.. , .. , ..

2003


..
..
..

2003
1
 514.12:512.64(07)
22.151.5+22.14373
706

..
706 . ..
, .. , .. .- .: -
., 2003.- 172 :

, -

- :
,
:

,
:
-
:

. . . ..
. . . . . ..

1602050000 22.151.5+22.14373
2003
0139(01)20 03

ISBN 99930-988-1-7

698 500


, 105
2
 1.

1.

, -

a11 a12
:
a 21 a 22
(1)
:
,
, : a12
: a11 , a12 , a 21 , a 22
(1) :
: (1)
a11 a 22 a 21 a12 : -

a11 a12
:
a 21 a 22
,
a11 a12
= a11 a 22 a 21 a12 :
a 21 a 22
2 5
: = 2 ( 4 ) 5 3 = 23 :
3 4
-

1: , -
,
a11 a12 a a 21
= 11 :
a 21 a 22 a12 a 22
2: ()
,

3
 a11 a12 a 21 a 22
= :
a 21 a 22 a11 a12
3: () -
:
4: ()
, -
, ,
a11 a12 a11 a12
= :
a 21 a 22 a 21 a 22
5: ()
, :
6: ()
() -
, ,

a11 + a12 a12 a a12
= 11 :
a 21 + a 22 a 22 a 21 a 22

:

2.

, -

a11 a12 a13

a 21 a 22 a 23 : (1)
a a33
31 a32
: (1)

a11 a 22 a33 + a12 a 23 a31 + a 21 a 32 a13 a31 a 22 a13 a 21 a12 a33 a11 a 23 a32 :

4
 a11 a12 a13
a 21 a 22 a 23 :
a31 a 32 a33
,
a11 a12 a13
a 21 a 22 a 23 = a11 a 22 a33 + a12 a 23 a31 + a 21 a32 a13 a31 a 22 a13
a31 a32 a33
a 21 a12 a33 a11 a 23 a32 : (2)
, (2)
,

+
:
3 2 1
2 1 3 = 3 1 ( 2) + ( 2) 3 2 + ( 2 ) 0 1 2 1 1
2 0 2

( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ) 3 0 3 = 12 :
-
, :
:
-

:
: (1) ( -
) aij i j

5

: M ij :

a 21 a 23
a12 M 12 = :
a31 a33
: (1) ( -
) aij

(1)i+ j : Aij :

Aij = ( 1)
i+ j
M ij :
1: () -
-
:

= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 , = a11 A11 + a 21 A21 + a31 A31 ,

= a 21 A21 + a 22 A22 + a 23 A23 , = a12 A12 + a 22 A22 + a33 A33 ,

= a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33 , = a13 A13 + a 23 A23 + a33 A33 ,
:
, , :
(2)

= a11 (a 22 a33 a32 a 23 ) + a12 (a 23 a31 a 21 a33 ) + a13 (a 21 a32 a31 a 22 ) =

= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 :

O: , -

2 4 6
= 5 12 19 :
3 9 17
:
12 19 5 19 5 12
=2 4 +6 = 8:
9 17 3 17 3 9
6
 2: ()
() -
:
, ,
-
,
a12 A11 + a 22 A21 + a32 A31 = 0 :

= a11 A11 + a 21 A21 + a31 A31 :

(3)
, A11 , A21 , A31 -
a11 , a 21 , a31 , (3)
a11 , a 21 , a31 (3)- a11 , a 21 , a31
: a11 ,
a 21 , a31 a12 , a 22 , a32 (3)- ,
, :
a12 A11 + a 22 A21 + a 32 A31 = 0 :

3. n
2
n , -
n
a11 a12 ... a1n

a 21 a 22 ... a 2 n
... :
... ... ...

a ... a nn
n1 an2
(1)
: (1) aij i
j
n 1 : M ij :

7
 : (1) aij
( 1)i + j : -
Aij :

Aij = ( 1)
i+ j
M ij :
2 1 , n
-
: (1) n
a11 A11 + a12 A12 + ... + a1n A1n :
-
a11 a12 ... a1n
a 21 a 22 ... a 2 n
:
... ... ... ...
a n1 an2 ... a nn
,
a11 a12 ... a1n
a 21 a 22 ... a 2 n
= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + ... + a1n A1n :
... ... ... ...
a n1 a n 2 ... a nn
n -
, -
: :

8
 2.

1.
,
,
,
:
- : ,
, ,
,
:
: A B -
,
AB : A
, B :
r
a (. 1):
- B
, - r
r a
0 :
A
AB . 1
AB -
: AB AB , -
r r
a a : -
r
0 = 0:
,
:
,
, :
r r r r
a b a = b , 1)
, 2) , 3)
-:
,
-
- , :

9

:
, ,
,
, , ,
:
,
:
, -
, :

2.
,
:
rr

b
a
r
: O OA a :
r
A AB b (.

r A
a
r
b O
A
C

O B
B
. 2 . 3
2):

r r r r r
OB a b . OB = a + b : a
r
b : O
r r
OA = a OB = b (. 3):
, , OACB :
r r
, OC = a + b :
r r r
, a , b c
:

10
 r r r r
1. a + b = b + a ( ),
( )
r r r r r r
( )
2. a + b + c = a + b + c ( ):
r r
a b :
r r
a b ,
r r
b a :
-
r
: O a
r
b OA OB (. 4):
r r
BA = a b :

A
r r
a a r r
r ab
b
O
r
b
B
. 4
.
,
: ,
,
:
: -
r r r
a 0 0 : a
r r
a , a ,
r r
a , a ,
r
> 0 a , < 0 :

:
r r
= 0 a =0, a

r
a -
r
> 1, a

11
 r 1
, < 1, a :

r
, < 0, a
:
r r
, a b -
.
r r
1. ( ) a = ( a ) ( )
(r r
) r r
2. a + b = a + b ( )
r r r
3. ( + ) a = a + a
( )
,
r r r r
b = a , a b :
r r
a b
r r
, b = a :
: , ,
:
r
a : ,
r r0
a , a :
- ,
r r r
a = a a0 :

3.
r r
a b :
r r
- O OA = a OB = b :
r r
a b -
(0 ) ,
- :
r0
l l -
r
(. 5): a l -
r r0 r
a
a l - ro

:
l l
O
. 5
12
 1.

l AB -
: A B l -
(. 6): l
A1 B1 : A1 B1 l
x1 x 2 -
: B
A
l
: -
AB A1
l x2 x1
B1

:
. 6

l AB :
AB l ,
x2 > x1 , l AB > 0, x 2 < x1 , -
l AB < 0 (. 7): , AB -

B B
A A


x1 x2 x2 x1 l
O l O
. 7
l , l AB = 0 :
r
1: a l
r
a l
,
r r
l a = a cos :
: - B
, r
a
l O
(. 8):
r r x
e a = x 0 = x = a cos : O B1 l

. 8
13
 2: l
:
: AC = AB + BC (. 9): l
A, B C A1 , B1 C1
B
-
x1 , x2 x3 : C
A
l AB = x 2 x1 , l BC = x3 x 2 ,
l AC = x3 x1 : O A1 B1 C1 l

. 9
x3 x1 = ( x2 x1 ) + ( x3 x2 ),

e (AB + BC ) = AB + BC :
l l
-
:
r r
3: a , a
l
,
r r
l (a ) = l a :
r
: , a l -
r r
> 0, a a
-, l :
r r
< 0, a a ,
l :
1- -
r r r r r
1) > 0; l (a ) = a cos = a cos = a cos = l a ,
r r r r r
2) < 0; l (a ) = a cos( ) = a ( cos ) = a cos = l a :
: l
l -
:

14
 5.
r r r
: a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
-, 1 , 2 , ..., k ,
,
r r r r
1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + k a k = 0 : (1)
(1) ,
r r r
1 = 2 = ... = k = 0, a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
:
(1) -
r r r
a1 , a 2 , ..., a k :
r r r
1: a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
, ,
:
r r r
: a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
: , 1 , 2 , ...,
k , ,
r r r r
1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + k a k = 0 : (2)
, 1 0 : (2)
2
1 2 = ,
1
3
3 = , ..., k = k ,
1 1
r r r r
a1 = 2 a 2 + + 3 a3 + ... + k a k :
r r r
: a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
r
, a1
r r r r
a1 = 2 a 2 + 3 a3 + ... + k a k :
r r r r
1a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + k a k = 0 : 1, 2 , ..., k
r r r
- , a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
:
15
 -
:
r r r
2: a , b c -
:
: ,
: :
r r r r r
1. a , b c , a b -
r r r r r r
: a = b , a = b + 0 c , a
r r
b c :
r r r
2. a , b c :
O (. 10): M -
r r
b c , OM = OB +
r r
+ OC : OB = mb , OC = nc : C M
r r r
a = mb + nc : r
r r r a
a b c - r
c
:
: O r
B
b
- . 10
:
, k
r r r
a1 , a 2 , ..., a k (k > 3) :
r r r
, a1 , a 2 , a3
, 1-,
r r r
a1 = 2 a 2 + 3 a3 : k
r r r r r r
a1 = 2 a 2 + 3 a 3 + 0 a 4 + ... + 0 a k , a1
:
r r
a b , , -
r r
, , a = b , -
r r
a b :
:
r r
3: a b -
, , :
16
 2- 3- ,
:
-
:
r r r r
4: a , b , c d -
:
: ,
: :
r r r r r r r
1. a , b , c d , a , b c
: , 2-,
: ,
r r rr
a a = mb + nc :
r r r r
a = mb + nc + 0 d :
r r r r
, a , b , c d :
r r r r
2. a , b , c d :
r r r r r
a , b , c d O (. 11): a
A - D
, , -
r r r r r r
, b c , b d , c d r A
d r
a
: r
r b r C
a - c
, B
. 11
r
a = OB + OC + OD :
r r r r r r
OB = mb , OC = nc , OD = pd : , a = mb + nc +
r r r r r
+ pd , a , b , c d :
: -
:
, k
r r r
a1 , a 2 , ..., a k (k > 4 ) :
r r r r
, a1 , a 2 , a3 a 4
r r r r
a1 = 2 a 2 + 3 a 3 + 4 a 4 : k
r r r r
. a1 = 2 a 2 + 3 a3 + 4 a 4 +

17
 r r r r r
+ 0 a5 + ... + 0 a k , a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
:
r r r
a , b c , -
r r r
, a , b c -
r r r
: , a , b c -
r
, , a ,
r r r r r r
a = mb + nc : mb , nc a ,
r r r
, a , b c
r r r
: , a , b c ,
,
: , 2-,
:

r r r
5: a , b c
, ,
- :
4- 5- , -
:

6.
: -
:
5- 3- ,
r r
: b c -
r
, a -
:
, , ,
r r r r
, a + b + c = 0 :
r r
0, b c
:

= 1 , = 2 ,

18
 r r r
a = 1b + 2 c : (1)
r r r
, a
b c
r
: 1 2
a -
r
a{ 1 , 2 }
r
a = { 1 , 2 } :
r r r
: a b c -
:
: , (1)

r r r
a = 1 b + 2 c :
(2)
r r r
(1)- (2)-, 0 = ( 1 1 ) b + ( 2 2 ) c :
r r
b c , 1 1 = 0
2 2 = 0 : 1 = 1 2 = 2 :
: -
:
5- 5- ,
r r
: b , c
r r
d , a
: ,
r r
r
, a b , c
r
d
r r r r
a = 1b + 2 c + 3 d :
r
1 , 2 3 a
r
a{ 1 , 2 , 3 }
r
a = { 1 , 2 , 3 } :
r r r
: b , c d , -
, O : -
M : OM -
( M - ): ,

19
 r r r
OM = 1b + 2 c + 3 d :
OM 1 , 2 3
r r r
M b , c d -
:

7. :

r r r
a , b c :
r
: c
r r
a b
,
r r r
, a , b c
:
r r r
, a , b c
:
Oxyz
:Ox, Oy, Oz ,
r r r
, i , j , k ,
r r r
: i , j , k
,
:

r r r
(. 12): i , j k
, :
:

20
 r
a -
: O z
r M3
OM = a : M
-- M
r r
k a
, r
r i
M2
OM : , a = O r
j y

= OM = OM 1 + OM 2 + OM 3 : OM1 = x M 1 . 12
r r r r
a r a r a r
= ox i , OM 2 = oy j , OM 3 = oz k : a -
Ox, Oy, Oz -
a x , a y , a z ,
r r r r
a = axi + a y j + az k :
r
a x , a y , a z a
:
-
,
r r r r r r r r
a = axi + a y j + az k , b = bx i + b y j + bz k ,

r r r r
a = a x i + a y j + a z k ,
r r r r r
a b = (a x bx ) i + (a y b y ) j + (a z bz ) k :
,
-
- :

8.

M 1 M 2 > 0
M , M 1M = MM 2 :
M 1 M 2
x1 , y1 , z1 x 2 , y 2 , z 2 : M x, y,
z : , M 1 M = MM 2 ,
21
 (x x1 ) i + ( y y1 ) j + (z z1 ) k = [(x 2 x ) i + ( y 2 y ) j + (z 2 z ) k ]:
r r r r r r

,
x x1 = ( x 2 x ), y y1 = ( y 2 y ), z z1 = ( z 2 z ),

x1 + x 2 y + y2 z + z2
x= , y= 1 , z= 1 :
1+ 1+ 1+
M M 1 M 2 , = 1 :

x1 + x 2 y + y2 z + z2
x= , y= 1 , z= 1 :
2 2 2

9.
r r
: a b -
, -
:
,

- :
r r r r
a b a b :
,
r r r r
a b = a b cos ,
r r
a b :
r r r r
a cos = br a , b cos = ar b , -

r r r r r r
a b = b br a = a ar b : (1)
:
r r r r
1. a b = b a :
r r r r r r r r
: a b = a b cos b a = b a cos : -
r r r r
a b = b a :
r r r r
( )
2. ( a ) b = a b :
22
 r r r r
: (1) ( a ) b = b br ( a ),
r r
4- 3- br ( a ) = br a : ,

( ar )b = b br ( ar ) = b br ar = (b br ar ) = (ar b ) :
r r r r r

r r
( r
) r r
3. a b + c = a b + a c :
r r
r r
( ) ( )
r r r r
: (1) a b + c = a ar b + c ,
) (
r r r r
4- 2- ar b + c = ar b + ar c :
,
a (b + c ) = a (b + c ) = a ( b + c ) = a b + a c =
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
r r r r r
a a a a a
r r r r
= a b + a c : r
r r r r r
4. a b , a b = 0, , a b = 0
r r r r r r
a 0, b 0, a b :
r r r r
: a b , cos = 0 : , a b =
r r r r
= a b cos = a b 0 = 0 :
r r r r
, a b = 0 a b 0, cos = 0 : -
r r
a b :
: -
, , -
r r r r
: , a b = 0, a b -
r r
r r
, a b : a b -
r r
, a b = 0 :

23
 10.

r r
: a b -
r
r
{ } { }
a = a x , a y , a z , b = bx , b y , bz , -

r r
a b = a x bx + a y b y + a z bz : (1)
: `
r r
( )( )
r r r r r r r r
a b = a x i + a y j + a z k bx i + b y j + bz k = a x bx i i +
r r r r r r r r r r r r
+ a y bx j i + a z bx k i + a x b y i j + a y b y j j + a z b y k j + a z bx k i +
r r r r
+ a z b y k j + a z bz k k :

r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
i i = j j = k k = 1, i j = j i = i k = k i = j k = = k j = 0,
r r
a b = a x bx + a y b y + a z bz :
1: (1) 4- -
r
r
{
a = a x , a y , a z } b = {b , b , b }
x y z

a x bx + a y b y + a z bz = 0 : (2)
r r r r
O: m a = 2i + 3 j k
r r r r
b = i 5 j + mk :
: (2) 2 1 + 3 ( 5) + ( 1) m = 0, -
m = 13 :
r r
2: (1) a = b ,
r r r r2
a a = a 2 = a = a x2 + a y2 + a z2 :
r
a = a x2 + a y2 + a z2 : (3)

` M1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )
M2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) :
r r r
M 1 M 2 = ( x 2 x1 ) i + + ( y 2 y1 ) j + ( z1 z1 ) k ,
24
 M 1 M 2 = ( x 2 x1 ) + ( y 2 y1 ) + ( z 2 z1 ) :
2 2 2

r
3: a = {a x , a y , a z } b = {bx , b y , bz }
r

axbx + a y by + az bz
cos = :
ax2 + a y2 + a z2 bx2 + by2 + bz2
(4)
(4) -
, (1) (3) :
: A (1; 1; 1), B (2; 2; 1) C (2; 1; 2 ) :
= BAC :
: , AB = {1; 1; 0}, AC = {1; 0; 1} :
(4)
11 + 1 0 + 0 1 1
cos = = :
1 +1 + 0 1 + 0 +1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, = 60 :
0

11.
r r
: a b -
r r
a b ,
r r r r
) a b a b
: r r
ab
r r
) a b -
r r
a b r
, ` b
r r r r r r
a b = a b sin , a b - r
a
:
r r
) a b , . 13
r r r r
a , b , a b
(. 13):
25
 , ) ) ,
r r r r r r r
a b sin 0, a b 0: a b sin = 0,
r r r
a b = 0 :
:
r r r r r
1. a b , a b = 0 :
r r
: a b ,
r r r r r r r
sin = 0 : a b = a b sin = 0, a b = 0 :
r r
( )
r r
2. a b = b a :
r r
: a b , -
r r
: a b : -
r r r r
, a b b a
:
r r
: a b =
( )
r r
= ba :
r r r r
(
3. (a ) b = a b ,
r
)
( = const ) :
r
: a b = 0,
r r
: a b
0 :
r r
( r r
) r r r r
, a b = a b sin (a ) b = a b sin ,
r r r r
( )
(a ) b a b
r
r
: , a b
, , : ,
: , > 0 ,
r r
a a : < 0
r r
a a ,
r r r
(ar ) b a b

r r
( ) r r
: a b a b

26
 r r
: , < 0, (a ) b
(
r r
ab ) : ,
r r
( )
r
(a ) b = ar b :
4. (a + b ) c = a c + b c :
r r r r r r r
:

12.

r r
: a b -
r
r
{ } { }
a = a x , a y , a z , b = bx , b y , bz ,

r r r
i j k
r r
a b = ax ay az :
bx by bz
: , -
1. 2. , --
, -
r r r r r r r
i i = j j = k k = 0,
r r r r r r r r r
i j = k , j i = k , j k = i , (1)
r r r r r r r r r
k j = i , k i = j , i k = j :
,
(1) , .

27
 r r
( ) ( )
r r
a b = a x i + a y j + a z k bx i + b y j + bz k = a x bx (i i ) + a y bx
r r r r r r

( ) ( )
r r r r
( j i ) + a z bx k i + a x b y (i j ) + a y b y ( j j ) + a y bz j k +
r r r r r r

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r r
+ a z b y k j + a x bz i k + a z bz k k = a y bx k + a z bx j + a x b y k +
+ a y bz i + a z b y ( i ) + a x bz ( j ) = (a y bz a z b y )i
r r r r

r r ay az r ax az r
(a x bz a z bx ) j + (a x b y a y bx )k = i j+
by bz bx bz
r r r
i j k
ax a y r
+ k = ax a y az :
bx b y
bx b y bz
: A(1; 1; 0 ), B(1; 0; 1) C (0; 1; 1)
:
: AB AC
AB = {0; 1; 1}, AC = { 1; 0; 1} : ABC
1
S = AB AC :
2
r r r
i j k
r r r 1
AB AC = 0 1 1 = i j k : S = 3:
2
1 0 1

13.

r r r r
a , b c : a -
r r r
b : a b
r r r r
c , a b c ( )
:

28
 r r r
: a , b c
(r ) r
r
a b c :

:
r r r
: a , b c
-
-
:
r r r
: a , b c
, , (. 14):
r r
V , a b
S , -
H : -
r r
ab

(ar b )cr = ar b cr cos =
r r

r r r r
= S c cos , a b c
r
c r
r b
: < , c cos = H : r
2 r a
r
(
r
)
a b c = SH = V :
. 14

r
< , cos < 0 c cos = H : ,
2 r
r
( r
) r r r
a b c = V : , a b c = V : ( )
14.
: ,
,
:
r r r
: a , b c -
: ,
29
 r r
: a b
r
-, c ,
-
(ar b ) cr = 0 :
r

(ar b ) cr = 0 :
r
:
- .
r r r r r
1) a b = 0 : a b , -
r r r
a , b c :
(ar b ) cr = 0
r r r r
2) a b 0 :
r r r
, a b c : ,
r r r r r r r r
a b a a b b : a , b
r r r
c a b ,
:

15.

r r r
: a , b c -
r
a = {a x , a y , a z }, b = {bx , b y , bz }, c = {c x , c y , c z },
r

ax ay az
( r r r
)
a b c = bx by bz : (1)
cx cy cz
12-
r r a y a z az ax ax a y
ab = ; ; :
b y b z bz bx bx b y
10- (1) ,

30
 ax ay az
(r r r
)
a b c = cx
ay
by
az
bz
a
+ cy z
bz
ax
bx
+ cz
ax
bx
ay
by
= bx by bz :
cx cy cz

: (1) ` -

(ar b ) cr = ar (b cr ),
r r
(2)
`
: ,
bx by bz ax ay az
(
r r r
) (
r r r
)
a b c = b c a = cx cy c z = bx by (
r r r
)
bz = a b c :
ax a y az cx c y cz
( ) ( )
r r r r r r
(2) a b c a b c -
r rr
a b c :
: -
A(1; 1; 1), B (4; 4; 4 ), C (3; 5; 5), D(2; 4; 7 ) :
:
: , AB, AC
1
AD
6
: `
1
, V = AB AC AD : AB =
6
= {3; 3; 3}, AC = {2; 4; 4}, AD = {1; 3; 6}, (1)

3 3 3
AB AC AD = 2 4 4 = 72 + 12 + 18 12 36 = 18 :
1 3 6
V = 3 :

31
 3.

: ,
` , ,
:
Oxy -
- l (. 15):
: F ( x, y ) = 0
y
- l
,
l - l
l x
: O
. 15

1.

Oxy
l
(. 16): l y
:
r
r N
M 1 ( x1 ; y1 ) N = {A; B} l
, - l M
: - l
M1
: M 1
r . 16
N O x
l - : l
r
M ( x; y ) : N
r r
M1M = ( x x1 ) i + ( y y1 ) j :
r
N M 1 M = 0 :
32
 r
N M 1 M -
,
A ( x x1 ) + B ( y y1 ) = 0,
(1)
l ,
l :
:
, (1) x y
:
r r r
: M 1 ( 1; 3) N = 2i 5 j -
:
: A = 2, B = 5, x1 = 1 y1 = 3 : -
(1) 2 ( x + 1) 5 ( y 3) = 0 2x 5 y +
+ 17 = 0 :

2.

1- , Oxy
l x y
- :
, -, x y

Ax + By + C = 0
(1)
Oxy
: , (1) A B
( ,
, C = 0 ): , , B 0 :
C
(1) A ( x 0 ) + B y + = 0 ,
B
1- (1) , ,

33
 C
, M 1 0;
B
r
N = {A; B} :
(1) :

3.

Oxy l
(. 17): M 1 ( x1 ; y1 )

r r y l
S = {m; n} : S M
M1
l : r
r S
M 1 S
l
O
: l . 17
x
-
M ( x, y ) :
r r r r r
M 1 M = ( x x1 ) i + ( y y1 ) j S = mi + + nj
, x x1 = m, y y1 = n :
`
x x1 y y1
= :
m n
:

4.

34

M 1 ( x1 ; y1 )
y

B
M2 (x2 ; y2 ) :
l

: A

r O x
S = M 1 M 2 . 18
-, .
x x1 y y1
= :
x 2 x1 y 2 y1

5.

l Ox Oy
a b , a b
(. 18): l ,
, A(a; 0 ) B (0; b ) :
, , 4-, l

xa y0
= :
0a b0

x y
+ = 1: (1)
a b
(1) :
: , ( 3; 8)
- Ox
, Oy :
: (1) , ,
x y
b = 2a : , + = 1 :
a 2a

35
( 3; 8) ,
3 8
+
1
= 1, = 1 : a = 1
a 2a a
y
b = 2, x + = 1, 2 x + y 2 = 0 :
2

6.

Oxy l (. 19):
Ox
, -
y

l
Ox , -
( )
: S
r0

Ox -
-

k :
O x
k = tg : . 19
l , ,
M 1 ( x1 ; y1 ) k :
, l Ox : l
r0 r r
S = cos i + cos j
, Ox ,
r r r
l : cos = sin , S 0 = cos i + sin j :

36
 (
m = cos , n = sin ), .
x x1 y y1
= ,
cos sin
y y1 = tg ( x x1 )
y y1 = k ( x x1 ) :
(1)
(1) -
:
: M 1 ( x1 ; y1 ) -

Ox , =
2
, (1) :
x = x1 :
y1 kx1 b b = y1 kx,
(1)
y = kx + b : (2)
(2) -
:
, (2) b l Oy
:

7. :

l1 l 2 -
y = k1 x + b1 y = k 2 x + b2 :
(. 20):
l1 Ox y

1 , l 2 2 -
l2
: , l1
-
tg :

2
37 1
O x

. 20
 , 2 = 1 + = 2 1 : ,
tg 2 tg1
tg = tg ( 2 1 ) = :
1 + tg1 tg 2
tg 1 = k1 , tg 2 = k 2 ,
k 2 k1
tg = :
1 + k1k 2
, 1 = 2 ,
tg 1 = tg 2 ,
k 2 = k1 :
, k 2 = k1 , 1 = 2 , l1 l2
:
,

, -
, k1 = k 2 :
l1 l 2 , (1)
:

1 + k1 k 2
ctg = :
k 2 k1
, ctg = 0 :
1 + k1 k 2 = 0, k1 k 2 = 1 :
, k 1 k 2 = 1
, l1 l 2 :
, l1 l 2 ,
, k1 k 2 = 1 :
1: 3 x + y 6 = 0 x + 2 y + 1 = 0
:
: y = 3 x + 6
1 1 1
y= x , k1 = 3, k 2 = :
2 2 2
38
 (1)
1
+3
tg = 2 = 1:
3
1+
2

, = :
4
r
: N 1 = {3; 1}
r
3x + y 6 = 0 , N 2 = {1; 2}
x + 2 y + 1 = 0 ,
r r
N 1 N 2 :
r r
II- 10- (4) , N 1 N 2

3 1 + 1 2 1
cos = = :
9 +1 1+ 4 2

, = :
4
2: M 1 ( 3; 1) 2 x + y 3 = 0
:
: y = 2 x + 3
, ,
k1 = 2 : -
k 2 k1 k1 k 2 = 1 : -
1
, k 2 = : 6- (1)
2
y + 1 = ( x + 3), x 2 y + 1 = 0 :
1
2

8.

39
 Oxy Ax + By + C = 0
M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ) (. 21): M 0 d -
: M 0
M 1 ( x1 ; y1 ) : y r
N
M0
, d = M 1M 0 :

r r M1
N = Ai + Bj -
M1M0 O
x
. 21
r r
N M1M 0 = N M1M 0 cos :
r
N M 1M 0 , cos = 1 :
,
r r r
N M 1M 0 = N M 1M 0 = N d : (1)

r
N M 1 M 0 = A ( x0 x1 ) + B ( y 0 y1 )

r
N M 1 M 0 = Ax0 + By 0 ( Ax1 + By1 ) :
M 1 ( x1 ; y1 ) ,
Ax1 + By1 = C ,
r
N M 1 M 0 = Ax0 + By 0 + C : (2)
r
(1) (2) , N d = Ax0 +
r
+ By 0 + C : N = A 2 + B 2 ,

40
 Ax 0 + By 0 + C
d= : (3)
A2 + B 2
1: x + 2 y + 1 = 0 2 x + 4 y 3 = 0
:
: -
: , -
, y = 0, x = 1 :
, M 1 ( 1; 0 ) :
M 1 2 x + 4 y 3 = 0
2 ( 1) + 4 0 3 55
d= = :=
4 + 16 20 4
2: 3 x + 4 y 1 = 0 5 x 12 y + 2 = 0 -
:
:
,
M ( x ; y ) , (3)
,
3x + 4 y 1 5 x 12 y + 2
= :
5 12
M ( x ; y ) ,
M ( x; y ) : -

3x + 4 y 1 5 x 12 y + 2
= ,
5 12

11x + 108 y 22 = 0,

3x + 4 y 1 5 x 12 y + 2
= ,
5 12

41
 61x 12 y 2 = 0 :

4.

, ,
,
- :
- :

1.
,
, :
C (a; b ) , R ,
M ( x; y ) (. 22),
y

R = CM = (x a )2 + ( y b )2 :
M
(x a )2 + ( y b )2 = R 2
R
C (1)
(1) -
: ,
O x

. 22 , (1)
x + y = R :
2 2 2

2.
,
,
- , ( ,

):
F1 F2 ,
2c,

42
 2a (
2a > 2c ):

,
y
F1 F2 -
, - M (x; y )
F1 F2 -
(. 23):

F1 ( c; 0 ), F 1 (-C; 0 ) F 2 (C; 0 ) x

F2 (c; 0 ) : - . 23
M ( x; y ) : MF1 + MF2 =

= 2a : MF1 = (x + c )2 + y 2 , MF2 = (x c )2 + y 2 ,
( x + c )2 + y 2 + ( x c )2 + y 2 = 2 a :
:

: ,

, .

( x + c )2 + y 2 = 4 a 2 + ( x c )2 + y 2 4 a ( x c )2 + y 2

a ( x c )2 + y 2 = a 2 cx :
, .

a 2 x 2 2a 2 cx + a 2 c 2 + a 2 y 2 = a 4 2a 2 cx + c 2 x 2 :

(a )
c2 x2 + a2 y2 = a2 a2 c2 :
2
( ) (1)
2a > 2c, a c > 0 : a c = b :
2 2 2 2 2

(1) b x + a y =
2 2 2 2

= a 2 b 2 , a 2 b 2 ,

43
 x2 y2
+ = 1: (2)
a2 b2
(2) :
: , (2) -
x y : ,
Ox Oy : -
: -
y 0, , (2) y

b
y= a2 x2 :
a
, x = 0, y = b : , B (0; b )
: x 0- a, y
: x = a, y = 0 : , A(a; 0 )
: x > a, y :
, , BA
(. 24):
y
-
, B
(. 24):

A1 O A

: , A(a; 0 ) F1 F2 x

B (0; b ) ,
A 1( a; 0 ) B 1(0; b )
B1

: AA1 BB1 . 24
, 2a 2b ,
, a b
:
c
: -
a
:

44
 c
= : c < a,
a
< 1 : ,
c2 a2 b2
2
b
c = a b , = 2 =
2 2 2 2
= 1 ,
a
2
a a
b
= 1 2 :
a
, ,
b
a :
, b = a, (2)
x + y 2 = a 2 , :
2

c = 0,
:

3.
,

, ,
( ,

):
F1 F2 ,
2c, -

2a ( 2a < 2c ):
-
, F1 F2
,
F1 F2 (. 25): -
F1 ( c; 0 ), F2 (c; 0 ) :

45
 M ( x; y ) : -
MF1 MF2 = 2a MF1 MF2 = 2a :

MF1 = = (x + c )2 + y 2 , y

MF2 = (x c )2 + y 2 , M (x; y )

(x + c )2 + y 2 (x c )2 + y 2 = 2a :
:
F 1 (-C; 0 ) F 2 (C; 0 ) x

. 25
,

, ,

(c a 2 ) x 2 a 2 y 2 = a 2 (c 2 a 2 ) :
2
(1)
2a < 2c, c a > 0 : c a = b :
2 2 2 2 2

(1) b x a y =
2 2 2 2

= a 2 b 2 , a 2 b 2 , .
x2 y2
= 1: (2)
a2 b2
(2) :
: (2) -
x y , -
: -
: -
y 0, (2) y -
.
b
y= x2 a2 :
a
(3)
(3) , 0 x < a, y
: x = a, y = 0 : A (a; 0 )

46
 : x > a, y > 0, x
y : y : (3)

b a2
y = x 1 2 , x
a x
a2
1
1-:
x2
b
y = x
a
: M ( x; y ) N (x; Y ) ,
x
b
(3) y = x (. 26): -
a

b b
Yy= x x2 a2 = y
a a

( )
N
b
= x x2 a2 = M
a

b (x x2 a )(x +
2
x2 a2 )=
= O A x
a x+ x a 2 2 . 26

b a2 ab
= = :
a x+ x a
2 2
x + x2 a2
, -
, x : ,
b
Y y : y = x -
a
: (. 27):
b y
, y = x ,
a

A
47 x
O

. 27
 b
y = x -:
a
c
: -
a
:
c
= : c > a,
a
> 1 :
b = a,
x 2 y 2 = a 2 : :

4.
,
,
, , : (
, ):
F ,
p : p
:
-
, -
F y

(. 28): -
- Q M (x ; y)
- N
: -
FR
: - R O
P x
F ; 0
p 2
F ; 0 : . 28
2
M ( x; y ) :
48
 MN = MF :
2
p p
MN = NQ + QM = + x, MF = x + + y 2 : ,
2 2
2
p p
+ x = x + y2 :
2 2
:
.
p2 p2
x 2 + px + = x 2 px + + y2
4 4

y 2 = 2 px : (1)
(1) :
: (1) -
y ,
: , -
, y 0 : (1) y -
.
y = 2 px :
, x < 0, y :
x = 0, y = 0 : , -
: x y ,
x +, y + : (1)
. 29- :

y y

O x O
x

. 29 49 . 30
 , x = 2 py
2

: Oy (. 30):

5. :

,
: ,
, ,
:
-
- (. 31):
: F ( x; y; z ) = 0 -
, - y
-
-


:
O x
-
, -
, z
. 31
: ,
F1 ( x; y; z ) = 0
F2 ( x; y; z ) = 0 ,

50
 F1 ( x; y; z ) = 0,

F2 ( x; y; z ) = 0 :

1.

Oxyz -
(. 32):
r
M 1 ( x; y; z ) N = {A; B; C }
, :
r
: M 1 N
:
r
M(x; y; z) : N
r r r
M 1 M = ( x x1 ) i + ( y y1 ) j + ( z z1 ) k :

r
N M 1 M = 0 : N M 1M y
r
N
- M1 M
,
A ( x x1 ) + B ( y y1 ) + C ( z z1 ) = 0, (1)

,
-
O x

:
z . 32
-
:
, (1)
x, y z
:
1: ,
r r r
M 1 (1; 2; 3) N = 2i + 4k :
: A = 2, B = 0, C = 4 : (1) -
2 (x 1) + 0 ( y + 2 ) + 4 ( z 3) = 0,
x + 2z 7 = = 0 :
51
 O 2: M 1 (1; 1; 0 ), M 2 (2; 1; 3) M 3 ( 1; 0; 1)
:
: M 1
A ( x 1) + B ( y + 1) + Cz = 0 :
M 1M 2 M 1M 3

, M 1 M 2 M 1 M 3 ,
-,
r r r
i j k
r r r r
N = M 1 M 2 M 1 M 3 = 1 2 3 = 5i + 5 j + 5k :
2 1 1
, A = 5, B = 5; C = 5
5 ( x 1) + 5 ( y + 1) + 5 z = 0, x + y + z = 0 :

2.

1- , Oxyz -
x, y z -
: ,
, x , y z

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (1)
- :
, (1) A, B C -
( , -
, D = 0 ): , , C 0 : (1) -
D
A (x 0) + B ( y 0) + C z + = 0
C
-, 1- (1) ,
, ,
D r
M 1 0; 0; - N = {A; B; C} :
C
(1) :
52
 3. :

1 2 , ,
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 A2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D2 = 0
-:
-
r
-: , 1 2 N 1
r
N 2 -
:
r r
N1 N 2
cos = r r :
N1 N 2
r r r r r r r r
N 1 = A1i + B1 j + C1 k , N 2 = A2 i + B2 j + C 2 k ,
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C 2
cos = :
A12 + B12 + C12 A22 + B22 + C 22
1 2
r r
, N 1 N 2 , -

A1 B1 C1
= =
A2 B2 C 2
1 2
:
1 2
r r
, N 1 N 2 ,

A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C 2 = 0
1 2
:

53
 O 1: ,
M 1 ( 2; 1; 4 ) 3x + 2 y 7 z + 8 = 0 :
: M 1 ( 2; 1; 4 ) -
A ( x + 2 ) + B ( y 1) + C ( z 4 ) = 0 :
3 x + 2 y 7 z + 8 = 0 ,

r
N = {3; 2; 7} : A = 3,
B = 2, C = 7 :
3 ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( y 1) 7 ( z 4 ) = 0, 3 x + 2 y 7 z + 32 = 0 :
O 2: ,
M 1 ( 2; 3; 6 ) 2 x + 3 y 2 z 4 = 0
3x + 5 y + z = 0 :
: M 1 ( 2; 3; 6 ) -
A ( x + 2) + B ( y 3) + C ( z 6) = 0 : -
,
-,
r r
N 1 = {2; 3; 2} N 2 = {3; 5; 1} :
, -

r r r
i j k
r r r r r r
N = N 1 N 2 = 2 3 2 = 13i 8 j + k
3 5 1
: , A = 13, B = 8, C = 1 :
13 ( x + 2 ) 8 ( y 3) + 1 ( z 6 ) = 0,
13 x 8 y + z + 44 = 0 :

4.

54
 Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ; z 0 ) (. 33): r
N
M 0 d - y M0

: M 0
M1


( )
M 1 x1 ; y1 ; z1 : , O x

d = M 1 M 0 : - . 33
z
r r r r
N = Ai + Bj + Ck M 1 M 0
r r r
N M1M0 = = N M 1 M 0 cos : N

M 1 M 0 , cos = 1 : ,
r r r
N M 1M 0 = N M 1M 0 = N d : (1)

r
N M 1 M 0 = A ( x0 x1 ) + B ( y 0 y1 ) + C ( z 0 z1 )

r
N M 1 M 0 = Ax0 + By 0 + Cz 0 ( Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 ) :
M 1 ( x1 ; y1 ; z1 ) ,
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 = D,
r
N M 1 M 0 = Ax0 + By 0 + Cz 0 + D : (2)
r
(1) (2) , N d = Ax0 + By0 +
r
+ Cz 0 + D : N = A 2 + B 2 + C 2 ,

Ax0 + By 0 + Cz 0 + D
d= :
A2 + B 2 + C 2

5.

55
 -

A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
(1)
A2 x + B2 y + C 2 z + D2 = 0 :
-
: , (1) -
:
(1) -
:
6.

l :
M 1 ( x1 ; y1 ; z1 )
r r
S = {m; n; p} (. 34): S l -
r
: M 1 S l -
: l

r
M ( x; y; z) : M1M S
y l
M
M1 r
, S

x x1 = tm, y y1 = tn, z z1 = tp :

x = x1 + tm,
O x
y = y1 + tn, (1)
z = z1 + tp : z . 34
(1) l
: (1) -
t ,
x x1 y y1 z z1
= = : (2)
m n p
(2) l :
: l

56
 2 x + 3 y z + 8 = 0,
x 3 y + 2z + 1 = 0 :

l :
r
: l N 1 = {2; 3; 1}
r
N 2 = {1; 3; 2} , l

r r r
i j k
r r r r r r
S = N1 N 2 = 2 3 1 = 3i 5 j 9k
1 3 2
: m = 3, n = 5, p = 9 : l
M 1 ,
, , z = 0 :
2 x + 3 y + 8 = 0,
x 3 y + 1 = 0 :

2
, x = 3, y = : ,
3
2
M 1 3; ; 0 : , l
3
2
y+
x+3 3 = z :
=
3 5 9

7.

M 1 ( x1 ; y1 ; z1 )
M 2 ( x 2 ; y 2 ; z 2 ) : -
:
r
S = M 1 M 2 ,
.

57
 x x1 y y1 z z1
= = : (1)
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1
O: M 1 (1; 3; 5) M 2 (1; 4; 2 )
:
: (1) ,
x 1 y 3 z + 5 x 1 y 3 z + 5
= = , = = :
11 4 3 2 + 5 0 1 7
m = 0, Ox
x = 1,
y 3 z +5
= ,
1 7
x 1 = 0,
7 y z 26 = 0 :

8. :

x x1 y y1 z z1 x x2 y y 2 z z 2
= = = = :
m1 n1 p1 m2 n2 p2
,

: -
r r
S1 S 2
r
: S1 = {m1 ; n1 ; p1 },
r
S 2 = {m2 ; n2 ; p 2 },
r r
S1 S 2
cos = r r ,
S1 S 2

m1 m2 + n1 n2 + p1 p 2
cos = :
m + n12 + p12 m22 + n22 + p 22
2
1

58
 -
r r
S1 S 2
-
:
1: ,
M 1 (1; 2; 3) .
2 x + 3 y + 5 z 7 = 0,
3x 4 y + z 8 = 0 :

r
L: N 1 = {2; 3; 5}
r
N 2 = {3; 4; 1} ,

r r r
i j k
r r r r r r
S = N1 N 2 = 2 3 5 = 23i + 13 j 17k
3 4 1
: , .
x 1 y 2 z 3
= = :
23 13 17
2: ,
M 1 ( 4; 0; 2 )
x +1 y +1 z x2 y 3 z 5
= = = = :
2 3 4 3 2 2
: -
r r
S1 = {2; 3; 4} S 2 = {3; 2; 2} , -

r r r
i j k
r r r r r r
S = S1 S 2 = 2 3 4 = 2i + 8 j 5k
3 2 2
: ,
x+4 y z2
= = :
2 8 5

59
 9. :

- r r l
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 l N S

x x1 y y1 z z1
= = ,
m n p

: l
- . 35
l -
(. 35):
r r
N = {A; B; C} S = {m; n; p} -
: 90 ( . 35-),
0

( )
= 90 0 sin = sin 90 0 = cos : > 90 0 ,
( )
= 90 0 sin = sin 90 0 = cos : ,
sin = cos : , l

Am + Bn + Cp
sin = :
A2 + B 2 + C 2 m 2 + n 2 + p 2
, l
r
) , S = {m; n; p}
r
N = {A; B; C} ;
r
) , S = {m; n; p}
r
N = {A; B; C} :
60
 : ,
M 1 (2; 3; 4 )
x y 1 z 3 x +1 y 1 z + 5
= = = = :
1 2 8 4 0 2
:
r r
S1 = {1; 2; 8} S 2 = {4; 0; 2} ,
r r
S1 S 2 :
-

r r r
i j k
r r r r r r
N = S1 S 2 = 1 2 8 = 4i + 30 j 8k
4 0 2
: ,
4 (x 2 ) + 30 ( y + 3) 8 ( z 4 ) = 0, 2 x + 15 y 4 z + 57 = 0 :

6.
,

- :

1.

, -
:

61
 K (a; b; c )
, R , y
M ( x; y; z )
M

(. 36), K

R = KM = (x a)2 + ( y b)2 + (z c)2 :
O
x

(x a ) + ( y b ) + (z c ) = R : (1)
2 2 2 2

(1) - z . 36
: ,
,
(1) x + y + z = R :
2 2 2 2

2.

, l
L : L
, l
-
:
S ,
Oz , L Oxy
(. 37): , S
F (x; y ) = 0 (1)
:
, (1)- L :

62
 z
z

M
S

O y O y
M0
x
L
x
. 37 . 38
S M (x; y; z ) : -
- : M 0
Oxy , M 0 L x y
- (1) :
x, y, z (1) ,
F ( x, y ) z : , S
M x, y , z (1)
: , M ( x, y , z ) S ,
M 0 (x, y, 0) L, x y (1)
: (1)- S :
, Oxy F ( x, y ) = 0
L , L Oxyz

F ( x, y ) = 0,
z = 0 :

, Oxyz x + y R = 0 -
2 2 2

(. 38),
L , Oxy ,

63
 x2 + y 2 = R2 ,

z = 0 :

3.
, -

x2 y2 z2
+ + = 1:
a2 b2 c2
Oxy
- :
z = h , h
,

x2 y2 h2
2 + 2 = 1 2 ,
a b c (1)
z = h :
(1) h
:
x2 y2
h > c (c > 0 ), + < 0 : ,
a2 b2
z = h :
x2 y 2
h = c, + = 0, (1)
a 2 b2
(0; 0; + c) (0; 0; c ) :
h < c, (1) -
z
x2 y2
2 + 2
= 1,
a* b*
z = h,
O
y

x
. 39
64
 h2 h2
a* = a 1 2 , b* = b 1 2 : , z = h
c c
:
, Oxz Oyz
: , -
, . 39- : a, b, c
: ,
a = b = c, :

9.
,

x2 y2 z2
+ = 1: (1)
a2 b2 c2

Oyz Oxz : -

y2 z2 x2 z2
2 2 = 1, 2 2 = 1,
b c a c
x = 0, y = 0,
:
Oxy -
z = h : z

x2 y2 h2
2 + 2 = 1+ 2 ,
a b c
z = h
: , O
y
h2 h2
a* = a 1 + 2 b* = b 1 + 2
c c x

. 40
65
 x2 y2
2 + 2
= 1,
a* b*
z = h :

, z = h
, : ,
, . 40- :
a, b, c :
, -
: ,
x z y
a + c = k 1 + b ,

(2)
x z = 1 1 y ,
a c k b
k , a , b
c :
,
x2 z 2 y2 x2 y2 z2
= 1 + = 1,
a2 c2 b2 a2 b2 c2
: , -
(2) ,
(2) (1) :
, -

x z y
a + c = l 1 b ,

(3)
x z = 1 1 + y
a c l b
, l
: , -
(2) (3) :

66
, -
:

5.

,

x2 y2 z2
+ = 1 :
a2 b2 c2

Oyz Oxz : -

y2 z2 x2 z2
2 2 = 1, 2 2 = 1,
b c a c
x = 0, y = 0,
:
Oxy -
z = h :
x2 y 2 h2
2 + 2 = 2 1, z
a b c
z = h
: ,
h2 h2
a* = a 1 b* = b 1
c2 c2 O
y
x2 y2
2 + 2
= 1, x
a* b* (1)
z = h :

, h > c,
. 41
z = h

67
 : h = c,
(1) (0; 0; + c ) (0; 0; c )
: h < c, z = h
: , ,
. 41- :

6.
, -

x2 y2
+ = 2 z,
p q
p > 0, q > 0 :

Oyz Oxz : -

y 2 = 2qz , x 2 = 2 pz ,

x = 0 y = 0,
:
oxy
z = h :

x2 y2 z
+ = 2h,
p q
z = h

: ,
a* = 2hp b* = 2hq

O y
x2 y2
2 + 2
= 1, x
a* b* (1)
z = h : . 42

68
 , h > 0,
z = h :
h = 0, (1) (0; 0; 0 )
: h < 0, z = h
: ,
, . 42-
:

7.

, -

x2 y2
= 2 z,
p q
p > 0, q > 0 :

Oxz :

x 2 = 2 pz ,

y = 0
, Oz -
: y = h
,
2 h2

x = 2 p z + ,
2 q
y = h

, :
Oyz -
:
y 2 = 2qz ,

x = 0

69
, :
x = h , -

2 h2

y = 2q z ,
2 p
x = h

, :
, Oxy -
z = h :

x2 y2 x2 y2
= 2h, = 1,
p q 2 ph 2qh (1)
z = h z = h

: h > 0, , Oxz -
: h < 0, (1) , Oyz
: h = 0,
x y x y
= 0, + = 0,
p q p q
z = 0 z = 0 :

, , - z
. 43-
:
,
O
: - x
,

x y
+ = 2kz, . 43 y
p q
x y 1
(2)
= ,
p q k
k :

70
 ,
x2 y2
= 2 z,
p q
: , -
(2) , (2)
:
,

x y1
+ = ,
p q l
x y
(3)
= 2lz
p q
, l
: , -
(2) (3)
: , -
:

8.
,
-
x2 y2 z2
+ = 0:
a2 b2 c2
Oxz
:
x2 z2
2 2 = 0,
a c
y = 0
,

71
 x z x z
+ = 0, = 0,
a c a c
y = 0 y = 0 :
Oyz - z
,
y2 z2
2 2 = 0,
b c
x = 0
,
O
y
y z y z
+ = 0, = 0,
b c b c x

x = 0 x = 0 :
-
Oxy -
z = h : . 44

x2 y 2 h2 x2 y2
2 + 2 = 2, 2 + 2 = 1,
a b c a* b*
z = h z = h

ah bh
, a* = , b* = : ,
c c
h > 0 h < 0, : h = 0,
: ,
, . 44-
:
: ,
: , ,
,
:

7.

72
 1. :

a11 a12 ... a1n
a11 a12 a13
a11 a12 a 21 a 22 ... a 2 n
, a 21 a 22 a 23 , :
a 21 a 22 a
... ... ... ...
31 a32 a 33
a

n1 an2 ... a nn
2-, 3-,
n - , a11 , a12 , ...
: -
:
m n
a11
... a1n a12

a 21
a 22 ... a 2 n
... (1)
... ... ...

a
a m 2 ... a mn
m1
m n : m = n, n
: -
, 2-, 3- n -
:
(1)
(a ) (i = 1,
ij j = 1, 2, ..., n ) :
2, ..., m;
, , A -
, A = (aij ) :
A B A = B, -
, -
:
,

73
 a1

a2
M :

a
n
,

(a1 , a 2 , K, a n ) :
, -
, , -

d1 0 ... 0

0 d2 ... 0
... :
... ... ...

0 ... d n
0
, -

0 ... 0
a

a ... 0
0
... :
... ... ...

0 ... a
0

, a = 1, :
E :
, -
O :
: -
( ) ( )
A = aij B = bij C = cij ( )
, cij = a ij + bij (i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n ) :
C = A + B :
, -

1. A + B = B + A,

74
 2. ( A + B ) + C = A + (B + C ),
A , B C -
:
( )
A = aij C = cij - ( )
, cij = aij (i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n ) :
C = A :
-

1. ( A + B ) = A + B,
2. ( + ) A = A + A,
3. ( ) A = ( A),
A B ,
:
A B A B
-
A B = A + ( 1) B :

a11 ... a1n
a12 b11 b12 ... b1k

a ... a 2 n
a 22 b21 b22 ... b2 k
A = 21 , B= :
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

a a m 2 ... a mn b
m1 n1 bn 2 ... bnk
: A B C = (cij )
, m k , cij

cij = ai1b1 j + ai 2 b2 j + ... + ain bnj (i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., k ) :
C = AB :
, A -
B : AB -
:

75
 1 2
2 1 0
1: A = B = 2 1
3 1 1 2 2

: AB :
:
1 2
2 1 0 2 1 + 1 2 + 0 2 2 2 + 11 + 0 2 4 5
AB = 2 1 = = :
3 1 1 2 2 3 1 + 1 2 + 1 2 3 2 + 11 + 1 2 7 9

3 1 4
2: A = B = :
0 2 2
- AB :
3 1 4 3 4 + ( 1) 2 10
: AB = = = :
0 2 2 0 4 + 2 2 4
3 1 1 1
3: A = B =
1 2 3 1
: AB BA :
3 1 1 1 0 2
: AB = = ,
1 2 3 1 5 1
1 1 3 1 2 1
BA = = :
3 1 1 2 8 1
, -
, ,
AB BA :
,

A (BC ) = ( AB )C ,
( A + B )C = AC + BC :
: -
-
:
:
76
 2.

n -

a11 ... a1n

a12

a ... a 2 n
a 22
A = 21 :
... ... ...
...

a a n 2 ... a nn
n1
B ,
AB = BA = E , A : A
1
A :
: A -
, , A
:
: A
1 1
A : AA = E :
-
det A det A 1 = det E = 1 : , det A 0 :
: = det A 0 : -

A11 A21 An1

...

A12 A22
...
An 2
B= ,
... ... ... ...
A1n A2 n Ann
...

Aij aij : ,
B A : AB -
cij .

77
 A j1 Aj2 A jn
cij = ai1 + ai 2 + ... + ain :

I- 1- 2- (, -
n ), i = j ,
ai1 Ai1 + ai 2 Ai 2 + ... + ain Ain = , i j , ai1 A j1 +
+ ai 2 A j 2 + ... + ain A jn = 0 : , i = j , cij = 1,
i j , cij = 0 : , AB = E : -
1
, BA = E : A = B:
1
: A A -
1
, : , A - 1
1
A , A A = E : 1
1
- A
1 1
A1 = A :
2 3
1: A = : A 1 :
1 1
2 3
: det A = = = 5 : 0, A -
1 1
1
A :
A11 = 1, A21 = 3, A12 = 1, A22 = 2 :
1 3

A = 5
1 5:
1 2

5 5
1 2 0

2: A = 3 2 1 : A 1 :
0 1 2

78
 1 2 0
: det A = = 3 2 1 = 9 : 0, A
0 1 2
1
A : -

2 1 2 0 2 0
A1 = = 3, A21 = = 4, A31 = = 2,
1 2 1 2 2 1

3 1 1 0 1 0
A12 = = 6, A22 = = 2, A32 = = 1,
0 2 0 2 3 1

3 2 1 2 1 2
A13 = = 3, A23 = = 1, A33 = = 4 :
0 1 0 1 3 2
,
1 4 2

3 9 9
1
A = 2

2 1
:
3 9 9
1 1 4

3 9 9

3.

a11 a12 ... a1n

a a 22 ... a 2 n
A = 21 : (1)
... ... ... ...

a ... a mn
m1 am 2

79
 k k (k m; k n ) : -
-
k A k -
:
: A -
:
A rangA :
, rangA = r ,
A r , r -
:


1. ;
2. () ;
3. ()
;
4. () ()
, -
:
5. () ,

,
:
: A B ,
rangA = rangB : A ~ B :

:
2 3 5 3 2

A = 3 4 3 1 3 :
5 6 1 3 5

: 2-

80
 3 5 3
1 1
2 2 2
A ~ 3 4 3 1 3 :
5 6 1 3 5


-
, 3- -5-
3 5 3
1 1
2 2 2
A ~ 0 0 :
1 9 7

2 2 2
3 27 21
0 0
2 2 2
,
3-
3 5 3
1 1
2 2 2

A ~ 0
1

9 7
0 :
2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0


3 5 3
1 1
A~ 2 2 2 :
0 1
9 7
0
2 2 2
, rangA = 2 :
(1) ()
:
a1 = (a11 , a12 , ..., a1n ), a 2 = (a 21 , a 22 , ..., a 2 n ),
, a m = (a m1 , a m 2 , ..., a mn ) :

81
 : a1 , a 2 , ..., a m ,
1 , 2 , ..., m ,
- , .
1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + m a m = 0 :
(2)
(2)
:
(2) ,
1 = 2 = ... = m = 0, a1 , a 2 , ..., a m -
:

:
(2) -
a1 , a 2 , ..., a m :
( ):
r , r
(): ()
() :
: :
( )
m n A = aij
r : A r
: ,
A
a11 ... a1r
D = ... ... ... 0 :
a r1 ... a rr
, A r
: , :
, a r ,

a r = 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + r 1 a r 1 :
A r -
1 , -

82
 2 , , r 1
r 1 : A r
: D
: :
: r < k m
1 l n : r + 1
a11 a12 ... a1r a1l
a 21 a 22 ... a 2 r a 2l
= ... ... ... ... ... :
a r1 ar 2 ... a rr a rl
a k1 ak 2 ... a kr a kl
k l = 0 : , l r ,
, l > r ,
r + 1 :

= a1l A1 + a 2l A2 + ... + a rl Ar + a kl Ar +1 = 0 : (3)
A1 , A2 , ..., Ar , Ar + 1 -
l , -
: , Ar +1 = D 0 : (3) -
Ar +1 ,
a kl = 1 a1l + 2 a 2l + ... + r a rl ,
A
i = i l : l 1, 2, ..., n
D
-, .
a k1 = 1 a11 + 2 a 21 + ... + a r a r1 ,
a k 2 = 1 a12 + 2 a 22 + ... + r a r 2 ,
.................................................,
a kn = 1 a1n + 2 a 2 n + ... + r a rn :
, A k r -

83
 a k = 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + r a r :
: n ,
() :

8.

1.

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,
a x + a x + ... + a x = b ,
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
(1)
.............................................,
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = bm ,
x1 , x 2 , ..., x n (1) :
: 1 , 2 , ..., n
(1) ,
a11 1 + a12 2 + ... + a1n n = b1 ,
a + a + ... + a = b ,
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
(2)
...............................................,
a m1 1 + a m 2 2 + ... + a mn n = bm :
: -
, :
:
(1) :

A B ,
A

84
 a11 a12 ... a1n a11 a12 ... a1n b1

a a 22 ... a 2 n a a 22 ... a 2 n b2
A = 21 ; B = 21 :
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

a ... a mn a bm
m1 am2 m1 am2 ... a mn
(-): (1)
, , rangA = rangB :
: (1) :
1 , 2 , ..., n ,
(2) :
,

a11 a12 a1n b1

a 21 a 22 a2n b2
M 1 + M 2 + ... + M n = M : (3)

a a a b
m1 m2 mn m
B -
1 , -
2 , n
n :
a11 a12 ... a1n 0

a a 22 ... a 2 n 0
B1 = 21
... ... ... ... ...

a 0
m1 am 2 ... a mn
:
, , rangB1 = rangB : ,

rangB1 = rangA : , rangA = rangB :

: rangA = rangB = r :
A r
,
B r
85
, A
: 1 , 2 , ..., n , (3)
, (2) :
, (1) :

2.

n n

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,
a x + a x + ... + a x = b ,
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
(1)
.......... .......... .......... .......... .....,
a n1 x1 + a n 2 x 2 + ... + a nn x n = bn :

a11 a12 ... a1n a11 a12 ... a1n b1

a a 22 ... a 2 n a a 22 ... a 2 n b2
A = 21 ; B = 21 :
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

a ... a nn a bn
n1 an2 n1 an2 ... a nn
: A 0, (1) -
: -
.
k
xk = , k = 1, 2, ..., n, (2)

k , A

k -
:
: 0, rangA = n : ,
B n : -
86
 (1) :
, (2)
: 1 , 2 , ..., n (1) -
:
a11 1 + a12 2 + ... + a1n n = b1 ,
a + a + ... + a = b ,
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
(3)
...............................................,
a n1 1 + a n 2 2 + ... + a nn n = bn :
:
k 1, 2, ..., n : -
(3) A1 k , -

A2 k , -

Ank , Aik a ik -
: , -
, (a11A1k + a21A2k + ...+ an1 Ank )

1 + ... + (a1k A1k + a 2 k A2 k + ... + a nk Ank ) k + ... + (a1n A1k + a 2 n A2 k +

+ ... + a nn Ank ) n = b1 A1k + b2 A2 k + ... + bn Ank : I
1 2 (, n
) k ,

i : ,

k : , k = k :

k
0, k = : , 1 , 2 , ..., n

(1) :
k
, k = : , k = k :

87
 : .
x1 + 2 x 2 x3 = 2,

2 x1 3 x 2 + 2 x3 = 2,
3 x + x + x = 8 :
1 2 3

:
1 2 1 2 2 1
= 2 3 2 = 8, 1 = 2 3 2 = 8,
3 1 1 8 1 1
1 2 1 1 2 2
2 = 2 2 2 = 16, 3 = 2 3 2 = 24 :
3 8 1 3 1 8
(2) x1 = 1, x 2 = 2, x3 = 3 :

88
 3. x1 + 2 x 2 = 10,

3 x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 23,
x 2 + 2 x3 = 13 :
n n

: AX = B,
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,
a x + a x + ... + a x = b , 1 2 0 x1 10
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
A = 3 2 1 , X = x 2 , B = 23 :
.......... .......... .......... .......... ......,
0 1 2 x 13
a n1 x1 + a n 2 x 2 + ... + a nn x n = bn : 3
1
. 7 2 A

a11 a12 ... a1n x1 b1 1 4 2

a a 22 ... a 2 n x b 3 9 9
A = 21 , X = 2 , B = 2 : 2 2 1
... ...
1
M M A = :

... ...
3 9 9
a an2 ... a nn x b 1 1 4
n1 n n
3 9 9
(1) -

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n b1 1 4 2

a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n b2 3 9 9 10 4
....................................... = M , 1 2 2 1
X =A B= 23 = 3 :
3 9 9
a x + a x + ... + a x b 1 4 13 5
n1 1 nn n n 1

n2 2

3 9 9

AX = B : (2) , x1 = 4, x 2 = 3, x3 = 5 :

det A 0 : (2)
A , X = A 1 B :
1
4.
1
, X = A B (2) : ,

1
(2) , AA B = B,
n m
B = B:
:
88 89
 3. x1 + 2 x 2 = 10,

3 x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 23,
x 2 + 2 x3 = 13 :
n n

: AX = B,
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,
a x + a x + ... + a x = b , 1 2 0 x1 10
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
A = 3 2 1 , X = x 2 , B = 23 :
.......... .......... .......... .......... ......,
0 1 2 x 13
a n1 x1 + a n 2 x 2 + ... + a nn x n = bn : 3
1
. 7 2 A

a11 a12 ... a1n x1 b1 1 4 2

a a 22 ... a 2 n x b 3 9 9
A = 21 , X = 2 , B = 2 : 2 2 1
... ...
1
M M A = :

... ...
3 9 9
a an2 ... a nn x b 1 1 4
n1 n n
3 9 9
(1) -

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n b1 1 4 2

a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n b2 3 9 9 10 4
....................................... = M , 1 2 2 1
X =A B= 23 = 3 :
3 9 9
a x + a x + ... + a x b 1 4 13 5
n1 1 nn n n 1

n2 2

3 9 9

AX = B : (2) , x1 = 4, x 2 = 3, x3 = 5 :

det A 0 : (2)
A , X = A 1 B :
1
4.
1
, X = A B (2) : ,

1
(2) , AA B = B,
n m
B = B:
:
88 89
 a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 , (1) , -
a x + a x + ... + a x = b , , x1 : -
21 1 2n n
a11 :
22 2 2
(1)
..............................................,
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = bm :
a12 a1n b1
x1 + a x 2 + ... + a x n = a ,
, , , 11 11 11

a
21 1x + a x + ... + a x = b2 , (2)
, 22 2 2n n

; ..............................................,
: -
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = bm :
,
;
(2) a 21
: -
. :
1. - a31 :
, ,
2.
, x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1k x k + ... + a1n x n = b1,
3. - x 2 + ... + a 2 k x k + ... + a 2 n x n = b2 ,
a 22
-
, : ...........................................................,
, (3)
a i2 x 2 + ... + aik x k + ... + ain x n = bi,
-
: ...........................................................,
, -
, ,
a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mk x k + ... + a mn x n = bm ,
, : -
, a1k a b b
, - a1k = , aik = aik ik ai1 , b1 = 1 , bi = bi 1 ai1 ;
, a11 a11 a11 a11
: , - (i = 2, 3, ..., m; k = 2, 3, ..., ..., n ) :
, -
, (3) a 22 , -
: , - 0 : -
, a 22
: -
: : a32 , ..., ai2 , ..., am 2
, :
: , (1) ,
a11 0 ( a11 = 0, - , -
, ): , ,
90 91
 a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 , (1) , -
a x + a x + ... + a x = b , , x1 : -
21 1 2n n
a11 :
22 2 2
(1)
..............................................,
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = bm :
a12 a1n b1
x1 + a x 2 + ... + a x n = a ,
, , , 11 11 11

a
21 1x + a x + ... + a x = b2 , (2)
, 22 2 2n n

; ..............................................,
: -
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = bm :
,
;
(2) a 21
: -
. :
1. - a31 :
, ,
2.
, x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1k x k + ... + a1n x n = b1,
3. - x 2 + ... + a 2 k x k + ... + a 2 n x n = b2 ,
a 22
-
, : ...........................................................,
, (3)
a i2 x 2 + ... + aik x k + ... + ain x n = bi,
-
: ...........................................................,
, -
, ,
a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mk x k + ... + a mn x n = bm ,
, : -
, a1k a b b
, - a1k = , aik = aik ik ai1 , b1 = 1 , bi = bi 1 ai1 ;
, a11 a11 a11 a11
: , - (i = 2, 3, ..., m; k = 2, 3, ..., ..., n ) :
, -
, (3) a 22 , -
: , - 0 : -
, a 22
: -
: : a32 , ..., ai2 , ..., am 2
, :
: , (1) ,
a11 0 ( a11 = 0, - , -
, ): , ,
90 91
 , : , 1:
, 2 x1 + x 2 x3 = 1,
x1 + c12 x 2 + ... + c1k x k + ... + c1n x n = c1 ,
3 x1 + 2 x 2 2 x3 = 1,
x 2 + ... + c 2 k x k + ... + c 2 n x n = c 2 , x x + 2x = 5 :
(4) 1 2 3
..............................................., : 2
x k + ... + c kn x n = c k ,
( k < n ), x1 + 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,

x1 + c12 x 2 + ... + c1k x k + ... + c1n x n = c1 , 3 x1 + 2 x 2 2 x3 = 1,
x 2 + ... + c 2 k x k + ... + c 2 n x n = c 2 , x x + 2x = 5 :
1 2 3

.......... .......... .......... .......... ......., 3

(5) ,
x k + ... + c kn x n = c k , 1 -
.......... .......... ........., : .
x1 + 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,
xn = cn

: 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,
(5) 1,5 x + 2,5 x = 4,5 :

x n ,
2 3
0,5 -
, x n 1 : (1) .
: x1 + 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,
(4) x k +1 , ..., x n
x 2 x3 = 1,
, 1,5 x 2 + 2,5 x3 = 4,5 :
x1 + x12 x 2 + ... + c1k x k = c1 c1k +1 x k +1 ... c1n x n ,
1,5
x 2 + ... + c 2 k x k = c 2 c 2 k +1 x k +1 ... c 2 n x n , , .

.................................................................., x1 + 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,

x k = c k c kk +1 x k +1 ... c kn x n : x 2 x3 = 1,
x3 = 3 :
x k +1 , ..., x n , ,
k +1 , ..., n , (5) , x3 = 3, x 2 = 2, x1 = 1 :
- , , -
x k , x k 1 , ..., x1 : k +1 , k + 2 , ..., n - -
-
, (1) :
- : 2:
92 93
 , : , 1:
, 2 x1 + x 2 x3 = 1,
x1 + c12 x 2 + ... + c1k x k + ... + c1n x n = c1 ,
3 x1 + 2 x 2 2 x3 = 1,
x 2 + ... + c 2 k x k + ... + c 2 n x n = c 2 , x x + 2x = 5 :
(4) 1 2 3
..............................................., : 2
x k + ... + c kn x n = c k ,
( k < n ), x1 + 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,

x1 + c12 x 2 + ... + c1k x k + ... + c1n x n = c1 , 3 x1 + 2 x 2 2 x3 = 1,
x 2 + ... + c 2 k x k + ... + c 2 n x n = c 2 , x x + 2x = 5 :
1 2 3

.......... .......... .......... .......... ......., 3

(5) ,
x k + ... + c kn x n = c k , 1 -
.......... .......... ........., : .
x1 + 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,
xn = cn

: 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,
(5) 1,5 x + 2,5 x = 4,5 :

x n ,
2 3
0,5 -
, x n 1 : (1) .
: x1 + 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,
(4) x k +1 , ..., x n
x 2 x3 = 1,
, 1,5 x 2 + 2,5 x3 = 4,5 :
x1 + x12 x 2 + ... + c1k x k = c1 c1k +1 x k +1 ... c1n x n ,
1,5
x 2 + ... + c 2 k x k = c 2 c 2 k +1 x k +1 ... c 2 n x n , , .

.................................................................., x1 + 0,5 x 2 0,5 x3 = 0,5,

x k = c k c kk +1 x k +1 ... c kn x n : x 2 x3 = 1,
x3 = 3 :
x k +1 , ..., x n , ,
k +1 , ..., n , (5) , x3 = 3, x 2 = 2, x1 = 1 :
- , , -
x k , x k 1 , ..., x1 : k +1 , k + 2 , ..., n - -
-
, (1) :
- : 2:
92 93
 x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 x 4 3 x5 = 7, 5.

2 x1 + x3 + x5 = 4, :
x2 + 2 x 4 x5 = 6 : , -
: .
:
- a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = 0,
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0,
21 1 22 2 2n n
1 2 4 1 3 7 1 2 4 1 3 7 (1)
............................................,
2 0 1 0 1 4 0 4 7 2 7 10 a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0 :
0 1 0 2 1
6 0 1 0 2 1 6
, (1) ,
, , x1 = x 2 = ... = x n = 0 :
1 2 4 1 3 7 1 2 4 1 3 7
, (1) :
0 1 0 2 1 6 0 1 0 2 1 6 :
0 4 7 10 0 0 7 10 14
2 7 3 a11 a12 ... a1n

a a 22 ... a 2 n
A = 21
... ...
-
... ...

a am2 ... a mn
x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 x 4 3 x5 = 7, m1
: rangA = r :
x2 + 2 x 4 x5 = 6,
7 x3 + 10 x 4 + 3 x5 = 14 : : (1) ,
, r < n :
x 4 x5 : (1)
, , r < n :
r = n : n n
x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 = 7 + x 4 + 3 x5 , -,

x2 = 6 2 x 4 + x5 , : (1)
, :
7 x3 = 14 10 x 4 3 x5 : : r < n :
x 4 x5 , - , A :
, 1 , 2 , ..., n ,
x1 , x 2 x3 : -
,
, : -
, x5 = 0, x 4 = 0, x3 = 2,
x 2 = 6, x1 = 3 :

94 95
 x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 x 4 3 x5 = 7, 5.

2 x1 + x3 + x5 = 4, :
x2 + 2 x 4 x5 = 6 : , -
: .
:
- a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = 0,
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0,
21 1 22 2 2n n
1 2 4 1 3 7 1 2 4 1 3 7 (1)
............................................,
2 0 1 0 1 4 0 4 7 2 7 10 a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0 :
0 1 0 2 1
6 0 1 0 2 1 6
, (1) ,
, , x1 = x 2 = ... = x n = 0 :
1 2 4 1 3 7 1 2 4 1 3 7
, (1) :
0 1 0 2 1 6 0 1 0 2 1 6 :
0 4 7 10 0 0 7 10 14
2 7 3 a11 a12 ... a1n

a a 22 ... a 2 n
A = 21
... ...
-
... ...

a am2 ... a mn
x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 x 4 3 x5 = 7, m1
: rangA = r :
x2 + 2 x 4 x5 = 6,
7 x3 + 10 x 4 + 3 x5 = 14 : : (1) ,
, r < n :
x 4 x5 : (1)
, , r < n :
r = n : n n
x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 = 7 + x 4 + 3 x5 , -,

x2 = 6 2 x 4 + x5 , : (1)
, :
7 x3 = 14 10 x 4 3 x5 : : r < n :
x 4 x5 , - , A :
, 1 , 2 , ..., n ,
x1 , x 2 x3 : -
,
, : -
, x5 = 0, x 4 = 0, x3 = 2,
x 2 = 6, x1 = 3 :

94 95
 a11 a12 a1n 0 : (1) e1 , e2 , ..., ek -
, (1) -
a 21 a 22 a2n 0
M 1 + M 2 + ... + M n = M : e1 , e2 , ..., e k :
: (1) -
a a a 0
m1 m2 mn A = aij ( ) rangA = r < n, (1)
, 1 , 2 , ..., n (1)
: : , A
: n n - r A
, ,
, : a11 ... a1r
: :
D = ... ... ... 0 :
a r1 ... a rr
6.
, A r
: , (1)
n m r , m r
. : (1) x r +1 ,
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = 0, x r + 2 , ..., x n
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0, m r `
21 1 22 2 2n n
(1)
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1r x r = a1 r +1 x r +1 ... a1n x n ,
............................................,
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0 : a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 r x r = a 2 r +1 x r +1 ... a 2 n x n , (2)
e1 = ( 1 , 2 , ..., n ) (1)
a r1 x1 + a r 2 x 2 + ... + a rr x r = a r r +1 x r +1 ... a rn x n :
: , c ce1 = (c 1 , c 2 , x r +1 = 1, x r + 2 = 0, ...,
..., c n ) (1) : e2 = (1 , 2 , x n = 0 (2) x1 , x 2 , ..., x r -
..., n ) (1) , c1 c 2 , (1)
c1e1 + c 2 e2 = (c1 1 + c 2 1 , c1 2 + c 2 2 , ..., c1 n + e1 = ( 1 , 2 , ..., r , 1, 0, ..., 0 )
+ c 2 n ) (1) : , (1) : , x r +1 = 0, x r + 2 = 1,
- ..., x n = 0 (2) x1 , x 2 , ..., x r -
: (1) - (1)
, - e2 = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 0, 1, ..., 0 )
:
: (1) k = n r

96 97
 a11 a12 a1n 0 : (1) e1 , e2 , ..., ek -
, (1) -
a 21 a 22 a2n 0
M 1 + M 2 + ... + M n = M : e1 , e2 , ..., e k :
: (1) -
a a a 0
m1 m2 mn A = aij ( ) rangA = r < n, (1)
, 1 , 2 , ..., n (1)
: : , A
: n n - r A
, ,
, : a11 ... a1r
: :
D = ... ... ... 0 :
a r1 ... a rr
6.
, A r
: , (1)
n m r , m r
. : (1) x r +1 ,
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = 0, x r + 2 , ..., x n
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0, m r `
21 1 22 2 2n n
(1)
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1r x r = a1 r +1 x r +1 ... a1n x n ,
............................................,
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0 : a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 r x r = a 2 r +1 x r +1 ... a 2 n x n , (2)
e1 = ( 1 , 2 , ..., n ) (1)
a r1 x1 + a r 2 x 2 + ... + a rr x r = a r r +1 x r +1 ... a rn x n :
: , c ce1 = (c 1 , c 2 , x r +1 = 1, x r + 2 = 0, ...,
..., c n ) (1) : e2 = (1 , 2 , x n = 0 (2) x1 , x 2 , ..., x r -
..., n ) (1) , c1 c 2 , (1)
c1e1 + c 2 e2 = (c1 1 + c 2 1 , c1 2 + c 2 2 , ..., c1 n + e1 = ( 1 , 2 , ..., r , 1, 0, ..., 0 )
+ c 2 n ) (1) : , (1) : , x r +1 = 0, x r + 2 = 1,
- ..., x n = 0 (2) x1 , x 2 , ..., x r -
: (1) - (1)
, - e2 = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 0, 1, ..., 0 )
:
: (1) k = n r

96 97
 e1 = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 1, 0, ..., 0 ), : , (1)

e2 = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 0, 1, ..., 0), n k :
(3)
......................................................., , (1) , -
,
ek = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 0, 0, ..., 1) : c1e1 + c 2 e2 + ... + c k ek ,
k ,
e1 , e2 , ..., ek (1) - -
1 2 ... r 1 0 ... 0
, c1 , c 2 , ..., c k :
1 2 ... r 0 1 ... 0
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7.

2
... r 0 0 ... 1
1
k : ( -
k , , k a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,
-, ): a x + a x + ... + a x = b ,
, (3) 21 1 22 2 2n n 2
: , (1) (1)
..............................................,
- e1 , e2 , ..., ek a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = bm
: ,
e = ( 1 , 2 , ..., r , r +1 , ..., n )

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = 0,
(1) :
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0,
e0 = e r +1e1 r + 2 e2 ... n ek : 21 1 22 2 2n n
(2)
e0 e, e1 , ..., ek (1) - .......... .......... .......... .......... .....,
: , e0
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0 :
e0 = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 0, 0, ..., 0) : 1: (1) (2)
(1) :
x r +1 , x r + 2 , ..., x n e0 : (1 , 2 , ..., n ) (1 , 2 , ..., n )
(2) - (1) (2) : -
, e0 x1 , x 2 , ..., x r - (1) , i -
1 = 2 = ... = r = 0 : , 1 + 1 , 2 + 2 , ...,
e = r +1e1 + r + 2 e2 + ... + n ek : n + n ,

a ( + j ) = aij j + aij j = bi + 0 = bi :
n n n
,
- ij j
, k j =1 j =1 j =1

:
98 99
 e1 = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 1, 0, ..., 0 ), : , (1)

e2 = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 0, 1, ..., 0), n k :
(3)
......................................................., , (1) , -
,
ek = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 0, 0, ..., 1) : c1e1 + c 2 e2 + ... + c k ek ,
k ,
e1 , e2 , ..., ek (1) - -
1 2 ... r 1 0 ... 0
, c1 , c 2 , ..., c k :
1 2 ... r 0 1 ... 0
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7.

2
... r 0 0 ... 1
1
k : ( -
k , , k a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,
-, ): a x + a x + ... + a x = b ,
, (3) 21 1 22 2 2n n 2
: , (1) (1)
..............................................,
- e1 , e2 , ..., ek a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = bm
: ,
e = ( 1 , 2 , ..., r , r +1 , ..., n )

a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = 0,
(1) :
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0,
e0 = e r +1e1 r + 2 e2 ... n ek : 21 1 22 2 2n n
(2)
e0 e, e1 , ..., ek (1) - .......... .......... .......... .......... .....,
: , e0
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0 :
e0 = (1 , 2 , ..., r , 0, 0, ..., 0) : 1: (1) (2)
(1) :
x r +1 , x r + 2 , ..., x n e0 : (1 , 2 , ..., n ) (1 , 2 , ..., n )
(2) - (1) (2) : -
, e0 x1 , x 2 , ..., x r - (1) , i -
1 = 2 = ... = r = 0 : , 1 + 1 , 2 + 2 , ...,
e = r +1e1 + r + 2 e2 + ... + n ek : n + n ,

a ( + j ) = aij j + aij j = bi + 0 = bi :
n n n
,
- ij j
, k j =1 j =1 j =1

:
98 99
 2: (1) - -
(2) : , -
: (1 ; 2 ; ..., n ) (1 , 2 , ..., n ) : , :
(1) : (2) 1 1
= 2,
, i 1 1
- 1 1 , 2 2 , ..., n n ,
x1 x 2 = 4 x3 + x 4 ,
a ( j ) = aij j aij j = bi bi = 0 :
n n n

ij j
j =1 j =1 j =1 x1 + x 2 = 8 2 x3 3 x 4 :
, - x3 x 4 x3 = 0, x 4 = 0
(1)
(2) , (1)
: (1) - x1 x 2 = 4,
(2)
: x1 + x 2 = 8
: , , x1 = 6, x 2 = 2 : (6; 2; 0; 0 )
.
:
x1 x 2 + x3 x 4 = 4,
x + x + 2 x + 3 x = 8, x1 x 2 + x3 x 4 = 0,
1 2 3 4
(3) x + x + 2 x + 3 x = 0,
2 x1 + 4 x 2 + 5 x3 + 10 x 4 = 20, 1

2 3 4
(4)
2 x1 4 x 2 + x3 6 x 4 = 4 : 2
1 x + 4 x 2 + 5 x 3 + 10 x 4 = 0,
: 2 x1 4 x 2 + x3 6 x 4 = 0
:
:
1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4

1 1 2 3 8 0 2 1 4 4 x1 x 2 = x3 + x 4 ,
2
5 10 20 0
~ ~
4 6 3 12 12 x1 + x 2 = 2 x3 3 x 4 :

2 4
1 6 4 0 2 1 4 4 x3 x 4 x3 = 1, x 4 = 0
-
1 1 1 1 4
x1 x 2 = 1,
0 2 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 4
~ ~ : x1 + x 2 = 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4 4
3
0 0 0 0 0 , (4)
1
e1 = ; ; 1; 0

2 2
:

100 101
 2: (1) - -
(2) : , -
: (1 ; 2 ; ..., n ) (1 , 2 , ..., n ) : , :
(1) : (2) 1 1
= 2,
, i 1 1
- 1 1 , 2 2 , ..., n n ,
x1 x 2 = 4 x3 + x 4 ,
a ( j ) = aij j aij j = bi bi = 0 :
n n n

ij j
j =1 j =1 j =1 x1 + x 2 = 8 2 x3 3 x 4 :
, - x3 x 4 x3 = 0, x 4 = 0
(1)
(2) , (1)
: (1) - x1 x 2 = 4,
(2)
: x1 + x 2 = 8
: , , x1 = 6, x 2 = 2 : (6; 2; 0; 0 )
.
:
x1 x 2 + x3 x 4 = 4,
x + x + 2 x + 3 x = 8, x1 x 2 + x3 x 4 = 0,
1 2 3 4
(3) x + x + 2 x + 3 x = 0,
2 x1 + 4 x 2 + 5 x3 + 10 x 4 = 20, 1

2 3 4
(4)
2 x1 4 x 2 + x3 6 x 4 = 4 : 2
1 x + 4 x 2 + 5 x 3 + 10 x 4 = 0,
: 2 x1 4 x 2 + x3 6 x 4 = 0
:
:
1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4

1 1 2 3 8 0 2 1 4 4 x1 x 2 = x3 + x 4 ,
2
5 10 20 0
~ ~
4 6 3 12 12 x1 + x 2 = 2 x3 3 x 4 :

2 4
1 6 4 0 2 1 4 4 x3 x 4 x3 = 1, x 4 = 0
-
1 1 1 1 4
x1 x 2 = 1,
0 2 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 4
~ ~ : x1 + x 2 = 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4 4
3
0 0 0 0 0 , (4)
1
e1 = ; ; 1; 0

2 2
:

100 101
 x3 x 4 x3 = 0, x4 = 1 I. R x y -
z , x
x1 x 2 = 1, y z = x + y :
II. R x
x1 + x 2 = 3 u ,
, (4) e2 = ( 1; 2; 0; 1) - x u = x
: u = x :
e1 , e2 (4)
1. x + y = y + x,
: (4)
3 2. ( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ),
c1e1 + c 2 e2 = c1 ; ; 1; 0 + c 2 ( 1; 2; 0; 1), (1) -
1
3. R ( ),
2 2
R x x + = x ,
4. R x
3
(6; 2; 0; 0 ) + c1 ; ; 1; 0 + c 2 ( 1; 2; 0; 1) :
1
x ( x ), , x +( x) =0,
2 2
5. 1x = x,
6. ( x ) = ( ) x,
7. ( + ) x = x + x,
9.
8. ( x + y ) = x + y :
, 1:
: ,
: :
- 2:
, , , ,
, :
: , -
, - :
: -
1: R -

( )
:
:
2 2 : , -
1. : -
:
: x, y, z , ... R 2: R n
, R - : -
, . 7 1 :
, :
102 103
 x3 x 4 x3 = 0, x4 = 1 I. R x y -
z , x
x1 x 2 = 1, y z = x + y :
II. R x
x1 + x 2 = 3 u ,
, (4) e2 = ( 1; 2; 0; 1) - x u = x
: u = x :
e1 , e2 (4)
1. x + y = y + x,
: (4)
3 2. ( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ),
c1e1 + c 2 e2 = c1 ; ; 1; 0 + c 2 ( 1; 2; 0; 1), (1) -
1
3. R ( ),
2 2
R x x + = x ,
4. R x
3
(6; 2; 0; 0 ) + c1 ; ; 1; 0 + c 2 ( 1; 2; 0; 1) :
1
x ( x ), , x +( x) =0,
2 2
5. 1x = x,
6. ( x ) = ( ) x,
7. ( + ) x = x + x,
9.
8. ( x + y ) = x + y :
, 1:
: ,
: :
- 2:
, , , ,
, :
: , -
, - :
: -
1: R -

( )
:
:
2 2 : , -
1. : -
:
: x, y, z , ... R 2: R n
, R - : -
, . 7 1 :
, :
102 103
 3: R - : R a1 , a 2 , ..., a n -
, n : -
: , 1 , 2 , ..., n
, R : ,
, n - 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n = : (1)
, n (1) ,
, 1 = 2 = ... = n = 0, a1 , a 2 , ..., a n
( ) (
n - , x n + x + x n + x = 2x : ) : (,
4: R n 2 5 7 3 ):
x = (1 , 2 , ..., n ) : (1) -
a1 , a 2 , ..., a n :
R -
x = (1 , 2 , ..., n ), y = (1 , 2 , ..., n ), : R a1 , a 2 , ..., a n -
x + y = (1 + 1 , 2 + 2 , ..., n + n ) x = (1 , 2 , ..., n ) : , ,
-
= (0; 0; ..., 0 ) , x :
x = ( 1 , 2 , ..., n ) : , 2 5
1 :
, R : : R n ,
Rn : R n ,
+
5: R n + 1 :
+ ,
: R

- :
x + y = xy, x = x , - 2 5 ,
: 1 , x -
1 : , 1 1
: :
x : n R n -
R
2. : :
: n R x
, - -
- :
: - : e1 , e2 , ..., en
- R x R : R n ,
:
x, e1 , e2 , ..., en ,
0 x + 1e1 + ... + n en = ,
104 105
 3: R - : R a1 , a 2 , ..., a n -
, n : -
: , 1 , 2 , ..., n
, R : ,
, n - 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n = : (1)
, n (1) ,
, 1 = 2 = ... = n = 0, a1 , a 2 , ..., a n
( ) (
n - , x n + x + x n + x = 2x : ) : (,
4: R n 2 5 7 3 ):
x = (1 , 2 , ..., n ) : (1) -
a1 , a 2 , ..., a n :
R -
x = (1 , 2 , ..., n ), y = (1 , 2 , ..., n ), : R a1 , a 2 , ..., a n -
x + y = (1 + 1 , 2 + 2 , ..., n + n ) x = (1 , 2 , ..., n ) : , ,
-
= (0; 0; ..., 0 ) , x :
x = ( 1 , 2 , ..., n ) : , 2 5
1 :
, R : : R n ,
Rn : R n ,
+
5: R n + 1 :
+ ,
: R

- :
x + y = xy, x = x , - 2 5 ,
: 1 , x -
1 : , 1 1
: :
x : n R n -
R
2. : :
: n R x
, - -
- :
: - : e1 , e2 , ..., en
- R x R : R n ,
:
x, e1 , e2 , ..., en ,
0 x + 1e1 + ... + n en = ,
104 105
 0 , 1 , ..., n : , R -
n :
0 0, e1 , e2 , ..., en
: e1 , e2 , ..., en -

: , x = 1 e1 2 e2 ... R : , R n
0 0 : R a1 , a 2 , ..., a m
(m > n ) : -
n en : i = i ,
0 0 e1 , e2 , ..., e n
x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en : (2) a1 = a11e1 + a 21e2 + ... + a n1en ,
, (2) : (2)
a 2 = a12 e1 + a 22 e2 + ... + a n 2 en ,
x = 1 e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en (3) .............................................,
: (2) (3) ` a m = a1m e1 + a m 2 e2 + ... + a nm en :
= (1 1 ) e1 + ( 2 2 ) e2 + ... + ( n n ) en : , a1 , a 2 , ..., a n :
e1 , e2 , ..., en ,
1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + m a m = : 1 (a11e1 +
1 1 = 0, 2 2 = 0, ..., n n = 0, ` 1 = 1 , 2 = 2 ,
+ a 21e2 + ... + a n1en ) + 2 (a12 e1 + a 22 e2 + ... + a n 2 en ) + ... + m (a1m e1 +
..., n = n : + a 2 m e2 + ... + a nm en ) = (a111 + a12 2 + ... + a1m m ) e1 + (a 21 1 +
: e1 , e2 , ..., en n R -
+ a 22 2 + a 2 m m ) e2 + ... + (a n11 + a n 2 2 + ... + a nm m ) en = : -
x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en , 1 , 2 , ..., ,
n x e1 , e2 , ..., en - a11 1 + a12 2 + ... + a1m m = 0,
: a + a + ... + a = 0,
21 1 22 2 2m m
e1 , e2 , ..., e n x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n e n
..............................................,
y = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en : a n1 1 + a n 2 2 + ... + a nm m = 0 :
x y = (1 1 ) e1 + ( 2 2 ) e2 + ... + ( n n ) en -
m , -
x = (1 ) e1 + ( 2 ) e2 + ... + ( n ) en , : , a1 , a 2 , ..., a m :
- 1 ` -
- .
:
1. Rn n : ,
1: e1 , e2 , ..., en
e1 = (1; 0; ..., 0 ), e2 = (0; 1; ..., 0), ..., en = (0; 0; ...; 1) -
R R x
, 1e1 + 2 e 2 + ... + n en = ( 1 , 2 ,

106 107
 0 , 1 , ..., n : , R -
n :
0 0, e1 , e2 , ..., en
: e1 , e2 , ..., en -

: , x = 1 e1 2 e2 ... R : , R n
0 0 : R a1 , a 2 , ..., a m
(m > n ) : -
n en : i = i ,
0 0 e1 , e2 , ..., e n
x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en : (2) a1 = a11e1 + a 21e2 + ... + a n1en ,
, (2) : (2)
a 2 = a12 e1 + a 22 e2 + ... + a n 2 en ,
x = 1 e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en (3) .............................................,
: (2) (3) ` a m = a1m e1 + a m 2 e2 + ... + a nm en :
= (1 1 ) e1 + ( 2 2 ) e2 + ... + ( n n ) en : , a1 , a 2 , ..., a n :
e1 , e2 , ..., en ,
1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + m a m = : 1 (a11e1 +
1 1 = 0, 2 2 = 0, ..., n n = 0, ` 1 = 1 , 2 = 2 ,
+ a 21e2 + ... + a n1en ) + 2 (a12 e1 + a 22 e2 + ... + a n 2 en ) + ... + m (a1m e1 +
..., n = n : + a 2 m e2 + ... + a nm en ) = (a111 + a12 2 + ... + a1m m ) e1 + (a 21 1 +
: e1 , e2 , ..., en n R -
+ a 22 2 + a 2 m m ) e2 + ... + (a n11 + a n 2 2 + ... + a nm m ) en = : -
x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en , 1 , 2 , ..., ,
n x e1 , e2 , ..., en - a11 1 + a12 2 + ... + a1m m = 0,
: a + a + ... + a = 0,
21 1 22 2 2m m
e1 , e2 , ..., e n x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n e n
..............................................,
y = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en : a n1 1 + a n 2 2 + ... + a nm m = 0 :
x y = (1 1 ) e1 + ( 2 2 ) e2 + ... + ( n n ) en -
m , -
x = (1 ) e1 + ( 2 ) e2 + ... + ( n ) en , : , a1 , a 2 , ..., a m :
- 1 ` -
- .
:
1. Rn n : ,
1: e1 , e2 , ..., en
e1 = (1; 0; ..., 0 ), e2 = (0; 1; ..., 0), ..., en = (0; 0; ...; 1) -
R R x
, 1e1 + 2 e 2 + ... + n en = ( 1 , 2 ,

106 107
..., n ) = (0; 0; ...; 0) , 1 = 2 = : , R
, x , y
= ... = n = 0 : Rn x = (1e1 +
+ 2 e2 + ... + n en ) e1 , e2 , ..., en , ( x, y ) x y
x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + , -
.
+ n en : , Rn n : 1. ( x, y ) = ( y, x )
2. R , 2. (x, y ) = ( x, y ), :
, n : 3. (x + y , z ) = (x, z ) + ( y, z )
4. ( x, x ) 0, (x, x ) = 0, x = 0 :
n
, 1, x, ..., x : ,
0 + 1 x + ... + n x , -
n : ,
, :
, -
n R
, , 0 = 1 = ... = n = 0 : ,
R - :
n , R e1 , e2 , ..., en
1, x, ..., x : , R
n + 1 :
: x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en , y = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en ,
+ +
3. R 1: , R
(x, y ) = 2 1 + 2 2 + ... + n n : (1)
1 x0 :
, -
R + x x = x0 = x0 , (1) R
: , R -
( = log x0 x ): , R + - :
1 : : x -
: R , (x, x ) : x
n :
x :
, R n 2 :
x y
-
3.
( x , y )2 ( x , x ) ( y , y ) :
- x + ty ,
- t :
: (x + ty, x + ty ) 0
, 1. 3. ,
:
108 109
..., n ) = (0; 0; ...; 0) , 1 = 2 = : , R
, x , y
= ... = n = 0 : Rn x = (1e1 +
+ 2 e2 + ... + n en ) e1 , e2 , ..., en , ( x, y ) x y
x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + , -
.
+ n en : , Rn n : 1. ( x, y ) = ( y, x )
2. R , 2. (x, y ) = ( x, y ), :
, n : 3. (x + y , z ) = (x, z ) + ( y, z )
4. ( x, x ) 0, (x, x ) = 0, x = 0 :
n
, 1, x, ..., x : ,
0 + 1 x + ... + n x , -
n : ,
, :
, -
n R
, , 0 = 1 = ... = n = 0 : ,
R - :
n , R e1 , e2 , ..., en
1, x, ..., x : , R
n + 1 :
: x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en , y = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en ,
+ +
3. R 1: , R
(x, y ) = 2 1 + 2 2 + ... + n n : (1)
1 x0 :
, -
R + x x = x0 = x0 , (1) R
: , R -
( = log x0 x ): , R + - :
1 : : x -
: R , (x, x ) : x
n :
x :
, R n 2 :
x y
-
3.
( x , y )2 ( x , x ) ( y , y ) :
- x + ty ,
- t :
: (x + ty, x + ty ) 0
, 1. 3. ,
:
108 109
 ( y , y ) t 2 + 2 ( x, y ) t + ( x, x ) 0 : : a1 , a 2 , ..., a n
t - ( )
ai , a j = 0, i j ai
t -
: , 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n = :
, ( x, y ) ( x, x ) ( y, y ) 0
2

ai
( x , y )2 ( x , x ) ( y , y ) :
: x y -
i = 1, 2, ..., n
i (a1 , a 2 ) + 2 (a 2 , ai ) + ... + n (a n , i ) = 0 :
x+ y x + y : , i (ai , ai ) = 0 :

: x + y = ( x + y , x + y ) = ( x, x ) + 2 ( x, y ) + ( y , y )
2 (ai , ai ) 0, i = 0 i = 1, 2, ..., n :
, a1 , a 2 , ..., a n
x + 2 x y + y + ( x + y ) : x + y x + y :
2 2 2

:
x - y - : R
- :
1
1:
( x, y ) : g1 , g 2 , ..., g n -
| x || y | : f 1 = g 1 f 2 = g 2 + f 1 : f 2
, 0 , ,

cos =
( x, y ) : g 1 g 2 :
xy , f1 f 2
x y (g 2 + f1 , f1 ) = (g 2 , f1 ) + ( f1 , f1 ) = 0,

4. (g 2 , f1 )
= :
: x y , ( f1 , f1 )
( x, y ) = 0 : f 1 f 2 -
: e1 , e2 , ..., en - :
,
,
f1 , f 2 , ..., f k 1 : f k -
i j,
(e , e ) = 10,,
i j
i= j:


f k = g k + 1 f1 + 2 f 2 + ... + k 1 f k 1 :
:
:
1 , 2 , ..., k 1 , f k
f1 , f 2 , ..., f k 1 :

110 111
 ( y , y ) t 2 + 2 ( x, y ) t + ( x, x ) 0 : : a1 , a 2 , ..., a n
t - ( )
ai , a j = 0, i j ai
t -
: , 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n = :
, ( x, y ) ( x, x ) ( y, y ) 0
2

ai
( x , y )2 ( x , x ) ( y , y ) :
: x y -
i = 1, 2, ..., n
i (a1 , a 2 ) + 2 (a 2 , ai ) + ... + n (a n , i ) = 0 :
x+ y x + y : , i (ai , ai ) = 0 :

: x + y = ( x + y , x + y ) = ( x, x ) + 2 ( x, y ) + ( y , y )
2 (ai , ai ) 0, i = 0 i = 1, 2, ..., n :
, a1 , a 2 , ..., a n
x + 2 x y + y + ( x + y ) : x + y x + y :
2 2 2

:
x - y - : R
- :
1
1:
( x, y ) : g1 , g 2 , ..., g n -
| x || y | : f 1 = g 1 f 2 = g 2 + f 1 : f 2
, 0 , ,

cos =
( x, y ) : g 1 g 2 :
xy , f1 f 2
x y (g 2 + f1 , f1 ) = (g 2 , f1 ) + ( f1 , f1 ) = 0,

4. (g 2 , f1 )
= :
: x y , ( f1 , f1 )
( x, y ) = 0 : f 1 f 2 -
: e1 , e2 , ..., en - :
,
,
f1 , f 2 , ..., f k 1 : f k -
i j,
(e , e ) = 10,,
i j
i= j:


f k = g k + 1 f1 + 2 f 2 + ... + k 1 f k 1 :
:
:
1 , 2 , ..., k 1 , f k
f1 , f 2 , ..., f k 1 :

110 111
 ( fk , f i ) = ( g k , f i ) + i ( f i , f i ) = 0, i = 1, 2, ..., k 1 : 1: R , -
: -
A - R , Oz : -
(g k , f i )
i = : , 1) 2) :
( fi , fi ) r r r
, 1) : A ( x1 + x 2 ) , x1
f k , g1 , g 2 , ..., g k r
x 2 ,
: r r r
: Ax1 + Ax 2 , x1
` n r
f 1 , f 2 , ..., f n : - x 2 ,
: ,
, , R
:
: f i 2: R , -
, , n : -
f1 f f A P ( x ) -
e1 = , e2 2 , ..., en = n
f1 f2 fn , `
R : A P( x ) = P ( x ) : A o : ,

A (P1 (x ) + P2 (x )) = (P1 (x ) + P2 (x )) = P1(x ) + P2( x ) = AP1 (x ) + AP2 (x )

A (P( x )) = (P(x )) = P ( x ) = AP( x ) :
10.
1.



: , R
E , x -
x , `
A , R x
- y Ex = x :
-: ( O ),
y = Ax y = A ( x ) : x -
,
A , R - Ox = :
x x -
.
1) A ( x + x ) = Ax + Ax , 1. R
2) A ( x ) = Ax : : , -
2) , A = A (0 x ) = 0 Ax = :
Ax x , x
2. -
Ax : ,

112 113
 ( fk , f i ) = ( g k , f i ) + i ( f i , f i ) = 0, i = 1, 2, ..., k 1 : 1: R , -
: -
A - R , Oz : -
(g k , f i )
i = : , 1) 2) :
( fi , fi ) r r r
, 1) : A ( x1 + x 2 ) , x1
f k , g1 , g 2 , ..., g k r
x 2 ,
: r r r
: Ax1 + Ax 2 , x1
` n r
f 1 , f 2 , ..., f n : - x 2 ,
: ,
, , R
:
: f i 2: R , -
, , n : -
f1 f f A P ( x ) -
e1 = , e2 2 , ..., en = n
f1 f2 fn , `
R : A P( x ) = P ( x ) : A o : ,

A (P1 (x ) + P2 (x )) = (P1 (x ) + P2 (x )) = P1(x ) + P2( x ) = AP1 (x ) + AP2 (x )

A (P( x )) = (P(x )) = P ( x ) = AP( x ) :
10.
1.



: , R
E , x -
x , `
A , R x
- y Ex = x :
-: ( O ),
y = Ax y = A ( x ) : x -
,
A , R - Ox = :
x x -
.
1) A ( x + x ) = Ax + Ax , 1. R
2) A ( x ) = Ax : : , -
2) , A = A (0 x ) = 0 Ax = :
Ax x , x
2. -
Ax : ,

112 113
 A (1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n ) = 1 Aa1 + 2 Aa 2 + ... + n Aa n , (1) , A :
, Aei = g i , i = 1, 2, ..., n : ,
a1 , a 2 , ..., a n R :
: n = 1,
B , , B ei = g i , i = 1, 2, ..., n, -
(1) A ( 1 a1 ) = 1 Aa1 : (1) n 1 - n
n
A : , Bx = B i i =
e i B ei =
: A ( 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n ) = i =1 i =1

= A (1 a1 + ( 2 a 2 + ... + n a n )) = A ( 1 a1 ) + A ( 2 a 2 + ... + n a n ) =
n
= i g i = Ax :
= 1 Aa1 + 2 Aa 2 + ... + n Aa n : i =1
R - e1 , e2 , ..., en

3. - A R : A
: , a1 , a 2 , ..., a n e1 , e2 , ..., e n
: , 1 , 2 , ..., n Ae1 , Ae2 , ..., Aen :
, , 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + e1 , e2 , ..., e n
+ n a n = : , 1. 2. ,
Ae1 = a11e1 + a 21e2 + ... + a n1en ,
A ( 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n ) = 1 Aa1 + 2 Aa 2 + ... + n Aa n = : Ae = a e + a e + ... + a e ,
2 12 1 22 2 n2 n
, Aa1 , Aa 2 , ..., Aa n
: ...............................................,
Aen = a1n e1 + a 2 n e2 + ... + a nn en :
2.

, - ... a1n
a11 a12
: :
1: e1 , e2 , ..., en R a
a 22 ... a 2 n
A = 21
- , g1 , g 2 , ..., g n ... ... ...
...

a n 2 ... a nn
a
- : , n1
A , ,
A e1 , e2 , ..., e n :
Ae j = g i , i = 1, 2, ..., n :
,
: x R - : -
n n . A
, x = i ei : y = i g i ,
i =1 i =1
, e1 , e2 , ..., en
A , x A : ,
n A ,
y Ax = g
i =1
i i :

114 115
 A (1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n ) = 1 Aa1 + 2 Aa 2 + ... + n Aa n , (1) , A :
, Aei = g i , i = 1, 2, ..., n : ,
a1 , a 2 , ..., a n R :
: n = 1,
B , , B ei = g i , i = 1, 2, ..., n, -
(1) A ( 1 a1 ) = 1 Aa1 : (1) n 1 - n
n
A : , Bx = B i i =
e i B ei =
: A ( 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n ) = i =1 i =1

= A (1 a1 + ( 2 a 2 + ... + n a n )) = A ( 1 a1 ) + A ( 2 a 2 + ... + n a n ) =
n
= i g i = Ax :
= 1 Aa1 + 2 Aa 2 + ... + n Aa n : i =1
R - e1 , e2 , ..., en

3. - A R : A
: , a1 , a 2 , ..., a n e1 , e2 , ..., e n
: , 1 , 2 , ..., n Ae1 , Ae2 , ..., Aen :
, , 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + e1 , e2 , ..., e n
+ n a n = : , 1. 2. ,
Ae1 = a11e1 + a 21e2 + ... + a n1en ,
A ( 1 a1 + 2 a 2 + ... + n a n ) = 1 Aa1 + 2 Aa 2 + ... + n Aa n = : Ae = a e + a e + ... + a e ,
2 12 1 22 2 n2 n
, Aa1 , Aa 2 , ..., Aa n
: ...............................................,
Aen = a1n e1 + a 2 n e2 + ... + a nn en :
2.

, - ... a1n
a11 a12
: :
1: e1 , e2 , ..., en R a
a 22 ... a 2 n
A = 21
- , g1 , g 2 , ..., g n ... ... ...
...

a n 2 ... a nn
a
- : , n1
A , ,
A e1 , e2 , ..., e n :
Ae j = g i , i = 1, 2, ..., n :
,
: x R - : -
n n . A
, x = i ei : y = i g i ,
i =1 i =1
, e1 , e2 , ..., en
A , x A : ,
n A ,
y Ax = g
i =1
i i :

114 115
 g1 = a11e1 + a 21e2 + ... + a n1en , x2 x n1
e1 = 1, e2 = x, e3 = , ..., en = :
g 2 = a12 e1 + a 22 e2 + ... + a n 2 en , 2! (n 1)!
............................................. x n2
Ae1 = 0, Ae2 = 1 = e1 , Ae3 = x = e2 , ..., Ae n = =e :
g n = a1n e1 + a 2 n e2 + ... + a nn en (n 2)! n1
, , 1 , A
A , , e1 , e2 , ..., en - 0 1 0 ... 0

g1 , g 2 , ..., g n 0 0 1 ... 0
e1 , e2 , ..., en A : A = ... ... ... ... ... :

, ,
0 0 0 ... 1
- 0 0 0 ... 0
-
: 3: E R
: ,
n R m : R e1 , e2 , ..., en :
S , - , E
m n : 1 0 ... 0
1: R ,
, A R 0 1 ... 0
E = :
xOy ... ... ... ...

: , A 0 0 ... 1
r r r r r
: e1 , e2 , e3 , e1 , e2
r
e3 x , y
r r r r
z : Ae1 = e1 , Ae2 = e2 ,
r r
Ae3 = 0 : , A 3.
1 0 0
A B R
A = 0 1 0 : :
0 0 0 : C A B

2: R , - , R x

, n , A
Cx = Ax + Bx :
: R , , C = A + B :

116 117
 g1 = a11e1 + a 21e2 + ... + a n1en , x2 x n1
e1 = 1, e2 = x, e3 = , ..., en = :
g 2 = a12 e1 + a 22 e2 + ... + a n 2 en , 2! (n 1)!
............................................. x n2
Ae1 = 0, Ae2 = 1 = e1 , Ae3 = x = e2 , ..., Ae n = =e :
g n = a1n e1 + a 2 n e2 + ... + a nn en (n 2)! n1
, , 1 , A
A , , e1 , e2 , ..., en - 0 1 0 ... 0

g1 , g 2 , ..., g n 0 0 1 ... 0
e1 , e2 , ..., en A : A = ... ... ... ... ... :

, ,
0 0 0 ... 1
- 0 0 0 ... 0
-
: 3: E R
: ,
n R m : R e1 , e2 , ..., en :
S , - , E
m n : 1 0 ... 0
1: R ,
, A R 0 1 ... 0
E = :
xOy ... ... ... ...

: , A 0 0 ... 1
r r r r r
: e1 , e2 , e3 , e1 , e2
r
e3 x , y
r r r r
z : Ae1 = e1 , Ae2 = e2 ,
r r
Ae3 = 0 : , A 3.
1 0 0
A B R
A = 0 1 0 : :
0 0 0 : C A B

2: R , - , R x

, n , A
Cx = Ax + Bx :
: R , , C = A + B :

116 117
 , ei `
: A B -
( ) ( )
A = aij B = bij , C =
cik = aij b jk :
j
= A + B C = (c ) , c ij ij = aij + , VII 1
, , , -
+ bij : :
: A - , A AE = EA = A ,
A , R x - E : , -
( Ax ) ,
(A )x = (Ax ) : :
:
, A : A -
( )
A = aij A , A :
A = aij : ( ) : B A
, AB = BA = E , E :
: C A B
A A 1 :
, R x : ,
A x
Cx = A (Bx ) : Ax = , A -
C = A B : 1
: , A :
, , A B B A : 1 1
x = A Ax = A = : :
, C : , C ( x1 + x 2 ) = , A :
A (B( x1 + x 2 )) = A (Bx1 + Bx 2 ) = A (Bx 2 ) + A (Bx 2 ) = Cx1 + Cx 2 : -
C (x ) = A (B (x )) = A (Bx ) = A (Bx ) = Cx :
-
, ,
e1 , e2 , ..., en A = (a ij ) A A -
, B = bij B ( ) : , det A 0, A -

C = AB C = (cij ) :
, ,
- :

Aek = aik ei , Bek = bik ei , Cek = cik ei : 4.
i i i


A R : R

Ce k = A (Bek ) = A b jk e j = b jk Ae j = b jk aij ei : e1 , e2 , ..., en f1 , f 2 , ..., f n : A -
j j j, i

118 119
 , ei `
: A B -
( ) ( )
A = aij B = bij , C =
cik = aij b jk :
j
= A + B C = (c ) , c ij ij = aij + , VII 1
, , , -
+ bij : :
: A - , A AE = EA = A ,
A , R x - E : , -
( Ax ) ,
(A )x = (Ax ) : :
:
, A : A -
( )
A = aij A , A :
A = aij : ( ) : B A
, AB = BA = E , E :
: C A B
A A 1 :
, R x : ,
A x
Cx = A (Bx ) : Ax = , A -
C = A B : 1
: , A :
, , A B B A : 1 1
x = A Ax = A = : :
, C : , C ( x1 + x 2 ) = , A :
A (B( x1 + x 2 )) = A (Bx1 + Bx 2 ) = A (Bx 2 ) + A (Bx 2 ) = Cx1 + Cx 2 : -
C (x ) = A (B (x )) = A (Bx ) = A (Bx ) = Cx :
-
, ,
e1 , e2 , ..., en A = (a ij ) A A -
, B = bij B ( ) : , det A 0, A -

C = AB C = (cij ) :
, ,
- :

Aek = aik ei , Bek = bik ei , Cek = cik ei : 4.
i i i


A R : R

Ce k = A (Bek ) = A b jk e j = b jk Ae j = b jk aij ei : e1 , e2 , ..., en f1 , f 2 , ..., f n : A -
j j j, i

118 119
 : : A f1 = e1 + 2e2 ,
, :
f 2 = 2e1 + 3e2 , e1 , e2 .
e1 , e2 , ..., en f1 , f 2 , ..., f n
- C = (cij ) , A =
6 2
:
f1 = c11e1 + c 21e2 + ... + c n1en , 6 1
: e1 , e 2 f 1 , f 2 -
f 2 = c12 e1 + c 22 e2 + ... + c n 2 en ,
1 2 3 2
............................................., C = , C 1 = : ,
2 3 2 1
f n = c1n e1 + c 2 n e2 + ... + c nn en :
3 2 6 2 1 2 2 0
C , ei - B = C 1 AC = = :
f i 2 1 6 1 2 3 0 3
Cei = f i , i = 1, 2, ..., n : 5.
, C e1 , e2 , ..., en

C = (cij ) : A e1 , e2 , ..., en - R n , A
A = (aij ) , f1 , f 2 , ..., f n B = (bij ) : R :
: R x
Aek = aik ei , A ,
i
Ax = x ,
Af k = bik f i : f k
i
- : A
:
Cei , i = 1, 2, ..., n, , A -
ACek = bik Cei : : R -
i
1
e1 , e2 , ..., en A = aij A ( )
C :
( , det C 0, x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en A ,
C , f1 , f 2 , ..., f k , Ax = x :
- ) Ax = A (1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en ) = 1 Ae1 + 2 Ae2 ... + n Aen =
C 1 ACek = bik ei : = 1 (a11e1 + a 21e2 + ... + a n1en ) + 2 (a12 e1 + a 22 e2 + ... + a n 2 e2 ) +
i

,
1
C AC e1 , e2 , + ... + n (a1n e1 + a 2 n e2 + ... + a nn en ) = (a111 + a12 2 + ... + a1n n ) e1 +
..., en B = (bij ) : , + (a 211 + a 22 2 + ... + a 2 n n ) e2 + ... + (a n11 + a n 2 2 + ... + a nn n ) en =
= (1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en ) :
B = C 1 AC :
120 121
 : : A f1 = e1 + 2e2 ,
, :
f 2 = 2e1 + 3e2 , e1 , e2 .
e1 , e2 , ..., en f1 , f 2 , ..., f n
- C = (cij ) , A =
6 2
:
f1 = c11e1 + c 21e2 + ... + c n1en , 6 1
: e1 , e 2 f 1 , f 2 -
f 2 = c12 e1 + c 22 e2 + ... + c n 2 en ,
1 2 3 2
............................................., C = , C 1 = : ,
2 3 2 1
f n = c1n e1 + c 2 n e2 + ... + c nn en :
3 2 6 2 1 2 2 0
C , ei - B = C 1 AC = = :
f i 2 1 6 1 2 3 0 3
Cei = f i , i = 1, 2, ..., n : 5.
, C e1 , e2 , ..., en

C = (cij ) : A e1 , e2 , ..., en - R n , A
A = (aij ) , f1 , f 2 , ..., f n B = (bij ) : R :
: R x
Aek = aik ei , A ,
i
Ax = x ,
Af k = bik f i : f k
i
- : A
:
Cei , i = 1, 2, ..., n, , A -
ACek = bik Cei : : R -
i
1
e1 , e2 , ..., en A = aij A ( )
C :
( , det C 0, x = 1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en A ,
C , f1 , f 2 , ..., f k , Ax = x :
- ) Ax = A (1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en ) = 1 Ae1 + 2 Ae2 ... + n Aen =
C 1 ACek = bik ei : = 1 (a11e1 + a 21e2 + ... + a n1en ) + 2 (a12 e1 + a 22 e2 + ... + a n 2 e2 ) +
i

,
1
C AC e1 , e2 , + ... + n (a1n e1 + a 2 n e2 + ... + a nn en ) = (a111 + a12 2 + ... + a1n n ) e1 +
..., en B = (bij ) : , + (a 211 + a 22 2 + ... + a 2 n n ) e2 + ... + (a n11 + a n 2 2 + ... + a nn n ) en =
= (1e1 + 2 e2 + ... + n en ) :
B = C 1 AC :
120 121
 1 = 6; 2 = 1 :
(a11 ) 1 + a12 2 + ... + a1n n = 0,

a 211 + (a 22 ) 2 + ... + a 2 n n = 0, (1 i ) 1 + 2 2 = 0,

51 + (4 i ) 2 = 0,
(1)
..............................................................,
a n11 + a n 2 2 + ... + (a nn ) n = 0 : i = 1, 2 : -
, :
(1) , = 6, 51 2 2 = 0 :
,
a1 = (2; 5) a1
a11 a12 ... a1n
, 0 :
a 21 a 22 ... a 2 n = 1, 1 + 2 = 0 :
= 0:
... ... ... ... a 2 = (1; 1) a 2
a n1 an2 ... a nn , 0 :
A E , , A

n : :
A : : A e1 , e2 , ..., en -
, - , ,
: , , A A - e1 , e2 , ..., en A -
1
C AC , C - :
: , : A
C 1 AC E : e1 , e2 , ..., en
C AC E = C AC C EC = C ( A E ) C =
1 1 1 1
1
1
=C A E = A E : , A - 2 0
A= :
, 0 O

A : n
: A -
, Aek = k ek , k = 1, 2, ..., n : ,
1 2 ek A :
A = :
5 4 : e1 , e2 , ..., en -
: A A , Aek =
1 2 = k ek , k = 1, 2, ..., n : A -
= 2 5 6 :
5 4 :

122 123
 1 = 6; 2 = 1 :
(a11 ) 1 + a12 2 + ... + a1n n = 0,

a 211 + (a 22 ) 2 + ... + a 2 n n = 0, (1 i ) 1 + 2 2 = 0,

51 + (4 i ) 2 = 0,
(1)
..............................................................,
a n11 + a n 2 2 + ... + (a nn ) n = 0 : i = 1, 2 : -
, :
(1) , = 6, 51 2 2 = 0 :
,
a1 = (2; 5) a1
a11 a12 ... a1n
, 0 :
a 21 a 22 ... a 2 n = 1, 1 + 2 = 0 :
= 0:
... ... ... ... a 2 = (1; 1) a 2
a n1 an2 ... a nn , 0 :
A E , , A

n : :
A : : A e1 , e2 , ..., en -
, - , ,
: , , A A - e1 , e2 , ..., en A -
1
C AC , C - :
: , : A
C 1 AC E : e1 , e2 , ..., en
C AC E = C AC C EC = C ( A E ) C =
1 1 1 1
1
1
=C A E = A E : , A - 2 0
A= :
, 0 O

A : n
: A -
, Aek = k ek , k = 1, 2, ..., n : ,
1 2 ek A :
A = :
5 4 : e1 , e2 , ..., en -
: A A , Aek =
1 2 = k ek , k = 1, 2, ..., n : A -
= 2 5 6 :
5 4 :

122 123
 17. ABC AB M N
r r
. AM = MN = NB : CA = a , CB = b :
r r
CM a b :
1 4 3 4 a 1 cos sin
1. : 2. : 3. : 4. :
5 2 1 2 a 2
a sin cos 18. K M ABCD
r r
BC CD : AK = a , AM = b : BD
r r
. a b :

r r
x +1 8 4 sin x 1 cos 8x sin 5x 19. ABCDEF : AB = a , AF = b :
5. = 0 : 6. = 0 : 7. = 0: r r
1 x 1 1 cos x sin 8x cos 5x BC a b :
r r
20. ABCDEF : AB = a , AF = b :
.
r r
BD a b :
2 0 1 1 2 0 0 a a
r
8. 1 4 1 : 9. 0 1 3: 10. a 0 a: 21. M ABCD CD : BM = a ,
r r r
1 8 3 5 0 1 a a 0 MC = b : BD a b -
:

r
. 22. M ABCD CD : BM = a ,
r r r
MC = b : AM a b -
x2 4 9 x 1 3 1 3 x
:
11. x 2 3 = 0: 12. 4 x 5 = 0 : 13. 4 5 1 = 0 :
1 1 1 6 3 7 2 1 5 23. M ABC AB , O -
r r
: AB = a , AC = b : MO -
r r
a b :
.
r
3 2 1 2 x + 2 1 1 x +1 3 24. M ABCD BC : AB = a ,
r r r
14. 1 x 2 < 1 : 15. 1 1 2 > 0 : 16. 1 1 1 0: AD = b : MD a b -
:
1 2 1 5 3 x 2 0 x

124 125
 17. ABC AB M N
r r
. AM = MN = NB : CA = a , CB = b :
r r
CM a b :
1 4 3 4 a 1 cos sin
1. : 2. : 3. : 4. :
5 2 1 2 a 2
a sin cos 18. K M ABCD
r r
BC CD : AK = a , AM = b : BD
r r
. a b :

r r
x +1 8 4 sin x 1 cos 8x sin 5x 19. ABCDEF : AB = a , AF = b :
5. = 0 : 6. = 0 : 7. = 0: r r
1 x 1 1 cos x sin 8x cos 5x BC a b :
r r
20. ABCDEF : AB = a , AF = b :
.
r r
BD a b :
2 0 1 1 2 0 0 a a
r
8. 1 4 1 : 9. 0 1 3: 10. a 0 a: 21. M ABCD CD : BM = a ,
r r r
1 8 3 5 0 1 a a 0 MC = b : BD a b -
:

r
. 22. M ABCD CD : BM = a ,
r r r
MC = b : AM a b -
x2 4 9 x 1 3 1 3 x
:
11. x 2 3 = 0: 12. 4 x 5 = 0 : 13. 4 5 1 = 0 :
1 1 1 6 3 7 2 1 5 23. M ABC AB , O -
r r
: AB = a , AC = b : MO -
r r
a b :
.
r
3 2 1 2 x + 2 1 1 x +1 3 24. M ABCD BC : AB = a ,
r r r
14. 1 x 2 < 1 : 15. 1 1 2 > 0 : 16. 1 1 1 0: AD = b : MD a b -
:
1 2 1 5 3 x 2 0 x

124 125
 r r
25. ABC E F AB 32. ABCA1 B1C1 : BB1 = a , BC = b ,
r r
AC : BF = a , CE = b : CA r
r r BA = c : M BB1C1C :
a b : r r r
AM a , b c :
26. ABCD AD BC -
r r 33. ABC AM BAC ,
3:2: AC = a , BD = b : AB - r r
r r M BC : AB = a , AC = b : AM -
a b : r r
a b :
27. ABCD AD BC -
r r 34. ABC C
, 3:2: AC = a , BD = b : BC - r r
r r CD : CB = a , CA = b : CD -
a b : r r
a b :
28. K M ABCD r r r r r r r r
r r 35. a = 3i + 7 j b = 2i + j : 3b a
BC CD : AK = a , AM = b : AD
r r :
a b :
r r r r r r r r r r
36. a = 3i 5 j + 8k b = i + j 4k : a b
29. ABCD AD BC -
:
4 : M :
r r r r r r r r r r r r
AD = a , AB = b : AM a b - 37. a = 2i + j b = i 2 j : 2b a
: :

30. E F ABCD AB
38. A(7; 4; 2 ) B (1; 2; 1) :
0
r r AB
CD : BC = a , AD = b : EF :
r r
a b : r
r r r r
r 39. a = i + 2 j + 2k a 0 :
r
31. ABCA1 B1C1 : BB1 = a , BC = b , r
r 40. x y a = {x; 2; 5}
BA = c : O ABC : r
r r r b = {1; y; 4} :
A1O a , b c :
r r r r r
41. m n a = 3i 2 j + mk b =
r r r
= ni + j 2k :
126 127
 r r
25. ABC E F AB 32. ABCA1 B1C1 : BB1 = a , BC = b ,
r r
AC : BF = a , CE = b : CA r
r r BA = c : M BB1C1C :
a b : r r r
AM a , b c :
26. ABCD AD BC -
r r 33. ABC AM BAC ,
3:2: AC = a , BD = b : AB - r r
r r M BC : AB = a , AC = b : AM -
a b : r r
a b :
27. ABCD AD BC -
r r 34. ABC C
, 3:2: AC = a , BD = b : BC - r r
r r CD : CB = a , CA = b : CD -
a b : r r
a b :
28. K M ABCD r r r r r r r r
r r 35. a = 3i + 7 j b = 2i + j : 3b a
BC CD : AK = a , AM = b : AD
r r :
a b :
r r r r r r r r r r
36. a = 3i 5 j + 8k b = i + j 4k : a b
29. ABCD AD BC -
:
4 : M :
r r r r r r r r r r r r
AD = a , AB = b : AM a b - 37. a = 2i + j b = i 2 j : 2b a
: :

30. E F ABCD AB
38. A(7; 4; 2 ) B (1; 2; 1) :
0
r r AB
CD : BC = a , AD = b : EF :
r r
a b : r
r r r r
r 39. a = i + 2 j + 2k a 0 :
r
31. ABCA1 B1C1 : BB1 = a , BC = b , r
r 40. x y a = {x; 2; 5}
BA = c : O ABC : r
r r r b = {1; y; 4} :
A1O a , b c :
r r r r r
41. m n a = 3i 2 j + mk b =
r r r
= ni + j 2k :
126 127
 r r r r r
42. a b : x y , 50. b , a = 3i
r r r r r r
xa + yb ( y + 1)a + (2 x )b : 4 j 12k , Ox
r
r r b = 26 :
43. a b : x y ,
r r r r r r r
(2 x )a + b ya + (x 3)b : 51. b , a=i
r 1r
r r r r j k , Oz
44. a b : x , ( x 1) a + 2b 2
r r r
3a + xb : b = 3:
r r r r
45. a b : x , 3 a + x b 52. ABC AM ,
r r r r r r
(1 x ) ar 2 b - AB = 3i + 4k , AC = 5i 2 j + 4k :
3
: r r r r
53. a + b , a = 11, b = 23
r r r r
46. a b : a b = 30 :
r r r r
a + b 3a + b :
r r r r
r r 54. b , a = 6, a + b = 11
47. b , a = { 1; 2}
r r r
a b = 7:
, Ox b = 10 :

r r r r r
r r 55. a b , a = 3, b =4
48. b , a = 2 2i
r r r r
j + 4k , Oy a + b = 34 :
r
b = 10 :
r r r r
56. a + b , a = 13, b = 19
r r r
49. b , a = 2i r r
r r a b = 22 :
3 j + 3k , Oz
r r
b = 8: r r r
57. a + b , a = 2, b =5
r r
a b = 3:
128 129
 r r r r r
42. a b : x y , 50. b , a = 3i
r r r r r r
xa + yb ( y + 1)a + (2 x )b : 4 j 12k , Ox
r
r r b = 26 :
43. a b : x y ,
r r r r r r r
(2 x )a + b ya + (x 3)b : 51. b , a=i
r 1r
r r r r j k , Oz
44. a b : x , ( x 1) a + 2b 2
r r r
3a + xb : b = 3:
r r r r
45. a b : x , 3 a + x b 52. ABC AM ,
r r r r r r
(1 x ) ar 2 b - AB = 3i + 4k , AC = 5i 2 j + 4k :
3
: r r r r
53. a + b , a = 11, b = 23
r r r r
46. a b : a b = 30 :
r r r r
a + b 3a + b :
r r r r
r r 54. b , a = 6, a + b = 11
47. b , a = { 1; 2}
r r r
a b = 7:
, Ox b = 10 :

r r r r r
r r 55. a b , a = 3, b =4
48. b , a = 2 2i
r r r r
j + 4k , Oy a + b = 34 :
r
b = 10 :
r r r r
56. a + b , a = 13, b = 19
r r r
49. b , a = 2i r r
r r a b = 22 :
3 j + 3k , Oz
r r
b = 8: r r r
57. a + b , a = 2, b =5
r r
a b = 3:
128 129
58.
r r
a b ,
r
a = 1,
r
b =3 66. a = {4; 0; 3}
r r
{
b = 4;
5; 2
r
}
r r r0 r
: c , a b
a +b = 4:
:
r r r r r
67. a = { 3; 0; 4} b = {5; 2; 14}
r
59. a , b = 2, a + b = 12
r0 r r
r r : c , a b
a b = 8: :

r r r r r
60. a b = 60 0 , a = 5 68. a = {2; 3; 6} b = { 1; 2; 2}
r r r r
r r r r : c , a b
b = 8 : a + b a b : r
c = 3 42 :
r r r
61. a b = 120 0 , a = 3 r r
r r r r r 69. a = { 4; 0; 3} b = {14; 2; 5}
b = 5 : a + b a b : r r r
: c , a b
r
r r r r c = 6 :
62. a = {2; 3},b = {1; 2} c = {9; 4} : c
r
{ }
r r r
a b - 70. a = {0; 8; 6} b=
2 ; 7; 7
: r r r
: c , a b
r r r r r
63. a = {5; 4},b = { 3; 0} c = {1; 8} : c c = 4 :
r r
a b - r r r r
: 71. 4a b 2a + 3b ,
r r r r
r r r r a = 2, b = 3, a b -
b = {2; 3} c = {7; 5} : c
64. a = {3; 1},
r r 120
0
:
a b -
: r r r r
72. a + 2b 2a b ,
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
65. a = 4i + 6 j , b = 3i + 3 j c = 4i + j : a = 3, b = 2, a b -
r r r
c a b - 120
0
:
:

130 131
58.
r r
a b ,
r
a = 1,
r
b =3 66. a = {4; 0; 3}
r r
{
b = 4;
5; 2
r
}
r r r0 r
: c , a b
a +b = 4:
:
r r r r r
67. a = { 3; 0; 4} b = {5; 2; 14}
r
59. a , b = 2, a + b = 12
r0 r r
r r : c , a b
a b = 8: :

r r r r r
60. a b = 60 0 , a = 5 68. a = {2; 3; 6} b = { 1; 2; 2}
r r r r
r r r r : c , a b
b = 8 : a + b a b : r
c = 3 42 :
r r r
61. a b = 120 0 , a = 3 r r
r r r r r 69. a = { 4; 0; 3} b = {14; 2; 5}
b = 5 : a + b a b : r r r
: c , a b
r
r r r r c = 6 :
62. a = {2; 3},b = {1; 2} c = {9; 4} : c
r
{ }
r r r
a b - 70. a = {0; 8; 6} b=
2 ; 7; 7
: r r r
: c , a b
r r r r r
63. a = {5; 4},b = { 3; 0} c = {1; 8} : c c = 4 :
r r
a b - r r r r
: 71. 4a b 2a + 3b ,
r r r r
r r r r a = 2, b = 3, a b -
b = {2; 3} c = {7; 5} : c
64. a = {3; 1},
r r 120
0
:
a b -
: r r r r
72. a + 2b 2a b ,
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
65. a = 4i + 6 j , b = 3i + 3 j c = 4i + j : a = 3, b = 2, a b -
r r r
c a b - 120
0
:
:

130 131
 r
r
73. a b 120 0 : 83. A(0; 1; 1), B(3; 1; 5) C (1; 3; 3) :
r r
(
r r2
a = 2, b = 3 : a + b :) AB AC :
r r
r r
74. e1 e 2 84. a = {1; 2} b = {2; 1} -
r r r r :
60 0 : 6e1 + e2 e1 2e2 -
r r r r
: 85. 5a + b a 3b -
r r r
r a = 2 2 , b = 3,
75. a = {3; 1; } b = {2; ; 1} ,
: r r
a b 45 0 :
r r
76. m a = m; { 7; 2} b = { 3; m; 2} r r r r r r
86. 2a + b a 3b : a b
: r r
, a = 2 b :
r r r r r r r
77. m a = mi + 3 j + 4k b = 4i + nj r
r
7 k : 87. b xOy ,
r r r r r r
r r r r r r r a = i 2 j + 5k b = 2 5 : b -
78. a = 2i + j + 3k b = i + 7 j
2
r :
3k : r
r 88. b xOy ,
79. A( 5; 7; 8), B ( 7; 9; 9 ) a = {1; 3; 1} r r r r r
r a = 2i + j b = 5 : b -
: AB a :
:
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
80. a = i + j k , b = 2i j + 2k c = 2i + j 3k - 89. m n , a = {3; m; 1}
r r r r r r r
: a + b 2a c : b = {2; 1; n} a = b :
81. A( 5; 1), B ( 1; 4 ), C (1; 4 ) D (2; 3) : r r r
90. b , a = 2i +
AB CD : r r r r
+ j k a b = 3 :
r r r r r r r r
82. a = 8i + 4 j b = 4i + j : a + b r r r
r r 91. b , a = 2i
a b : r r r r
2 j + 5k a b = 11 :
132 133
 r
r
73. a b 120 0 : 83. A(0; 1; 1), B(3; 1; 5) C (1; 3; 3) :
r r
(
r r2
a = 2, b = 3 : a + b :) AB AC :
r r
r r
74. e1 e 2 84. a = {1; 2} b = {2; 1} -
r r r r :
60 0 : 6e1 + e2 e1 2e2 -
r r r r
: 85. 5a + b a 3b -
r r r
r a = 2 2 , b = 3,
75. a = {3; 1; } b = {2; ; 1} ,
: r r
a b 45 0 :
r r
76. m a = m; { 7; 2} b = { 3; m; 2} r r r r r r
86. 2a + b a 3b : a b
: r r
, a = 2 b :
r r r r r r r
77. m a = mi + 3 j + 4k b = 4i + nj r
r
7 k : 87. b xOy ,
r r r r r r
r r r r r r r a = i 2 j + 5k b = 2 5 : b -
78. a = 2i + j + 3k b = i + 7 j
2
r :
3k : r
r 88. b xOy ,
79. A( 5; 7; 8), B ( 7; 9; 9 ) a = {1; 3; 1} r r r r r
r a = 2i + j b = 5 : b -
: AB a :
:
r r r r r r r r r r r r r
80. a = i + j k , b = 2i j + 2k c = 2i + j 3k - 89. m n , a = {3; m; 1}
r r r r r r r
: a + b 2a c : b = {2; 1; n} a = b :
81. A( 5; 1), B ( 1; 4 ), C (1; 4 ) D (2; 3) : r r r
90. b , a = 2i +
AB CD : r r r r
+ j k a b = 3 :
r r r r r r r r
82. a = 8i + 4 j b = 4i + j : a + b r r r
r r 91. b , a = 2i
a b : r r r r
2 j + 5k a b = 11 :
132 133
 r r r r r r r r r r r
92. b , a = i + 101. a = i + j + 2k b = 2i + j + k :
r r r r r r
+ j 2k a b = 12 : a b :
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
93. a = 3i j b = i + j : c 102. a = 2i + j + k b = i + 3 j k :
r r r r r r
, c a = 13 c b = 3 a b :
:
r r r r r r r r r r r 103. A (1; 1; 2), B(2; 0; 3) C ( 2; 1; 3) :
94. a = 2i + j + k , b = i + 5 j c = 4i + 4 j 2k -
r r r AB AC :
: 3a 2b c -
r r r r r r r r r r
: 104. a = i + 2 j + k , b = i k c = 2i j :
r r r r
r r a b c :
95. a = {1; 3; 4}, b = {3; 4; 2} c = { 1; 1; 4} -
r r r r
: a b + c - r
105. a = {1; 2; 1}, b = {1; 2; 1} c = { 1; 1; 2} -
: r r r
: a b c -
r
96. M ( 5; 7; 6 ) N (7; 9; 9 ) : a = :
r r r r r
= i 3 j + k MN : r r
106. a + 2b 3a b -
r r r r
97. A ( 2; 3; 4 ), B (3; 2; 5), C (1; 1; 2 ) , a = 1, b = 2, a ^ b = :
6
D (3; 2; 4 ) : AB CD
r r r r
: 107. 6a b a + b -
r r r r
98. A (2; 1; 3), B ( 1; 0; 1) C (3; 1; 2 ) : , a = 3, b = 4, a ^ b = :
4
AB AC : r r r r r r r
r
r r r r 108. a = 3i + 2 j + k b = i j + 2k -
r r r r
99. a = i + 2 j k b = 2i j + 2k : :
r r
2a b :
(
109. A 1; 1; 1 , ) B (2; 3; 4) C (4; 3; 2 ) -
r r
100. a = {3; 1; 2}, b = {1; 2; 1} :
:
r r r
2a + b b :

134 135
 r r r r r r r r r r r
92. b , a = i + 101. a = i + j + 2k b = 2i + j + k :
r r r r r r
+ j 2k a b = 12 : a b :
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
93. a = 3i j b = i + j : c 102. a = 2i + j + k b = i + 3 j k :
r r r r r r
, c a = 13 c b = 3 a b :
:
r r r r r r r r r r r 103. A (1; 1; 2), B(2; 0; 3) C ( 2; 1; 3) :
94. a = 2i + j + k , b = i + 5 j c = 4i + 4 j 2k -
r r r AB AC :
: 3a 2b c -
r r r r r r r r r r
: 104. a = i + 2 j + k , b = i k c = 2i j :
r r r r
r r a b c :
95. a = {1; 3; 4}, b = {3; 4; 2} c = { 1; 1; 4} -
r r r r
: a b + c - r
105. a = {1; 2; 1}, b = {1; 2; 1} c = { 1; 1; 2} -
: r r r
: a b c -
r
96. M ( 5; 7; 6 ) N (7; 9; 9 ) : a = :
r r r r r
= i 3 j + k MN : r r
106. a + 2b 3a b -
r r r r
97. A ( 2; 3; 4 ), B (3; 2; 5), C (1; 1; 2 ) , a = 1, b = 2, a ^ b = :
6
D (3; 2; 4 ) : AB CD
r r r r
: 107. 6a b a + b -
r r r r
98. A (2; 1; 3), B ( 1; 0; 1) C (3; 1; 2 ) : , a = 3, b = 4, a ^ b = :
4
AB AC : r r r r r r r
r
r r r r 108. a = 3i + 2 j + k b = i j + 2k -
r r r r
99. a = i + 2 j k b = 2i j + 2k : :
r r
2a b :
(
109. A 1; 1; 1 , ) B (2; 3; 4) C (4; 3; 2 ) -
r r
100. a = {3; 1; 2}, b = {1; 2; 1} :
:
r r r
2a + b b :

134 135
 r r
110. c , a = 119. A (0; 0; 1), B (2; 3; 5), C (6; 2; 3) D (3; 7; 2 ) -
r r r r r r
= 2 j k b = i + 2 j 3k , Oy :
r
, c = 7 :
120. A (1; 1; 1), B (4; 4; 4 ), C (3; 5; 5) D (2; 4; 7 ) -
r r :
111. c , a =
r r r r r r r
= 2i + 2 j + k b = i j + 3k , Ox 121. M ( 2; 5) 3x + 4 y + 2 = 0
r :
, c = 10 :

r r 122. y = 4 x 7 -
112. c , a = :
r r r r r r
= 4i 2 j 3k b = j + 3k , Oz
r x y
, c = 26 : 123. M (2; 3) + = 1
3 5
r :
113. c 0 ,
r r r r r r r r
a = i + j + k b = i + 3 j k Oy 124. 3x 5 y 11 = 0 4 x + y 7 = 0 -
: 2 8
; :
r r r r r r r r r r r r 3 3
114. a = 2i j k , b = i + 3 j k c = i + j + 4k -
: 125. x 2 y 1 = 0 3 x + y 10 = 0 -
r r r r r r r r r r r r -
115. , a = 2i + 5 j + 7k , b = i + j k c = i + 2 j + 2k :
:
r r 126. m y = mx + 3 y = x + 5
r r r r r
116. m a = i j + 2k , b = 3i + j 2 x y + 1 = 0 :
r r r
c = mi + 2k :
127. M (2; 1) 2 x + 3 y + 4 = 0 -
r r r r r r r r
117. m a = mi + 2 j k , b = 2i j 2k :
r r r r
c = i + 2 j k : 128. 3x + 5 y 2 = 0
:
118. , A (5; 7; 2 ), B (3; 1; 1), C (9; 4; 4 )
D (1; 5; 0 ) :

136 137
 r r
110. c , a = 119. A (0; 0; 1), B (2; 3; 5), C (6; 2; 3) D (3; 7; 2 ) -
r r r r r r
= 2 j k b = i + 2 j 3k , Oy :
r
, c = 7 :
120. A (1; 1; 1), B (4; 4; 4 ), C (3; 5; 5) D (2; 4; 7 ) -
r r :
111. c , a =
r r r r r r r
= 2i + 2 j + k b = i j + 3k , Ox 121. M ( 2; 5) 3x + 4 y + 2 = 0
r :
, c = 10 :

r r 122. y = 4 x 7 -
112. c , a = :
r r r r r r
= 4i 2 j 3k b = j + 3k , Oz
r x y
, c = 26 : 123. M (2; 3) + = 1
3 5
r :
113. c 0 ,
r r r r r r r r
a = i + j + k b = i + 3 j k Oy 124. 3x 5 y 11 = 0 4 x + y 7 = 0 -
: 2 8
; :
r r r r r r r r r r r r 3 3
114. a = 2i j k , b = i + 3 j k c = i + j + 4k -
: 125. x 2 y 1 = 0 3 x + y 10 = 0 -
r r r r r r r r r r r r -
115. , a = 2i + 5 j + 7k , b = i + j k c = i + 2 j + 2k :
:
r r 126. m y = mx + 3 y = x + 5
r r r r r
116. m a = i j + 2k , b = 3i + j 2 x y + 1 = 0 :
r r r
c = mi + 2k :
127. M (2; 1) 2 x + 3 y + 4 = 0 -
r r r r r r r r
117. m a = mi + 2 j k , b = 2i j 2k :
r r r r
c = i + 2 j k : 128. 3x + 5 y 2 = 0
:
118. , A (5; 7; 2 ), B (3; 1; 1), C (9; 4; 4 )
D (1; 5; 0 ) :

136 137
 x 1 y+3 138. A(2; 2 ), B ( 2; 8)
129. M ( 3; 4 ) = -
2 3 C ( 6; 2 ) : A -
: :

x y 139. A(0; 1), B (6; 5) C (12; 1) :

130. M (3; 2 ) = 1 -
2 3 C :
:
140. x + 3y 7 = 0
131. 3x y + 5 = 0 2 x + y 7 = 0 - ( AB ), 4 x y 2 = 0 (BC ), 6 x + 8 y 35 = 0 ( AC ) : B
: :
132. 2 x y 3 = 0 3x + y 2 = 0 - 141. ( 1; 2 ) 3 x 5 y 21 = 0 -
:
:
133. , (2; 3)
142. A ( 5; 1) B ( 3; 4 ) : AB -
(1; 2 ) ( 1; 5) : :

134. , (1; 2 ) 143. A(3; 3). B (5; 3) C (0; 1) :

(4; 3) ( 2; 1) : C :

135. , ( 1; 1) 144. A(5; 3), B(0; 1) C (3; 3) :

( 2; 6 ) (2; 1) : A :

145. A ( 2; 7 )
136. , x 3y + 2 = 0
5 x + 6 y 4 = 0 C (5; 4 ) : :
4 x + y + 7 = 0 :
146. 5 x y + 1 = 0 ,
-
137. , 3x y + 4 = 0 :
4 x 6 y + 3 = 0
5 x + 2 y + 6 = 0 : 147. xOy , -
(2; 3), (4; 2 ) ( 1; 0 ) :

138 139
 x 1 y+3 138. A(2; 2 ), B ( 2; 8)
129. M ( 3; 4 ) = -
2 3 C ( 6; 2 ) : A -
: :

x y 139. A(0; 1), B (6; 5) C (12; 1) :

130. M (3; 2 ) = 1 -
2 3 C :
:
140. x + 3y 7 = 0
131. 3x y + 5 = 0 2 x + y 7 = 0 - ( AB ), 4 x y 2 = 0 (BC ), 6 x + 8 y 35 = 0 ( AC ) : B
: :
132. 2 x y 3 = 0 3x + y 2 = 0 - 141. ( 1; 2 ) 3 x 5 y 21 = 0 -
:
:
133. , (2; 3)
142. A ( 5; 1) B ( 3; 4 ) : AB -
(1; 2 ) ( 1; 5) : :

134. , (1; 2 ) 143. A(3; 3). B (5; 3) C (0; 1) :

(4; 3) ( 2; 1) : C :

135. , ( 1; 1) 144. A(5; 3), B(0; 1) C (3; 3) :

( 2; 6 ) (2; 1) : A :

145. A ( 2; 7 )
136. , x 3y + 2 = 0
5 x + 6 y 4 = 0 C (5; 4 ) : :
4 x + y + 7 = 0 :
146. 5 x y + 1 = 0 ,
-
137. , 3x y + 4 = 0 :
4 x 6 y + 3 = 0
5 x + 2 y + 6 = 0 : 147. xOy , -
(2; 3), (4; 2 ) ( 1; 0 ) :

138 139
148. ABC - 157. M (2; 7 ), A( 1; 6 ) B (3; 2 ) :
5 x + 3 y 4 = 0, 3 x + 8 y + 13 = 0 B ( 4; 5) : , M A
AB BC : B 45 :
0

149. 4x + y + 158.
+ 6 = 0 x 4 y + 10 = 0, y = 3 x + 5 (4; 1) :
C (3; 3) : C - :
:
159. 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0 A
150. 4 x 3 y = 0 2-: A -
x 4 y = 0, x + y + 5 = 0, :
(2; 2 ) : :
160. A(2; 2 ), B (3; 0 ) -
D (3; 1) : C
151. 3 x + y 3 10 = 0 6 x + 2 y + 5 10 = 0 -
:
:

152. 5 x 12 y + 28 = 0 5 x 12 y + 15 = 0 - 161. 3 x y + 9 = 0 A (1; 2 )

: :

y = x + 6 A (2; 4 )
153. 2x + y 5 = 0 1
162.
4 x + 2 y 7 = 0 : : 2
:
154. 2 x + 3 y 6 = 0 , -
163. , x+ y6 = 0
(4; 4 ) (6; 1) :
2 x + y 13 = 0
:
155. 4 x + 3 y 12 = 0 , -
( 1; 2 ) (1; 4 ) : 164. ABC B
2 x 3 y + 12 = 0, 2 x + 3 y = 0, -
156. , C C (4; 1) : A -
M (5; 1) 2 x + y 4 = 0 45 0 - :
:
165. y 2 = 0, 3 x 2 y + 4 = 0 x 2 y 7 = 0
:

140 141
148. ABC - 157. M (2; 7 ), A( 1; 6 ) B (3; 2 ) :
5 x + 3 y 4 = 0, 3 x + 8 y + 13 = 0 B ( 4; 5) : , M A
AB BC : B 45 :
0

149. 4x + y + 158.
+ 6 = 0 x 4 y + 10 = 0, y = 3 x + 5 (4; 1) :
C (3; 3) : C - :
:
159. 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0 A
150. 4 x 3 y = 0 2-: A -
x 4 y = 0, x + y + 5 = 0, :
(2; 2 ) : :
160. A(2; 2 ), B (3; 0 ) -
D (3; 1) : C
151. 3 x + y 3 10 = 0 6 x + 2 y + 5 10 = 0 -
:
:

152. 5 x 12 y + 28 = 0 5 x 12 y + 15 = 0 - 161. 3 x y + 9 = 0 A (1; 2 )

: :

y = x + 6 A (2; 4 )
153. 2x + y 5 = 0 1
162.
4 x + 2 y 7 = 0 : : 2
:
154. 2 x + 3 y 6 = 0 , -
163. , x+ y6 = 0
(4; 4 ) (6; 1) :
2 x + y 13 = 0
:
155. 4 x + 3 y 12 = 0 , -
( 1; 2 ) (1; 4 ) : 164. ABC B
2 x 3 y + 12 = 0, 2 x + 3 y = 0, -
156. , C C (4; 1) : A -
M (5; 1) 2 x + y 4 = 0 45 0 - :
:
165. y 2 = 0, 3 x 2 y + 4 = 0 x 2 y 7 = 0
:

140 141
166. 3 x y 9 = 0, 2 x + y 1 = 0 x + y 1 = 0 176. M (1; 3) N ( 1; 1) ABCD
: BC AD : P (3; 0 )
167. y = 2x AB , Q( 3; 5) CD : CD
y = x + 3 : H(3; 2)
:

: : 177. A(1; 2 )

168. A(1; 3), C (3; 6 ) : :

B (2; 5) H (1; 4 ) : -
178. x + y 1 = 0 3x y + 5 = 0 -
:
:
169. , 3x 4 y 10 = 0
179. x + y 8 x + 6 y =
2 2
0 -
3 :
:
170. , 5x + 12 y + 2 = 0
180. x + y 2 4 x = 0
2
3 :
:
171. x + y 5 = 0 7 x y 19 = 0 -
181. , -
:
(6; 8) -
172. 3 x + 4 y 9 = 0 12 x + 9 y 8 = 0 :
:
182. , (5; 1) -
173. A(1; 1), B (10; 13), C (13; 6 ) : (1; 2 ) :
A :
183. ,
174. , - (3; 9 ) (7; 3) :
M (4; 3) N (2; 1) 4 x + 3 y 2 = 0
2 : 184. , (9; 3), ( 3; 3)
175. , (11; 1) :
A ( 1; 5) B (3; 7 )
185. ,
C (1; 1) : (4; 7 ) 3x 4 y + 1 = 0 :

142 143
166. 3 x y 9 = 0, 2 x + y 1 = 0 x + y 1 = 0 176. M (1; 3) N ( 1; 1) ABCD
: BC AD : P (3; 0 )
167. y = 2x AB , Q( 3; 5) CD : CD
y = x + 3 : H(3; 2)
:

: : 177. A(1; 2 )

168. A(1; 3), C (3; 6 ) : :

B (2; 5) H (1; 4 ) : -
178. x + y 1 = 0 3x y + 5 = 0 -
:
:
169. , 3x 4 y 10 = 0
179. x + y 8 x + 6 y =
2 2
0 -
3 :
:
170. , 5x + 12 y + 2 = 0
180. x + y 2 4 x = 0
2
3 :
:
171. x + y 5 = 0 7 x y 19 = 0 -
181. , -
:
(6; 8) -
172. 3 x + 4 y 9 = 0 12 x + 9 y 8 = 0 :
:
182. , (5; 1) -
173. A(1; 1), B (10; 13), C (13; 6 ) : (1; 2 ) :
A :
183. ,
174. , - (3; 9 ) (7; 3) :
M (4; 3) N (2; 1) 4 x + 3 y 2 = 0
2 : 184. , (9; 3), ( 3; 3)
175. , (11; 1) :
A ( 1; 5) B (3; 7 )
185. ,
C (1; 1) : (4; 7 ) 3x 4 y + 1 = 0 :

142 143
186. x 2 + y 2 = R 2 (x0 ; y 0 ) - 195. x + 5= 0 , -
: x2 y2
+ = 1 :
20 4
187. ( 5; 5)
:
x 2 + y 2 = 10
(
196. , M 3; 2 - )
2 :
188. x + y = 13
2 2

197. M (9; 8) ,
, 4 x + 6 y 5 = 0 :
2 2
y= x:
x + y + 5 x = 0
189.
2 2
3
, 4 x 3 y + 7 = 0 :
198. ,
10
190. , (5; 0 ) (1; 4 )
1
x + y 3 = 0 : y = x:
4
191. , (7; 7 ) 199. , -
( 2; 4) 2 x y 2 = 0 -

x2 y 2
+ = 1 -
: 8 5
:
192. , x2 + y2 =
= 2 x + 4 y 4 x y 3 = 0 : 200. , Ox
4 x 3 y 4 = 0 :
193. ,
5 6 15 201. y 2 = 8 x , -
M ; N 2;

:
5
4 :
2 4
202. , ,
x 2
y 2 , Ox -
194. , + = 1 - y = x 4 2 :
25 16
: 203. y = 2 x -
2

3
: -
4
:

144 145
186. x 2 + y 2 = R 2 (x0 ; y 0 ) - 195. x + 5= 0 , -
: x2 y2
+ = 1 :
20 4
187. ( 5; 5)
:
x 2 + y 2 = 10
(
196. , M 3; 2 - )
2 :
188. x + y = 13
2 2

197. M (9; 8) ,
, 4 x + 6 y 5 = 0 :
2 2
y= x:
x + y + 5 x = 0
189.
2 2
3
, 4 x 3 y + 7 = 0 :
198. ,
10
190. , (5; 0 ) (1; 4 )
1
x + y 3 = 0 : y = x:
4
191. , (7; 7 ) 199. , -
( 2; 4) 2 x y 2 = 0 -

x2 y 2
+ = 1 -
: 8 5
:
192. , x2 + y2 =
= 2 x + 4 y 4 x y 3 = 0 : 200. , Ox
4 x 3 y 4 = 0 :
193. ,
5 6 15 201. y 2 = 8 x , -
M ; N 2;

:
5
4 :
2 4
202. , ,
x 2
y 2 , Ox -
194. , + = 1 - y = x 4 2 :
25 16
: 203. y = 2 x -
2

3
: -
4
:

144 145
204. y 2 = 32 x , 4 x + 213. x + 2 y z 1 = 0 3x 5 y 7 z = 0
+ 3 y + 10 = 0 2 : :

x y z
205. , - 214. M (1; 2; 3) + = 1 -
(0; 1) y 4 = 0 2 2 4
: :

206. , - 215. Ox , 6 x 7 y +
1 + 6 z 1 = 0 1 :
0; 4 y + 1 = 0
4
216. Oy , x + 2 y 2 z
:
2 = 0 4 :
207. , -
x + 4 x + y = 0 (2; 0 ) : 217. Oz , 2x y +
2 2

: + 2 z 3 = 0 5 :

208. a AB A - 218. A(2; 1; 2 ) B (8; 7; 5) :

, B , B -
: M AB 1:2 - AB :
: M :
219. A( 7; 2; 1) B (3; 4; 10 ) : -
209. a AB A -
, B
, B
AB :
: M AB 2:3 -
: M : 220. 3 x + 2 y 6 z 35 = 0 3 x + 2 y 6 z 56 = 0
210. , :
M (2; 3; 1) 5 x 3 y + 2 z 10 = 0 - 221. 3 x 4 y + 12 z + 26 = 0 3 x 4 y + 12 z 39 = 0
:
:
211. m 2 x + my 3 z 1 = 0 5 x + y+
222. A(1; 0; 2), B(2; 1; 3) C (0; 3; 2 ) : -
+ 3 z + 1 = 0 :
, A -
212. x + 4 y z + 1 = 0 x + y z 3 = 0 BC :
:

146 147
204. y 2 = 32 x , 4 x + 213. x + 2 y z 1 = 0 3x 5 y 7 z = 0
+ 3 y + 10 = 0 2 : :

x y z
205. , - 214. M (1; 2; 3) + = 1 -
(0; 1) y 4 = 0 2 2 4
: :

206. , - 215. Ox , 6 x 7 y +
1 + 6 z 1 = 0 1 :
0; 4 y + 1 = 0
4
216. Oy , x + 2 y 2 z
:
2 = 0 4 :
207. , -
x + 4 x + y = 0 (2; 0 ) : 217. Oz , 2x y +
2 2

: + 2 z 3 = 0 5 :

208. a AB A - 218. A(2; 1; 2 ) B (8; 7; 5) :

, B , B -
: M AB 1:2 - AB :
: M :
219. A( 7; 2; 1) B (3; 4; 10 ) : -
209. a AB A -
, B
, B
AB :
: M AB 2:3 -
: M : 220. 3 x + 2 y 6 z 35 = 0 3 x + 2 y 6 z 56 = 0
210. , :
M (2; 3; 1) 5 x 3 y + 2 z 10 = 0 - 221. 3 x 4 y + 12 z + 26 = 0 3 x 4 y + 12 z 39 = 0
:
:
211. m 2 x + my 3 z 1 = 0 5 x + y+
222. A(1; 0; 2), B(2; 1; 3) C (0; 3; 2 ) : -
+ 3 z + 1 = 0 :
, A -
212. x + 4 y z + 1 = 0 x + y z 3 = 0 BC :
:

146 147
223. , - 233. , -
P (1; 4; 2 ) Q (7; 1; 5) : P (4; 2; 1) Q (2; 4; 3) :

224. A(1; 2; 4 ) B (3; 4; 2 ) : - 234. ,

, AB - M (2; 1; 1) 2 x z + 1 = 0 y = 0 -
AB : :

225. , Ox 235. ,
3 x 4 y + 5 z 12 = 0 : M (3; 1; 5) 3 x 2 y + 2 z + 7 = 0
5 x 4 y + 3z + 1 = 0 :
226. , Oy
x + 2 y 3z + 6 = 0 : 236. , P (2; 0; 1)
Q (1; 1; 3) 3 x + 2 y z + 5 = 0
227. , Oz :
2 x + 3 y 2 z 7 = 0 :
237. , -
2 x y + 3 z 1 = 0
228. , A (7; 2; 3)
x + 2 y + z = 0 :
B(5; 6; 4) Ox :
238. , Ox Oy -
229. , A(2; 1; 1)
a = 3, b = 2 -
B(3; 1; 2 ) Oy : r
a = {2; 1; 1} :

230. , A(3; 2; 5) 239. , Ox Oy -

B (2; 3; 1) Oz :
2
a = 2, b = -
A(2; 1; 4)
3
231. ,
2 x 2 y + 4 z 5 = 0 :
B (3; 2; 1) x + y + 2 z 3 = 0 -
: 240. , Oz -
r
232. , c = 5 N = { 2; 1; 3} :
M 1 (1; 1; 2 ) M 2 (3; 1; 1) x 2 y +
+ 3 z 5 = 0 : 241. , M (0; 2; 1)
r r r r r r r r
a = i + j + k b = i + j k :

148 149
223. , - 233. , -
P (1; 4; 2 ) Q (7; 1; 5) : P (4; 2; 1) Q (2; 4; 3) :

224. A(1; 2; 4 ) B (3; 4; 2 ) : - 234. ,

, AB - M (2; 1; 1) 2 x z + 1 = 0 y = 0 -
AB : :

225. , Ox 235. ,
3 x 4 y + 5 z 12 = 0 : M (3; 1; 5) 3 x 2 y + 2 z + 7 = 0
5 x 4 y + 3z + 1 = 0 :
226. , Oy
x + 2 y 3z + 6 = 0 : 236. , P (2; 0; 1)
Q (1; 1; 3) 3 x + 2 y z + 5 = 0
227. , Oz :
2 x + 3 y 2 z 7 = 0 :
237. , -
2 x y + 3 z 1 = 0
228. , A (7; 2; 3)
x + 2 y + z = 0 :
B(5; 6; 4) Ox :
238. , Ox Oy -
229. , A(2; 1; 1)
a = 3, b = 2 -
B(3; 1; 2 ) Oy : r
a = {2; 1; 1} :

230. , A(3; 2; 5) 239. , Ox Oy -

B (2; 3; 1) Oz :
2
a = 2, b = -
A(2; 1; 4)
3
231. ,
2 x 2 y + 4 z 5 = 0 :
B (3; 2; 1) x + y + 2 z 3 = 0 -
: 240. , Oz -
r
232. , c = 5 N = { 2; 1; 3} :
M 1 (1; 1; 2 ) M 2 (3; 1; 1) x 2 y +
+ 3 z 5 = 0 : 241. , M (0; 2; 1)
r r r r r r r r
a = i + j + k b = i + j k :

148 149
242. , 251. A n Ax 3 y + 2 z 1 = 0 -
x 3 y + 2 z 5 = 0 3x 2 y z + 3 = 0 - x 1 y z + 2
: = = :
2 n 4
243. ,
5x 5 y 2z 3 = 0 x + 7 y 2 z + 1 = 0 - 252. A D x = 3 + 4t , y = 1 4t ,
: z = 3 + t Ax + 2 y 4 z + D = 0 :

244. , 2 x 2 y 3x 2 y + z + 3 = 0,
z 3 = 0 h 5 - 253. C
: 4 x 3 y + 4 z + 1 = 0
2 x y + Cz 2 = 0 :
x + 3 y 1 z + 2
245. M (1; 1; 1) = = 254. , M (1; 2; 1)
-
2 3 4
: x 2 y + z 3 = 0
:
x y 1 z + 2 x + y z + 2 = 0
246. M (2; 1; 1) = = -
2 1 3
255. , M (5; 1; 3)
:
2 x + 3 y + z 6 = 0
x +1 y 2 z + 3 :
247. n = = 4 x 5 y z + 2 = 0
3 n 2
x 3 y + 6 z + 7 = 0 : x y 4z 5 = 0 x3 y +2 z
256. = =
x y +1 z 1 2 x + y 2 z 4 = 0 6 3 2
248. m = = - :
m 2 5
3x 2 y + z 1 = 0 : 4 x y z + 12 = 0 x+2 y 5 z +6
257. = =
x + 3 y z 1 y z 2 = 0 2 3 6
249. p = = - :
1 3 p
2 x 3 y + z + 2 = 0 : x + 2 y 1 z x + y z = 0
x 2 y +1 z 5 258. , = =
250. m C = = - 3 2 1 x y 5z 8 = 0
m 4 3 :
3 x 2 y + Cz + 1 = 0 :

150 151
242. , 251. A n Ax 3 y + 2 z 1 = 0 -
x 3 y + 2 z 5 = 0 3x 2 y z + 3 = 0 - x 1 y z + 2
: = = :
2 n 4
243. ,
5x 5 y 2z 3 = 0 x + 7 y 2 z + 1 = 0 - 252. A D x = 3 + 4t , y = 1 4t ,
: z = 3 + t Ax + 2 y 4 z + D = 0 :

244. , 2 x 2 y 3x 2 y + z + 3 = 0,
z 3 = 0 h 5 - 253. C
: 4 x 3 y + 4 z + 1 = 0
2 x y + Cz 2 = 0 :
x + 3 y 1 z + 2
245. M (1; 1; 1) = = 254. , M (1; 2; 1)
-
2 3 4
: x 2 y + z 3 = 0
:
x y 1 z + 2 x + y z + 2 = 0
246. M (2; 1; 1) = = -
2 1 3
255. , M (5; 1; 3)
:
2 x + 3 y + z 6 = 0
x +1 y 2 z + 3 :
247. n = = 4 x 5 y z + 2 = 0
3 n 2
x 3 y + 6 z + 7 = 0 : x y 4z 5 = 0 x3 y +2 z
256. = =
x y +1 z 1 2 x + y 2 z 4 = 0 6 3 2
248. m = = - :
m 2 5
3x 2 y + z 1 = 0 : 4 x y z + 12 = 0 x+2 y 5 z +6
257. = =
x + 3 y z 1 y z 2 = 0 2 3 6
249. p = = - :
1 3 p
2 x 3 y + z + 2 = 0 : x + 2 y 1 z x + y z = 0
x 2 y +1 z 5 258. , = =
250. m C = = - 3 2 1 x y 5z 8 = 0
m 4 3 :
3 x 2 y + Cz + 1 = 0 :

150 151
 x5 y 2 z +7 x + 3 y + z + 2 = 0 x 1 y z +1
259. , = = 268. A = = -
2 1 1 x y 3z 2 = 0 2 3 1
: x + y + z + 3 = 0 3 :
A :
x y 1 z 3x + y 5 z + 1 = 0
260. , = =
2 3 2 x + 3 y 8 z + 3 = 0 x + 2 y + 17 z + 8
1 269. = = M (2; 5; 7 ) :
: 1 3 2
M - N
x 1 y + 2 z 1 2 x + y 4 z + 2 = 0 :
261. , = =
2 3 6 4 x y 5 z + 4 = 0 x +3 y + 2 z 8
: 270. P (1; 1; 2 ) = =
3 2 2
262. , M (1; 1; 1)
:
r r r r r r r r
a = 2i + 3 j + k b = 3i + j + 2k - x 1 y z +1
271. = = M (1; 1; 1) :
: 2 3 1
M - N
x 1 y +1 z :
263. = = 2 x + 3 y + z 1 = 0
1 2 6
: x 5 y z + 25
272. P (2; 3; 1) = =
3 2 2
:
x3 y 2 z 5
264. = = x + y z + 3 = 0 -
5 1 7 x 4 y +1 z 1 x5 y z
: 273. = = = = -
3 6 2 3 6 2
:
265. P (5; 2; 1) 2 x y + 3z + 23 = 0 -
: x y + 4 z + 18 x+7 y 5 z 9
274. = = = =
4 1
266. P (3; 0; 4 ) 2 x +
3 1 3 4
y + z 4 = 0 - :
:
x 1 y +1 z
267. x + y 2 z 6 = 0 h M (1; 1; 1) : 275. = = x + y + 2 z 5 = 0
1 2 3
M N :
:
152 153
 x5 y 2 z +7 x + 3 y + z + 2 = 0 x 1 y z +1
259. , = = 268. A = = -
2 1 1 x y 3z 2 = 0 2 3 1
: x + y + z + 3 = 0 3 :
A :
x y 1 z 3x + y 5 z + 1 = 0
260. , = =
2 3 2 x + 3 y 8 z + 3 = 0 x + 2 y + 17 z + 8
1 269. = = M (2; 5; 7 ) :
: 1 3 2
M - N
x 1 y + 2 z 1 2 x + y 4 z + 2 = 0 :
261. , = =
2 3 6 4 x y 5 z + 4 = 0 x +3 y + 2 z 8
: 270. P (1; 1; 2 ) = =
3 2 2
262. , M (1; 1; 1)
:
r r r r r r r r
a = 2i + 3 j + k b = 3i + j + 2k - x 1 y z +1
271. = = M (1; 1; 1) :
: 2 3 1
M - N
x 1 y +1 z :
263. = = 2 x + 3 y + z 1 = 0
1 2 6
: x 5 y z + 25
272. P (2; 3; 1) = =
3 2 2
:
x3 y 2 z 5
264. = = x + y z + 3 = 0 -
5 1 7 x 4 y +1 z 1 x5 y z
: 273. = = = = -
3 6 2 3 6 2
:
265. P (5; 2; 1) 2 x y + 3z + 23 = 0 -
: x y + 4 z + 18 x+7 y 5 z 9
274. = = = =
4 1
266. P (3; 0; 4 ) 2 x +
3 1 3 4
y + z 4 = 0 - :
:
x 1 y +1 z
267. x + y 2 z 6 = 0 h M (1; 1; 1) : 275. = = x + y + 2 z 5 = 0
1 2 3
M N :
:
152 153
276. , (1; 2; 3) 282. ,
x +1
=
x2 y z 5 x y + 2 z 3 3
= = = = y2 z
3 4 6 1 2 8 = = 3x + y z + 2 = 0 -
: 1 4
:
x y
277. , = = 283. , -
2 1
16 x 15 y 12 z + 75 = 0
z 1 x 1 y z
= = = : :
2 0 1 1
284. ,
278. , (1; 2; 3) ( )
3; 5; 2 2x y 3z +11= 0 :
x 1 y +1 z 7 x+5 y2
= = = = 285. , -
2 3 3 3 2
z+3 (4; 1; 3) (0; 3; 1) :
= :
1
x 1 y 6 z 4
286. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 121 = =
x 2 y +1 z 3 x 1 y 2 z + 3 1 3 2
279. = = = = :
3 2 2 3 2 2
:
A B : A B .
x 1
280. , = 2 1 1 1 3 5 2 1
2 287. A = , B = : 288. A = , B = :
y+2 z2 3 2 1 1 6 1 3 2
= = 3 x + 2 y z 5 = 0 -
3 2
3 2 3 4 2 1 0 1 0
: 289. A = , B = : 290. A = , B= :
5 4 2 5 1 2 2 3 1
281. ,
x 1 y 3 z + 2 x 1 y 5 z 6
= = = = 1 3 1
3 2 1 1 3 5 3 2 1 2 1 1
291. A = , B = 2 : 292. A = , B = 2 1 :
:
0 1 2 3 3 0 1 1 0

154 155
276. , (1; 2; 3) 282. ,
x +1
=
x2 y z 5 x y + 2 z 3 3
= = = = y2 z
3 4 6 1 2 8 = = 3x + y z + 2 = 0 -
: 1 4
:
x y
277. , = = 283. , -
2 1
16 x 15 y 12 z + 75 = 0
z 1 x 1 y z
= = = : :
2 0 1 1
284. ,
278. , (1; 2; 3) ( )
3; 5; 2 2x y 3z +11= 0 :
x 1 y +1 z 7 x+5 y2
= = = = 285. , -
2 3 3 3 2
z+3 (4; 1; 3) (0; 3; 1) :
= :
1
x 1 y 6 z 4
286. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 121 = =
x 2 y +1 z 3 x 1 y 2 z + 3 1 3 2
279. = = = = :
3 2 2 3 2 2
:
A B : A B .
x 1
280. , = 2 1 1 1 3 5 2 1
2 287. A = , B = : 288. A = , B = :
y+2 z2 3 2 1 1 6 1 3 2
= = 3 x + 2 y z 5 = 0 -
3 2
3 2 3 4 2 1 0 1 0
: 289. A = , B = : 290. A = , B= :
5 4 2 5 1 2 2 3 1
281. ,
x 1 y 3 z + 2 x 1 y 5 z 6
= = = = 1 3 1
3 2 1 1 3 5 3 2 1 2 1 1
291. A = , B = 2 : 292. A = , B = 2 1 :
:
0 1 2 3 3 0 1 1 0

154 155
 1 0 1 1 2 0 2 1 0 3 2 2
0 1 0
293. A = , B = 0 1 0 : 309. 1 3 2 : 310. 1 2 1 : 311. 1 3 1 :
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 5 3 4

1 2 3 3 1 2 0 2 1 0 4 2 1

294. A = 2 1 0 , B = 1 : 312. 3 2 1 : 313. 0 2 1 : 314. 1 2 1 :
1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1

2 0 0 1 8 4
X .
295. A = 0 3 0 , B = 7 0 3 :
0 0 5 2 1 2 2 5 2 1 2 5 2 1
315. X = : 316. X = :
1 8 4 2 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1

296. A = 7 0 3 , B = 0 3 0 : 2 1 1 0 3 2 1 2 7
317. X = : 318. X = :
2 1 2

0 0 5
1 1 1 7 1 1 0 4 8
2 8
A : A n . 4 3 2 1 1 0 7
319. X = 1 1 : 320. X = :
1 1 0 1 1 1 8 1 2
1 1 1 1 1
297. A = : 298. A = : 299. A = :
0 1 0 1 1 1 2
321. X =
3 5
: 322.
3 2 1 2
X = :
1 1 1 3 4 5 9 5 4 5 6
2 1 cos sin
300. A = : 301. A = 0 0 0 : 302. A = : .
3 2 0 sin cos
0 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 0

. 323. 2 3 4 : 324. 1 1 1 2 4 :
3 4 5 1 5 5 4 4
3 5 5 4 cos sin
303. : 304. : 305. :
5 9 8 6 sin cos 1

2 0 0

1 1

0

1 2 3 4 1 1 325. 1 0 0 4 : 326. 2 0 1 :
306. : 307. : 308. : 0
4 0 3 0 1
1 1
3 5 7 0 1

156 157
 1 0 1 1 2 0 2 1 0 3 2 2
0 1 0
293. A = , B = 0 1 0 : 309. 1 3 2 : 310. 1 2 1 : 311. 1 3 1 :
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 5 3 4

1 2 3 3 1 2 0 2 1 0 4 2 1

294. A = 2 1 0 , B = 1 : 312. 3 2 1 : 313. 0 2 1 : 314. 1 2 1 :
1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1

2 0 0 1 8 4
X .
295. A = 0 3 0 , B = 7 0 3 :
0 0 5 2 1 2 2 5 2 1 2 5 2 1
315. X = : 316. X = :
1 8 4 2 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1

296. A = 7 0 3 , B = 0 3 0 : 2 1 1 0 3 2 1 2 7
317. X = : 318. X = :
2 1 2

0 0 5
1 1 1 7 1 1 0 4 8
2 8
A : A n . 4 3 2 1 1 0 7
319. X = 1 1 : 320. X = :
1 1 0 1 1 1 8 1 2
1 1 1 1 1
297. A = : 298. A = : 299. A = :
0 1 0 1 1 1 2
321. X =
3 5
: 322.
3 2 1 2
X = :
1 1 1 3 4 5 9 5 4 5 6
2 1 cos sin
300. A = : 301. A = 0 0 0 : 302. A = : .
3 2 0 sin cos
0 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 0

. 323. 2 3 4 : 324. 1 1 1 2 4 :
3 4 5 1 5 5 4 4
3 5 5 4 cos sin
303. : 304. : 305. :
5 9 8 6 sin cos 1

2 0 0

1 1

0

1 2 3 4 1 1 325. 1 0 0 4 : 326. 2 0 1 :
306. : 307. : 308. : 0
4 0 3 0 1
1 1
3 5 7 0 1

156 157
 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 3 x1 + 5 x2 + x3 = 9, x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 1,

327. 1 8 7 7 8 : 328. 1 1 2 3 8 : 340. x1 + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 = 5, 341. 2 x1 + x 2 + x3 = 1,
1 2 3 1 0 2 4 1 6 4 3 x + 4 x 5 x = 2 : x + 3x + x = 2 :
1 2 3 1 2 3

1 2 3 2 3 5 3 2
.
329. 2 3 4 : 330. 3 4 3 1 3 :
1 1 1 5 6 1 3 5 x1 + x 2 2 x3 + x 4 = 1,
2 x1 + x 2 x3 = 1, x 3 x + x + x = 0,
1 2 1 4 1
342. 3 x1 + 2 x 2 2 x3 = 1,
2 3 4
343.
331. 0 1 1 3 : x x + 2 x = 3 : 4 x1 x 2 x3 x 4 = 1,
2 5 1 4 x1 + 3 x 2 4 x3 x 4 = 2 :
1 11
2 3

x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x5 = 1,
. x1 + x 2 = 1, x + x + 4 x + 3 x + 5 x = 2,
1
344. 3 x1 + 4 x 2 = 6,
2 3 4 5
345.
x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 8, 4 x1 + x 2 + x3 = 0, 5 x + 6 x = 8 : 2 x1 + x 2 + 9 x3 + 2 x 4 + 7 x5 = 3,
1 2
4 x1 + 4 x 2 + 7 x3 + 6 x 4 + 8 x5 = 5 :
332. 3 x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 10, 333. x1 + 3 x 2 + x3 = 0,
4 x + 3 x 2 x = 4 : x + x + 2x = 0 : 3 x1 x 2 + 2 x3 = 6, 2 x1 + 3 x 2 + 2 x3 = 7,
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 x 3 x + x = 0, 5 x + 4 x + 3 x = 12,
5 x1 x 2 x3 = 4, 2 x1 3 x 2 + x3 = 1, 1 2 3 1 2 3
346. 347.
334. x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 = 6, 335. x1 + x 2 + x3 = 6, 3 x1 2 x 2 + 4 x3 = 5, x1 + x 2 + x3 = 3,
4 x + 3 x + 2 x = 8 : 3 x + x 2 x = 1 : 4 x1 3 x 2 + 7 x3 = 8 : 7 x1 + x 2 + x3 = 9 :
1 2 3 1 2 3

2 x1 + 3 x 2 x3 = 5, x1 + 2 x 2 x3 = 5,
. 348. 349.
6 x1 + 9 x 2 + 2 x3 = 8 : 2 x1 x 2 = 6 :
x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 = 2, 4 x1 + 3 x 2 + 7 x3 = 1,

336. x1 + 3 x 2 + 6 x3 = 1, 337. x1 + x 2 x3 = 0, .
x + 3 x + 7 x = 3 : 4 x + 3 x + 8 x = 2 :
1 2 3 1 2 3
x1 + x 2 3x 3 = 0,
2 x1 3 x 2 + x3 = 5, x1 + x 2 = 2, 3 x1 + 4 x3 3 x 4 = 0,
350. 351. x1 x 2 + x 3 2 x 4 = 0,
338. x1 + x 2 x3 = 3, 339. x1 + 2 x 2 x3 = 2, 2 x1 x 2 x3 = 0 : x + 2 x 5x x = 0 :
x 2 x + x = 2 : 2 x + 3 x = 5 : 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 1 2

158 159
 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 3 x1 + 5 x2 + x3 = 9, x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 1,

327. 1 8 7 7 8 : 328. 1 1 2 3 8 : 340. x1 + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 = 5, 341. 2 x1 + x 2 + x3 = 1,
1 2 3 1 0 2 4 1 6 4 3 x + 4 x 5 x = 2 : x + 3x + x = 2 :
1 2 3 1 2 3

1 2 3 2 3 5 3 2
.
329. 2 3 4 : 330. 3 4 3 1 3 :
1 1 1 5 6 1 3 5 x1 + x 2 2 x3 + x 4 = 1,
2 x1 + x 2 x3 = 1, x 3 x + x + x = 0,
1 2 1 4 1
342. 3 x1 + 2 x 2 2 x3 = 1,
2 3 4
343.
331. 0 1 1 3 : x x + 2 x = 3 : 4 x1 x 2 x3 x 4 = 1,
2 5 1 4 x1 + 3 x 2 4 x3 x 4 = 2 :
1 11
2 3

x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x5 = 1,
. x1 + x 2 = 1, x + x + 4 x + 3 x + 5 x = 2,
1
344. 3 x1 + 4 x 2 = 6,
2 3 4 5
345.
x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 8, 4 x1 + x 2 + x3 = 0, 5 x + 6 x = 8 : 2 x1 + x 2 + 9 x3 + 2 x 4 + 7 x5 = 3,
1 2
4 x1 + 4 x 2 + 7 x3 + 6 x 4 + 8 x5 = 5 :
332. 3 x1 + 2 x 2 + x3 = 10, 333. x1 + 3 x 2 + x3 = 0,
4 x + 3 x 2 x = 4 : x + x + 2x = 0 : 3 x1 x 2 + 2 x3 = 6, 2 x1 + 3 x 2 + 2 x3 = 7,
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 x 3 x + x = 0, 5 x + 4 x + 3 x = 12,
5 x1 x 2 x3 = 4, 2 x1 3 x 2 + x3 = 1, 1 2 3 1 2 3
346. 347.
334. x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 = 6, 335. x1 + x 2 + x3 = 6, 3 x1 2 x 2 + 4 x3 = 5, x1 + x 2 + x3 = 3,
4 x + 3 x + 2 x = 8 : 3 x + x 2 x = 1 : 4 x1 3 x 2 + 7 x3 = 8 : 7 x1 + x 2 + x3 = 9 :
1 2 3 1 2 3

2 x1 + 3 x 2 x3 = 5, x1 + 2 x 2 x3 = 5,
. 348. 349.
6 x1 + 9 x 2 + 2 x3 = 8 : 2 x1 x 2 = 6 :
x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x3 = 2, 4 x1 + 3 x 2 + 7 x3 = 1,

336. x1 + 3 x 2 + 6 x3 = 1, 337. x1 + x 2 x3 = 0, .
x + 3 x + 7 x = 3 : 4 x + 3 x + 8 x = 2 :
1 2 3 1 2 3
x1 + x 2 3x 3 = 0,
2 x1 3 x 2 + x3 = 5, x1 + x 2 = 2, 3 x1 + 4 x3 3 x 4 = 0,
350. 351. x1 x 2 + x 3 2 x 4 = 0,
338. x1 + x 2 x3 = 3, 339. x1 + 2 x 2 x3 = 2, 2 x1 x 2 x3 = 0 : x + 2 x 5x x = 0 :
x 2 x + x = 2 : 2 x + 3 x = 5 : 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 1 2

158 159
 361. x , -
x1 x 4 = 0, x1 + x 2 + x3 = 0, :

352. x1 x 2 x3 2 x 4 = 0, 353. 2 x1 + 3 x 2 + 3 x3 = 0, 362. R (1 , 2 ) -
5 x x 3 x 2 x = 0 : 3 x x x = 0 :
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 : -

. x = (1 , 2 ), y = (1 , 2 ), x + y = (11 , 2 2 ),
( )
x = 1 , 2 : R :
3 x1 2 x 2 + 5 x3 + 4 x 4 = 2,

354. 6 x1 4 x 2 + 4 x3 + 3 x 4 = 3, 363. R (1 , 2 ) -
9 x 6 x + 3 x + 2 x = 4 : : -
1 2 3 4

2 x1 x 2 + 3 x3 7 x 4 = 5, ( ) (
x = 1 , 2 , y = (1 , 2 ), x + y = 1 + 1 , 2 + 2 , )

355. 6 x1 3 x 2 + x3 4 x 4 = 7, ( )
x = 1 , 2 : R :
4 x 2 x + 14 x 31x = 18 :
1 2 3 4
364. , R e1 , e2 , ..., en -
9 x1 3 x 2 + 5 x3 + 6 x 4 = 4,
, e1 , e2 , ..., en -
356. 6 x1 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + x 4 = 5,
3 x x + 3 x + 14 x = 8 : :
1 2 3 4

2 x1 + 7 x 2 + 3 x3 + x 4 = 6, 365. , R e1 , e2 , ..., en -
a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
357. 3 x1 + 5 x 2 + 2 x3 + 2 x 4 = 4,
9 x + 4 x + x + 7 x = 2 : , e1 , e2 , ..., en , a1 , a 2 , ..., a k -
1 2 3 4
:
358. R
, - 366. R x, y, z
, - : .
: - ) x, x + y, x + y + z; ) x + y, y + z, z + x; ) x y, y z, z x :
: R -
: 367. , e1 = (1, 2, ..., n ), e2 = (0, 2, ..., n ), ..., en =
359. , - = (0, 0, ..., n ) Rn :
:
368. , e1 = (1; 1; ..., 1), e 2 = (1; 1; ...; 0 ), ..., e n =
360. ,
: = (1; 0; ..., 0 ) Rn :
160 161
 361. x , -
x1 x 4 = 0, x1 + x 2 + x3 = 0, :

352. x1 x 2 x3 2 x 4 = 0, 353. 2 x1 + 3 x 2 + 3 x3 = 0, 362. R (1 , 2 ) -
5 x x 3 x 2 x = 0 : 3 x x x = 0 :
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 : -

. x = (1 , 2 ), y = (1 , 2 ), x + y = (11 , 2 2 ),
( )
x = 1 , 2 : R :
3 x1 2 x 2 + 5 x3 + 4 x 4 = 2,

354. 6 x1 4 x 2 + 4 x3 + 3 x 4 = 3, 363. R (1 , 2 ) -
9 x 6 x + 3 x + 2 x = 4 : : -
1 2 3 4

2 x1 x 2 + 3 x3 7 x 4 = 5, ( ) (
x = 1 , 2 , y = (1 , 2 ), x + y = 1 + 1 , 2 + 2 , )

355. 6 x1 3 x 2 + x3 4 x 4 = 7, ( )
x = 1 , 2 : R :
4 x 2 x + 14 x 31x = 18 :
1 2 3 4
364. , R e1 , e2 , ..., en -
9 x1 3 x 2 + 5 x3 + 6 x 4 = 4,
, e1 , e2 , ..., en -
356. 6 x1 2 x 2 + 3 x3 + x 4 = 5,
3 x x + 3 x + 14 x = 8 : :
1 2 3 4

2 x1 + 7 x 2 + 3 x3 + x 4 = 6, 365. , R e1 , e2 , ..., en -
a1 , a 2 , ..., a k
357. 3 x1 + 5 x 2 + 2 x3 + 2 x 4 = 4,
9 x + 4 x + x + 7 x = 2 : , e1 , e2 , ..., en , a1 , a 2 , ..., a k -
1 2 3 4
:
358. R
, - 366. R x, y, z
, - : .
: - ) x, x + y, x + y + z; ) x + y, y + z, z + x; ) x y, y z, z x :
: R -
: 367. , e1 = (1, 2, ..., n ), e2 = (0, 2, ..., n ), ..., en =
359. , - = (0, 0, ..., n ) Rn :
:
368. , e1 = (1; 1; ..., 1), e 2 = (1; 1; ...; 0 ), ..., e n =
360. ,
: = (1; 0; ..., 0 ) Rn :
160 161
369. x = (1 ; 2 ) y = (1 ; 2 ) R2 - ) R -
: , R2 - x y = 0 : A -
r r r
i , j , k :
) ( x, y ) = 11 + 2 2 ,
) ( x, y ) = 11 + 5 2 2 , 373. A f1 = e1 + e2 , f 2 =
) ( x, y ) = 11 + 1 2 + 2 1 + 2 2 2 : = e1 + e2 , e1 , e2 -
4 5
370. , R x y - . :
5 4
x+ y = x + y :
2 2 2
,
374. A f 1 = e1 , f 2 = e1 + e 2
371. R , xOy , e1 , e 2 .
: A - 2 1
. :
) R - 0 1
y = 2 x : A
r r 375. A f1 = e1 + e2 + e3 , f 2 =
i , j :
) R Oy - = e1 3e3 , f 3 = e2 + 3e3 , e1 , e2 , e3
, : 2 1 0
r r
A i , j : . 1 2 1 :
0 1 1
372. R , oxyz
: A
.
376. A f1 = e1 , f 2 = e2 , f 3 =
r
) R x - = e1 + e2 + e3 , e1 , e2 , e3
r r r r
x : A i , j , k 1 0 0
:
r - . 0 1 0 :
) R x -
r r r r r r 0 0 0
x a , a = 2i 3 j + 2k : A
r r r
i , j , k : 377. , e1 e2 A -
,
, 1e1 + 2 e 2 , ,

162 163
369. x = (1 ; 2 ) y = (1 ; 2 ) R2 - ) R -
: , R2 - x y = 0 : A -
r r r
i , j , k :
) ( x, y ) = 11 + 2 2 ,
) ( x, y ) = 11 + 5 2 2 , 373. A f1 = e1 + e2 , f 2 =
) ( x, y ) = 11 + 1 2 + 2 1 + 2 2 2 : = e1 + e2 , e1 , e2 -
4 5
370. , R x y - . :
5 4
x+ y = x + y :
2 2 2
,
374. A f 1 = e1 , f 2 = e1 + e 2
371. R , xOy , e1 , e 2 .
: A - 2 1
. :
) R - 0 1
y = 2 x : A
r r 375. A f1 = e1 + e2 + e3 , f 2 =
i , j :
) R Oy - = e1 3e3 , f 3 = e2 + 3e3 , e1 , e2 , e3
, : 2 1 0
r r
A i , j : . 1 2 1 :
0 1 1
372. R , oxyz
: A
.
376. A f1 = e1 , f 2 = e2 , f 3 =
r
) R x - = e1 + e2 + e3 , e1 , e2 , e3
r r r r
x : A i , j , k 1 0 0
:
r - . 0 1 0 :
) R x -
r r r r r r 0 0 0
x a , a = 2i 3 j + 2k : A
r r r
i , j , k : 377. , e1 e2 A -
,
, 1e1 + 2 e 2 , ,

162 163
 A - r r r r 1r 1r
: 21. BD = a = b : 22. AM = a + 2b : 23. MO = b a :
3 6
1 r r 2r 4 r 3r 2r
378. x y A - 24. MD = b a : 25. CA = a + b : 26. AB = a b :
, 2 3 3 5 5
, : - 2r 2 r 4 r 2r 1r 4r
27. BC = a + b : 28. AD = b a : 29. AM = a + b :
, x + y A - 5 5 3 3 5 5
: 1r 1 r r 1 r 2r 1r
30. EF = a + b : 31. A1O = a + b c : 32. AM = a +
2 2 3 3 2
379. ,
A r r
1 1
A , A A 1r r b r a r
+ b c : 33. AM = r r a + r r b :
: - : 2 a+b a+b
380. r2 r2
, . b r a r
34. CD = a + + r b : 35. 5: 36. 14: 37. 5:
2 1 5 2 2 4 6 4 r2 r2 r2 2
) ;
) ; ) ; ) ; a +b a +b
1 2 4 3 4 8 4 2 0 6 2 3 r 1r 2 r 2 r
1 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 3 38. AB = ; ; : 39. a 0 = = i + j + k :
7 7 7 3 3 3
) 3 1 2 ; ) 5 3 3 ; ) 2 6 13 :
5 8 3 3 1
2 3 1 1 0 2 1 4 8 40. x = ; y = : 41. m = 4; n = : 42. x = ; y = :
4 5 2 2 2
43. x = 4; y = 2 : 44. x = 3 x = 2 : 45. x = 1: 46. = 3 :

r
{ } r
{ } r
{
47. b = 2 ; 2 2 : 48. b = 4 2 ; 4; 8 : 49. b = 4; 6; 2 3 :
r r
}
n 50. b = { 6; 8; 24} : 51. b = {2; 2; 1} : 52. 18 :
1. 18: 2. 10: 3. 0: 4. 1: 5. 3: 6. ( 1)n + , nZ : r r r r r r r
53. a + b = 20 : 54. b = 7 : 55. a b = 4 : 56. a + b = 24 :
12 2
n r r r r r r r r r
7. + , n Z : 8. 4: 9. 29: 10. 2a 3 : 11. x1 = 2; x 2 = 3 : 57. a b = 7 : 58. a b = 2 : 59. a = 10 : 60. a + b = 129 , a b = 7 :
6 3
r r r r r r r r r r
11 7 61. a + b = 19 , a b = 7 : 62. c = 2a + 5b : 63. c = 2a + 3b :
12. x1 = 2; x 2 = : 13. x = 3 : 14. x ; + :
7 2 8
r r r r 1r 2r r 5 1
2r 1r 64. c = a + 2b : 65. c = a b : 66. c 0 = :
15. x ( 6; 4 ) : 16. x [ 2; 4] : 17. CM = a + b :
; ;
2 3 70 70 70
3 3
r r r r r r
18. BD = 2b 2a : 19. BC = a + b : 20. BD = = a + 2b :
164 165
 A - r r r r 1r 1r
: 21. BD = a = b : 22. AM = a + 2b : 23. MO = b a :
3 6
1 r r 2r 4 r 3r 2r
378. x y A - 24. MD = b a : 25. CA = a + b : 26. AB = a b :
, 2 3 3 5 5
, : - 2r 2 r 4 r 2r 1r 4r
27. BC = a + b : 28. AD = b a : 29. AM = a + b :
, x + y A - 5 5 3 3 5 5
: 1r 1 r r 1 r 2r 1r
30. EF = a + b : 31. A1O = a + b c : 32. AM = a +
2 2 3 3 2
379. ,
A r r
1 1
A , A A 1r r b r a r
+ b c : 33. AM = r r a + r r b :
: - : 2 a+b a+b
380. r2 r2
, . b r a r
34. CD = a + + r b : 35. 5: 36. 14: 37. 5:
2 1 5 2 2 4 6 4 r2 r2 r2 2
) ;
) ; ) ; ) ; a +b a +b
1 2 4 3 4 8 4 2 0 6 2 3 r 1r 2 r 2 r
1 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 3 38. AB = ; ; : 39. a 0 = = i + j + k :
7 7 7 3 3 3
) 3 1 2 ; ) 5 3 3 ; ) 2 6 13 :
5 8 3 3 1
2 3 1 1 0 2 1 4 8 40. x = ; y = : 41. m = 4; n = : 42. x = ; y = :
4 5 2 2 2
43. x = 4; y = 2 : 44. x = 3 x = 2 : 45. x = 1: 46. = 3 :

r
{ } r
{ } r
{
47. b = 2 ; 2 2 : 48. b = 4 2 ; 4; 8 : 49. b = 4; 6; 2 3 :
r r
}
n 50. b = { 6; 8; 24} : 51. b = {2; 2; 1} : 52. 18 :
1. 18: 2. 10: 3. 0: 4. 1: 5. 3: 6. ( 1)n + , nZ : r r r r r r r
53. a + b = 20 : 54. b = 7 : 55. a b = 4 : 56. a + b = 24 :
12 2
n r r r r r r r r r
7. + , n Z : 8. 4: 9. 29: 10. 2a 3 : 11. x1 = 2; x 2 = 3 : 57. a b = 7 : 58. a b = 2 : 59. a = 10 : 60. a + b = 129 , a b = 7 :
6 3
r r r r r r r r r r
11 7 61. a + b = 19 , a b = 7 : 62. c = 2a + 5b : 63. c = 2a + 3b :
12. x1 = 2; x 2 = : 13. x = 3 : 14. x ; + :
7 2 8
r r r r 1r 2r r 5 1
2r 1r 64. c = a + 2b : 65. c = a b : 66. c 0 = :
15. x ( 6; 4 ) : 16. x [ 2; 4] : 17. CM = a + b :
; ;
2 3 70 70 70
3 3
r r r r r r
18. BD = 2b 2a : 19. BC = a + b : 20. BD = = a + 2b :
164 165
 r0 2 1 r 3 5
: 68. c = { 3; 15; 12} :
1 126. m = : 127. 3x 2 y 4 = 0 : 128. y = x : 129.
67. c = ; ;
6 6 6 2 3
2 x + 3 y 6 = 0 : 130. 2 x + + 3 y = 0 : 131. 45 0 : 132. 45 0 :
r r
{ }
69. c = {1; 1; 2} : 70. c = 2 2 ; 2; 2 : 71. 25: 72. 1: 73. 7: 74. :
3
2 133. 7 x 2 y 20 = 0 : 134. 3 x + y 5 = 0 : 135. 5 x + 4 y + 9 = 0 :
75. = 4; = 2 = 8; = 2 : 76. m = 1 : 77. m = 4 : 136. 12 x + 3 y 2 = 0 : 137. 4 x 10 y + +1= 0 : 138. 7 x 6 y 2 = 0 :

1 3 139. 3x + 2 y 34 = 0 : 140. 1,3: 141. (2; 3) : 142. 4 x + 10 y + 1 = 0 :

78. = 4; = : 79. arccos : 80. 60 0 : 81. 45 0 : 143. x 3 y 3 = 0 : 144. 5,2:145. 3 x + 7 y 43 = 0; 7 x 3 y + 6 = 0 :
2 11
63 11 11 1
82. arccos : 83. arccos : 84. 90 0 : 85. 15; 593 : 86. 60 0 : 146. 5 x + 25 y + 1 = 0; x + 5 y 5 = 0 : 147. ; :
65 15 6 6
r r r r
87. b = { 4; 2}; b = {4; 2} : 88. b = {1; 2}; b = { 1; 2} : 148. 3 x 5 y 13 = 0; 8 x 3 y + 17 = 0 : 149. x + y = 0 :

31 41 r 1 1 r 2 2 5 150. x + y 5 = 0; x 4 y 20 = 0 : 151. 5,5: 152. 1: 153. 0,3 5 :

89. m = ; n= : 90. b = 1; ; : 91. b = ; ; :
2 2 3 3 3 17 7
: 155. (3; 0 ) : 156. x + 3 y 8 = 0; 3x y 14 = 0 :
12 12
154. ;
r r 8 12
92. b = { 2; 2; 4} : 93. c = {5; 2} : 94. 11: 95. 5: 96. 3: 97. 6 :
5
7 157. x + 3 y 23 = 0; 3 x y + 1 = 0 : 158. x 2 y 6 = 0;
r r r r r r r r r
98. 7i + 7 j + 7 k : 99. 6 8 j 10k : 100. 10i + 2 j + 14k : 2
2 x + y 7 = 0 : 159. A (7; 6 ); A 3; : 160. C (4; 1) :
1 r 3 r 1 r 4 r 3 r 1 r 3
101. i+ j k : 102. i+ j+ k:
14 28
161. ( 5; 4 ) : 162. ; : 163. x + y 6 = 0 : 164. A (8; 7 ) :
11 11 11 5 2 5 2 2
1 r 4 r 5 r 4 2 5 5
103. i+ j+ k : 104. : 105. 35 : 106. 7:
165. 45 : 166. 2,5: 167. x 5 = 0 : 168. (7; 5) :
42 42 42 6 7 3
5 r 4 1 2 8
107. 42 2 : 108. 3 : 109. 24 : 110. c = ; ; : 169. 3 x 4 y 25 = 0, 3 x 4 y + 5 = 0 : 170. 5 x + 12 y 37 = 0;
2 3 3 3
r r r 5 x + 12 y + 41 = 0 : 171. 3x + y 11 = 0; x 3 y + 3 = 0 :
r 7 5 4 r
111. c = ; ; : 112. c = 6i 24 j + 8k : 172. 3 x 3 y + 19 = 0; 3 x + 3 y 5 = 0 : 173. 7 x 9 y + 2 = 0 :
3 3 3
6 1
r0 2 1 1 174. (1; 4 ); 3 ; 1 : 175. 4 x y + 9 = 0; 2 x + 3 y 13 = 0 :
113. c = ; ; : 114. 33: 116. m = 4 : 117. m = 1 : 7 7
6 6 6
176. y 5 = 0 : 177. (0; 5) (4; 3) : 178. x 3 y + 7 = 0 :
119. 20: 120. 3: 121. 3 x + 4 y + 26 = 0 : 122. y = 4 x :
179. (4; 3); R = 5 : 180. (2; 0 ); R = 2 : 181. ( x 6 ) + ( y + 8) = 100 :
2 2
1
123. 5 x + 3 y 1 = 0 : 124. 11x + 4 y 18 = 0 : 125. y = x :
3

166 167
 r0 2 1 r 3 5
: 68. c = { 3; 15; 12} :
1 126. m = : 127. 3x 2 y 4 = 0 : 128. y = x : 129.
67. c = ; ;
6 6 6 2 3
2 x + 3 y 6 = 0 : 130. 2 x + + 3 y = 0 : 131. 45 0 : 132. 45 0 :
r r
{ }
69. c = {1; 1; 2} : 70. c = 2 2 ; 2; 2 : 71. 25: 72. 1: 73. 7: 74. :
3
2 133. 7 x 2 y 20 = 0 : 134. 3 x + y 5 = 0 : 135. 5 x + 4 y + 9 = 0 :
75. = 4; = 2 = 8; = 2 : 76. m = 1 : 77. m = 4 : 136. 12 x + 3 y 2 = 0 : 137. 4 x 10 y + +1= 0 : 138. 7 x 6 y 2 = 0 :

1 3 139. 3x + 2 y 34 = 0 : 140. 1,3: 141. (2; 3) : 142. 4 x + 10 y + 1 = 0 :

78. = 4; = : 79. arccos : 80. 60 0 : 81. 45 0 : 143. x 3 y 3 = 0 : 144. 5,2:145. 3 x + 7 y 43 = 0; 7 x 3 y + 6 = 0 :
2 11
63 11 11 1
82. arccos : 83. arccos : 84. 90 0 : 85. 15; 593 : 86. 60 0 : 146. 5 x + 25 y + 1 = 0; x + 5 y 5 = 0 : 147. ; :
65 15 6 6
r r r r
87. b = { 4; 2}; b = {4; 2} : 88. b = {1; 2}; b = { 1; 2} : 148. 3 x 5 y 13 = 0; 8 x 3 y + 17 = 0 : 149. x + y = 0 :

31 41 r 1 1 r 2 2 5 150. x + y 5 = 0; x 4 y 20 = 0 : 151. 5,5: 152. 1: 153. 0,3 5 :

89. m = ; n= : 90. b = 1; ; : 91. b = ; ; :
2 2 3 3 3 17 7
: 155. (3; 0 ) : 156. x + 3 y 8 = 0; 3x y 14 = 0 :
12 12
154. ;
r r 8 12
92. b = { 2; 2; 4} : 93. c = {5; 2} : 94. 11: 95. 5: 96. 3: 97. 6 :
5
7 157. x + 3 y 23 = 0; 3 x y + 1 = 0 : 158. x 2 y 6 = 0;
r r r r r r r r r
98. 7i + 7 j + 7 k : 99. 6 8 j 10k : 100. 10i + 2 j + 14k : 2
2 x + y 7 = 0 : 159. A (7; 6 ); A 3; : 160. C (4; 1) :
1 r 3 r 1 r 4 r 3 r 1 r 3
101. i+ j k : 102. i+ j+ k:
14 28
161. ( 5; 4 ) : 162. ; : 163. x + y 6 = 0 : 164. A (8; 7 ) :
11 11 11 5 2 5 2 2
1 r 4 r 5 r 4 2 5 5
103. i+ j+ k : 104. : 105. 35 : 106. 7:
165. 45 : 166. 2,5: 167. x 5 = 0 : 168. (7; 5) :
42 42 42 6 7 3
5 r 4 1 2 8
107. 42 2 : 108. 3 : 109. 24 : 110. c = ; ; : 169. 3 x 4 y 25 = 0, 3 x 4 y + 5 = 0 : 170. 5 x + 12 y 37 = 0;
2 3 3 3
r r r 5 x + 12 y + 41 = 0 : 171. 3x + y 11 = 0; x 3 y + 3 = 0 :
r 7 5 4 r
111. c = ; ; : 112. c = 6i 24 j + 8k : 172. 3 x 3 y + 19 = 0; 3 x + 3 y 5 = 0 : 173. 7 x 9 y + 2 = 0 :
3 3 3
6 1
r0 2 1 1 174. (1; 4 ); 3 ; 1 : 175. 4 x y + 9 = 0; 2 x + 3 y 13 = 0 :
113. c = ; ; : 114. 33: 116. m = 4 : 117. m = 1 : 7 7
6 6 6
176. y 5 = 0 : 177. (0; 5) (4; 3) : 178. x 3 y + 7 = 0 :
119. 20: 120. 3: 121. 3 x + 4 y + 26 = 0 : 122. y = 4 x :
179. (4; 3); R = 5 : 180. (2; 0 ); R = 2 : 181. ( x 6 ) + ( y + 8) = 100 :
2 2
1
123. 5 x + 3 y 1 = 0 : 124. 11x + 4 y 18 = 0 : 125. y = x :
3

166 167
182. ( x 1) + ( y + 2) = 25 : 183. (x 5) + ( y 6) = 13 : 5 z = 0 : 238. 2 x 3 y + z 6 = 0 : 239. x 3 y 2 z + 2 = 0 :
2 2 2 2

240. 2 x y 3 z 15 = 0 : 241. x y + 2 = 0 :
184. ( x 3) + ( y 5) = 100 : 185. ( x 4) + ( y 7 ) = 9 :
2 2 2 2

242. 4 x 5 y + z 2 = 0; 2 x + y 3 z + 8 = 0 : 243. x 3 y 1 = 0;
186. x0 x + + y 0 y = R : 187. x 3 y 10 = 0; 3 x y + 10 = 0 :
2
3x + y 2 z 1 = 0 : 244. 2 x 2 y z 18 = 0; 2 x 2 y z + 12 = 0 :
188. 2 x + 3 y 13 = 0 : 189. 3 x + 4 y + 20 = 0; 3 x + 4 y 5 = 0 :
245. 2 x 3 y + 4 z 1 = 0 : 246. 2x y 3z 6 = 0 : 247. n = 3 :
190. (x 2)2 + + ( y 1)2 = 10 : 191. (x 3)2 + ( y 4)2 = 25 : 3
248. m = 3 : 249. p = 11 : 250. m = 6; C = : 251. A = 1; n = 6 :
x2
192. (x 5) + ( y + 2) = 1 : 193. + y 2 = 1 : 194. 4 x + 3 y + 12 = 0 : 2
2 2

10 252. A = 3; D = 23 : 253. C = 2 : 254. x + 2 y + 3 z = 0 :

x2 y 2 x 5 y +1 z + 3
195. ( 5; 7 ) : 196. x y = = 1 : 197.
4 20
2 2
= 1: 255. = = : 256. cos = : 257. cos = :
9 8 1 3 11 21 21
x 1 y 1 z 1
198.
x2 y 2
= 1: 199.
x2 y2
= 1 : 200. y 2 = 4 x : 262. = = : 263. (2; 3; 6) : 264. (18; 5; 26 ) :
20 5 3 5 5 1 7
201. M 1 (2; 4); M 2 (2; 4) : 202. y = 4x; y = 4x : 203. y = 2 2 x :
2 2 265. (1; 4; 7 ) : 266. (1; 1; 3) : 267. N (3; 3; 2 ) :
268. A(1; 0; 1); A( 1; 3; 2 ) : 269. N (4; 1; 3) : 270. 7:
x2 y2
204. M 1 (0; 0 ); M 2 (18; 24 ) : 205. + = 1 : 206. y = x 2 :
3 4 9 4 22 26
271. N ; ; : 272. 21: 273. : 274. 25: 275.
y 2
7 7 7 7
207. x
2

= 1 : 208. 9 x 2 + 36 y 2 = 4a 2 :
3 5 5
y z
209.100 x + 225 y = 36a : 210. 5 x 3 y + 2 z + 1 = 0 : 211. m = 1 :
2 2 2 x 3 = = 3 : 276. 2 x + 3 y + z + 5 = 0 :
=
5 1 1 0
: 213. 90 0 : 214. 3: 215. (2; 0; 0 ) ; 0; 0 :
6
212. arccos 277. x 2 y 2 z + 2 = 0 : 278. 9 x + 11 y + 5 z 16 = 0 :
3 3 279. 6 x 20 y 11z + 1 = 0 : 280. x 8 y 13 z + 9 = 0 :
216. (0; 7; 0 ) (0; 5; 0 ) : 217. (0; 0; 9 ) (0; 0; 6 ) : 218. 6 x
281. 13x 14 y + 11z + 51 = 0 : 282. x 5 y 2 z + 11 = 0 :
6 y + 7 z 125 = 0 : 219. 10 x + 2 y + 11z 148 = 0 : 220. 3: 221. 5:
283. x + y + z = 9 : 284. ( x 3) + ( y + 5) + ( z + 2 ) = 56 :
2 2 2 2 2 2
222. 2 x + 2 y + z = 0 : 223. 6 x + 5 y 7 z 27 = 0 :
285. ( x 2) + ( y 1) + ( z + 2) = 9 :
2 2 2
224. x 3 y + 3z 2 = 0 : 225. 5 y + 4z = 0 : 226. 3x + z = 0 :
227. 3x 2 y = 0 : 228. x + 4z + 10 = 0 : 229. x z 1 = 0 : 230. 27 60 40 3 1 9 13
286. (2; 9; 6); ; ; : 287. : 288. :
5 x + y 13 = 0 : 231. 11x 7 y 2 z 21 = 0 : 7 7 7 5 1 15 4
232. 4 x y 2 z 9 = 0 : 233. x + 7 y + 10 z = 0 : 234. x + 2 z 4 = 0 : 5 2 2 1 1 10 9 3
289. : 290. : 291. : 292. :
235. 2 x + y 2 z 15 = 0 : 236. 7 x 11 y z 15 = 0 : 237. 7 x y
7 0 4 5 2 8 10 3

168 169
182. ( x 1) + ( y + 2) = 25 : 183. (x 5) + ( y 6) = 13 : 5 z = 0 : 238. 2 x 3 y + z 6 = 0 : 239. x 3 y 2 z + 2 = 0 :
2 2 2 2

240. 2 x y 3 z 15 = 0 : 241. x y + 2 = 0 :
184. ( x 3) + ( y 5) = 100 : 185. ( x 4) + ( y 7 ) = 9 :
2 2 2 2

242. 4 x 5 y + z 2 = 0; 2 x + y 3 z + 8 = 0 : 243. x 3 y 1 = 0;
186. x0 x + + y 0 y = R : 187. x 3 y 10 = 0; 3 x y + 10 = 0 :
2
3x + y 2 z 1 = 0 : 244. 2 x 2 y z 18 = 0; 2 x 2 y z + 12 = 0 :
188. 2 x + 3 y 13 = 0 : 189. 3 x + 4 y + 20 = 0; 3 x + 4 y 5 = 0 :
245. 2 x 3 y + 4 z 1 = 0 : 246. 2x y 3z 6 = 0 : 247. n = 3 :
190. (x 2)2 + + ( y 1)2 = 10 : 191. (x 3)2 + ( y 4)2 = 25 : 3
248. m = 3 : 249. p = 11 : 250. m = 6; C = : 251. A = 1; n = 6 :
x2
192. (x 5) + ( y + 2) = 1 : 193. + y 2 = 1 : 194. 4 x + 3 y + 12 = 0 : 2
2 2

10 252. A = 3; D = 23 : 253. C = 2 : 254. x + 2 y + 3 z = 0 :

x2 y 2 x 5 y +1 z + 3
195. ( 5; 7 ) : 196. x y = = 1 : 197.
4 20
2 2
= 1: 255. = = : 256. cos = : 257. cos = :
9 8 1 3 11 21 21
x 1 y 1 z 1
198.
x2 y 2
= 1: 199.
x2 y2
= 1 : 200. y 2 = 4 x : 262. = = : 263. (2; 3; 6) : 264. (18; 5; 26 ) :
20 5 3 5 5 1 7
201. M 1 (2; 4); M 2 (2; 4) : 202. y = 4x; y = 4x : 203. y = 2 2 x :
2 2 265. (1; 4; 7 ) : 266. (1; 1; 3) : 267. N (3; 3; 2 ) :
268. A(1; 0; 1); A( 1; 3; 2 ) : 269. N (4; 1; 3) : 270. 7:
x2 y2
204. M 1 (0; 0 ); M 2 (18; 24 ) : 205. + = 1 : 206. y = x 2 :
3 4 9 4 22 26
271. N ; ; : 272. 21: 273. : 274. 25: 275.
y 2
7 7 7 7
207. x
2

= 1 : 208. 9 x 2 + 36 y 2 = 4a 2 :
3 5 5
y z
209.100 x + 225 y = 36a : 210. 5 x 3 y + 2 z + 1 = 0 : 211. m = 1 :
2 2 2 x 3 = = 3 : 276. 2 x + 3 y + z + 5 = 0 :
=
5 1 1 0
: 213. 90 0 : 214. 3: 215. (2; 0; 0 ) ; 0; 0 :
6
212. arccos 277. x 2 y 2 z + 2 = 0 : 278. 9 x + 11 y + 5 z 16 = 0 :
3 3 279. 6 x 20 y 11z + 1 = 0 : 280. x 8 y 13 z + 9 = 0 :
216. (0; 7; 0 ) (0; 5; 0 ) : 217. (0; 0; 9 ) (0; 0; 6 ) : 218. 6 x
281. 13x 14 y + 11z + 51 = 0 : 282. x 5 y 2 z + 11 = 0 :
6 y + 7 z 125 = 0 : 219. 10 x + 2 y + 11z 148 = 0 : 220. 3: 221. 5:
283. x + y + z = 9 : 284. ( x 3) + ( y + 5) + ( z + 2 ) = 56 :
2 2 2 2 2 2
222. 2 x + 2 y + z = 0 : 223. 6 x + 5 y 7 z 27 = 0 :
285. ( x 2) + ( y 1) + ( z + 2) = 9 :
2 2 2
224. x 3 y + 3z 2 = 0 : 225. 5 y + 4z = 0 : 226. 3x + z = 0 :
227. 3x 2 y = 0 : 228. x + 4z + 10 = 0 : 229. x z 1 = 0 : 230. 27 60 40 3 1 9 13
286. (2; 9; 6); ; ; : 287. : 288. :
5 x + y 13 = 0 : 231. 11x 7 y 2 z 21 = 0 : 7 7 7 5 1 15 4
232. 4 x y 2 z 9 = 0 : 233. x + 7 y + 10 z = 0 : 234. x + 2 z 4 = 0 : 5 2 2 1 1 10 9 3
289. : 290. : 291. : 292. :
235. 2 x + y 2 z 15 = 0 : 236. 7 x 11 y z 15 = 0 : 237. 7 x y
7 0 4 5 2 8 10 3

168 169
 4 2 16 8 5 8 0 7 1 6 9
0 1 0 316. X = : 317. X = : 318. X = :
293. : 294. 7 : 295. 21 0 9 : 2 3 1 14 1 10 17
2 0 2 3 10 5 10
6 26
7 1 5 1 1
2 24 20 319. 0 1 : 320. = : 321. = :
1 n n nn 1 1 4 15 2 3 2 3
296. 14 0 15 : 297. A n = : 298. A n = :
4 3 10 0 1 0 n
3 2
322. = : 323.2: 324. 2: 325. 3: 326. 2: 327. 2: 328. 2: 329. 2:
1 1
n 1 1 0 2 1 5 4
299. A = 2
n
: 300. , n ,
330. 2: 331. 2. 332. x1 = 1, x 2 = 2; x3 = 3 : 333. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 0 :
1 1 0 1 3 2
1 1 1 334. x1 = 1; x 2 = 2; x3 = 3 : 335. x1 = 1; x 2 = 2; x3 = 3 :

n : 301. A = 0 0 0 :
n 336. x1 = 8; x 2 = 11; x3 = 4 : 337. x1 = 31; x 2 = 34; x3 = 3 :
0 0 0 338. x1 = 2; x 2 = 5; x3 = 6 : 339. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 1 :

340. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 1 : 341. x1 = 1; x 2 = 1; x3 = 0 :
cos n sin n 1 9 5
302. A = : 303. :
n

sin n cos n 2 5 3 342. x1 = 1; x 2 = 1; x3 = 3 : 343. x1 = 0,4 + 0,6u; x 2 = 0,25 +

1 6 4 cos sin 1 4 2 + 0,75u; x3 = u; x4 = 0,35 + 0,65u : 344. x1 2; x3 = 3 : 345. x1 = 4

304. : 305. : 306. : 7
2 8 5 sin cos 2 3 1 13 9 1 1 5 2 3 13
u + v; x 2 = u; x3 = + u v; x 4 = u v; x5 = v :
7 6 4 14 14 7 7 7 7 14 14
7 4 1 1
307. : 308. : 309. 3 3 2 : 346. : 347. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 1 :
5 3 0 1 1 1 1 348. x1 = 1,5u + 1,8; x 2 = u; x3 = 1,4 : 349. x1 = 0,2u + 3,4;

3 4 2 4 11
1 0 1 9 2 4 x2 = 0,4u + 0,8; x3 = u : 350. e1 = ; ; 1; 0 ; e2 =
1 1 1 3 3
310. 1 0 2 : 311. 1 2 1 : 312. 6 2 1 :
9 = (1; 2; 0; 1); c1e1 + c 2 e2 : 351. e1 = (1; 2; 1; 0 ); e2 = ( 1; 1; 0; 1);
4
3 5
1 3 5 12 1 7 3 1
c1e1 + c 2 e2 : 352. e = (1; 3; 2; 1); ce : 353. e = (0; 1; 1); ce :
1 1 1 3 1 4
1 1 2 354. (0; 0; 6; 7 ) + c1 (1; 0; 15; 18) + c 2 (0; 1; 10; 12 ) :
313. 1 2 2 : 314. 1 4 5 : 315. X = :
2 3 4 11 0 1
355. 0; 0;
29 16
; + c1 1; 0;
34 16
;
17 8
+ c 2 0; 1; ; :
1 4 6 5 5 5 5 5 5
27 3 1
356. (0; 0; 2; 1) + c1 1; 0;
9
; + c 2 0; 1; ; :
13 13 13 13
170 171
 4 2 16 8 5 8 0 7 1 6 9
0 1 0 316. X = : 317. X = : 318. X = :
293. : 294. 7 : 295. 21 0 9 : 2 3 1 14 1 10 17
2 0 2 3 10 5 10
6 26
7 1 5 1 1
2 24 20 319. 0 1 : 320. = : 321. = :
1 n n nn 1 1 4 15 2 3 2 3
296. 14 0 15 : 297. A n = : 298. A n = :
4 3 10 0 1 0 n
3 2
322. = : 323.2: 324. 2: 325. 3: 326. 2: 327. 2: 328. 2: 329. 2:
1 1
n 1 1 0 2 1 5 4
299. A = 2
n
: 300. , n ,
330. 2: 331. 2. 332. x1 = 1, x 2 = 2; x3 = 3 : 333. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 0 :
1 1 0 1 3 2
1 1 1 334. x1 = 1; x 2 = 2; x3 = 3 : 335. x1 = 1; x 2 = 2; x3 = 3 :

n : 301. A = 0 0 0 :
n 336. x1 = 8; x 2 = 11; x3 = 4 : 337. x1 = 31; x 2 = 34; x3 = 3 :
0 0 0 338. x1 = 2; x 2 = 5; x3 = 6 : 339. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 1 :

340. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 1 : 341. x1 = 1; x 2 = 1; x3 = 0 :
cos n sin n 1 9 5
302. A = : 303. :
n

sin n cos n 2 5 3 342. x1 = 1; x 2 = 1; x3 = 3 : 343. x1 = 0,4 + 0,6u; x 2 = 0,25 +

1 6 4 cos sin 1 4 2 + 0,75u; x3 = u; x4 = 0,35 + 0,65u : 344. x1 2; x3 = 3 : 345. x1 = 4

304. : 305. : 306. : 7
2 8 5 sin cos 2 3 1 13 9 1 1 5 2 3 13
u + v; x 2 = u; x3 = + u v; x 4 = u v; x5 = v :
7 6 4 14 14 7 7 7 7 14 14
7 4 1 1
307. : 308. : 309. 3 3 2 : 346. : 347. x1 = x 2 = x3 = 1 :
5 3 0 1 1 1 1 348. x1 = 1,5u + 1,8; x 2 = u; x3 = 1,4 : 349. x1 = 0,2u + 3,4;

3 4 2 4 11
1 0 1 9 2 4 x2 = 0,4u + 0,8; x3 = u : 350. e1 = ; ; 1; 0 ; e2 =
1 1 1 3 3
310. 1 0 2 : 311. 1 2 1 : 312. 6 2 1 :
9 = (1; 2; 0; 1); c1e1 + c 2 e2 : 351. e1 = (1; 2; 1; 0 ); e2 = ( 1; 1; 0; 1);
4
3 5
1 3 5 12 1 7 3 1
c1e1 + c 2 e2 : 352. e = (1; 3; 2; 1); ce : 353. e = (0; 1; 1); ce :
1 1 1 3 1 4
1 1 2 354. (0; 0; 6; 7 ) + c1 (1; 0; 15; 18) + c 2 (0; 1; 10; 12 ) :
313. 1 2 2 : 314. 1 4 5 : 315. X = :
2 3 4 11 0 1
355. 0; 0;
29 16
; + c1 1; 0;
34 16
;
17 8
+ c 2 0; 1; ; :
1 4 6 5 5 5 5 5 5
27 3 1
356. (0; 0; 2; 1) + c1 1; 0;
9
; + c 2 0; 1; ; :
13 13 13 13
170 171
 2 10 1 5 9 1
357. ; ; 0; 0 + c1 ; ; 1; 0 + c 2 ; ; 0; 1 :
11 11 11 11 11 11
358. : 359. , :
360., x y
x + y : 361. ,
, x
1
(x + y ) 1 (x y ) : 362. : 363. : 366. ) ; ) ; )
2 2
0 0
1 1 2 cos sin
: 371.) ; ) : 372. ) 0 0 ;
5 2 4 sin cos 0 0

0 2 3 1 2 1 2 0
1 0 2 2
) 2 0 2 ; ) 1 2 1 2 0 : 373. : 374. :
3 2 0 0 0 9 0 1
0 1
3 3 2 1 0 1
1
375. 2 5 3 : 376. 0 1 1 : 379. 1 = : 380.) 1 = 1;
3 2
5 3 0 0 0
x1 = {; }; 2 = 3; x 2 = {; };
) 1 = 1, x1 = {; 2}; 2 = 7, x 2 = {; };
) 1 = 0, x1 = {2; }; 2 = 10; x 2 = {; 2};
) = 2, x = {; }; ) = 0, x = {; ; }; ) = 1,
x = {; ; }; ) = 1, x = {3; ; } :

172