

fought

to find

found

found

to fly

flew

flown

to forbid

forbade

forbidden

to forget

forgot

forgotten

to forgive

forgave

forgiven

to freeze

froze

frozen

to give

gave

given

to go

went

gone

to grow

grew

grown

to hang

hung

hung

to have

had

had

to hear

heard

heard

to hide

hid

hidden

to hit

hit

hit

to hold

held

held

to hurt

hurt

hurt

to keep

kept

kept

to kneel

knelt

knelt

to know

knew

known

to lay

laid

laid

to lead

led

led

to lean

leant

leant

to learn

learnt, learned

learnt, learned

to leave

left

left

to lend

lent

lent

to let

let

let

to lie

lay

lain

to lose

lost

lost

to make

made

made

to mean

meant

meant

to mow

mowed

mown

to meet

met

met

to pay

paid

paid

to put

put

put

to read

read

read

to ride

rode

ridden

to ring

rang

rung

to rise

rose

risen

to run

ran

run

to say

said

said

to see

saw

seen

to seek

sought

sought

to sell

sold

sold

to set

set

set

to sew

sewed

sewn

to shake

shook

shaken

to shine

shone

shone

to shoot

shot

shot

to show

showed

shown

to shrink

shrank

shrunk

to shut

shut

shut

to sing

sang

sung

to sink

sank

sunk

to sleep

slept

slept

to slide

slid

slid

to smell

smelt

smelt

to sow

sowed

sown

to speak

spoke

spoken

to spell

spelt

spelt

to spend

spent

spent

to spill

spilt

split

to spread

spread

spread

to stand

stood

stood

to stea1

stole

stolen

to stick

stuck

stuck

to stride

strode

stridden

to strike

struck

struck

to strive

strove

striven

to swear

swore

sworn

to sweep

swept

swept

to swim

swam

swum

to take

took

taken

to teach

taught

taught

to tell

told

told

to think

thought

thought

to throw

threw

thrown

to understand

understood

understood