Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Version 1993
_______________________________________
Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Berlin
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
_______________________________________
Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Berlin
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
Bibliographical reference:
ITTC Symbols and Terminology List, Version 1993
Prepared by ITTC Symbols and Terminology Group
Berlin: VWS, Mitteilungen, Heft 57 (1993)
Edited by Michael Schmiechen
Short reference:
ITTC Symbols 1993, VWS Mitt. 57
ITTC Symbols
Contents
Version 1993
iii
Contents
Introduction
0.1
Symbols and Terminology Group
0.1.1 Terms of Reference
0.1.2 Activities
0.1.3 Membership
0.2
List of Symbols
0.2.1 Classification
0.2.2 Structure
0.2.3 Organization
0.3
Principles of Notation
0.3.1 Objects: Quantities
0.3.2 Components: Subscripts
0.3.3 Operators: Superscripts
0.4
Details of Notation
0.4.1 Standard Symbols
0.4.2 Computer Symbols
0.4.3 Names, Definitions, SI-Units
0.5
References
0.5.1 ITTC Documents
0.5.2 Translations
0.5.3 Other References
1
1
1
2
4
5
5
6
7
7
7
8
8
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
General Mechanics
1.1
Fundamental Concepts
1.1.1 Concepts in General
1.1.1.1 Basic Concepts
1.1.1.2 Balances
1.1.1.3 Remarks
1.1.2 Space Related Concepts
1.1.2.1 Basic Concepts
1.1.2.2 Remarks
1.1.3 Time Related Concepts
1.1.3.1 Basic Concepts
1.1.3.2 Complex Transforms
1.1.3.3 Complex Quantities
1.1.3.4 Remarks
1.1.4 Random Quantities and Stochastic Processes
1.1.4.1 Random Quantities
1.1.4.2 Stochastic Processes
1.1.4.3 Probability Operators
1.1.4.4 Remarks
1.2
Solid Body Mechanics
1.2.1 Inertial properties
1.2.1.1 Basic Concepts
1.2.1.2 Remarks
1.2.2 Loads
14
14
14
14
16
17
20
20
22
25
25
26
27
27
31
31
32
33
34
35
35
35
36
37
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iv
1.3
1.4
Ships in General
2.1
Geometry and Hydrostatics
2.1.1 Hull Geometry
2.1.1.1 Basic Concepts
2.1.1.2 Derived concepts
2.1.1.3 Computer Symbols for Attributes
2.1.1.4 Remarks
2.1.2 Propulsor Geometry
2.1.2.1 Screw Propellers
2.1.2.2 Ducts
2.1.3 Appendage Geometry
2.1.3.1 Basic Concepts
37
38
38
40
40
41
42
43
43
43
43
44
44
46
46
47
47
49
49
49
51
51
52
53
53
53
55
55
55
56
57
57
58
59
61
62
62
62
62
64
66
67
68
68
70
72
72
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2.2
2.3
Special Craft
3.1
Ice Going Vessels
3.1.2 Resistance and Propulsion
3.2
Planing Boats
3.2.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics
3.2.2 Resistance and Propulsion
3.3
Semi-displacement Vessels
3.3.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics
3.3.2 Resistance and Propulsion
73
74
75
75
77
78
79
79
79
80
82
83
83
84
85
86
87
87
88
90
91
92
92
93
94
94
94
94
96
97
98
99
100
101
101
102
102
104
105
105
105
107
107
110
111
111
115
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vi
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Catamarans
3.4.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics
3.4.2 Resistance and Propulsion
3.4.2.1 Resistance Components
3.4.2.2 Power and Resistance Ratios
3.4.2.3 Remarks
SWATH
3.5.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hydrofoil Boats
3.6.1 Geometry and Hydostatics
3.6.2 Resistance and Propulsion
ACV and SES
3.7.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics
3.7.2 Resistance and Propulsion
Sailing Vessels
3.8.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics
3.8.2 Resistance and Propulsion
121
121
123
123
123
124
125
125
127
127
130
132
132
134
136
136
138
140
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Introduction
0.1
0.1.1
Terms of Reference
Introduction
1
In May 1985 the Executive Committee of the 18th International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC)
reorganised the former Information Committee, earlier Presentation Committee, to form a Symbols
and Terminology (SaT) Group in the newly established ITTC Secretariat.
The task of the SaT Group for the 18th ITTC was to carry out Recommendations 1 through 5,
related to the ITTC Standard Symbols, of the Information Committee of the 17th ITTC, which
were:
1. The Information Committee should continue to monitor and co-ordinate the development
of new symbols by the Technical Committees.
2. The Conference should adopt the new symbols for hydrostatics included in Appendix 4
and the Information Committee should then include these in the ITTC Standard Symbols.
3. The Information Committee should restructure the ITTC Standard Symbols according to
the outline Proposal in Appendix 6 and include new symbols agreed by the Technical
Committees.
4. The Information Committee should continue to revise the Dictionary of Ship
Hydrodynamics as required.
5. The Information Committee shoud continue cooperation with other organizations to
achieve a common agreement on symbols and terminology.
The 18th ITTC at Kobe adopted the following Recommendations to the Conference and for the
future work of the SaT Group, respectively, related to Symbols:
Recommendations to the Conference:
1. The Conference should adopt the structure of the ITTC standard Symbols and Terminology List outlined by the Symbols and Terminology Group and used as the basis for the
1987 Draft List distributed at the 18th ITTC in Kobe.
2. The Conference should urge the Technical Committees and individuals to contribute to
the completion of the List of Standard Symbols and should encourage the use of the
symbols and their further development in cooperation with the Symbols and Terminology
Group.
3. The Conference should decide to delay the review and update of the ITTC Dictionary
of Ship Hydodynamics and the official translations of this into principal languages until the
final Symbols and Terminology List is published in 1990.
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
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0.1.2
Activities
The SaT Group took up its work immediately after it was established having its first meeting at
Wageningen in October 1985, and coming up with the plan to produce the present draft of a
restructured and enlarged list of the ITTC Standard Symbols 1987. The first raw draft was
discussed at Berkeley in July 1986, the Draft 1987 published at the 18th ITTC in October 1987
at Kobe by the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, having been finalized at Trondheim in June
1987.
Work on various chapters has been continued by the 18th ITTC SaT Group and the results have
been distributed to the Technical Committees at the Kobe Conference together with the printed
Draft 1987.
The SaT Group of the 19th ITTC continued work on the Standard Symbols during meetings at
Genova in March 1988, at the Hague and Berlin in September 1988 and in August 1989 at
Trondheim, the 1990 version being completed at Genova in March 1990.
During this work, new and more rigorous requirements resulting from the proposed use of the
symbols in validation work and in data bases caused a reconsideration of the fundamental aspects.
Duplication of computer symbols had to be carefully traced and avoided, in order to permit
automatic handling of symbols in data bases.
In order to facilitate the handling of the List of Symbols the earlier version was retyped as a series
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
Introduction
3
of WordPerfect files, which were available much too late for updating and were printed without
even having been proof read! Consequently, the goal of finalizing the symbols list before the 19th
ITTC at Madrid could not be reached. From the document itself it is evident that was less than
a draft.
The SaT Group of the 20th ITTC met at Madrid in September 1990, at Berlin in June 1991, at
Newcastle in May 1992 and at Genova in January 1993. The primary task after many years of
frustrations with the computerized list of symbols was to finally establish a computer implementation permitting direct expert corrections on a PC.
After the previous transscription into the WordPerfect files using the tabulator function the solution
was achieved by transformation to the table format. With the appropriate tools being available after
all the next task tackled was to correct all the misprints and to implement all the improvements
suggested by colleagues of member organisations and members of the SaT Group. The List of
Symbols as printed is now available on a floppy discs using the format of a WordPerfect 5.2
master document with the appropriate subdocuments, being themselves master documents according
to the structure of the list.
The main concern after this still rather traditional approach was to achieve the goal set out in the
Recommendations for the future work of the SaT Group, to put the computer symbols on a more
rational basis. And it soon became evident that the accomplishment of this task could only be
achieved by rigorously following the object oriented paradigma applied earlier in restructuring the
List of Symbols. The basic principles and rules behind this work are outlined in the following
chapters of this preface.
Two problems had to be solved: to maintain the traditional, in many ways inconsistent "Standard"
Symbols as an accepted interim and suggest new consistent symbols as alternatives. Some of these
are already used in computer work and SaT Group feels that due to their efficiency they will
sooner or later completely replace the traditional symbols as has the system of SI-Units the
traditional systems.
In view of the increasing demands concerning quality assurance systems the SaT Group felt that
the ITTC Symbols should no longer be called Standard Symbols as this name implies legal
obligations, which are not existent. The International Standard Organisation and corresponding
national organisations may at a later stage take measures to adopt the ITTC Symbols as a Standard
as was already intended with the earlier version; s. 0.5.3.
During the work to rationalize the computer compatible symbols for use in databases etc the SaT
Group became aware of a number of related efforts on an even more general level, which need to
be taken into account in the further development of the ITTC Symbols. As documented in the
Group Report to the 20th ITTC the development and and application of terminological databases
is dramatically increasing and has lead to a number of specialized workshops and symposia.
In the broadest sense terminological databases are basic for computer aided knowledge and science
engineering, which are developing at a breath taking pace. In order to meet the forthcoming
requirements the ITTC Symbols will have to be further rigorously rationalized. Compared to this
formidable task, which has only been started with the new object oriented structure of the Symbols
List, the transformation from the present table format into one of the rapidly developing
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
0.1.3
Membership
The membership of the SaT Group as appointed by the 18th ITTC Executive Committee in May
1985 and re-appointed by the 19th ITTC Executive Committee in October 1987 is as follows:
Prof. Bruce Johnson (Chairman)
Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering Department
U.S. Naval Academy
Annapolis, MD 21402
USA
Phone +1 410 267 3871
Fax
+1 410 267 2591
Dr. David Clarke
Department of Marine Technology
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU
United Kingdom
Phone +44 91 222 6721
Fax
+44 91 261 1182
Dr. Norihiro Matsumoto
Electronics Research Center
Nippon Kokan K.K.
1-1 Minamiwatarida-cho, Kawasaki-ku
Kawasaki 210
Japan
Phone +81 44 322 6276
Fax: +81 44 322 6523
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
0.2
List of Symbols
0.2.1
Classification
The prime concern in setting up a revised and enlarged list of ITTC Standard Symbols was to
design an adequate system for the classification of concepts. As soon as the work started it became
clear that the outline proposed by the Information Committee of the 17th ITTC (Proc. 17th ITTC
(1984) Vol.1, p.56) had to be reconsidered in view of the problems encountered.
Subsequently the following design requirements and goals have been established:
ITTC Symbols
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Introduction
6
1. produce a coherent document, meeting the present and possibly the future requirements
of the ITTC community in general and particular user groups
2. establish an open ended matrix structure that can be easily expanded as requirements
arise, without the need of restructuring and repetition or too many explicit cross-references
3. minimize departures from the well established and widely accepted previous list of
symbols
After a series of attempts to meet these requirements the structure as listed in the table of contents
evolved very much in line with the past development of the symbols, for instance by the High
Speed Craft Committee and others. The essential features are the subject areas of rather limited
scope, organized in an hierarchical order. Ideally each subject area represents a complete and
coherent model of that area under consideration, for example rigid body motion, hull geometry,
propulsor performance.
0.2.2
Structure
The concepts related to a given subject area or model are designated by the ITTC Symbol and
called by their Name. Their meaning can in principle only be concluded from the context of the
model, that is by coherent, so called 'implicit' definitions, to be derived from an explicit statement
of the model, ideally an axiomatic system or any equivalent, for example a drawing.
The problem is that traditionally in lists of symbols as in dictionaries these explicit models are
missing for various reasons. One reason is that many subject areas under discussion are far from
being developed and understood to the extent necessary. A consequence of this situation is that the
symbols proposed are not always as coherent as is necessary for advanced and systematic work,
where the explicit models and adequate notations area are a prerequisite.
The problem under discussion is of course the same in national and international standards. In
order to avoid the dilemma indicated, the ITTC Symbols should not only perpetuate past practice
and jargon but try to take the lead and step forward. This is particularly important in view of the
development trends in marine technology. In a rapidly changing world adequate tools are
prerequisite for efficient problem solving.
As expert system and knowledge engineering technologies evolve the importance of adequate
symbols and terminology is more widely acknowledged. The training of scientists working in the
terminology field is being offered by the standards organizations. Some of these activities have
been monitored but are felt to be lacking in clear-cut rules which may be readily understood and
applied in practice.
The original idea to add indices of symbols and names to the document had to be delayed as long
as adequate tools were missing. Now such an undertaking is felt to be still premature at the present
stage, as it requires the resolution of a number of additional problems, such as standardisation of
names.
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0.2.3
Introduction
7
Organization
As has been emphasized the development of symbols is a continuing process and as the subject
develops, further amendments and additions, as approved by the Conference, will be included in
future editions of the list.
In order to avoid any extra problems the symbols are arranged in alphabetical order in each subject
area as in previous lists. Continuous page numbering was discarded in earlier versions. The idea
was to establish a loose leaf organization as the most appropriate, in view of new drafts to be
incorporated.
In view of the extremely powerful modern word processing systems the whole idea was discarded
and advantage was taken of the indexing cababilities etc. permitting efficient production of real
updates including in future additional explanations and sketches or drawings related to particular
sections where necessary, and as found in national and international standards.
But in view of the tremendous effort which explicit mathematical models, explanations, and
sketches take for their preparation, the present SaT Group has only started to consider guidelines
for these additions and has added only few examples of explanations to the present list. The
Technical Committees and other interested parties are urged to provide further material for review
by the SaT Group and future inclusion into the list.
It has been noted by the SaT Group that some users dislike the disruption of the list of symbols
by lengthly explanations. But the Group feels that the complexity of the subject and the sensible
use of the symbols require such explanations, the more so as the fundamentals of the theory of
science and terminology are not taught to students of naval architecture and marine engineering.
0.3
Principles of Notation
0.3.1
Objects: Quantities
Standard notations have to be adequate for the problems to be dealt with and preferably have to
be operational.
In general there is a body b, e. g. ship S or model M, in space s, referred to coordinates c with
origin o, and time t of which the values q of quantities of certain physical qualities Q are of
interest, i. e.
q = Q (b, s, c, o, t) ,
q is a variable for numerical values of quantities, while Q is a variable for functors constants,
quantities of qualities, e. g. of inertia, momentum, or energy.
In many cases the quantities in question are components of vectorial or tensorial quantities; and
should be denoted accordingly, s. 0.3.2.
Further, quite often various aspects of the same quantity are of interest, for example their spectra
ITTC Symbols
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Introduction
8
or aspects of those, in simpler cases just their expectation or estimates of these, e. g. time averages,
all of them to be carefully distinguished; s. 0.3.3.
It should be evident, that the requirements concerning an adequate, operational notation are quite
demanding. At the same time it should be understood that it is worthwhile to create such a
notation, as waste of effort due to confusion of concepts may be reduced drastically.
The question is of course how far one wants to depart from current practice in order to cope with
this situation. The example of the standard notation used in chemistry may serve as a guideline.
In the present context, the typical objects or "elements" referred to are the values of quantities in
time or "signals". Consequently the symbols for the signals should be the primary symbol and
components and transforms should be denoted by sub- and superscripts, respectively.
0.3.2
Components: Subscripts
In view of vector and tensor components, it is felt that it is appropriate to introduce a simple tensor
notation at least for orthogonal coordinates. This helps to limit the number of symbols as it requires
only one symbol for the particular set of components in question. For example the various, say at
least two times thirty six "stability derivatives", i. e. generalized mass and damping, need not and
cannot be introduced individually.
If vector or tensor components, in general matrix components are conveniently denoted by
subscripts, the above situation thus becomes in more general terms
0.3.3
Operators: Superscripts
Superscripts are traditionally used for exponentiation but can be generally used to denote operators;
the most satisfactory approach being the inverse Polish notation.
The advantage of this notation is that no brackets are required and operators are listed exactly in
the sequence in which they are applied to the signal. As has been done with the matrix notation
earlier this notation may in future be readily rendered operational in advanced software
environments, object oriented languages in particular.
For convenience the computer symbols and symbols used in data bases should exactly reflect this
notation in order to avoid any extra problems of translation. Consequently the earlier proposed
prefixes in the computer symbols have been changed to suffixes. As an example the real part of
the heave spectrum may be denoted as follows:
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
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standard
X SR3
computer
data base
X SR(3) or X _SR(3) or X x SpRe(3) XSR3 or X _SR3 or X x SpRe3
The main problem in any case is to define symbols for operations and not for the results of the
operations. In order to have the most compact notation agreement should be reached concerning
a one character notation, and a corresponding two character notation for the computer symbols, for
well defined operations.
Due to the fact that it has not been possible to define symbols for concepts, qualifiers, operators
etc uniformly in terms of two characters the above example show the presently used techniques
to introduce separators. X and X x denote symbol variables, to be replaced by symbols proper in
any particular application.
If necessary the meaning of a operator symbol may depend on the context, i.e. its position with
respect to others and the object it operates upon. This generic use of symbols is of course very
efficient, but needs special care not to confuse concepts.
It is most important to note that in any case definitions of concepts or operations should not be
confused with operational definitions, i.e. methods for determination or measurement of values.
Separate identifiers have to be introduced in order to avoid confusion. A whole hierarchy of such
operators and qualifiers is necessary.
Some 'operator' symbols are proposed in the following chapter on fundamental concepts. They
concern
1. identifiers of the object being tested, e. g. ship S or model M, or the various bodies
in a multi-body problem,
2. identifiers of coordinate systems and of the reference points, not only forward and aft
perpendicular,
3. the various aspects of complex quantities,
4. the various aspects of spectra and
5. the various aspects of random quantities and stochastic processes.
So far no particular identifiers have been introduced for various estimators. As an example the
power spectra of stationary random processes may be estimated using Fourier techniques, as agreed
upon by the oceanographic institutes world wide, or by autoregressive model techniques, avoiding
systematic i. e. bias errors inherent in the first technique. Another example is the interpretation of
the conceptual frame-work of hull-propeller interaction based on propulsion, hull resistance, and
propeller open water tests or from the results of propulsion tests alone.
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
0.4
Details of Notation
0.4.1
Standard Symbols
10
The symbols in the first column of the tables are primarily intended for use in technical writing
and mathematical expressions. The following notes are relevant:
1. All symbols, their subscripts, and superscripts should be written as shown.
2. In a number of instances alternative symbols are given.
3. In many cases the symbols, their sub- and superscripts denote variables to be replaced
by symbols for any object, component and qualifier or operator, respectively.
4. Where for one reason or another departures from the standard symbols are made, these
departures should be clearly indicated and stated.
0.4.2
Computer Symbols
Wherever possible the symbols in the second column of the tables have been chosen so that their
meaning is readily apparent. They have been constructed from the CCITT International Telegraph
Alphabet, restricted character set. They are therefore suitable for use in a wide range of situations
e. g.: Telex messages, letters, computer printouts etc.
To ensure that the symbols can be used in a wide range of programming languages they currently
have been kept to less than six characters long. The symbols should be used as defined, and, in
accordance with modern programming practice, should have their type explicitly declared before
use. The following rules were applied in the derivation of the symbols:
1. Only upper case letter A - Z and digits 0 - 9 have been used.
2. Formerly Greek letters have been spelled out, if necessary in abbreviated form or with
changed spelling. This practice is considered obsolete.
3. The Froude 'circular' symbols are defined by the prefix CIRC.
4. All symbols start with a letter.
5. Qualifiers and operators, preferably two characters, are currently suffixed to the main
symbol line, without spacing.
6. No one computer compatible symbol should be used for different concepts in a given
context. This goal has not been completely achieved for the whole list. Ad hoc solutions
have been attempted but discarded as unsatisfactory.
7. Since the computer compatible symbols have been proposed as the basis of attribute
names for data exchanges, the above rules will probably be further developed in the near
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
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11
future.
A final remark on the Computer Symbols: in the computer, the letter O and figure 0 (zero) have
fundamentally different meanings, but owing to their resemblance they can be easily confused.
Thus it is necessary to distinguish rigorously between them. As a matter of fact there are
contradictory conventions being widely used.
0.4.3
The third column in the tables contains the names of the concepts denoted by the symbols in the
first and the second columns, while the fourth column usually contains a definition, or a short
explanation where necessary. The last column gives the SI-Units for the concepts.
The dimensions of dimensionless quantities as well as their units are 1. They are measured in
counts or "absolute units", which sometimes are given names, e.g. rad, rev, but this practice, usual
in natural languages, is found to be not very useful in formal systems.
A number of concepts and their symbols are customarily defined and/or standardized differently
in different fields of application. The SaT Group cannot resolve all of these discrepancies, but
urges that in such cases the definitions and the units used are stated. Only a few examples having
been discussed may be mentioned.
While the SI-Units of angle and velocity are rad and meter/second, respectively, the traditional
units degree and knot are still widely used and clearly this situation will not change in the near
future. In the spectral description of real deterministic or stochastic processes spectra and power
spectra, respectively may be defined as double- or single-sided as functions of frequency or circular
frequency. Any of these difinitions has its particular advantages, but has to be clearly distinguished from the others.
A major step towards an unambiguous definition of the phase angle has been taken by explicitely
distinguishing phase lead and lag of complex quantities. Despite the fact that both have opposite
signs they are confused even in mathematically oriented standard textbooks!
0.5
References
0.5.1
ITTC Documents
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
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12
0.5.2
Translations
A number of translations of the List of ITTC Standard Symbols into languages other than English
has been made including French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish and Chinese. For
obvious reasons these translations are no longer up-to-date as the present accepted list in English.
1. French Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols 1971.
Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR).
2. International vereinbarte Buchstabensymbole und Bezeichnungen
auf dem Gebiet der Schiffshydrodynamik. Collatz, G.
Schiff und Hafen 27 (1975) No.10.
3. Italian Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols 1971. Luise E.
Appendix II, Report of Presentation Committee.
Proceedings 14th ITTC, Vol. 4, Ottawa 1975.
4. Japanese Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols.
Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, No.538, April 1974.
5. Russian Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols 1971.
Brodarski Institute Publication No.28, Zagreb 1974.
6. Simbolos Internacionales en Arquitectura Naval.
Asociacion de Investigacion de la Construccion Naval,
Publication 7/75, Juli 1975, Madrid.
7. Report of Information Committee, Proc. 17th ITTC, Gteborg 1984.
8. Chinese Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols.
China Ship Scientific Research Centre, Wuxi.
0.5.3
Other References
Apart form the organizations represented on the ITTC these symbols have been recommended for
use in technical writing on naval architecture by a number of organizations concerned with marine
matters including The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, the American Society of Naval
ITTC Symbols
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13
Architects and Marine Engineers and the American, British, Canadian, Australian, and Italian
Navies.
In 1985 the Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 7463 Shipbuilding - Symbols for Computer
Applications - has been published. The symbols are based on the list approved by the ITTC in
Ottawa 1975 and a related list produced by the ISSC in 1974, inconsistencies having been
removed. The ISO/TC8/SC15 has been notified that major changes of the ITTC Symbols are under
discussion. Subsequently processing of ISO/DIS 7463 has not been postponed, but the standard
has been published as ISO 7463 in 1990.
ITTC Symbols
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1.1
1.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
1.1
Fundamental Concepts
1.1.1
Concepts in General
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Concepts in General
14
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
dv / dt
m/s2
s. Remark .1
a, a1
AC, A1
Linear or translatory
acceleration
A, AR,
AREA
Area in general
m2
B, BR
Breadth
C, FF2
FF(2)
Cross force
D, FF1
FF(1)
Drag (force)
d, D
D, DI
Diameter
E, EN
Energy
FC
Friction coefficient
FR
Frequency
1/T
F, F0
F, F0
Force
G, GR
DE
Depth
H, HT
Height
I, IN
Moment of inertia
L, LE
Length
m
J
1
Hz
N
W / m,
strength of the earth
gravity field, alias acceleration of gravity
m/s2
kg m2
m
ITTC Symbols
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1.1
1.1.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Concepts in General
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
L, FF3
FF(3)
Lift (force)
Force perpendicular to
translatory velocity
M, MA,
MASS
Mass
M, F1
M1, F1
Moment of forces
MO
Momentum
n, N
FR, N
Frequency of revolution
P, PO
Power
VF
r, R
RD
Radius
R, FF1
SP
TI
Time
TE
Temperature
TC
Period
U, UN
Undisturbed velocity of a
fluid
v, V1
V, V1
Linear or translatory
velocity of a body
VO
Volume
WD
WT
MR
15
SIUnit
N
kg
Nm
Ns
Alias RPM!
Hz
W
m3/s
m
N
m
s
K
Duration of a cycle of a
repeating or periodic, not
necessarily harmonic
process
m/s
ds / dt
m/s
m3
dW / dV
N/m3
N
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General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Concepts in General
16
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
EF, ETA
Efficiency
Ratio of powers,
s. Remark .2
DN, RHO
Mass density
dm / dV
ST, TAU
Tangential stress
SC
Scale ratio
SN, SIGS
Normal stress
FC, OMF
Circular frequency
2f
1/s
, V0
V0, OMN
Angular velocity
2n
rad/s
kg/m3
Pa
Pa
1.1.1.2 Balances
s. Remark .3
QU
QU/s
QC
QCF
Convective flux
QU/s
QD
QDF
Diffusive flux
QU/s
QF
QFL
QM
QDM
Molocular diffusion
QU/s
QP
QPN
QU/s
QS
QRT
QT
QDT
Turbulent diffusion
Inward positive!
dq / dt
QU/s
QU/s
QU/s
ITTC Symbols
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ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Concepts in General
Definition or
Explanation
17
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1.1.1.3 Remarks
.1 Greek Symbols
For traditional reasons the computer symbols of the concepts denoted by Greek ITTC Symbols do
in general not refer to the concepts, but rather to the Greek symbol. This state of affairs is more
than unsatisfactory. The SaT Group feels that at the present stage it may be time for a radical
change.
An example is the efficiency, the universally accepted symbol being the Greek . The computer
symbol should of course be EF, instead of ETA.
Another example is the traditional symbol for circular frequency and angular velocity. Clearly
the computer symbols FC and V0, respectively, or similar would be much more reasonable than the
traditional symbols listed.
.2 Velocities, Forces
In the following sections more general concepts are proposed, which permit an even more rational
approach. Appropriate symbols for the linear and the angular velocity would be v 1 and v0 ,
respectively, in precisely that order! In terms of the generalized velocity v, the complete motion
with six degrees of freedom, the components of the angular velocity are then uniquely denoted by
v0i = v3+i with i = 1, 2, 3 and 'resulting' in the the computer symbols V0(I) = V(3+I), again with
I = 1, 2, 3; s. the following section on space related concepts and the section on rigid body motions.
Concerning the hydrodynamic forces acting on a body due to translatory motion only the rational
computer symbols are given. As a matter of fact this type of notation is used more and more in
various applications. The advantages need not to be elaborated upon.
.3 Efficiencies
The concept of efficiency or factor of merit is that of a ratio of powers, preferably powers proper,
but sometimes virtual powers are considered as well. The most appropriate notation for efficiencies
would therefore be the following with two indices, namely the identifiers of the two powers put into
proportion, i. e.
XY = PX / PY .
This notation together with the computer notation ETX Y would of course greatly improve the data
handling as it is truly operational.
ITTC Symbols
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Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Concepts in General
Definition or
Explanation
18
SIUnit
.4 Balances
QS = QF + QP ,
implying, that the net storage of the quality in a given boundary equals the net flux of the quality
across the boundary into the control volume and the net production of sources within the boundary.
The symbol Q is the variable for the symbol of the particular extensive qualitiy under investigation,
e. g. mass, momentum, and energy. QS, QF, and QP are variables for values of the storage, flux, and
production, respectively.
The net storage is nothing else but the net rate of change of the quantity q of the quality Q stored
in the control volume:
QS = dq / dt .
q is the variable for values of the quantity of the quality Q stored in the control volume.
Concerning the flux there are two types to be clearly distinguished according to their mechanisms,
the convective and the diffusive fluxes, i. e.
QF = QC + QD .
The diffusive flux itself may be due to two types of diffusion, the molecular diffusion and the
turbulent diffusion, i. e.
QD = QT + QM .
Traditionally the time rate of change is denoted by a dot, i. e.
dq / dt = q
According to some standards, e. g. the German DIN, fluxes and the productions may be denoted by
symbols with a dot as well, apparently due to the fact, that they have the same dimension as time
rates of change. This usage is misleading and confusing and therefore totally unacceptable.
The concepts of flux and source are fundamental concepts and essentially different, due to the totally
different nature of the mechanisms, from the concept of rate of change of the quantity they cause to
change, although they may each, in the absence of the other, be equal in value and balancing the rate
of change.
ITTC Symbols
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ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Concepts in General
Definition or
Explanation
19
SIUnit
Much more reasonable is to denote rate of change by an operator symbol as well, e. g. by R, as will
be done in this version of the symbols, and write any balance in the format
qR = QS = QC + QT + QM + QP ,
clearly indicating the four totally different physical mechanisms taking part in the change of any
quantities of extensive qualities.
If instead of the object oriented notation the function oriented notation is being used the balance
would e. g. look like
qR = S Q = C Q + TQ + M Q + P Q .
This is not very practical if the quality under consideration is of tensorial character or of even more
complex matrix nature.
ITTC Symbols
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Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.1.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Space related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
s. Remarks .1and .2
ds
S 0ij
S M0(I,J)
ijds =ijS
S 1ij
S M1(I,J)
S 2ij
S M2(I,J)
S uv
S (U,V)
Generalized moment of a
scalar quantity distributed
in space
s. Remark .3
S ij = S 0ij
S i, 3+j = S 1ijT
S 3+i, j = S 1ij
S 3+i, 3+j = S 2ij
T ij
T (I,J)
T ijA
T AS(I,J)
Anti-symmetric part of a
tensor
( T ij - T ji ) / 2
T ijS
T SY(I,J)
( T ij + T ji ) / 2
T ijT
T TR(I,J)
Transposed tensor
T ji
T ij v j
Tensor product
T ij v j
20
SIUnit
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General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Space related Concepts
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
ui, v i
U(I), V (I)
ui v i
UV PS
Scalar product
uiv i
ui v j
UV PD(I,J)
Diadic product
uiv j
uv
UV PV(I)
Vector product
ijkujv k
V 0i ,V i
V 0(I),V (I)
V 1i
V 1(I)
ijkxjdv k
Vu
V (U)
Generalized vector
V i = V 0i
21
SIUnit
V 3+i = V 1i
x, x1
y, x2
z, x3
X, X(1)
Y, X(2)
Z, X(3)
Right-hand orthogonal
system of coordinates fixed
in the body, s. Remark .2
x0, x01
y0, x02
z0, x03
X0, X0(1)
Y0, X0(2)
Z0, X0(3)
Right-hand orthogonal
system of coordinates fixed
in relation to the space, s.
Remark .2
xF, xF1
yF, xF2
zF, xF3
XF, XF(1)
YF, XF(2)
ZF, XF(3)
Right-hand orthogonal
system of coordinates fixed
in relation to the flow, s.
Remark .2
ijk
EPS(I,J,K)
Epsilon operator
ij
DEL(I,J)
Delta operator
+1 : ij = 11, 22, 33
0 : if otherwise
ITTC Symbols
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ITTC
Symbol
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Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Space related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
22
SIUnit
1.1.2.2 Remarks
.1 Notation
A problem of general interest, the orientation of the axes of coordinate systems, has been treated
extensively in the Report of the 17th ITTC Information Committee. For ready reference the
recommendation is quoted in the following.
"In order to adapt ITTC nomenclature to common practice a proposal for a standard coordinate
system was published in the newsletter No 7, March 1983, to generate discussion. The response was
quite diverse. On the one hand it was suggested that instead of the two orthogonal right handed
systems with the positive x-axis forward and the positive z-axis either up- or downward as proposed
only one system should be selected, in particular the one with the positve z-axis upwards. On the
other hand the attention of the Information Committee was drawn to the fact that in ship flow
calculations neither of the two systems proposed is customary. Normally the x-axis is directed in
the main flow direction, i.e. backwards, the y-axis is taken positive to starboard and the z-axis is
positive upwards. The origin of the co-ordinates in this case is usually in the undisturbed free
surface half way between fore and aft perpendicular.
In view of this state of affairs the Information Committee may offer the following recommendation,
if any:
Axes, coordinates
Preferably, orthogonal right handed systems of Cartesian co-ordinates should be used, orientation
and origin in any particular case should be chosen for convenience.
Body axes (x,y,z)
ITTC Symbols
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ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Space related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
23
SIUnit
Coordinate systems fixed in relation to the earth or the water. For further references see ISO
Standard 1151/1 ...6: Terms and symbols for flight dynamics.
The Information Committee is aware that there may be other coordinate systems in use and sees
no possibility for the adoption of a single system for all purposes. Any problem requires an
adequate coordinate system and transformations between systems are simple, provided that
orientations and origins are completely and correctly documented for any particular case."
Origins of coordinates
In seakeeping and manoeuvring problems customarily the centre of mass of the vehicle is chosen
as the origin of the coordinates. This is in most cases not necessarily advantageous, as all the
hydrodynamic properties entering the problems are related rather to the geometries of the bodies
under investigation. So any geometrically defined point may be more adequate for the purposes at
hand.
.3 Generalized vector or 6-D notation
Most mechanical problems related to bodies moving in three dimensional space are six dimensional
due to the six degrees of freedom involved. Consequently it is extremely convenient to have an
appropriate notation available. Historically a symbolic 'motor' notation has been proposed and
successfully used by Richard von Mises (1924). Much later the operational notation ready for
computer applications adopted here has been independently developed (Schmiechen, 1962) and used
for the efficient solution of complex problems, including the motions of robots in flows
(Schmiechen, 1989) .
The basic idea is to combine the two vectorial balances for the translational momentum and the
rotational momentum, respectively, into only one 6-D balance of the generalized momentum, and
consequently to deal with generalized forces, i. e. loads, generalized velocities, i. e. motions,
generalized masses, i. e. inertia, etc. The generalized vectors, i. e. von Mises' motors, and the
ITTC Symbols
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ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Space related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
24
SIUnit
generalized tensors are simple matrices of vectors and tensors, respectively. As ordinary vectors and
tensors their genralized counterparts obey certain transformation rules related to changes in the
orientations and the origins of the coordinate systems.
The introduction of this notation at this very early stage is of course in line with the object oriented
approach adopted and permitting an extremely efficient notation not only for the motions of bodies
in general but the seakeeping and manouvring of ships, the notation for which was so far in a quite
unacceptable state.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.1.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Time related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
25
SIUnit
ADMP
Damping
FR
Frequency
fC
FC
Basic frequency in
repeating functions
1 / TC
Hz
fS
FS
Frequency of sampling
1 / TS
period in repeating spectra
Hz
Imaginary unit
sqrt(-1)
IM
Imaginary variable
Integer values
- ...+
Complex variable
exp(s TS)
Laurent transform
Complex variable
a + 2 if
Laplace transform
TI
Time
- ... +
tj
TI(J)
j TS
TC
TC
Period of cycle
1 / fC
duration of cycles in
periodic, repeating
processes
TS
TS
Period of sampling
x (t)
Hz
X (J)
Complex variable
1
i
xj
1/s
1/s
s
ITTC Symbols
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Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Time related Concepts
Name
Definition or
Explanation
xA
XA
Analytic function
x DF
X DF
Fourier transform of
sampled function
x DL
X DL
Laurent transform
Sampled function
xF
X FT
Fourier transform
x Fj
X FT(J)
Fourier transform of
periodic function
xH
X HT
Hilbert transform
X H(t) = 1/ X ()/(t - )d
x HF
X HF
Fourier transform of
Hilbert transform
xL
X LT
Laplace transform
X L(s) = X (t)exp(-st)dt
if X (t<0) = 0 then
= (X (t)exp(-at))F
xR
X RT
Laurent transform
X R(r) = x jr-j=X DL
xS
XS
Single-sided complex
spectra
x Sj
X S(J)
Single-sided complex
Fourier series
X Fj(1 + sgn j)
line spectra
26
SIUnit
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Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Time related Concepts
Name
Definition or
Explanation
27
SIUnit
za
Z AM
Amplitude
zc
Z RE
z c = real(z ) = z acos(z p)
zi
Z IM
Imaginary or sine
component
imag(z ) = z asin(z p) = z s
zj
Z CJ
Conjugate
z r - iz i
zl
Z LG
(Phase) Lag
- zp
zp
Z PH
Phase
arc(z ) = arctg(z i / z r)
zr
Z RE
real(z ) = z acos(z p) = z c
zs
Z IM
Imaginary or sine
component
z s = imag(z ) = z asin(z p)
1.1.3.4 Remarks
.1 Fourier transforms and spectra
The notation proposed has proved to be adequate for "real" problems at hand, these notes giving
some useful background information in the most concise form.
The complex "values" may be quantities of any "complexity", e.g. tensors, matrices, and tensors of
matrices as e.g. encountered in 6-D parameter identification.
The uniform use of the "natural" frequency instead of artifical circular frequency has the advantage
that no factors are occuring in the Fourier transform pair.
.2 Group properties
The Fourier and Hilbert transforms are the unit elements of cyclic groups with the following
properties:
X (-t)F = X F(-f),
X F(-f)F = X (t)
ITTC Symbols
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Version 1993
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Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Time related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
28
SIUnit
F4 = H4 = 1.
.3 Fourier series
Due to the fact that in most cases only real functions and single-sided spectra are used the usual
format of the Fourier series is
X (t) = real( xSj exp(i2 jt/TC) = xScj cos(2 jt/TC) + xSsj sin(2 jt/TC)
The reason for this step is that the spectra are in fact Fourier transforms not of the real function
being studied but of the corresponding analytic function.
For ready reference the following formulae are given
xS j = xFj (1 + sgn j)
xFc = 1/TC X (t) cos(2 jt/TC)dt
xFs = 1/TC X (t) sin(2 jt/TC)dt
where the integration has to be extended over the cycle TC .
.4 Causal functions
X (t<0) = 0,
are conveniently expressed as
X eF = X Fr
the Fourier transform
X F = X eF - iX eFH
ITTC Symbols
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Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Time related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
29
SIUnit
X F = X Faexp(iX Fp)
the logarithm
ln(X F) = ln(X Fa) + iX Fp
is derived and it can be proved that the relations
While for periodic functions the estimation of Fourier transforms, spectra, etc. can be efficiently
performed by fast Fourier algorithms (FFA) the same is not true in general. Due to neccessary
truncation FFT will in general produce results with systematic errors. These are a consequence of
the implied periodic repetition, which in most cases is simply inadequate.
In these cases only autoregressive model techniques lead to unbiased estimates of the transforms.
The reason is that these models provide proper harmonic descriptions of the truncated record; s.e.g.
Childers, D.G.: Modern spectrum analysis. New York: IEEE Press, 1978.
ITTC Symbols
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ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Time related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
30
SIUnit
In any case the algorithm used has to be clearly identified, possibly by reference to a full
description or, ideally and unambiguously, a subroutine. At this stage it appears premature to try
and introduce standard symbols for various standard procedures.
So far standard procedures not been agreed upon by the ITTC community, but in the near future
it will be necessary to do so in order to arrive at comparable results. Agreement should not be
reached by "vote", as has been tried by Ocean Engineeering Committee. The standard adopted by
the hydrographic institutes for the estimation of power spectra is in general quite disputable as well.
ITTC Symbols
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1.1
1.1.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.1.4
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Stochastic Processes
Definition or
Explanation
s. Remark .1 and .2
1.1.4.1 Random Quantities
GMR
Expected value of a
function of a random
quantity
x, y
X, Y
Random quantities
x (), y ()
x i, y i
X (I), Y (I)
Samples of random
quantities
i = 1... n
n : sample size
x mE
X mMR
x mE
x D, x DR, x
X DR
Standard deviation of a
random quantity
x VR 1/2
x DS, sx
X DS
Sample deviation of a
random quantity
x VS 1/2,
unbiased random estimate
of the standard deviation
xx R, xx MR,
Rxx
X X MR
Auto-correlation of a
random quantity
x xE
xy R, xy MR,
Rxy
X Y MR
Cross-correlation of two
random quantities
x yE
x E, x M , x MR,
x
X MR
x A, x MS, mx
X MS
1/n x i , i = 1...n
unbiased random estimate
of the expectation with
x AE = x E
x VSE = x V / n
x PD, fx
X PD
Probability density of a
random quantity
d F x / dx
xy PD, fxy
X Y PD
31
SIUnit
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Version 1993
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Stochastic Processes
Definition or
Explanation
32
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
x PF, Fx
X PF
Probability function
(distribution) of a random
quantity
xy PF, Fxy
X Y PF
x2 E - xE 2
x VS, xx VS
1/ (n - 1) (x i - x A)2
i = 1...n
unbiased random estimate
of the variance
x VSE = x V
xy V, xy VR
X Y VR
x yE - xE yE
gMR
GMR
Mean of a function of a
random quantity
gMS
GMS
x, y
X, Y
Stationary stochastic
process
x (,t), y (,t)
xx C, xx CR, Cxx X X CR
Auto-covariance of a
(x (t) - x E)(x (t + ) - x E)E
stationary stochastic process
xy C, xy CR, Cxy X Y CR
Cross-covariance of two
stationary stochastic
processes
SIUnit
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Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
xx R, xx RR, Rxx X X RR
Name
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Stochastic Processes
Definition or
Explanation
Auto-correlation of a
x (t)x (t + )E = Rxx()
stationary stochastic process
Rxx() = Rxx(-)
if x is ergodic:
Rxx() = x (t)x (t + )MR
Rxx() = Sxx( )cos()d
= 0 ...
xy R, Rxy
X Y RR
Cross-correlation of two
stationary stochastic
processes
x (t)y (t + )E = Rxy()
Ryx() = Rxy(-)
if x , y are ergodic:
Rxy() = x (t)y (t + )MR
xx S, Sxx
X X SR
Power spectrum or
autospectral power density
of a stochastic process
xx RRSR
xy S, Sxy
X Y SR
Cross-power spectrum of
two stationary stochastic
processes
xy RRSR
TICV
Covariance or correlation
time
Outcome of a random
"experiment"
A, MS
MS
C, CR
CR
Population covariance
CS
CS
Sample covariance
D, DR
DR
Population deviation
DS
DS
Sample deviation
E, M, MR
MR
Expectation, population
mean
PD
PD
Probability density
33
SIUnit
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Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
PF
PF
Probability function
SR
(Power) Spectrum
SS
SS
Sample spectrum
R, RR
RR
Population correlation
RS
RS
Sample correlation
V, VR
VR
Population variance
VS
VS
Sample variance
General Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Stochastic Processes
Definition or
Explanation
34
SIUnit
1.1.4.4 Remarks
.1 Concepts
An adequate introduction into the conceptual world of "Probability, Random Variables (Quantities!),
and Stochastic Processes" is provided by A. Papoulis in his book with that same title.
.2 Estimates
Apart of the fundamental theory of probability with its concepts outlined here, in practice the
theory of statistics is necessary, providing for the estimation of probabilities and or their parameters,
e.g. expected values. In any case these estimates are at best free of bias, but they are random
variables themselves and as such clearly distinct from the quantities for which they are estimates.
In the solution of real problems it is absolutely mandatory to account for this distinction. As the
most important quantities of this type the sample mean and the sample variance have been
introduced. It is important to note that as a matter of fact the terminology is still not standardized.
The foregoing symbols and terminology are proposed in an attempt to provide tools for the tasks
at hand in sytems identification and in quality assurance.
.3 Sample Variance
It should be noted that in contrast to the practice elsewhere the sample variance is not defined as
average of the squared sample deviations from the sample average. This provides for an unbiased
estimate of the variance and the standard deviation right away. In some text books and some
software packages the definition of the sample variance is different from the one proposed here. So
care is necessary if unbiased estimates for small samples are being determined.
ITTC Symbols
1
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1.2.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
1.2
1.2.1
Inertial properties
General Mechanics
Solid Body Mechanics
Properties
Definition or
Explanation
35
SIUnit
s. Remarks
Ix , Ixx ,
m211 ,
m44
IX, IXX,
M2(1,1),
MA(4,4)
kg m2
Iy , Iyy ,
m222 ,
m55
IY, IYY,
M2(2,2),
MA(5,5)
kg m2
Iz , Izz ,
m233 ,
m66
IZ, IZZ,
M2(3,3),
MA(6,6)
kg m2
Ixy , I12
Iyz , I23
Izx , I31
kg m2
kx, kxx
RDGX
ky, kyy
RDGY
kz, kzz
RDGZ
(Izz/m)1/2
MA
mass
kg
m0ij ,
mij
M0(I,J),
MA(I,J)
kg
m1ij
M1(I,J)
kg m
ITTC Symbols
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1.2.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Solid Body Mechanics
Properties
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
m2ij ,
Iij
M2(I,J),
IN(I,J)
Muv
MA(U,V)
Generalized mass, i. e.
generalized inertia tensor
of a (rigid) body referred
to a body fixed coordinate
system
Mij = M0ij
Mi, 3+j = M1Tij
M3+i, j = M1ij
M3+i , 3+j = M2ij
36
SIUnit
kg m2
1.2.1.2 Remarks
.1 Notation
The operational indices i, j, k range from 1 to 3, the indices u, v ,w of the generalized tensors from
1 to 6.
Refer to 1.1.2 Space Related Concepts for definition of generalized concepts.
.2 Reference Points
In any particular case the orientation and the origin of the coordinate system have to be specified and
indicated, if necessary. If the coordinate system coincides with the principal axes system the
generalized tensor has only components in the main diagonal, the first order moments as well as the
real moments of inertia are vanishing.
While this aspect may be of interest in cases, where the translational and rotational motions may be
considered as uncoupled, as in the case of gravitational forces acting alone acting on a solid body,
or for qualitative considerations, where this condition holds at least approximately, it is not at all
important for computational purposes. Quite to the contrary it requires the extra, in general
unnecessary operation of transformation to the principal axes of the inertia tensor. Due to the
hydrodynamic forces the translational and the rotational motions can in general not be considered
from each other in the ordinary way just by construction of a special reference point.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.2.2
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Solid Body Mechanics
Forces
Name
Definition or
Explanation
37
SIUnit
Loads
s. Remark .1
1.2.2.1 External Loads
s. Remark .2
Fu
F(U)
MFu = MMu
Fi = F0i
F3+i = F1i
gu
G(U)
gi = g1i
g3+i = 0
gi
G1(I)
m/s2
K, Mx ,
F11 , F4
K, M(1),
F1(1), F(4)
Nm
M, My ,
F12 , F5
M, M(2),
F1(2), F(5)
Nm
N, Mz ,
F13 , F6
N, M(3),
F1(3), F(6)
Nm
X, Fx ,
F01 , F1
X, FX,
F0(1), F(1)
Nm
Y, Fy ,
F02 , F2
Y, FY,
F0(2), F(2)
Nm
Z, Fz ,
F03 , F3
Z, FZ,
F0(3), F(3)
Nm
Gu
G(U)
Gu = muv gv
G 0i , G i
G0(I)
Gi = G0i = m0ij gj
= mgi
G1i
G1(I)
N
Nm
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
UNQ
WPUL
General Mechanics
Solid Body Mechanics
Forces
Definition or
Explanation
38
SIUnit
N/m
dW / dx1
N/m
s. Remark .3
FSu
FS(U)
FSi
FS(I)
Shearing force
FT
FT,
FS(1)
MBi
MB(I)
Bending moment
MT
MT,
MB(1)
Twisting or torsional
moment
FS02 , FS03
FS12 , FS13
FS11
N
Nm
N
N
Nm
Nm
1.2.2.3 Remarks
.1 Operational Indices
The operational vector and tensor indices i, j, k range from 1 to 3, the corresponding indices u, v
, w for their generalized counterparts range from 1 to 6.
.2 Momentum Balance
For the fundamental balance of quantities of extensive qualities see Section 1.1.1 on Fundamental
Concepts and the Remarks on Balances. For definition of the generalized concepts see Section
1.1.2 on Space Related Concepts.
According to the fundamental balance of extensive quantities applied to momentum two different
types of 'external' forces have to be distinguished, namely the momentum flux across the
boundaries, in the case of solid bodies by molocular diffusion only, i. e. stresses, the socalled
surface forces, and the momentum sources in the volumes of the bodies, the socalled volume forces.
In the usual applications the weight is the only momentum source, while all other forces acting on
a body, distributed over the surface or concentrated, may be considered as surface forces.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Solid Body Mechanics
Forces
Definition or
Explanation
39
SIUnit
.3 Sectional Loads
Sectional loads are surface loads, i. e. moments of stresses due to molecular momentum fluxes
across the section. Sectional loads are only meaningful relative to the coordinates of the section,
on which they act. If the components are referred to body coordinates as usual, this implies sections
normal to the longitudinal axis. The former terminology referring to horizontal and vertical shear
forces and bending moments is to be considered obsolete even in this context. Lateral and normal
are the appropriate names in the context of body coordinates.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.2.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Solid Body Mechanics
Rigid Body Motions
Definition or
Explanation
40
SIUnit
1.2.3.1 Motions
p , x ,
v01 , v4
P, OMX,
V0(1), V(4)
rad/s
q , y ,
v02 , v5
Q, OMY,
V0(2), V(5)
rad/s
r , z ,
v03 , v6
R, OMZ,
V0(3), V(6)
rad/s
u , vx ,
v11 , v1
U, VX,
V1(1), V(1)
m/s
v , vy ,
v12 , v2
V, VY,
V1(2), V(2)
m/s
w , vz ,
v13 , v3
W, VZ,
V1(3), V(3)
m/s
vu
V(U)
m/s
rad/s
p
q
r
PR
QR
RR
Rates of change of
components of angular
velocity relative to body
axes
s.Remark .3
rad/s2
u
v
w
UR
VR
WR
Rates of change of
components of linear
velocity relative to body
axes
s. Remark .3
m/s2
AA
Angular acceleration
d /dt
rad/s2
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Solid Body Mechanics
Rigid Body Motions
Name
Definition or
Explanation
41
SIUnit
1.2.3.2 Attitudes
s.Remark .4
AT
ALFA
Angle of attack
rad
DR
BET
rad
RO
GAMR
rad
X(4), RO,
PHIR
rad
X(5), TR,
TETP
Positive bow up
rad
X(6), YA,
PSIY
rad
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Solid Body Mechanics
Rigid Body Motions
Definition or
Explanation
42
SIUnit
1.2.3.3 Remarks
.1 Operational Indices
The operational vector and tensor indices i, j, k range from 1 to 3, the corresponding indices u, v
, w for their generalized counterparts range from 1 to 6.
.2 Angular Velocities
The operational ("exponential") notation for the linear and angular velocities reflects the fact that
the angular velocity of a rigid body is independent of the reference point, while the linear velocity
changes with the change of reference point.
.3 Time Rates of Change
The computer symbols for the time derivatives have been either DXDT or XDOT, both being very
unsatisfactory. The notation proprosed is X RT etc for "x rate", in full "x time rate of change". See
1.1.1.3 on Balances.
.4 Angles
The proposed computer symbols for the various angles are an attempt to get away from the old
cryptic notation. The Euler angles roll, pitch, and yaw are evidently to be considered as the natural
extension of the position vector to the generalized position vector. It has of course to noted that
contrary to the translatory motion the rotational motion can not directly integrated to obtain the
attitudes in question.
Further, if extreme motions are to be considered the Euler angles may be not adequate for
computational purposes, e. g. in numerical simulations, as the corresponding matrix of the directions
cosines can become singular. This problem can be avoided if Euler parameters (quaternions) are
employed.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
1.3
Fluid Mechanics
1.3.1
Flow Parameters
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Parameters
Name
Definition or
Explanation
(E / )1/2
43
SIUnit
CS
Velocity of sound
m/s
EL
Modulus of elasticity
CK
Kinematic capillarity
VI
Viscosity
VK
Kinematic viscosity
DN, RHO
Density
CA
Capillarity
Pa
/
m3/s2
kg/ms
m2/s
kg/m3
kg/s2
s. Remark .1
Bn
BN
Boussinesq number
V / (g RH)1/2
Cn
CN
Cauchy number
V / (E / )1/2
Fn
FN
Froude number
V / (g L)1/2
Fnh
FH
V / (g h)1/2
Fn
FV
Froude displacement
number
V / (g
Mn
MN
Mach number
V/c
Rn
RN
Reynolds number
VL/
Sn
SN
Strouhal number
fL/V
Tn
TN
Thoma number
Wn
WN
Weber number
1/3 1/2
1
V2 L /
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Parameters
Name
Definition or
Explanation
44
SIUnit
HK
Roughness height or
magnitude
ks
SK
Sand roughness
RH
RH
Hydraulic radius
1.3.1.4 Remarks
.1 Flow parameters
The ITTC notation for the flow parameters is not in accordance with that of Physics in general and
somewhat redundant, but the SaT Group feels that the usage is so established now that there is no
chance for a change.
The flow parameters are the normalised fluid properties, although mostly not written in that way.
E. g. the inverse of the Reynolds number is the normalized viscosity
n = / ( U L ) = 1 / R n ,
with the reference quantities , U and L for steady motion problems. For other problems other
reference quantities may be more appropriate.
The Cauchy number is not identical with the Mach number. The modulus of elasticity entering is not
that of the fluid but that of an elastic structure in the flow.
The search for "characteristic" reference quantities is a matter of physical argument or the evaluation
of experiments, i. e. is a matter either of previous knowledge or a cura posterior. Dimensional
analysis does not provide any apriory arguments!
The usage of scale factor in model testing relates full scale and model scale. A scale factor in
absolute physical terms would be the normalized length
Ln = (Rn / Fn)2/3 = L g1/3 / 2/3 .
.2 Sand roughness
Although still widely used to characterize the roughness of a surface it is now well understood that
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Parameters
Definition or
Explanation
45
SIUnit
sand roughness and the resulting roughness resistance are not typical for technical surfaces, ships'
surfaces in particular.
So far no sound correlation between the surface description and the additional resistance has been
established.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.3.2
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Fields
Name
Definition or
Explanation
46
SIUnit
Flow Fields
s. Remark .1
e
ED
V2 / 2 + p + g h
fi
FS(I)
m/s2
HS
z0 ,
z0-axis positive vertical up!
HT
Total head
e / w = h +p/w +q/w
PR, ES
Pa
p0
P0
Ambient pressure in
undisturbed flow
Pa
PD, EK
V2 / 2
QF,
QFLOW
Rate of flow
sRij
SR(I,J)
Turbulent or Reynolds
stress
vivjCR
Pa
sij
ST(I,J)
Pa
sVij
SV(I,J)
Viscous stress
u, vx ,v1
v,vy ,v2
w,vz ,v3
VX, V1
VY, V2
VZ, V3
Velocity component in
direction of x, y, z axes
m/s
vi
V(I)
Velocity
m/s
VA
Velocity
V0
V0
Velocity of undisturbed
flow
Pa
Pa
m3/s
Pa
V = vivi1/2
m/s
m/s
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Fields
Name
Definition or
Explanation
47
SIUnit
CN
Nomalized circulation
/ ( D V)
is frequently omitted
ID
Induction factor
VD
Vortex density
m/s
CC
Circulation
V ds
along a closed line
PO
Potential function
SF
Stream function
m2/s
m2/s
= const
m3/s
1.3.2.3 Remarks
.1 Equation of Motion
The universal equation of motion for any continuum in space is the balance of mass specific
momentum vi , the Cauchy equation, in Cartesian coordinates,
dt vi = (t +vj j) vi = (t vi +vj j vi) = j sji + fi ,
which can be derived if the balance of mass density , the equation of continuity
d t = ( t + v j j ) = t + v j j = - j v j
is taken into account.
The notation used for differentiation is evidently
dt = d / dt ,
t = / t ,
i = / xi .
Further Einstein's summing convention is conveniently implied:
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
x i y i = i x i y i ,
Name
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Fields
Definition or
Explanation
48
SIUnit
i = 1, 2, 3 .
In addition the balance of moments requires that the stress tensor is symmetric
sji = sij ,
(Boltzmann's axiom). The stress consists of three constituents: the pressure term, the stress proper,
and the Reynolds stress:
sji = - p ji +sVij + vjviCR .
The first two terms represent the molecular diffusion of momentum, the last term the turbulent
diffusion.
.2 Constitutive Laws
Only at this stage the individual properties of fluids have to be introduced through constitutive laws,
i. e. the laws for the stress tensor s. Newtonian fluids, i. e. incompressible linear viscous fluids, are
defined by the law
sVij = i vjS = (i vj + j vi) / 2 .
Introducing the stress terms with the constitutive law into the universal Cauchy's equation results in
the "Reynolds averaged" Navier-Stokes equation (RANSE) in its kinematic form
dt vi = tvi + vj j vi = - i p/ + j j vi + j vjviCR + gi .
Apart of the equation of continuity the closure of the problem requires further "constitutive"
equations for the turbulent Reynolds stresses, the socalled turbulence models and, even worse,
boundary conditions including details of the surface structure, i. e. roughness.
A very popular turbulence model is the k- model, with two balances for the density of the turbulent
energy k and its dissipation , respectively. There are fundamental investigations under way to
construct more advanced models in accordance with the rational theory of constitutive laws.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.3.3
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Lifting Surfaces
Name
Definition or
Explanation
b cm
49
SIUnit
Lifting Surfaces
1.3.3.1 Geometry
m2
AP
Planform area
SP
Wing span
cm
CHME
ct
CHTP
cr
CHRT
ANFL
rad
ANSL
rad
ANSW
Sweep angle
rad
TA
Taper ratio
ct / cr
AS
Aspect ratio
b2 / A
m
A/b
CD
CDSE
CDI
CDSE
CL
CLSE
CM
CMSE
vI
VI
Induced velocity
m/s
VT
VT
Resultant velocity of
flow approaching a
hydrofoil
m/s
AA,
ALFA
rad
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.3
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Lifting Surfaces
50
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
AAEF,
ALFE
rad
AAGE,
ALFG
Geometric angle of
attack or incidence
rad
AAHY,
ALFI
Hydrodynamic angle
of attack
rad
AAID,
ALFS
rad
AAZL
ALF0
rad
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.3.4
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Boundary Layers
Definition or
Explanation
51
SIUnit
Boundary Layers
s. Remark .1
1.3.4.1 Twodimensional Boundary Layers
Cf
CFL
/ ( Ue2 / 2)
CQF
Entrainment factor
1 / (Ue dQ / dx)
HBL
* /
HE
HQF
Entrainment shape
parameter
( - *) /
PR
Static pressure
Pa
PT
Total pressure
Pa
QF
Entrainment
b
U dy
a
R *
RDELS
U * / or Ue * /
RTHETA
U / or Ue /
UFL
Velocity fluctuations in
boundary layer
m/s
us
UFLS
m/s
u+
UPLUS
UTAU
Um
UMR
m/s
Ui
UIN
Instantaneous velocity
m/s
UFS
m/s
Ue
UE
m/s
U / u
( / )1/2
m2/s
1
m/s
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.4
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Boundary Layers
Definition or
Explanation
52
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
UDEF
y+
YPLUS
BETE
Equilibrium parameter
995
DEL
Thickness of a boundary
layer at U=0.995Ue
*, 1
DELS
Displacement thickness of
boundary layer
(Ue- U) / Ue dy
CD
Clauser thickness
(Ue- U) / u dy
0.41
PRGR
*, **
ENTH
Energy thickness
(U / Ue) (1 - U2 / Ue2)dy
THETA
Momentum thickness
(U / Ue) (1 - U / Ue)dy
TAUW
(U / y)y=0
Pa
y u /
* / (w dp / dx)
1
m
1.3.4.2 Remarks
.1 Future work
In future the section should have an additional subsection on threedimensional boundary layers. And
both subsections should be structured as follows:
Basic Concepts,
Differential Formulation,
Integral Formulation.
The Restistance and Flow Committee is strongly urged to provide a complete revision of the whole
chapter along this line and accordance with the general concepts put forward.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.5
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.3.5
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Cavitation
Name
Definition or
Explanation
53
SIUnit
Cavitation
as
GR
/ S
GC
Gas content
ppm
GS
ppm
CNPC
Cavitation number
(pA - pC) / q
CNPV
(pA - pV) / q
DC
DC
Cavity drag
lC
LC
Cavity length
pA
PA
Ambient pressure
pAC
PACO
Collapse pressure
Pa
pAI
PAIC
Critical pressure
Pa
pC
PC
Cavity pressure
Pa
pCI
PCIN
Pa
pV
PV
At a given temperature!
Pa
UI
UNIN
Critical velocity
Streamwise dimension of a
fully-developed cavitating
region
Pa
m/s
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.5
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Cavitation
54
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
VL
VOLS
Volume loss
WL / w
m3
WL
WTLS
Weight loss
HC
HN
HTNT
HU
HTUS
Tn
TN
Thoma number
N/s
1.3.5.3 Pumps
(HU - pV / w) / HN
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
1.4
Environmental Mechanics
1.4.1
Waves
General Mechanics
Environmental Mechanics
Waves
55
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
s. Remark .1
1.1.4.1 Periodic waves
s. Remark .2
cW
VP
LW / TW
m/s
cWi
VP(I)
const = cW
for periodic waves
m/s
cG
VG
fW
FW
1 / TW
Hz
fWi
FW(I)
Frequencies of harmonic
components of a periodic
wave
i fW
Hz
HW
HW
Wave height
C - T
LW , W
LW
Wave length
TW
TW
1 / fW
WD
Wave direction
EW
Instantaneous wave
elevation at a given
location
ai
EWAM(I)
Amplitudes of harmonic
components of a periodic
wave
FSa
pi
EWPH(I)
Phases of harmonic
components of a periodic
wave
FSp
rad
EC
m/s
s
rad
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Environmental Mechanics
Waves
56
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
ET
Negative values!
WN
Wave number
2 / LW
W , LW
LW
Wave length
DW
Instantaneous wave
depression
FC
2 fW = 2 / T W
m
1/m
1/s
s. Remark .3
Hd
HD
Hu
HU
Td
TD
Tu
TU
EC
Maximum of elevations of
wave crests in a record
ET
LD
LU
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Environmental Mechanics
Waves
Definition or
Explanation
57
SIUnit
HV
HV
TR
TR
Duration of record
1 / fR
TS
TS
Sample interval
1 / fS ,
time between two
successive samples
TV
TV
Bandwidth of spectral
revolution
Hz
Cr
CRA
Average reflection
coefficient
Cr(f)
CRF
Reflection coefficient
function
fP
FRPK
Hz
fR
FRRC
Frequency resolution
1 / TR
Hz
fS
FRSA
Sample frequency
1 / TS
Hz
Hmo
HMO
4 (m0)1/4
H1/3d
H13D
Zero downcrossing
significant wave height
H1/3u
H13U
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Environmental Mechanics
Waves
Definition or
Explanation
58
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
HWDS
mn
Mn
Si(f),
S i ( )
EISF,
EISC
m2/Hz
Sr(f),
S r( )
ERSF,
ERSC
m2/Hz
S(f),
S ( )
EWSF,
EWSC
m2/Hz
T0,1
T1
T0,2
T2
WD
Wave direction
fn S(f)df
m2/ sn
rad
D(f, ),
D( ,)
DIRSF
FR
Frequency
S( ,)
S ( ,)
etc.
S2ZET
S2TET
etc.
S(f, )
S( ,)
STHETA
m2/Hz/
rad
rad
Directional spreading
function
S(f, )=S(f)D(f, )
rad
2
D(f, )d =1
0
Hz
1
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Environmental Mechanics
Waves
Definition or
Explanation
59
SIUnit
1.4.1.6 Remarks
.1 General
This section is of course in many ways related to the Sections 1.1.3 Time Related Concepts and
1.1.4 Random Quantities and Stochastic Processes. In terms of the object oriented paradigma only
the time function, the wave elevation at a given location, denoted by and EW, respectively, has
to be introduced and the operations defined earlier along with the corresponding notation may be
applied without modification and repetition.
.2 Periodic waves
The basic concepts on waves are derived from the model of periodic, not necessarily harmonic
waves, but which may be considered as composed of harmonic components. Even periodic waves
may be considered as samples of stochastic processes. In this case the wave parameters are
random quantities with given joint probability functions. In practice only samples of such
processes will be available and consequently only random sample estimates of the parameters can
be obtained.
.3 Irregular waves
In the section on non-priodic waves only random quantities have been introduced as e. g. the
crest height, to which all the probabilty concepts and parameters can be applied as defined earlier
in Section 1.1.4., e. g. the population mean and variance of the crest height.
If waves are not periodic any individual infinite record may be considered as a random sample of
stationary stochastic process, which is usually assumed to be ergodic, thus permitting to replace
population means by appropriate time means. In future ergodicity may be required to be checked
at least for research and quality assurance purposes.
.4 Finite records
In practice only records of finite duration are available of the hypothetical stochastic processes for
the estimation of the population parameters. This should be reflected in the symbols and
terminology, e. g. in the case of the wave crest only the random sample mean CA (ECMS) may
be determined. And as long as in most cases no agreement has been reached on the optimum
estimators to be used the symbols and terminology should even indicate the special estimators
used in order to avoid confusion.
.5 Sampled values
Usually not even finite records are available for the estimation of spectra etc, but only finite sets
of sampled values, namely i or EW(I).
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Environmental Mechanics
Waves
Definition or
Explanation
60
SIUnit
.6 Research Parameters
Currently discussed research parameters may be found in the IAHR/PIANC List of Sea State
Parameters, Supplement to Bulletin No 52, January 1986.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.4.4
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Environmental Mechanics
Ice Mechanics
Name
Definition or
Explanation
61
SIUnit
Ice Mechanics
SI
SAIC
Salinity of ice
SW
SAWA
Salinity of water
tA
TEAI
Temperature of air
tI
TEIC
tW
TEWA
Temperature of water
ELIC
STIC
Ice strain
STRTIC
POIIC
POAI
POBR
POIC
O = A + B
DNIC
kg/m3
SN
DNSN
kg/m3
DNWA
DNWI
Density difference
CI
SCIC
Pa
FI
SFIC
Pa
TI
SNIC
Pa
SI
STIC
Pa
1/s
kg/m3
= W - I
kg/m3
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
2.1
2.1.1
Hull Geometry
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hull Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
62
SIUnit
ABL
ABL
m2
ABT
ABT
m2
AM
AM
m2
AT
ATR
Cross-sectional area of
transom stern below the
load waterline
m2
AV
AV
m2
AW
AW
Area of water-plane
m2
AWA
AWA
m2
AWF
AWF
m2
AX
AX
Area of maximum
transverse section
m2
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hull Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
63
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
DEP
iE
ANEN
rad
iR
ANRU
rad
IL
IL
Longitudinal moment of
inertia of water-plane
m4
IT
IT
Transverse moment of
inertia of water-plane
m4
Length of ship
LE
LEN
Length of entrance
LOA
LOA
Length, overall
LOS
LOS
LP
LP
LPP
LPP
Length between
perpendiculars
LR
LRU
Length of run
LWL
LWL
Length of waterline
Length of constant
transverse section
SIUnit
m
m
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hull Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
64
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
LFS
LFS
Frame spacing
LSS
LSS
Station spacing
S, AWS
m2
TT
T, d
TA, da
TA, TAP
TF, df
TF, TFP
Draft at forward
perpendicular
TM, dm
TM, TMS
Draft at midship
, V
DISV
Displacement volume
/ ( g)
SC
= LS / L M = B S / B M
SIUnit
m3
1
= TS / TM
PMVO
Volumetric permeability
CIRCB
B / 1/3
CB
CB
Block coefficient
/ (L B T)
CIL
CWIL
Coefficient of inertia of
waterplane, longitudinal
12 IL / ( B L3)
CIT
CWIT
Coefficient of inertia of
waterplane, transverse
12 IT / (B3 L)
CM
CMS
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hull Geometry
65
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
CP
CPL
Longitudinal prismatic
coefficient
/ (AX L) or / (AM L)
CPA
CPA
Prismatic coefficient,
afterbody
A / (AX L / 2) or
A / (AM L / 2)
CPE
CPE
Prismatic coefficient,
entrance
E / (AX LE) or
E / (AM LE)
CPF
CPF
Prismatic coefficient
forebody
F / (AX L / 2) or
F / (AM L / 2)
CPR
CPR
R / (AX LR) or
R / (AM LR)
CS
CS
S / ( L)1/2
CVP
CVP
Prismatic coefficient
vertical
/ (AW T)
CWA
CWA
AWA / (B L / 2)
CWF
CWF
AWF /(B L / 2)
CWP
CW
Water-plane area
coefficient
AW /(L B)
CX
CX
Maximum transverse
section coefficient
AX / (B T)
where B and T are
measured at the position of
maximum area
CVOL
Volumetric coefficient
/ L3
fBL
CABL
ABL / (L T)
fBT
CABT
fT
CATR
area
AT / AX
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hull Geometry
66
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
CIRCM
L / 1/3
CIRCS
S / 2/3
CIRCT
T / 1/3
AB
After body
AP
After perpendicular
BH
Bare hull
DW
Design waterline
EN
Entry
FB
Fore body
FP
Fore perpendicular
FS
Frame spacing
LP
Based on LPP
LW
Based on LWL
MS
Midships
PB
Parallel body
RU
Run
SS
Station spacing
WP
Water plane
WS
Wetted surface
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hull Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
67
SIUnit
2.1.1.4 Remarks
.1 Bulbous Bows
Below the load water line the stem contour sometimes recedes aft of the fore perpendicular before
projecting forward to define the outline of the ram or the fore end of the bulb. In such instances this
area should be calculated using as datum the aftermost vertical tangent to the contour instead of the
fore perpendicular.
.2 Reference Quantities
The prismatic coefficient should generally be based upon maximum section area rather than on
midsection area, as in the 1960 Committee Report, but it should be clearly stated which area has been
used. Whatever ship length considered appropriate may be used for this end and another coefficient,
but this length should be clearly indicated and stated.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.1.2
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Propulsor Geometry
Name
Definition or
Explanation
68
SIUnit
Propulsor Geometry
AD
AD
m2
AE
AE
m2
AO
AO
Disc Area
D2 / 4
m2
Ap
AP
m2
LCH
Chord length
cm
CHME
cS
CS
Skew displacement
DH
DP
Propeller diameter
FBP
GZ
GAP
2 r sin ( / z)
h0
HO
Immersion
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Propulsor Geometry
69
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
iG
RAKG
Rake
iS
RAKS
iT
RAKT
PITCH
RL
rn
RR
rh
RH
Hub radius
RDP
Propeller radius
TM
t0
TO
Thickness on axis of
propeller blade
xp
XP
Longitudinal propeller
position
yp
YP
NPB
zp
ZP
r/R
SIUnit
1
Height of propeller center
above base line
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Propulsor Geometry
70
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
TETS
Skew angle
RAKA
Angle of rake
EXT
TEMX
PHIP
arctg (P / (2 R))
PHIF
PSI
ADEN
ADEN
m2
ADEX
ADEX
m2
dD
CLEARD
fD
FD
LD
LD
Duct length
LDEN
LDEN
rad
rad
rad
1
1
rad
2.1.2.2 Ducts
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Propulsor Geometry
71
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
LDEX
LDEX
tD
TD
AD
rad
BD
rad
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.1.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Appendage Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
72
SIUnit
Appendage Geometry
s. Remark .1
2.1.3.1 Basic Concepts
AFB
AFB
m2
AC
AC
m2
ARF
AF
Flap area
m2
AR
ARU
Rudder area
ARX
ARX
m2
ARP
ARP
m2
ART
ART
AFS
AFS
m2
ASK
ASK
Skeg area
m2
AWBK
AWBK
m2
CH
cm
CHME
cr
CHRT
ct
CHTP
FM
Camber of an aerofoil or a
hydrofoil
Maximum separation of
median and nose-tail line
TMX
Maximum thickness of an
aerofoil or a hydrofoil
FB
ANFB
s. Remark .2
rad
FS
ANFS
s. Remark .2
rad
FR
ANFR
s. Remark .2
rad
ARX + ARF
ART / S
m2
m2
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.3
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Appendage Geometry
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
FRin
ANFRIN
rad
ANRU
Rudder angle
s. Remark .2
rad
RF
ANRF
Rudder-flap angle
s. Remark .2
rad
TARU
Rudder taper
c t / cr
FR
TAFR
ASRU
FR
ASRF
BK
Bilge keel
BS
Bossing
FB
Bow foil
FR
Flanking rudder
FS
Stern foil
KL
RU
Rudder
RF
Rudder flap
SA
Stabilizer
SH
Shafting
SK
Skeg
ST
Strut
TH
Thruster
WG
Wedge
Definition or
Explanation
73
SIUnit
1
1
S2 / ART
1
1
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Appendage Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
74
SIUnit
2.1.3.3 Remarks
.1 Related Information
Positive angles are defined as clockwise when viewed from the center of axes along the appropriate
body axis, i. e. nose-up fin angles and port rudder angles are positive.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.1.4
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hydrostatics
Name
Definition or
Explanation
Distance of center of
buoyancy from aft
perpendicular
75
SIUnit
Hydrostatics
AB
XAB
Longitudinal center of
buoyancy from aft
perpendicular
AF
XAF
Distance of center of
flotation from after
perpendicular
AG
XAG
Longitudinal center of
gravity from aft
perpendicular
Distance of center of
gravity from aft
perpendicular
BM
ZBM
Transverse metacenter
above center of buoyancy
KM - KB
BM
ZBML
L
Longitudinal metacenter
above center of buoyancy
KM L - KB
FB
XFB
Longitudinal center of
buoyancy from forward
perpendicular
Distance of center of
buoyancy from forward
perpendicular
FG
XFG
Longitudinal center of
gravity from forward
perpendicular
Distance of center of
gravity from forward
perpendicular
GM
GM
Transverse metacentric
height
Distance of center of
gravity to the metacenter
KM - KG
GM
GML
L
Longitudinal center of
metacentric height
KA
ZKA
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.4
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hydrostatics
76
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
KB
ZKB
KM
ZKM
Transverse metacenter
Distance from the
above moulded base or keel transverse metacenter M to
the moulded base or keel K
ZKML
Longitudinal metacenter
Longitudinal ML
above moulded base or keel
YAG
ZAG
YAZ
KM
AG
AG
AZ
b
FF
SIUnit
Longitudinal center of
floatation from forward
perpendicular
Distance of center of
floatation from forward
perpendicular
Center of gravity of an
added or removed weight
(mass)
GZ
GZ
AZ - ( AG V + AG T) sin
KG
ZKG
Kg
ZKAG
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hydrostatics
Name
Definition or
Explanation
77
SIUnit
CMTL
CMTL
Longitudinal trimming
coefficient
B ML / L
or trimming moment
divided by trim
FREB
Freeboard
XTA
MS
MS
MA
Ship mass
w/g
MTC
MTC
MTM
MTM
YHA
xcb
XACB
xCB
XCB
Longitudinal center of
buoyancy
xCF
XCF
Longitudinal center of
flotation
xcg
XACG
Longitudinal center of
gravity of added weight
(mass)
m
NM
kg
Nm/cm
CMTL
Nm/m
m
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.4
Version 1993
Ships in General
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Hydrostatics
78
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
xCG
XCG
longitudinal center of
gravity
TR
Trim
TA - TF
WT
mg
DTR
Change in trim
TPS
DTPS
Parallel sinkage
DISF
Displacement force
(buoyancy)
DISV
Displacement volume
/ (g )
m3
2.1.4.3 Remarks
.1 Other Notation
Alternatively, the position of the center of buoyancy B may be expressed in terms of the
coordinate axes with the appropriate suffix e.g. XB,YB,ZB the position of other items such as the
center of gravity, G, metacenter M and center of floatation F could also be treated in the same
way.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
2.2
2.2.1
Hull Resistance
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Hull Resistance
Definition or
Explanation
79
SIUnit
RA
RA
Model-ship correlation
allowance
Incremental resistance to be
added to the smooth ship
resistance to complete the
model-ship prediction
RAA
RAA
RAP
RAP
Appendage resistance
RAR
RAR
Roughness resistance
BLCK
Blockage parameter
RC
RC
RF
Frictional resistance of a
body
RFO
RFO
Frictional resistance of a
plate
RP
RP
Pressure resistance
RPV
RPV
RR
RR
Residuary resistance
RT - RF or RT - RFO
RS
RS
Spray resistance
RT
RT
Total resistance
RV
RV
RF + RPV
N
Due to the normal stresses
over the surface of a body
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Hull Resistance
80
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
RW
RW
Wavemaking resistance
RWB
RWB
Wavebreaking resistance
SH
THL
CF
DELCF
Roughness allowance
m/s
VR
VR
m/s
LSF
m
(obsolete, see CA)
N/ m2
CA
CA
Incremental resistance
coefficient for model ship
correlation
RA / (S q)
CAA
CAA
CD
CD
Drag coefficient
D / (S q)
CF
CF
Frictional resistance
coefficient of a body
RF / (S q)
CFO
CFO
Frictional resistance
coefficient of a
corresponding plate
RFO / (S q)
Cp
CP
CPR
CPR
Pressure resistance
coefficient, including wave
effect
CPV
CPV
CR
CR
Residuary resistance
coefficient
RR / (S q)
CS
CSR
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Hull Resistance
81
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
CT
CT
RT / (S q)
CTL
CTLT
Telfer's resistance
coefficient
g R L / ( V2)
CTQ
CTQ
Qualified resistance
coefficient
CT / ( H R)
CT
CTVOL
Resistance displacement
RT / ( 2/3 q)
CV
CV
RV / (S q)
CW
CW
Wavemaking resistance
coefficient
RW / (S q)
CWP
CWP
CIRCC
CFUL
DJWS
CIRCF
1000RF / ( K2)
CIRCK
(4 Fn )1/2
KR
KR
Resistance coefficient
corresponding to KQ,KT
R / ( D4 n2)
cSf
CSF
Sinkage coefficient at FP
TF / L
cSa
CSA
Sinkage coefficient at AP
TA / L
cS
CSNK
Sinkage coefficient
( TF + TA) / L
CTRIM
Trim coefficient
( TA - TF) / L
F
K
K
SIUnit
1000 R / K3
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
FW
Fresh water
MF
MR
OW
Open water
SF
SR
SW
Salt water
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Hull Resistance
Definition or
Explanation
82
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.2.2
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Ship Performance
Name
Definition or
Explanation
83
SIUnit
Ship Performance
FD
FDT
Drag reduction
FP
FP
FPO
FPO
Hz
PB
PB
Brake power
PD , PP
PD,PP
Delivered power,
propeller power
PE , PR
PE,PR
Effective power,
resistance power
RV
Pi
PI
Indicated power
PS
PS
Shaft power
PT
PTH
Thrust power
T VA
Torque
PD /
Nm
Ship speed
VA
VA
zV
ZV
V0,OMN
m/s
Equivalent propeller open
water speed based on thrust
or torque identity
m/s
m
2n
rad/s
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Ship Performance
Definition or
Explanation
84
SIUnit
RAUG
CD
CDVOL
Power-displacement
coefficient
CN
CN
CNP
CNP
CP
CP
K1
C1
DS / DM
K2
C2
nS / nM
CADM
CADM
Admiralty coefficient
2/3 V3 / PS
SINK
Sinkage, dynamic
TRIM
Trim, dynamic
THDF
1 - (RT - FP) / T
WFT
(V - VA) / V
wF
WFF
(V - VA) / VA
wQ
WFTQ
PD / ( V3 2/3 / 2)
1
1
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Ship Performance
Definition or
Explanation
85
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
wT
WFTT
DELWC
Ship-model correlation
factor for wake fraction
Wc
DELWC
Ship-model correlation
factor with respect to WT,s
method formula of ITTC
1978 method
XLO
D PD / PE - 1
APSF
WT,M - WT,S
SIUnit
ETAB,
EFTP
ETAD,
EFRP
Propulsive efficiency or
PE / PD = PR / PP
quasi-propulsive coefficient
ETAG,
EFGP
Gearing efficiency
ETAH,
EFRT
Hull efficiency
PE / P T = P R / P T
= (1 - t) / (1 - w)
ETAM,
EFSI
Mechanical efficiency
PS / P1 or PB / P1
ETAO
ETAR,
EFRO
ETAS,
EFPS
Shafting efficiency
P D / PS = PP / PS
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Ship Performance
Definition or
Explanation
86
SIUnit
2.2.2.4 Remarks
.1 Basic Concepts
Traditionally the basic concepts resistance and propeller advance speed are implicitely understood
to have certain traditional operational, i. e. experimental interpretations, namely in terms of hull
towing and propeller open water tests, respectively. Very clearly these are not the only possible
interpretations. In many cases, where the traditional interpretations are not possible, as in the case
of full scale ships under service conditions, or where they are not meaningful, as e. g. in the case of
wake adapted propellers, more adequate conventional interpretations have to be agreed upon.
The traditional set of basic concepts for the ship performance analysis is incomplete. It does e. g. not
allow for the separation of displacement and energy wakes, fundamental for the analysis of hullpropeller interaction.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.2.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Propulsor Performance
Definition or
Explanation
87
SIUnit
Propulsor Performance
m2
AO
AO
DP
Propeller diameter
FR
Propeller frequency of
revolution
Hz
kS
KS
Roughness height of
propeller blade surface
qA
QA
Pa
qS
QS
Pa
QS
QSP
Spindle torque
QSC
QSPC
Nm
QSH
QSPH
Hydrodynamic spindle
torque
Nm
TH
Propeller thrust
TD
THDU
Duct thrust
TP
THP
TT
THT
VA
VA
m/s
VP
VP
m/s
VS
VS
DNP
V0P
Nm
m/s
kg/m3
2n
1/s
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Propulsor Performance
Name
Definition or
Explanation
88
SIUnit
BP
BP
Taylor's propeller
coefficient base on
delivered horse power
n PD / VA2.5
with n is revs/min,
PD in horsepower,and
VA in knots
(obsolete)
BU
BU
Taylor's propeller
coefficient based on thrust
horsepower
n PT / VA2.5
with n is revs/min,
PT in horsepower,and
VA in knots
(obsolete)
CP
CPD
PD / (AP qA VA)
CQ*
CQS
Torque index
Q / (AP qS)
CTh
CTH
T / (AP qA)
= (TP / AP) / qA
CT*
CTHS
Thrust index
T / (AP qS)
J , JP
JEI, JP
VA / (D n) = VP / (D n)
JA , JH
JA, JH
V / (D n) = VH / (D n)
JT , JPT
JT, JPT
JQ , JPQ
JQ, JPQ
KP
KP
KQ
KQ
Torque coefficient
Q / ( n2 D5)
KSC
KSC
QSC / ( P n2 D5)
KSH
KSH
Hydrodynamic spindle
torque coefficient
QSH / ( n2 D5)
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Propulsor Performance
89
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
KT
KT
Thrust coefficient
T / ( n2 D4)
KTD
KTD
TD / ( n2 D4)
KTP
KTP
TP / ( n2 D4)
KTT
KTT
KTP+ KTD
KQO
KQO
Torque coefficient of
propeller converted from
behind to open water
condition
KQ. R
KQT
KQ
Torque coefficient of
propeller determined from
thrust coefficient identity
PJ
PJ
TJ T VA
SA
SRA
1 - V / (n P)
SR
SRR
1 - VA / (n P)
ADCT
Taylors's advance
coefficient
n D / VA
with n in revs/min,
D in feet, VA in knots
(obsolete)
JP
EFJP
JP0
ZETO,
EFJPO
EFID
Efficiency in non-viscous
fluid
TJ
EFTJ
2 / (1 + (1 + CTh)1/2)
O , TPO
ETAO,
EFTPO
ADR
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Propulsor Performance
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
TMR
TP / TT
90
SIUnit
UA
UA
m/s
UAD
UADU
m/s
URP
URP
m/s
URD
URDU
m/s
UAP
UAP
m/s
UR
UR
m/s
UTD
UTDU
m/s
UTP
UTP
m/s
UT
UT
m/s
BETB
Advance angle of a
propeller blade section
BET1
BETS
arctg (VA / (R ))
rad
rad
rad
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Propulsor Performance
Definition or
Explanation
91
SIUnit
2.2.3.4 Remarks
.1 Dynamic Pressure
In the earlier versions of this list the notation for the concept of section advance speed deteriorated
to the completely meaningless form
VS = (VA2+ (0.7 n D)2)1/2 ,
hiding the very simple meaning of the concept.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.2.4
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Unsteady Propeller Forces
Definition or
Explanation
92
SIUnit
2.2.4.1 Concepts
Cuv
SI(U,V)
Generalized stiffness
s. Remark .1
Duv
DA(U,V)
Generalized damping
s. Remark .1
Fu
FG(I)
Generalized vibratory
force
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: force
u = 4, 5, 6: moment
Fi
F(I)
Vibratory force
i = 1, 2, 3
KFu
KF(U)
Generalized vibratory
force coefficients
According to definitions of
KFi and KMi
KFi
KF(I)
Vibratory force
coefficients
Fi / ( n2 D4)
KMi
KM(I)
Vibratory moment
coefficients
Mi / ( n2 D5)
Kp
KPR
Pressure coefficient
p / ( n2 D2)
Mi
M(I)
Vibratory moment
i = 1, 2, 3
Muv
MA(U,V)
Generalized mass
s. Remark .1
PR
Pressure
Ru
R(U)
Generalized vibratory
bearing reaction
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: force
u = 4, 5, 6: moment
N
N
Nm
Vi
V(I)
i = 1, 2, 3
m/s
x
y
z
X
Y
Z
Cartesian coordinates
N
N
Nm
Nm
Pa
m
m
m
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.4
Version 1993
Ships in General
Resistance and Propulsion
Unsteady Propeller Forces
93
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
x
a
r
X
ATT
R
Cylindrical coordinates
DP(U)
Generalized vibratory
displacement
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: linear
u = 4, 5, 6: angular
m
m
rad
DPVL(U)
Generalized vibratory
velocity
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: linear
u = 4, 5, 6: angular
m/s
m/s
rad/s
DPAC(U)
Generalized vibratory
acceleration
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: linear
u = 4, 5, 6: angular
m/s2
m/s2
rad/s2
m
1
m
2.2.4.2 Remarks
.1 General concepts
In terms of the notation introduced the linear equation of motions may be rendered in the concise
form
Muv
+Duv
+ Cuv
= Fu .
S
v
= FSu .
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
94
SIUnit
s. Remark .1
2.3.1
Manoeuvring
AFB
AFBO
m2
AFS
AFST
m2
AHL
AHLT
ALV
AHLV
m2
AR
ARU
m2
ARmov
ARMV
m2
ARN
ARNO
bR
SPRU
Rudder span
bRM
SPRUME
CAL
CAHL
DE
Water depth
hM
DEME
xR
XRU
Longitudinal position of
rudder axis
ASRU
(AR + ARmov) / 2
bR2 / AR
m2
m2
OX, P
1/s
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
95
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
OY, Q
1/s
OZ, R
1/s
OXRT, PR
dp / dt
1/s2
OYRT, QR
dq / dt
1/s2
OZRT, RR
dr / dt
1/s2
VX, U
m/s
VY, V
m/s
VZ, W
m/s
VXRT, UR
du / dt
m/s2
VYRT, VR
dv / dt
m/s2
VZRT, WR
dw / dt
m/s2
m/s
VA,VO
VA, VO
Approach speed
m/s
Vu
V(U)
Generalized velocity
Vu
V(U)
Generalized acceleration
VF
VF
m/s
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
96
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
VWR
VWRL
m/s
VWT
VWAB
m/s
YA
rad
YART
YAOR
Original course
rad
PI
Pitch angle
rad
RO
Roll angle
rad
rad/s
AAPI
Pitch angle
rad
AADR
Drift angle
rad
WR
ANWIRL
eff
ANRUEF
ANRU0
ANFB
rad
ANFS
rad
ANRU
Rudder angle
R0
ANRUOR
COCU
WA
COWIAB
rad
WR
COWIRL
rad
1
rad
1
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
97
SIUnit
s. Remark .2
Fhu / Vv
Dhuv
DH(U,V)
Generalized hydrodynamic
damping
Fhu
FH(U)
Generalized hydrodynamic
force
Ihuv
IH(U,V)
Genralized hydrodynamic
inertia
MX
Nm
MY
Nm
MZ
Nm
Nr
NR
Nms
Nr
NRRT
N / r
Nms2
Nv
NV
N / v
Ns
Nv
NVRT
N / v
Nms2
ND
Nm
QFB
QFB
Nm
QR
QRU
Nm
QFS
QFS
Nm
FX
XR
XRU
Fhu / V v
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Manoeuvring
98
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
Xu
XU
X / u
Ns/m
Xu
XURT
X / u
Ns2/m
FY
Yr
YR
YR
YRU
Yr
YRRT
Y / r
Ns2
Yv
YV
Y / v
Ns/m
Yv
YVRT
Y / v
Ns2/m
YD
Y /
FZ
N
Ns
N
N2s2
Cr
CRDS
Directional stability
criterion
Lb
LSB
N v / Yv
Ld
LSR
TIC
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
99
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
T1
TIC1
T2
TIC2
T3
TIC3
KS
1/s
Pn
PN
DC
DC
DC
DCNO
Non-dimensional steady
turning diameter
D0
DC0
D0
DC0N
Non-dimensional inherent
steady turning diameter
lr
LHRD
LWRD
rC
OZCI
rC
OZCINO
Non-dimensional steady
turning rate
RC
RC
t90
TI90
t180
TI180
DC / LPP
1
m
D0 / LPP
1
1/s
1
1/s
rC LPP / UC or 2 LPP / DC
m
m
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
100
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
UC
UC
x090
X090
Advance at 90 change of
heading
x0180
X0180
x0max
XMX
Maximum advance
y090
Y090
Transfer at 90 change of
heading
y0180
Y0180
y0max
Y0MX
Maximum transfer
DRCI
m/s
rad
ta
TIA
tc1
TIC1
tc2
TIC2
thc
TCHC
Period of changes in
heading
tr
TIR
Reach time
y0max
Y0MX
Maximum transverse
deviation
max
ANRUMX
rad
PSIS
rad
01
PSI01
rad
02
PSI02
rad
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
101
SIUnit
sF
SPF
x0F
X0F
Head reach
y0F
Y0F
Lateral deviation
tF
TIF
Stopping time
2.3.1.9 Remarks
.1 Solid Body Motions
The whole Chapter 2.3 on Manoeuvring and Seakeeping relies heavily on the Section 1 on General
Mechanics, Chapter 1.2 on Solid Body Mechanics in particular. Members of the Manoeuvring
Committee are strongly urged to try and finalize the work that has been started for them.
.2 Derivatives
The traditional notation for the "stability" derivatives is not very efficient and not in accordance with
the notation outlined in Section 1 on General Mechanics. Instead of completely denoting the concepts
of generalized hydrodynamic damping and inertia, respectively, by adequate symbols, the traditional
symbols indicate some measuring procedures for the components.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.3.2
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Seakeeping
Name
Definition or
Explanation
102
SIUnit
Seakeeping
2.3.2.1Basic Concepts
s. Remark .1
ai
AT(I)
i = 1, 2, 3, e. g. Euler
angles roll, pich, and yaw,
respectively
rad
FR
Frequency
1/T
Hz
fe
FE
Frequency of wave
encounter
1 / Te
Hz
fz
Hz
1 / T
Hz
1 / T
Hz
Alias horizontal!
s. Remark .2
FL
FS(2)
FN
FS(3)
ML
MB(3),
FS(6)
Alias horizontal!
s. Remark .2
Nm
MN
MB(2),
FS(5)
Alias vertical!
s. Remark .2
Nm
MT
MT(1),
FS(4)
nAW
NAW
1/s
PAW
PAW
QAW
QAW
Nm
RAW
RAW
Nm
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Seakeeping
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
S(f),
S(f),
S( ),
S( )
EWSF,
xi
X(I)
Absolute displacement of
the ship at the reference
point
u = 1, 2, 3 :surge, sway,
and heave respectively
xu
X(U)
Generalized absolute
displacement of the ship
at the reference point
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3 : diplacements
u = 4, 5, 6 : attitudes,e. g.
Euler angles
103
SIUnit
m2s
EWSC
m
m
rad
TAW
TAW
TC
Wave period
Te
TE
Tz
TNHE
TNPI
TNRO
Yz( ),
A z ( )
Amplitude of frequency
response function for
translatory motions
z a ( ) / a ( )
Y( ),
A( )
Amplitude of frequency
a( ) / a( ) or
response function for rotary a( ) / ( 2/ (ga( )))
motions
rad
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
Seakeeping
Definition or
Explanation
104
SIUnit
2.3.2.2 Remarks
.1 Related Information
Sectional loads are meaningful only referred to body fixed coordinates. The traditional
terminology speaking of horizontal and vertical forces and moments, referring to space fixed
coordinates, is adequate only for very special conditions of little interest for the sectional loads
and should consequently be avoided as obsolete.
ITTC Symbols
3
3.1
3.1.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
3.1
3.1.2
Special Craft
Ice going Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
105
SIUnit
CI
CI
RI / ( I g h2 B)
CIW
CIW
Coefficient of water
resistance in the presence
of ice
RIW / (S qIW)
FIN
FNIC
FIT
FTIC
FnI
FNIC
FXI
FYI
FZI
FXIC
FYIC
FZIC
N
N
N
fID
CFRD
Coefficient of friction
between surface of body
and ice (dynamic)
fIS
CFRS
Coefficient of friction
between surface of body
and ice (static)
hI
HTIC
Thickness of ice
hSN
HTSN
KQIA
KQICMS
Average coefficient of
torque in ice
KTIA
KTICMS
Average coefficient of
thrust in ice
nIA
FRICMS
Hz
ITTC Symbols
3
3.1
3.1.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Ice going Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
106
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
PDI
PDI
Delivered power at
propeller in ice
2 QIA nIA
QIA
QIMS
RI
RI
RIT - RIW
RIT
RIT
RIW
RIW
Hydrodynamic resistance
in presence of ice
TIA
TIMS
ICE
ERIC
Relative propulsive
efficiency in ice
ID
EFDIC
W
Nm
N
ID / D
1
1
ITTC Symbols
3
3.2
3.2.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.2
Planing Boats
3.2.1
Special Craft
Planing Boats
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
107
SIUnit
m2
APB
APB
Horizontally projected
planing bottom area (at
rest), excluding area of
external spray strips
LCG
BLCG
Beam at LCG
BC
PA
BPA
APB / LPR
PTR
BPTR
Transom breadth
PX
BPX
dTR
DTRA
Immersion of transom
EN
eAP
ENA
eF
ENF
eP
ENP
Lever of resultant of
propeller pressure forces
NP
ITTC Symbols
3
3.2
3.2.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Planing Boats
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
108
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
eR
ENPR
eS
ENS
fAA
FRAA
fAP
FRAP
fF
FRF
Lever of frictional
resistance RF
fK
FRK
fR
FDRR
fS
FSL
hP
HSP
hR
HRU
LC
LC
LCP
LCP
Lever of resultant of
pressure forces
LK
LK
Lm
LM
SIUnit
m
(LK + LC) / 2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.2
3.2.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Planing Boats
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
109
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
LSH
LSHB
LPR
LPRC
SWHP
SWHP
ALFB
BETD
GAMSP
Spray angle
LAMS
TAUB
PHISP
Spray angle
DLAM
m
m
m2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.2
3.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.2.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Planing Boats
Resistance and Propulsion
110
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
LO
CLOD
/ (BLCG2 q)
CL
CLBET
CV
CSP
Speed coefficient
V / (BLCG g)1/2
CDL
Load coefficient
/ (BLCG3 g )
NAP
NAP
RP
DELRP
RP sin
DR
DELDR
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.3
Semi-displacement Vessels
3.3.1
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
111
SIUnit
AAP
AAP
Appendage area
Reference area of an
appendage element
m2
AFR
AFR
Frontal area
m2
BTR
BTR
Breadth moulded of
transom at design water line
BX
BX
BM
BM
Breadth moulded of
midship section at design
water line
FWL
FWL
LWE / LWL
FWS
FWS
SWHE / SW(v=0)
HTC
HTC
LF
LF
Measured in direction
parallel to keel
LK
LK
LW
LWT
NPR
NPR
Number of propellers
SAP
SAP
Wetted surface of
appendages
m2
SW
SW
m2
SWAPE
SWAPE
m2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Geometry and Hydrostatics
112
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
SWB
SWB
SWH
SWH
SWHE
SWHE
m2
SWHS
SWSH
m2
SWS
SWS
m2
SWAP
SWAP
m2
SW(v=0)
SWV0
m2
TH
THUL
TTR
TTR
Draft at transom
Maximum immersion of
transom
TTRM
TTRM
ATR / BT
XBL
XBL
Longitudinal position of
calculated boundary layer
thickness
ALFSL
rad
BABR
ALFBAR
rad
m2
m2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Geometry and Hydrostatics
113
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
SH
ALFSH
rad
ALFO
Buttock inclination
rad
BETAD
rad
DELFS
Flap angle
rad
DELWG
Wedge angle
rad
AP
MAAP
WAP
MAWAP
TA
DTA
Change of draft at AP
TF
DTF
Change of draft at FP
TLCG
DTLCG
EPSO
Shaft inclination
rad
EPSS
rad
SO
EPSSO
Shaft angle
rad
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Geometry and Hydrostatics
114
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
TRIM
rad
TRIM0
rad
TAUBUT
rad
PSISI
Shaft inclination
rad
AP
DISVAP
Displacement volume of
the appendages
/ ( g)
m3
WAP
DISWAP
Displacement volume
including the volume of the
appendages
m3
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.3.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
115
SIUnit
CDAP
CDAP
CTAP - CF
CRH
CRH
CRwAP
CRWAP
CRwoAP
CRWOAP
Specific residuary
coefficient of the hull
without appendages
CDP
CDP
RP / (A q)
CDINT
CDINT
DINT / (A q)
DINT
DINT
FDAP
FDAP
FN
FN
FTR
FTR
FX
FX
Horizontal component of
propeller transverse force
FN sin
FZ
FZ
Vertical component of
propeller transverse force
FN cos
ADVCPS
Advance coefficient at
oblique inflow
J cos
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
116
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
KAP
KAP
Appendage correction
factor
KN
KN
FN / ( n2 D4)
KQO
KQO
KQB
KQB
KQ
KQPSI
Q / ( n2 D5)
K T
KTPSI
T / ( n2 D4)
KTO
KTO
KTB
KTB
LA
LAP
LD
LIDY
Vertical component of
hydrodynamic lift
LS
LIBU
Hydrostatic lift
Due to buoyancy
NF
Bottom force
NPP
NPP
Resultant of propeller
pressure forces acting
normally to the bottom
1
Resultant lift force arising
from appendages inclined to
flow (assumed normal to
keel)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
117
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
NS
NPS
Resultant of propeller
suction forces acting
normally to the bottom
NYO
NYO
Horizontal component of
bottom force. Hull with
deadrise N sin
NZ0
NZO
Vertical component of
bottom force. Hull with
deadrise N cos
PDTRIAL
PDTR
(2 Q n)TRIAL
PEAA
PEAA
RAA V
PEAP
PEAP
PEPAR
PEPAR
PETRIAL
PETR
PEwAP
PEWAP
RTwAP V
PEwoAP
PEWOAP
RTwoAP V
QO
QHO
QB
QB
Nm
QPSI
Nm
RF
RF
Frictional resistance
RFXO
RFXO
RFZO
RZFO
Vertical component of RF
Rk
RKEEL
Keel drag
RPAR V
SIUnit
Nm
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
118
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
RPI
Induced drag
g tg
RPAR
RPAR
Parasitic drag
RRH
RRH
RRwAP
RRWAP
Residuary resistance
including appendages drag
RSP
RSP
Pressure component of
spray drag
RSV
RSV
Viscous component of
spray drag
RTwoAP
RWOAP
RTwAP
RWAP
TA
THPSI
TB
THB
TO
THO
TX
THX
TZ
THZ
TA sin + FN cos
THDFPS
1 - RT / (TAcos - FN sin )
VABS
VSABS
VBm
VBM
Bottom velocity
m/s
VREL
VSREL
Spray velocity
m/s
CF SWS qS
SIUnit
m/s
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
119
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
W T
WFTPSI
ZR
ZR
PEAW
PEAW
RAW V
PEST
PEST
RST V
PETRIAL
SDPE
RAW
DELAW
RRS
DELTR
RST
DELST
EPSG
Drag-weight ratio in
general
R / (g )
EPSH
Residuary drag-weight
ratio of the appendaged
hull, excluding the
appendage drag
(RTwAP - RF - RAP) /
/ (g )
EPSM
RT,M / (g M M)
EPSR
Residuary drag-weight
ratio of the naked hull
(RTwoAP - RF) / (g )
RAP
EPSRAP
EPSFS
N
Change of rudder drag due
to propeller slip-stream
N
N
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Semi-displacement Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
120
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
AP
ETAAP
Appendage efficiency
PEwoAP / PEwAP
ETAPSI
ITTC Symbols
3
3.4
3.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.4
Catamarans
3.4.1
Special Craft
Catamarans
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
121
SIUnit
AMX
AMX
m2
AXH
AXH
m2
BAXDH
BAXDH
Breadth at maximum
section of demihull
BOADH
BOADH
BMDH
BMDH
BPXDH
BPXDH
BT
BTWL
Tunnel width
BXDH
BXDH
Maximum breadth of
demihull
CDK
CLDK
Deck clearance
iEI
ANENIN
rad
iEO
ANENOU
rad
CH
ALFCH
MB
ALFMB
rad
In the plane with maximum
longitudinal area
rad
ITTC Symbols
3
3.4
3.4.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Catamarans
Geometry and Hydrostatics
122
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
DALF
FB
BETFB
rad
BETM
rad
TR
BETTR
rad
rad
ITTC Symbols
3
3.4
3.4.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.4.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Catamarans
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
123
SIUnit
RFCA
RFCA
Frictional resistance of
catamarane
2 RFDH
RFDH
RFDH
Frictional resistance of
demihull
RFINT
RFINT
Frictional interference
resistance
RFCA - 2 RFDH
RRCA
RRDH
Residual resistance of
catamarane
RTCA - RFCA
RRDH
RRDH
Residual resistance of
demihull
RTDH - RFDH
RRINT
RRINT
Residual interference
resistance
RRCA - 2 RRDH
RTCA
RFCA
RTDH
RFDH
RTINT
RTINT
s. Remark .1
P
EP
P / ( V)
PD
EPD
PD / ( V)
ER
RTCA
ERTCA
ITTC Symbols
3
3.4
3.4.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Catamarans
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
124
SIUnit
3.4.2.3 Remarks
.1 Ratios
The power and resistance ratios listed are examples only. According to the definition of the
various power and resistance components other symbols may be created.
ITTC Symbols
3
3.5
3.5.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.5
SWATH
3.5.1
Special Craft
SWATH
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
125
SIUnit
m2
AI
AIA
BB
BB
Box beam
BS
BS
Hull spacing
DH
DHUL
Hull diameter
DX
DX
hc
HC
Box clearance
LCH
LCH
LCS
LCS
LH
LH
Box length
LNH
LNH
LNS
LNS
LS
LS
Strut length
LSH
LSH
LSS
LSS
LTS
LTS
ts
TSTR
ITTC Symbols
3
3.5
3.5.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
tx
TX
Special Craft
SWATH
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
126
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.6
Hydrofoil Boats
3.6.1
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
127
SIUnit
m2
AF
AFO
AFS
AFS
AFT
AFT
cb
m2
AFTO
AFTO
cb
m2
AR
AR
Aspect ratio
b2 / A
AFR
AFRE
m2
ASS
ASS
m2
BFOA
BFOA
BSP
bF
BSPF
Flap span
bST
BSTR
Transverse horizontal
distance of struts
bw
BSPW
CC
CHC
CF
CFL
CLm
CLM
Cm
CHM
CPF
CPFL
CS
CSTR
CSF
CHSF
CT
CHTI
m2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
128
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
fL
FML
fU
FMU
FnL
FNF
V / (g LF)1/2
FnC
FNC
V / (g Cm)1/2
hC
HVCG
Distance of center of
gravity above mean water
surface foilborne
hF
HFL
Flight height
hK
HKE
Keel clearance
LF
LEFF
Horizontal distance of
center of pressure of front
foil to center of gravity
LR
LERF
Horizontal distance of
center of pressure of rear
foil to center of gravity
LS
LSTR
ML
MF
MLF
LF / ( g)
TF
TFO
Foil immersion or
submergence (general)
TFD
TFD
Depth of submergence of
apex of a dihedral foil
TFM
TFOM
WF
WTF
Weight of foil
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
129
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
xR
XFRG
ALFTW
ALFM
AFS
TO
ATO
DELTT
t/C
DELTB
tB / C S
DELTF
f/C
FL
DLTFL
DELTL
DELTS
tS / C S
STH
DELTT
tS / CSTH
DELTU
EPSF
Downwash angle
TETAD
Dihedral angle
TAUT
Taper ratio
CT / CC
LAMBS
Sweep angle
DISVF
Displacement volume of
a foil
m3
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.6.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
130
SIUnit
CDF
CDF
DF / (A q)
CDI
CDI
DI / (b c q)
CDINT
CDINT
CDO
CDO
CDS
CDSP
CDVENT
CDVENT
CDW
CDW
DW / (b TF q)
CLF
CLF
LFL / (AFL q)
CLO
CLO
L / (A q)
CLTO
CLTO
L / (AF qTO)
CLX
CLA
dCL / d
CM
CM
DF
DRF
Foil drag
DFA
DFA
CDF AFR q
DFF
DFF
CDF AFF q
DI
DRIND
Induced drag
Due to lift
DINT
DRINT
Interference drag
DP
DRSE
Streamline drag
DS / (t2 q)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Resistance and Propulsion
131
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
DS
DRSP
Spray drag
DST
DRST
Strut drag
DW
DRWA
Wave drag
Due to propagation of
surface waves
DVENT
DRVNT
Ventilation drag
LFA
LFA
CL AFR q
LFF
LFF
CL AFF q
MSP
CM AF (LF - LR) q
VC
VC
m/s
VT
VT
m/s
EPS
N
N
D/L
Nm
ITTC Symbols
3
3.7
3.7.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.7
3.7.1
Special Craft
ACV and SES
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
132
SIUnit
AC
CUA
Cushion area
m2
BC
BCU
Cushion beam
BOAWL
BOAWL
BXSH
BXSH
FWS
FWS
SWHES / SWH
GH
GH
hBS
HBS
HSK
HSK
Skirt depth
hSS
HSS
LB
LB
LC
LAC
Cushion length
LE
LACE
SWH
SWH
m2
SWHES
SWHES
m2
SWSW
SWSW
m2
WT
Craft weight
m
Distance from side wall
keel to lower edge of stern
seal
ITTC Symbols
3
3.7
3.7.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
ACV and SES
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
133
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
XH
XH
XS
XS
ZH
ZH
BC
TETBC
TETB
TETF
TETW
ZETAC
ITTC Symbols
3
3.7
3.7.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.7.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
ACV and SES
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
134
SIUnit
CLOAD
CR
CR
Drag coefficient
CPR
CPR
CWC
CWC
Cushion wavemaking
coefficient
pB
PBM
pBS
PBS
pCE
PCE
pCU
PCU
Cushion pressure
pFT
PFT
pLR
PLR
pSK
PSS
pSS
PSS
PFCU
PFCU
kW
PFSK
PFSK
kW
QBS
QBS
m3/s
QCU
QCU
m3/s
QSS
QSS
m3/s
QT
QT
RAT
RAT
Total aerodynamic
resistance
R M + R0
RH
RH
Hydrodynamic resistance
RW + RWET
R0 / ( A VR2 AC / 2)
1
1
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
PCU / LC
Pa/m
Pa
Pa
m3/s
ITTC Symbols
3
3.7
3.7.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
ACV and SES
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
135
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
RM
RM
RMCU
RMCU
RMSK
RMSK
RO
RO
Profile resistance
RWET
RWET
TC
TC0
Cushion thrust
CDP A VR2 AV / 2
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
3
3.8
3.8.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.8
Sailing Vessels
3.8.1
Special Craft
Sailing Vessels
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
Reference area of an
appendage element
136
SIUnit
m2
AH
AH
Area of hull
AS
AS
Sail area
AW
AW
Area of waterplane
m2
AX
AX
Area of maximum
transverse section
m2
BSP
Beam
BOA
BOA
Beam, overall
BWL
BWL
Beam, waterline
CH
CB
CB
Block coefficient
CP
CP
Prismatic coefficient
CVP
CVP
Vertical prismatic
coefficient
/ (AW TC)
CWP
CWP
Waterplane coefficient
AW / (L B)
CX
CX
Maximum section
coefficient
AX / (B TC)
EM
Mainsail base
Mainsail height
Lenghts
m2
(P E + I J) / 2
/ (L B T)
m2
1
1
LOA
LOA
Lenghts, overall
LWL
LWL
Lenghts, waterline
ITTC Symbols
3
3.8
3.8.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Sailing Vessels
Geometry and Hydrostatics
Definition or
Explanation
137
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
Le
LEFF
m2
SH
SH
m2
Draft
Tc
TCAN
DISV
Displaced volume
m3
DISF
Displacement force
(weight)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.8
3.8.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.8.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Sailing Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
138
SIUnit
CD
CD
Drag coefficient
D / (S q)
CF
CF
Friction resistance
coefficient
RF / (S q)
CR
CR
Residuary resistance
coefficient (upright)
RR / (S q)
CT
CT
Total resistance
coefficient
RT / (S q)
CA
CA
Incremental resistance
coefficient
CW
CW
CPHI
CI
Induced resistance
coefficient
Cx, Cy, Cz
Force coefficients
CL
Lift coefficient
Drag
Force
F, FH
FR
FV
Side force
Lift force
Resistance (drag)
RF
Friction resistance
RR
Residuary resistance
(upright)
RI
RT
Total resistance
L / (S q)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.8
3.8.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Sailing Vessels
Resistance and Propulsion
Definition or
Explanation
139
SIUnit
X,Y,Z
Components of resultant
force along designated axis
Boat velocity
m/s
Uaw
m/s
Vtw
m/s
Vmg
m/s
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
140
A ......
A ......
A1 . . . . .
AA . . . .
AA . . . .
AADR . .
AAEF . . .
AAGE . .
AAHY . .
AAID . . .
AAP . . . .
AAPI . . .
AAZL . .
ABL . . . .
ABT . . . .
AC . . . . .
AC . . . . .
AD . . . .
AD . . . .
ADCT . .
ADEN . .
ADEX . .
ADMP . .
ADR . . .
ADVCPS
AE . . . . .
AF . . . . .
AFB . . . .
AFBO . .
AFO . . . .
AFR . . . .
AFRE . . .
AFS . . . .
AFS . . . .
AFS . . . .
AFST . . .
AFT . . . .
AFTO . . .
AH . . . .
AHLT . .
AHLV . .
AIA . . . .
ALF0 . . .
ALFA . . .
ALFA . . .
ALFB . . .
ALFBAR
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136
14
14
40
49
96
50
50
50
50
111
96
50
62
62
72
14
71
68
89
70
70
25
89
115
68
72
72
94
127
111
127
127
129
72
94
127
127
136
94
94
125
50
49
41
109
112
ALFCH .
ALFE . . .
ALFG . . .
ALFI . . .
ALFM . .
ALFMB .
ALFO . . .
ALFS . . .
ALFS . . .
ALFSH . .
ALFTW .
AM . . . .
AMX . . .
ANEN . .
ANENIN
ANENOU
ANFB . .
ANFB . .
ANFL . . .
ANFR . .
ANFRIN .
ANFS . . .
ANFS . . .
ANRF . .
ANRU . .
ANRU . .
ANRU . .
ANRU0 .
ANRUE .
ANRUM .
ANRUOR
ANSL . . .
ANWIRL
AO . . . .
AP . . . . .
AP . . . . .
AP . . . . .
APB . . . .
APSF . . .
AR . . . . .
AR . . . . .
AREA . .
ARMV . .
ARNO . .
ARP . . . .
ART . . . .
ARU . . .
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121
50
50
50
129
121
113
112
50
113
129
62
121
63
121
121
96
72
49
72
73
96
72
73
96
63
73
96
96
100
96
49
96
68
49
68
66
107
85
127
14
14
...
94
72
72
72
ARU .
ARX .
AS . . .
AS . . .
ASK . .
ASRF .
ASRU
ASRU
ASS . .
AT . . .
AT(I) .
ATO .
ATR . .
ATT . .
AV . .
AW . .
AW . .
AWA .
AWBK
AWF .
AWS .
AX . .
AX . .
AXH .
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94
72
49
136
72
73
73
94
127
41
102
129
62
93
62
136
62
62
72
62
64
62
136
121
B .....
B .....
B .....
B .....
BAXDH
BB . . . .
BC . . . .
BCU . .
BD . . . .
BET . . .
BET1 . .
BETAD
BETB . .
BETD . .
BETE . .
BETFB .
BETM .
BETS . .
BETTR .
BFOA .
BH . . . .
BK . . . .
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14
57
136
63
121
125
107
132
71
41
90
113
90
109
52
122
122
90
122
127
66
73
BLCG .
BLCK .
BM . . .
BMDH .
BN . . . .
BOA . .
BOADH
BOAWL
BP . . . .
BPA . . .
BPTR . .
BPX . . .
BPXDH
BR . . . .
BS . . . .
BS . . . .
BSP . . .
BSP . . .
BSPF . .
BSPW .
BSTR . .
BTR . . .
BTWL .
BU . . . .
BWL . .
BX . . . .
BXDH .
BXSH .
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C ....
C1 . . .
C2 . . .
CA . . .
CA . . .
CA . . .
CAA .
CABL
CABT
CADM
CAHL
CATR
CB . . .
CB . . .
CC . . .
CD . . .
CD . . .
CD . . .
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. 96
. 84
. 84
. 80
. 138
. 43
. 80
. 65
. 65
. 84
. 94
. 65
. 64
. 136
. 47
. 138
. 80
. 52
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107
79
111
121
43
136
121
132
88
107
107
107
121
14
125
73
127
136
127
127
127
111
121
88
136
111
121
132
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
CDAP . .
CDF . . . .
CDI . . . .
CDINT . .
CDINT . .
CDL . . . .
CDO . . .
CDP . . . .
CDSE . . .
CDSE . . .
CDSP . . .
CDVENT
CDVOL .
CDW . . .
CF . . . . .
CF . . . . .
CFL . . . .
CFL . . . .
CFO . . . .
CFRD . .
CFRS . . .
CFUL . . .
CH . . . . .
CH . . . . .
CH . . . . .
CHC . . .
CHM . . .
CHME . .
CHME . .
CHRT . .
CHRT . .
CHSF . . .
CHT . . . .
CHTI . . .
CHTP . . .
CI . . . . .
CIRCB . .
CIRCC . .
CIRCF . .
CIRCK . .
CIRCM .
CIRCS . .
CIRCT . .
CIW . . . .
CK . . . . .
CLA . . . .
CLBET . .
CLDK . .
CLEARD
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141
115
130
130
115
130
110
...
115
49
49
130
130
84
130
80
138
51
127
80
105
105
81
49
72
136
127
127
68
72
72
49
127
72
127
49
105
64
81
81
81
66
66
66
105
43
130
110
121
70
CLF . . . .
CLM . . .
CLO . . . .
CLOAD .
CLOD . .
CLSE . . .
CLTO . . .
CM . . . .
CMS . . .
CMSE . .
CMTL . .
CN . . . . .
CN . . . . .
CNP . . . .
CNPC . .
CNPV . .
COWIAB
COWIRL
CP . . . . .
CP . . . . .
CP . . . . .
CPA . . . .
CPD . . . .
CPE . . . .
CPF . . . .
CPFL . . .
CPHI . . .
CPL . . . .
CPR . . . .
CPR . . . .
CPR . . . .
CPV . . . .
CQF . . . .
CQS . . . .
CR . . . . .
CR . . . . .
CR . . . . .
CR . . . . .
CRA . . .
CRDS . .
CRF . . . .
CRH . . .
CRWAP .
CRWOAP
CS . . . . .
CS . . . . .
CS . . . . .
CS . . . . .
CSA . . . .
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130
127
130
134
110
49
130
130
64
49
77
47
84
84
53
53
96
96
84
136
80
65
88
65
65
127
138
65
65
134
80
80
51
88
134
138
33
80
57
98
57
115
115
115
68
43
33
65
81
CSF . . .
CSNK .
CSP . . .
CSR . . .
CSTR . .
CT . . . .
CT . . . .
CTH . . .
CTHS . .
CTLT . .
CTQ . . .
CTRIM .
CTVOL
CUA . .
CV . . . .
CVOL .
CVP . . .
CVP . . .
CW . . .
CW . . .
CW . . .
CWA . .
CWC . .
CWF . .
CWIL . .
CWIT . .
CWP . .
CWP . .
CX . . . .
CX . . . .
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81
81
110
80
127
138
81
88
88
81
81
81
81
132
81
65
136
65
65
138
81
65
134
65
64
64
81
136
65
136
D .....
D .....
D .....
D .....
DA(U,V)
DALF . .
DC . . . .
DC0 . . .
DC0N . .
DCNO .
DE . . . .
DE . . . .
DEL . . .
DEL(I,J)
DELAW
DELCF .
DELDR
DELFS .
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14
78
33
33
92
122
53
99
99
99
14
94
52
21
119
80
110
113
DELRP . .
DELS . . .
DELST . .
DELTB .
DELTF . .
DELTL . .
DELTR .
DELTS . .
DELTT . .
DELTT . .
DELTU .
DELWC
DELWC .
DELWG .
DEME . .
DEP . . . .
DFA . . . .
DFF . . . .
DH . . . .
DH . . . .
DI . . . . .
DINT . . .
DIRSF . .
DISF . . .
DISF . . .
DISV . . .
DISV . . .
DISV . . .
DISVAP .
DISVF . .
DISWAP
DJWS . . .
DLAM . .
DLTFL . .
DN . . . .
DN . . . .
DN . . . .
DNIC . . .
DNSN . .
DNWA . .
DP . . . . .
DP . . . . .
DP(U) . .
DPAC(U)
DPVL(U)
DR . . . . .
DRCI . . .
DRF . . . .
DRIND . .
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110
52
119
129
129
129
119
129
129
129
129
85
85
113
94
63
130
130
125
68
14
115
58
137
78
78
137
64
114
129
114
81
109
129
16
61
43
61
61
61
87
68
93
93
93
41
100
130
130
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
142
DRINT .
DRSE . .
DRSP . .
DRST . .
DRVNT
DRWA .
DTA . .
DTF . . .
DTLCG
DTPS . .
DTR . . .
DTRA .
DW . . .
DW . . .
DX . . .
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130
130
131
131
131
131
113
113
113
78
78
107
66
56
125
E ....
E ....
E ....
E ....
EC . . .
EC . . .
ED . . .
EF . . .
EFDIC
EFGP .
EFID .
EFJP .
EFJPO
EFPS .
EFRO .
EFRP .
EFRT .
EFSI .
EFTJ .
EFTP .
EFTPO
EISC .
EISF .
EK . . .
EL . . .
ELIC .
EM . .
EN . . .
EN . . .
EN . . .
ENA .
ENF . .
ENP . .
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14
123
123
123
56
55
46
16
106
85
89
89
89
85
85
85
85
85
89
85
89
58
58
46
43
61
136
107
14
66
107
107
107
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ENPR . . .
ENS . . . .
ENTH . .
EPS . . . .
EPS(I,J,K)
EPSF . . .
EPSFS . .
EPSG . . .
EPSH . . .
EPSM . .
EPSO . . .
EPSR . . .
EPSRAP .
EPSS . . .
EPSSO . .
ERIC . . .
ERSC . . .
ERSF . . .
ERTCA .
ES . . . . .
ET . . . . .
ET . . . . .
ETA . . . .
ETAAP .
ETAB . . .
ETAD . .
ETAG . .
ETAH . .
ETAM . .
ETAO . .
ETAO . .
ETAPSI .
ETAR . . .
ETAS . . .
EW . . . .
EWAM(I)
EWPH(I)
EWSC . .
EWSC . .
EWSF . .
EWSF . .
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108
108
52
131
21
129
119
119
119
119
113
119
119
113
113
106
58
58
123
46
56
56
16
120
85
85
85
85
85
89
85
120
85
85
55
55
55
103
58
103
58
F ..
F ..
F ..
F(1)
F(2)
F(3)
F(4)
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38
37
14
37
37
37
37
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F(5) . . .
F(6) . . .
F(I) . . .
F0 . . . .
F0(1) . .
F0(2) . .
F0(3) . .
F1 . . . .
F1(1) . .
F1(2) . .
F1(3) . .
FBP . . .
FC . . . .
FC . . . .
FC . . . .
FC . . . .
FD . . . .
FDAP . .
FDRR .
FDT . . .
FE . . . .
FF(1) . .
FF(1) . .
FF(2) . .
FF(3) . .
FG(I) . .
FH . . . .
FM . . .
FML . .
FMU . .
FN . . . .
FN . . . .
FNC . . .
FNF . . .
FNI . . .
FNIC . .
FP . . . .
FP . . . .
FPO . . .
FR . . . .
FR . . . .
FR . . . .
FR . . . .
FR . . . .
FRAA .
FRAP . .
FREB . .
FRF . . .
FRICMS
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37
37
92
14
37
37
37
15
37
37
37
68
25
56
14
16
70
115
108
83
102
15
14
14
15
92
43
72
128
128
115
43
128
128
105
105
66
83
83
58
102
15
14
25
108
108
77
108
105
FRK .
FRPK
FRRC
FRSA
FS . .
FS . .
FS(1)
FS(2)
FS(3)
FS(4)
FS(5)
FS(6)
FS(I)
FS(I)
FSL .
FT . .
FTIC
FTR .
FV . .
FW .
FW .
FW(I)
FWL
FWS
FWS
FX . .
FX . .
FX . .
FXIC
FY . .
FY . .
FYIC
FZ . .
FZ . .
FZ . .
FZIC
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108
57
57
57
25
66
38
102
102
102
102
102
46
38
108
38
105
115
43
82
55
55
111
111
132
37
97
115
105
98
37
105
37
115
98
105
G .....
G(U) . .
G(U) . .
G0(I) . .
G1(I) . .
G1(I) . .
GAMR .
GAMSP
GAP . . .
GC . . . .
GH . . .
GM . . .
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. 14
. 37
. 37
. 37
. 37
. 37
. 41
. 109
. 68
. 53
. 132
. 75
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
GML
GMR
GMR
GMS
GR . .
GR . .
GS . .
GZ . .
143
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75
31
32
32
53
14
53
76
H ....
H13D .
H13U .
HBL . .
HBS . .
HC . . .
HC . . .
HD . .
HFL . .
HK . .
HKE .
HMO .
HO . .
HQF . .
HRU .
HS . . .
HSK . .
HSP . .
HSS . .
HT . . .
HT . . .
HTC . .
HTIC .
HTNT
HTSN .
HTUS .
HU . .
HV . .
HVCG
HW . .
HWDS
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14
57
57
51
132
125
54
56
128
44
128
57
68
51
108
46
132
108
132
46
14
111
105
54
105
54
56
57
128
55
58
I ....
I ....
I2(1,2)
I2(2,3)
I2(3,1)
ID . . .
IL . . .
IM . . .
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25
14
35
35
35
47
63
25
IN . . .
IN(I,J)
IT . . .
IX . . .
IXX . .
IXY . .
IY . . .
IYY . .
IYZ . .
IZ . . .
IZX . .
IZZ . .
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36
63
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
J .....
JA . . . .
JEI . . . .
JH . . . .
JP . . . .
JPT . . .
JQ, JPQ
JT . . . .
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25
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
K ......
K ......
K ......
KAP . . . .
KF(I) . . .
KL . . . . .
KM(I) . . .
KN . . . .
KP . . . . .
KPR . . . .
KQ . . . .
KQ . . . .
KQB . . .
KQICMS
KQO . . .
KQO . . .
KQPSI . .
KR . . . . .
KS . . . . .
KS . . . . .
KSC . . . .
KSH . . . .
KT . . . . .
KTB . . . .
KTD . . .
KTICMS .
KTO . . .
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81
52
37
116
92
73
92
116
88
92
89
88
116
105
116
89
116
81
99
87
88
88
89
116
89
105
116
KTP . . . . . . 89
KTPSI . . . . 116
KTT . . . . . . 89
L .....
L .....
LAC . . .
LACE . .
LAMBS
LAMS .
LAP . . .
LB . . . .
LC
.
LC . . . .
LCH . . .
LCH . . .
LCP . . .
LCS . . .
LD . . . .
LD . . . .
LDEN .
LDEX .
LE . . . .
LEFF . .
LEFF . .
LEN . . .
LERF . .
LF . . . .
LFA . . .
LFF . . .
LFS . . .
LH . . . .
LHRD .
LIBU . .
LIDY . .
LK . . . .
LK . . . .
LM . . .
LNH . .
LNS . . .
LOA . .
LOA . .
LOS . . .
LP . . . .
LP . . . .
LPP . . .
LPRC . .
LRU . . .
LS . . . .
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63
14
132
132
129
109
116
132
53
108
68
125
108
125
56
70
70
71
14
128
137
63
128
111
131
131
64
125
99
116
116
108
111
108
125
125
136
63
63
63
66
63
109
63
125
LSB . .
LSF . .
LSH . .
LSHB .
LSR . .
LSS . .
LSS . .
LSTR .
LTS . .
LU . . .
LW . .
LW . .
LW . .
LWL .
LWL .
LWRD
LWT .
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98
80
125
109
98
125
64
128
125
56
55
56
66
63
136
99
111
M .....
M .....
M(1) . . .
M(2) . . .
M(3) . . .
M(I) . . . .
M0(I,J) . .
M1 . . . . .
M1(I,J) . .
M2(1,1) .
M2(2,2) .
M2(3,3) .
M2(I,J) . .
MA . . . .
MA . . . .
MA . . . .
MA(4,4) .
MA(5,5) .
MA(6,6) .
MA(I,J) .
MA(U,V)
MA(U,V)
MAAP . .
MASS . .
MAWAP
MB . . . .
MB(1) . .
MB(2) . .
MB(3) . .
MF . . . .
ML . . . .
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37
15
37
37
37
92
35
15
35
35
35
35
36
35
77
15
35
35
35
35
92
36
113
15
113
38
38
102
102
82
128
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
144
MLF .
Mn . . .
MN . .
MO . .
MR . .
MR . .
MR . .
MS . .
MS . .
MSP . .
MT . .
MT(1),
MTC .
MTM .
MX . .
MY . .
MZ . .
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. 128
. 58
. 43
. 15
. 33
. 15
. 82
. 33
. 77
. 131
. 38
. 102
. 77
. 77
. 97
. 97
. 97
N ....
N ....
N ....
NAP . .
NAW .
ND . .
NF . . .
NPB . .
NPP . .
NPR . .
NPS . .
NR . . .
NRRT
NV . .
NVRT
NYO .
NZO .
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15
37
83
110
102
97
116
69
116
111
117
97
97
97
97
117
117
OMF . .
OMN . .
OMN . .
OMX . .
OMY . .
OMZ . .
OW . . .
OX . . .
OXRT .
OY . . .
OYRT .
OZ . . . .
OZCINO
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16
83
16
40
40
40
82
94
95
95
95
95
99
OZRT . . . . .
P ......
P ......
P ......
P0 . . . . .
PA . . . . .
PACO . .
PAIC . . .
PAW . . .
PB . . . . .
PB . . . . .
PBS . . . .
PC . . . . .
PCE . . . .
PCIN . . .
PCU . . . .
PD . . . . .
PD . . . . .
PD . . . . .
PDI . . . .
PDTR . . .
PE . . . . .
PEAA . . .
PEAP . . .
PEAW . .
PEPAR . .
PEST . . .
PETR . . .
PEWAP .
PEWOAP
PF . . . . .
PFCU . . .
PFSK . . .
PFT . . . .
PHIF . . .
PHIP . . .
PHIR . . .
PHISP . .
PI . . . . .
PITCH . .
PLR . . . .
PMVO . .
PN . . . . .
PO . . . . .
PO . . . . .
PO . . . . .
POAI . . .
POBR . .
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95
94
40
15
46
53
53
53
102
134
83
134
53
134
53
134
46
34
83
106
117
83
117
117
119
117
119
117
117
117
34
134
134
134
70
70
41
109
83
69
134
64
99
15
61
47
61
61
POIIC
PP . .
PR . .
PR . .
PR . .
PR . .
PR . .
PR . .
PRGR
PS . .
PSI .
PSI01
PSI02
PSIS .
PSIS .
PSIY
PSS .
PSS .
PT . .
PT . .
PV . .
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61
83
95
40
51
83
92
46
52
83
70
100
100
100
114
41
134
134
83
51
53
Q .....
Q .....
QAW . .
Q .....
QB . . . .
QBS . . .
QCF . . .
QCU . .
QDF . . .
QDM . .
QDT . .
QF . . . .
QF . . . .
QFB . . .
QFL . . .
QFLOW
QFS . . .
QHO . .
QPN . . .
QPSI . .
QQ . . .
QR . . . .
QR . . . .
QRT . . .
QRU . .
QSP . . .
QSPC . .
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40
95
102
83
117
134
16
134
16
16
16
51
46
97
16
46
97
117
16
117
16
40
95
16
97
87
87
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QSPH . . . . . 87
QSS . . . . . . 134
QT . . . . . . . 134
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R(U) .
RA . . .
RAA .
RAKA
RAKG
RAKS
RAKT
RAP . .
RAR .
RAT . .
RAUG
RAW .
RC . . .
RD . . .
RD . . .
RDELS
RDGX
RDGY
RDGZ
RE . . .
RF . . .
RF . . .
RFCA
RFCA
RFDH
RFDH
RFINT
RFO . .
RFXO
RH . . .
RH . . .
RH . . .
RHO .
RHO .
RI . . .
RIT . .
RIW . .
RKEEL
RL . . .
RM . .
RMCU
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25
40
95
15
92
79
79
70
69
69
69
79
79
134
84
102
79
69
15
51
35
35
35
15
117
79
123
123
123
123
123
79
117
44
134
69
16
43
106
106
106
117
69
135
135
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
145
RMSK . .
RN . . . . .
RO . . . . .
RO . . . . .
RO, . . . .
RP . . . . .
RPAR . .
RPI . . . .
RPV . . . .
RR . . . . .
RR . . . . .
RR . . . . .
RR . . . . .
RR . . . . .
RRDH . .
RRDH . .
RRH . . .
RRINT . .
RRWAP .
RS . . . . .
RS . . . . .
RSP . . . .
RSV . . . .
RT . . . . .
RTHETA
RTINT . .
RU . . . . .
RV . . . . .
RW . . . .
RWAP . .
RWB . . .
RWET . .
RWOAP .
RZFO . . .
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S ....
S ....
S ....
S ....
S (U,V)
S2TET
S2ZET
SA . . .
SAIC .
SAP . .
SAWA
SC . . .
SC . . .
SCIC .
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. 25
. 20
. 64
. 137
. 20
. 58
. 58
. 73
. 61
. 111
. 61
. 16
. 64
. 61
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135
43
41
135
41
79
118
118
79
40
34
79
69
95
123
123
118
123
118
34
79
118
118
79
51
123
73
79
80
118
80
135
118
117
SDPE . . .
SF . . . . .
SF . . . . .
SFIC . . .
SH . . . . .
SH . . . . .
SI(U,V) .
SIGS . . .
SIN . . . .
SK . . . . .
S M0(I,J) .
S M1(I,J) .
S M2(I,J) .
SN . . . . .
SN . . . . .
SNIC . . .
SP . . . . .
SP . . . . .
SPF . . . .
SPRU . . .
SPRUME
SR . . . . .
SR . . . . .
SR(I,J) . .
SRA . . . .
SRR . . . .
ST . . . . .
ST . . . . .
ST(I,J) . .
STHETA
STIC . . .
STIC . . .
STRTIC .
SV(I,J) . .
SW . . . .
SW . . . .
SWAP . .
SWAPE .
SWB . . .
SWH . . .
SWH . . .
SWHE . .
SWHES .
SWHP . .
SWS . . .
SWSH . .
SWSW . .
SWV0 . .
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119
82
47
61
73
137
92
16
84
73
20
20
20
43
16
61
15
49
101
94
94
82
34
46
89
89
16
73
46
58
61
61
61
46
82
111
112
111
112
132
112
112
132
109
112
112
132
112
T .....
T .....
T .....
T (I,J) . .
T1 . . . .
T2 . . . .
TA . . . .
TA . . . .
TA . . . .
TAFR . .
TAP . . .
T AS(I,J)
TAU . .
TAUB .
TAUB .
TAUT .
TAUW .
TAW . .
TC . . . .
TC . . . .
TC . . . .
TC . . . .
TCAN .
TCHC .
TD . . . .
TD . . . .
TE . . . .
TE . . . .
TEA . . .
TEIC . .
TEMX .
TETAD
TETB . .
TETBC .
TETF . .
TETP . .
TETS . .
TETW .
TEWA .
TF . . . .
TFD . . .
TFO . . .
TFOM .
TFP . . .
TH . . . .
TH . . . .
TH . . . .
THB . . .
THDF . .
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137
64
25
20
58
58
64
73
49
73
64
20
16
114
109
129
52
103
103
15
25
135
137
100
71
56
15
103
61
61
70
129
133
133
133
41
70
133
61
64
128
128
128
64
73
118
87
118
84
THDFPS
THDU .
THETA
THL . . .
THP . . .
THPSI .
THT . . .
THUL .
THX . .
THZ . . .
TI . . . .
TI(J) . . .
TI180 . .
TI90 . . .
TIA . . .
TIC . . .
TIC1 . .
TIC1 . .
TIC2 . .
TIC2 . .
TIC3 . .
TICV . .
TIMS . .
TIR . . .
TM . . .
TM . . .
TMR . .
TMS . .
TMX . .
TN . . . .
TNHE .
TNPI . .
TNRO .
TO . . . .
TR . . . .
TR . . . .
TR . . . .
TRIM . .
TRIM . .
TS . . . .
TS . . . .
TS . . . .
T SY(I,J)
TT . . . .
TTR . . .
T TR(I,J)
TTRM .
TU . . . .
TV . . . .
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80
87
118
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112
118
118
15
25
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100
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100
99
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100
99
33
106
100
69
64
90
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72
54
103
103
103
69
41
57
78
84
114
125
25
57
20
64
112
20
112
56
57
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
146
TW . . . . . . 55
TX . . . . . . . 126
U ....
U ....
U ....
U(I) . .
UA . .
UADU
UAP . .
UDEF .
UE . . .
UFL . .
UFLS .
UFS . .
UIN . .
UM . .
UN . .
UNIN .
UNQ .
UPLUS
UR . . .
UR . . .
UR . . .
URDU
URP . .
UT . . .
UTAU
UTDU
UTP . .
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90
90
52
51
51
51
51
51
51
15
53
38
51
40
90
95
90
90
90
51
90
90
V ...
V ...
V ...
V ...
V ...
V ...
V(1) .
V(2) .
V(3) .
V(4) .
V(5) .
V(6) .
V(I) .
V (I) .
V(I) .
V (I) .
V(U)
V (U)
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80
95
34
83
15
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
92
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46
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40
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V0 . . .
V0 . . .
V0 . . .
V0(1) .
V0(2) .
V0(3) .
V 0(I) .
V0P . .
V1 . . .
V1 . . .
V1(1) .
V1(2) .
V1(3) .
V 1(I) .
V2 . . .
V3 . . .
VA . .
VA . .
VA . .
VA . .
VBM .
VC . . .
VD . .
VF . . .
VF . . .
VG . .
VI . . .
VI . . .
VK . .
VO . .
VO . .
VOLS .
VP . . .
VP . . .
VP(I) .
VR . . .
VR . . .
VR . . .
VR . . .
VSABS
VSREL
VT . . .
VT . . .
VWAB
VWRL
VX . .
VX . .
VX . .
VXRT
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40
40
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87
46
15
40
40
40
21
46
46
95
87
83
46
118
131
47
95
15
55
49
43
43
95
15
54
55
87
55
40
95
80
34
118
118
131
49
96
96
46
95
40
95
VY .
VY .
VY .
VYR
VZ . .
VZ . .
VZ . .
VZRT
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W ....
W ....
WD . . .
WD . . .
WFF . .
WFT . .
WFTPSI
WFTQ .
WFTT .
WG . . .
WN . . .
WN . . .
WPUL .
WR . . .
WR . . .
WT . . .
WT . . .
WT . . .
WTF . .
WTLS .
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. 95
. 40
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. 84
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. 119
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. 56
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. 95
. 78
. 132
. 15
. 128
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x ....
X ....
X ....
X ....
X ....
X(1) . .
X(2) . .
X(3) . .
X(4) . .
X(5) . .
X(6) . .
X(I) . .
X (J) . .
X(U) .
X0 . . .
X0(1) .
X0(2) .
X0(3) .
X0180
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. 25
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. 93
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. 41
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X090 .
X0F . .
XA . .
XAB .
XACB
XACG
XAF . .
XAG .
XBL . .
XCB .
XCF . .
XCG .
XD . .
X DF . .
X DL .
X DS . .
XF . . .
XF . . .
XF(1) .
XF(2) .
XF(3) .
XFB . .
XFF . .
XFG . .
XFRG
X FT(J)
XH . .
X HF . .
X HT .
XLO .
X LT . .
X mMR
X MR .
X MS .
XMX .
XP . . .
X PD . .
X PF . .
X RT . .
XRU .
XS . . .
XS . . .
X S(J) .
XTA .
XU . .
XUR .
X VR .
X VS . .
X X CR
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100
101
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75
77
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75
75
112
77
77
78
31
26
26
31
26
21
21
21
21
75
76
75
129
26
133
26
26
85
26
31
31
31
100
69
31
32
26
97
133
26
26
77
98
98
32
32
32
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
147
XXM .
X X RR
X X SR
X X VR
X X VS
X Y CR
XY M .
X Y PD
X Y PF .
X Y RR
X Y SR
X Y VR
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31
33
33
32
32
32
31
31
32
33
33
32
Y ....
Y ....
Y ....
Y0 . . .
Y0180
Y090 .
Y0F . .
Y0MX
Y0MX
YA . .
YA . .
YAG .
YAOR
YART
YAZ .
YD . .
YF . . .
YHA .
YP . . .
YPLUS
YR . . .
YRR .
YRU .
YV . .
YVRT
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21
92
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100
100
101
100
100
96
41
76
96
96
76
98
21
77
69
52
98
98
98
98
98
Z ....
Z ....
Z ....
Z ....
Z0 . . .
ZAG .
Z AM .
ZBM .
ZBML
Z CJ . .
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27
75
75
27
ZETAC
ZETO,
ZF . . .
ZH . . .
Z IM . .
Z IM . .
ZKA .
ZKAG
ZKB . .
ZKG .
ZKM .
ZKML
Z LG . .
ZP . . .
Z PH . .
ZR . . .
Z RE . .
Z RE . .
ZV . . .
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. 75
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. 76
. 76
. 27
. 69
. 27
. 119
. 27
. 27
. 83