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Growth: Excessive Citations
Growth: Excessive Citations
Growth
In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California, which is home to
several prominent Silicon Valleytechnology start-ups.[81] The next year, against Page and
Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine,[82] Google began selling
advertisements associated with search keywords.[39] In order to maintain an uncluttered page
design and increase speed, advertisements were solely text-based. Keywords were sold based
on a combination of price bids and click-throughs, with bidding starting at five cents per click.
[39]
This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com, an Idealab spin-off
created by Bill Gross.[83][84]When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued
Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents.
Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo! Search Marketing.
The case was then settled out of court; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to
Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[85]
In 2001, Google received a patent for its PageRank mechanism.[86] The patent was officially
assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after
outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon
Graphics at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.[87] The complex
became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed
by a googol zeroes. The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects.
Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[88] By that time, the
name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to be
added to theMerriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary,
denoted as "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet". [89]
[90] The first use of "Google" as a verb in pop culture (TV) happened on Buffy the Vampire
Slayer in 2002.[91]
In 2005, The Washington Post reported on a 700 percent increase in third-quarter profit for
Google, largely thanks to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from
newspapers, magazines, and television to the Internet.[92]
In January 2008, all the data that passed through Google's MapReduce software component
had an aggregated size of 20petabytes per day.[22][23][24]
In 2009, a CNN report about top political searches of 2009 noted that "more than a billion
searches" are being typed into Google on a daily basis.[21]
In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the
first time, an 8.4 percent increase from May 2010 (931 million).[93]
2012 marked the first year that Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue, topping
2011's $38 billion generated. Then-CEO Larry Page commented in January 2013; "We ended
2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-onquarter. And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year not a bad achievement
in just a decade and a half."[94]
2013 onward
Google announced the launch of a new company called Calico on September 19, 2013, which
will be led by Apple chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public statement, Page explained
that the "health and well-being" company will focus on "the challenge of ageing and
associated diseases".[95]
Google celebrated its 15-year anniversary on September 27, 2013, and in 2016 it celebrated
its 18th birthday with an animated Doodle shown on web browsers around the world.
[96] although it has used other dates for its official birthday. [97] The reason for the choice of
September 27 remains unclear, and a dispute with rival search engine Yahoo! Search in 2005
has been suggested as the cause.[98][99]
The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Google is part of
the coalition of public and private organisations that also
includes Facebook, Intel and Microsoft. Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the A4AI seeks to make
Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where
only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so that they
fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income. [100]
The corporation's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 is reported in midOctober 2013 as $14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.
Google's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in
the number of users' clicks on advertisements.[101]
In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new 1-million-sq-ft (93,000 sq m) office in
London, which is due to open in 2016. The new premises will be able to accommodate 4,500
employees and has been identified as one of the biggest ever commercial property
acquisitions in Britain.[102]
According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the second most
valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,[28] 2014,[29] 2015,[30] and 2016, with
a valuation of $133 billion.[31]
In September 2015, Google engineering manager Rachel Potvin revealed details about
Google's software code at an engielops, coover 2 billion lines of code. All that code is stored
on a code repository avangineers, and the code is regularly copied and updated on 10 Google
data centers. To k