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MODELLING BUSINESS PROCESSES

IN LOGISTICS WITH THE USE


OF DIAGRAMS BPMN AND UML
Dariusz Badura, Prof.
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Abstract
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Introduction
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References
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Forum Scientiae Oeconomia Volume 2 (2014) No. 4


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