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(XLS-SVY-20) SolvingNetworkAdjustmentWithSolver-R1 PDF
(XLS-SVY-20) SolvingNetworkAdjustmentWithSolver-R1 PDF
By: zainul_ulum
A. BACKGROUND
Included with standard Excel is an add-in, called Solver, which is tool for optimization and solving equations. The
Standard Solver was developed by Frontline System; Inc. Frontline System also has developed several more
powerful solver packages for Excel. One of these, called Premium Solver which is not included in standard excel.
To check or to activate Standard Solver add-In on Excel 2007, follow these steps:
1.
2.
On the [Excel Options] dialog box, Select [Add-Ins] Group on the Left Panel
3.
, on the Manage selection box, choose, [Excel addIns], then click [Go].
4.
Once the Solver Add-In is activated or installed, it is ready for optimization and solving equation.
In this article, Solver Add-in is implemented for optimizing or adjusting on survey measurements as an alternative
method instead of least square adjustment using matrices.
Basically, least square adjustment is a method of how to analyze and adjust survey measurements in order to
obtain minimum corrections on survey measurements. Since the corrections could result in minus (negative) or
plus (positive), they have to be squared to obtain positive value. It can be concluded that the good observation will
have a minimum sum of squared corrections. If V1, V2, V3, V4,.,Vn are identified as correction for observation
number 1, 2, 3, 4, ,n, then the criterion for least square is as follow:
= 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + . +2 ==
= 1 12 + 2 22 + 3 32 + 4 42 + . + 2 ==
In which W1, W2, W3, W4,.Wn are the weight of the corresponding observations.
2.
3.
All methods require advanced knowledge on matrices operation such as inverse, transpose & derivative and
calculus such as linearization and derivatives.
The condition method or adjustment of observations only (method #1) is implemented in Solver Model. With this
Solver Add-In, there is no requirement of knowledge for matrices, inverse matrices, derivative and linearization.
Steps for least square adjustment with solver add-in
Basic steps to perform adjustment with Solver Add-In according to least square method #1 are:
1.
2.
3.
A.1.1
Redundancy (r) is defined as excess measurement compared to required minimum number of measurements. For
example measurement of inner angle of triangles of S1, S2 and S3 will require 2 (two) minimum measurements.
The third measurement is not mathematically necessary since it can be derived from equation 180-(S1+S2). If n
identified as number of observations, u number of minimum observations, the equation of redundancy is:
A.1.2
Condition equations, also known as independent equations, are one or more mathematical models consisting of
observations to meet a real condition or mathematically proved as TRUE. Example:
After conditions equations are modeled, the constraints can be identified. The constraints from example above
are 180 and 0
Number of equation equals to number of redundancy.
A.1.3
Target parameter is cell on excel that is set to be minimum. According to least square method, the cell contains
formula of sum of squared corrections.
A.2
SOLVER MODEL
Solver Model represents least square equations which consist of observations, corrections, weight and adjusted
observations. The sum of corrections which is set to be minimum are shown in Solver Model
Solver model of measurements on three inner angles on triangle S1, S2 and S3 with no weight:
Redundancy (r=n-u)
Conditions equations
S1+V1+S2+V2+S3+V3=180
Constraints
[E5]=180
Target to minimum
[D5]
By Changing cells
[C2:C4]
Solver add-in will calculate values on range [C2:C4] iteratively until minimum value on cell [D5] is obtained.
Setting on solver parameters:
Solver parameters can be set by activating the solver program with the following steps:
1.
2.
:6
:3
Minimum 3 (three) observations are required to
calculation elevations on B, C and D (number of red
circles)
Redundancy (r=n-u)
:3
Thus, three (3) conditional equations are required to adjust six (6) observations.
2. Solver Model, Conditional Equations and Constraint
CELL
FORMULA
REMARK
C37
=D21
D37
=1/E21
F37
=E37^2*D37
G37
=C37+E37
F44
=SUM(F37:F42)
Conditional equations can be written clearer by naming cells (called range name) rather than using cell reference.
For example, formula/equation in cell F48 is more comprehensive expressed by =La_1-La_3+La_2 instead of
=G37-G39+G38. Individual cell on G37:G42 can be named according to list on H37:H42 with the following:
On the options [Create name from values], check only at [Right column]
Click [OK]
FORMULA
F48
=La_1-La_3+La_2
F49
=La_2+La_4-La_5
F50
=La_3+La_6-La_5
G48:G50
REMARK
Constraints
3. Solver Parameters
Click [Solve]
Solver found a solution means all constraints and conditions are correct.
click [OK]
4. Statistical Testing
After optimization, sample variance (s2) can be obtained from target cell (F44) with the equation s2 = sum(V2W)/(nu)
= F44/3. Statically, the value of sample variance (s2) can be tested with Chi-Square distribution using 95%
() 2
2
( 2 )
2
CELL
FORMULA
F53
=F44
F54
=CHIINV(0.05/2, E32)
F55
NOTE
B.2
ADJUSTMENT ON TRIANGULATION
:8
:4
Minimum 4 (four) observations are required to
calculation coordinates on B and C (number of yellow
squares)
Redundancy (r=n-u)
:4
CELL
FORMULA
C40
=F21
D40
=1/(G21^2)
F40
=E40^2*D40
G40
=C40+(E40/3600)
I40
=TRUNC(G40)
J40
=TRUNC((G40-I40)*60)
K40
=3600*(G40-I40-J40/60)
REMARK
Copy formula on C40:D40 down to C47:D47
Copy formula on F40:G40 down to F47:G47
=La_1+La_2+La_3+La_8
H55
=La_4+La_5+La_6+La_7
H56
=La_1+La_6+La_7+La_8
H57
=La_1+La_2+La_3+La_4+La_5+La_6+La_7+La_8
J54
=(I54-H54)*3600
3. Solver Parameters
Optimization result:
4. Statistical Testing
B.3
ADJUSTMENT ON TRILATERATION
: 10
:9
Redundancy (r=n-u)
:1
CELL
FORMULA
C39
=C20
D39
=D20
E39
=1/(D39^2)
G39
=F39^2*E39
H39
=C39+F39
E54
=VLOOKUP(B54,$B$39:$H$48,7,0)
F54
=VLOOKUP(C54,$B$39:$H$48,7,0)
G54
=VLOOKUP(D54,$B$39:$H$48,7,0)
H54
=F54^2+G54^2-E54^2
I54
=2*F54*G54
J54
=H54/I54
REMARK
K54
=DEGREES(ACOS(J54))
H64
=s_1+s_2+s_3+s_4+s_5
J64
=(I64-H64)*3600
3. Solver Parameters
Optimization result:
4. Statistical Testing
B.4
ADJUSTMENT ON TRAVERSE
: 18
: 12
Redundancy (r=n-u)
:6
CELL
FORMULA
REMARK
L40
=IF(I40="A",K40*$C$60,K40)
M40
=1/(L40^2)
O40
=N40^2*M40
P40
=IF(I40="A",N40/$C$60,N40)
Q40
=J40+IF(I40="A",P40/3600,P40)
R40
O58
=IF(I40="A",
=SUM(O40:O57)
CELL
FORMULA
REMARK
Q70
=DEGREES(ATAN2((P71-P69),(O71-
O69)))+IF(ATAN2((P71-P69),(O71-O69))<0,360)
I70
=Q70
I72
=I70+G71-180+IF(I70+G71-180<0,360,IF(I70+G71-
180>360,-360))
J72
=$H72*SIN(RADIANS($I72))
K72
=$H72*COS(RADIANS($I72))
and
J76:K76
L71
=O71
M71
=P71
L73
=L71+J72
M73
=M71+K72
3. Solver Parameters
Optimization result:
4. Statistical Testing