—_—_ Cal Stryuclte = a fwhak feakwees axe. comman between animal. or ans _ —__*_cell_membxane. + Contos passage of molecuies _ ————* paxkially permeable... pant =a the cell content ake colouxles and txancpaxent So deeply Shaining “na! marexia gig Udenniaee in ate ol ee eect nee ne nnn penne DNR controls cell's activivity ___&» nucleolus ; made | of foops_af_ONA pom SEVEHOA oe —* _cytoplasin £_many small SHHUICHUHCS Can be seen within ib. —_*_organelles_£ funckionally 4 structurally dittincr paxks of a-cell “often have._treix awn membrane $0 worls Sepexarey hae Ss -Swctounding cytoplasm. (éeee Gempaxtmentalisatian) +r each type of artganetie. has its own funchon , soit Shows division of fabousewi ss pple 8} _1aitochandia __ Golgi appaxakus:. naples dat tin Sst within ow cell. 0-8) hak aue tbe dijfexencet it in ea hetween. animal and plant eels Po a —— @ninal onlys _* _centwiole : - involaved in in nudens. clivision epey WB, plank oplye *_cell_wall Le wigid (conta cata) —__ = fe Arisideéell = — ge psi “ : — _LY, irate Stands a} _eytoplasm. “that. link _neighbousingplant celle __ - ___e vacuole + ‘sueiounded by a. membnane _(éanagl ast) « ©. ____._Centxcl_passage _behneen Sone oe many functions eg: Mequlaie _Osnaatic._propextties —___— may contain colour. pigment. ___ aa saci git. unalone _— a3) unis: of meakuxements._ > millimedne. ~ tm. = 10°? nnetces (tn) ae micnomet te - on = orem : _ oe | manametste. mmm Os gs IODE PG in_26 SMP __ 4_1.smp_=_0-01mm a a 22 JOOEPG oes fom = 1 cent me a usually stare > 0-26 20-0025 mm * # 2:5.Hm. ——-» Km 100 =) hat is magnieasan? a treglecs he __ > tmagni fication is the tno. of Himes _faxgen do erage 3 coi th Ane _ Heal Size of a9 Obajedke ~ gasewved ie O} the ob\erk (s) 7 7 to) - ___aetuak size CA) — i _ ZoleyQ-6) What is _wesolution 2 pe = 2 Resolution 1s the abitity to Fifneplutnsnuaeen, achnenlas pats ________{if- the 2 points cast e-nasshscs heft Sea AS one pes) $$ = The _decknomagnene specu hous. visible Ligne. puom _ I #6Gnm tvislss\ Joutoommi (red) 3 97 gsi ort oge eh A _—Thelimit of xerolution is_hate of the wavelength of Hadiaton _ —__USed|_fo_view the pecimen.; so if any objeck 6 smaler sean -4han_hal a} tre wavelength of the nadiation used to view it, it —cadt be seen seperate fom the nearby objec FAS macpiFicacion imoceases, xerolution decrease: 6: )_Eleckxon, tions —— = 2 Bleckxo COPE uses eleckxons to Achieve a bektox - Kesolution. Advamtage of eleccxons ane: Mp —_.?_theix_ wavelength is _extnemely shore — they axe negatively charged . can be_ fsa say a using elecknomagnets _Thexe axe 2 types of dectvon mictatcope: flee eee Transmeion. election metoscope (mem) | be electnone ese “passed, thxough the. Specimen + shies PlectHont hak axe transmuted (pass though) can be. Seen, _______._____This_ allows us Jo see. inside cells, * Scanning electxon mictascape » (Sem) a ___¥ election _beam % used 4o_soan the Suxface of the struchure 4 #only the xefleciecl beam is Obsenved 10 the sunface struchitesr can be Seen. Lo - dows a. 39 appeaxance. to be opramed (unithe light mmiciescope),. 7 SEM _ has _lowex nesolution than Tem, eae _® Election beam cant be Seen .*. it need 10 be. projected onto a _flouxesceat seen. The aeat hit by tre eleckxons Shine ___ _ brightly. giving o “black + White'pictuxe. The contHait can be improved by Staining jn which the densly stained pastsappeal blactsex (like x= May) The _elect(on_micxoscopy needs tobe. inside a vaccum as _ he eleckxons would scatierif-they collide with ain, xeducing the. shaxppess_of the image Also, walea boils ak Hoorn. “empexature side a vaccum: the specimen hat fe Be denyeicatedt 88 ba We ubwastucdwie? item es The’ ‘ine’ ox_detailed stuichuste apa cell ic called _ “wenosbuactuve — (Seen on tSEro)e i |e maces 9 a se ee The _nudeus \s the — taxgest cell_onganeile _Susounded by _-A_membranel known as _ouclean envelot a =e _* the utes membrane of the nucleax envelope ig continuous ___ top iitne thet arimpiasiic.' teHerlumy. rr oiy pet ge! BO _* The nutleax envelope har many cmatlpoxer_caled _oucleav poxes__ __whiel_contxol_the exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm —__ _Withitn the. nudes , the chnomesomes ave ino feosely coilecl ere _ Stoke Wwnown as chvomakn. ee 7 *__Chxomosomes contain DNA, which are. _axganised into ae leona _achvities of the cell a inheritence) in =a Endoplasmic_Meticulum stidsasennet 2 Sacco = _—¥ The endoplasmic weticalurn CER) is_an_esctensive system ol —-—-feembpwanes_scuumning! AhHough the cyto plasnn. Tene axe 2 typec.of HER —sengn <8 €R and smooth ER ns Rough ER. les covered ims \ the _ough_€8 fin wat orice ua ened, Sacet Small sacs_(vesicles) can neat off for tbe. ER_# join together _ __f2_fowm the _qplgi appanatuc. Proteins can be exported prom the. --cell_via he. Golgi_appanatus Co i Seroth 66 Sit it_lacks the uibesome 4 has_diffexent functims. it makes Upids and stexoids (eq: cholest1o)) andl it maces jne Meproductive Aelia R RA SE - which bud off fom the E® , 4 axe broken down again at tne _llotnet end to foun falgi appavatah See ee _#. The Golgi appaxakus collec, processes 4 rox moleculek “eacy fe cpt nel seis gn the cell ox our of the. oa eee suis $2 puking $$ — Q-12). hysosomes?- a Oe eae en — _2_huysosomes axe Spherical sacs, “susotounded by a “single a ——. membxane_4_hawving—_no_iotestio ae Stuyctute.. * They contain digestive. enzymes jwh hich naust be. kept seperate fem the _esh of the cell to prevent damage, + They ave. xesponsible: for the boxeakdousn of unwanted _ anne npsdpetes Tetaig ci _ - __@19) tMiyocrondsua: LS oe ese - ____& Mitochondstia axe swoccunded by 2 membuanet furscomuelope). a _ The inne. membuane is folded _to foun ‘divisions: Coristae) which - ____pyoiect yo the ieHiow Solution (makyix) rs :they cowey ck aerobic secpimation «make ATP (universal _ ft enexqu cannier im celts) cs _____,-Endosymbiont_theomy i that _da_oxganism tives in a Mutually _benedcial stelatianship inside _anothex organism 9: xtnenenes. of ntocnondsia) ate ancien aketia_wng in Ce)._ = i | Cou. susdace remo eas th The cell surface tmemloyane is excktemely thin —___ | -Ab_Inigh_ magnification, se eenib Hee em degens et Ctitammas. nen wl meg pe gg — od, Mictovili Po = LMmioxovill axe. extension | of the Cell Suxface membuane They inexease_the surface axea of the cell membuane G1) Conmwoles?— jae sae eee ose sed Eee ens 4) A_centwole ig a hollow cylinder foumed uom a wing se tubes made o pyolein called tubulin. |, They ane involved\_m nuclear — ante pote et) eile an pacha and exkanyoks 2 os 2 Paobaxyolts dack nuclel. eqs tonckoio, ——Leakoujoles have nuclei eg: anmat, packs, fungi ——-Ruahanyska—-___._-Eesbonyoiss diamet = 0-5-5 Mm _* diammekex. = 40 Jem __ — + Smaller sobosome. 1 _____*_.NO_ER_pwesent_Fr Neuy few cell —— Many cell organeiles te nie ___tr Some with Single membrane a | nee See ET eatpeeenet ace gepa vacuole se — Some_with envelope et nucleus, mitochonduia ot Some with no _membrare __€q: Kiloosomes. eel wall Sometimes present. @-18)_ Whak axe. fssuies _-ougons 6 afisyster BP et - > Tasues_axe a. guoupet €clis specialised fo_pertfoxm one.or ___Moxe functions 23: bone, cartilage, xylem, Phloem. > Omgan iS a paxt af the _eady whic forums a _stauduxal andl - functional unit (made of groups of tissues) _-¢q: brain, heaxt, liver, kidney, eye, Koo, Stems, feaves. 2A systen 1s_a_callechon_ef_axgans _witle.a. paxcticutax punckon, Sanee eq: Hepuedehve, codiouaulay, digestive_system in_animak._ Sram ples of some Heswes_ _Epidexonis _ ka puolective foyer ponecel tice ye Ibs covered 110 waxy Cubicle (wakexproop) + has Stomaka. — In. Hoot epidermis fe Inas_Hoot haitt to_matease _susface area of _ absonlotion, Sib cee aig Paxenchyma, axe .thin_ualied cals ysed as packing. tissues. They axe vackive cells and canbe usec for many functions —..... Paxeachyma._contains chlonoplasts in teaver where it can be Modified 4o_forun. the - paisade + Spangy -mesophyN.. ——_ ensin ene cell ucla: Senos: Ape vosuMar 4Ssue_in Stem —__#_heoses. _Pexicycte is a Layer of. elle lncicia” the endodemis® ia ___Xytem # phloem make the vasculax Hesues os Cong distance tHanspomt — ing distance transport of wakex A minexals of Suganic compounds.